Okay. So good morning, good afternoon. Welcome everybody who's joined us for the re-launch of Amherst Community Chats where we'll be talking with different department heads or town employees, area employees every Thursday at noon. So today we are joined by town manager Paul Balkaman, Acting Public Health Director Jennifer Brown and Director of Senior Services Mary Beth Ogallowitz. Thank you all for being here. So before we launch into Q&A I'm just going to remind folks that if you'd like to make a comment you can raise your hand in Zoom for those of you who are joining by phone, star nine from your phone or feel free to use the Q&A function within the Zoom application. So I am going to invite the town manager to give any updates he might have. Thanks Brianna. It's good to be back actually to do these things. I think they're very useful and helpful for us to hear from people in the community about what their concerns are and answer any questions that folks have. Of course the big news for us, well two big news items last night, one is we have the windstorm that came through and knocked down a lot of trees. The crews are out, they were out all night, they're out throughout the day. I think about 10% of the town is without power, nearly a thousand customers of ever source. I have not had an update recently but I think they're trying to get as much done as they could during the course of the day. Certain town facilities are also working on backup power so it's a pretty all hands on deck moment for our DPW crews and fire and police were running like crazy last night responding and closing down roads. So our roads are still closed. So that's one thing. And the second was that yesterday, last late yesterday and the afternoon, the state announced that the town was moving into the red zone of the for COVID-19 cases. The red zone in football is a good thing and for us it's a bad thing. And that indicates that there's been an increase in the number of cases in the town of Amherst over the past two weeks and we can talk more about that during the course of the conversation. Thank you for those updates, Paul. I want to invite both Jennifer and Mary Beth to also report out in their areas. So Jennifer, would you like to start? Yeah. So my name is Jennifer Brown. I'm very happy to be here with you all today. I've been in the town as the public health nurse for seven years. So I've spoken with some of you, perhaps, I'm the person that's called and asked you questions about Lyme disease or other infectious diseases. And I'm also the acting health director for a few more weeks. And then we have Emma Dragon starting in November. So here to answer questions and hope I can add to the conversation. Great. Thank you. Mary Beth. Hi, everyone. If you don't know who I am, Mary Beth Ogilevitz, the director of senior services and I'm thrilled to be here in any way that we can interact and meet with the community and also answer any questions. We have now operationalized as a fully functional virtual online senior center. So it's a different experience, both for our guests who used to come here, people who have questions and also for our staff. But I really just want to continue to message that we are open. I still get calls all the time. People are shocked that we're picking up the phone. So we're close to the public, but we are open and we're here every day eight to four 30. So anyone who has any questions or concerns, we are here for you. Great. Thank you, Mary Beth. So I wanted to remind everybody in the room that we do encourage and we'd love to hear from you live. So please raise your hand if you want to be welcomed into the room or pop a question into the Q&A. I did have quite a few questions that were emailed to me in advance from people who couldn't make it. But I do see Sarah with a comment and question who's with us right now live. So parents are distraught at the post moment of in-person learning because of COVID-19 outbreak among off campus students, off campus UMass students. Can tenants be evicted and or property owners find for health and safety violations? So yes, if they're true health and safety violations under the code that we would go to the landlord and say you need to fix these health and safety violations. And that has happened with some households in Amherst recently, actually, where the our Inspectional Services Department had made a visit prompted by a different event and found some safety situations where they were they said that you're to the landlord, you cannot house people in this facility. And so they were told they were given an order to fix it or evict everybody. So and, you know, obviously, the answer is to get it fixed as quickly as possible. But that's the that's the tool that the town has. Thank you. So I see a hand from Amherst neighbors. Before I do that, I want to let everybody know this is a an open meeting. So anybody was able to join us. I do see that Western Mass News has joined the call. So full disclosure, Western Mass News is on the call. Okay, so Amherst neighbors, I'm going to unmute if you could introduce yourself and ask your question. Great. Hi, thank you. I'm Liz Welsh with Amherst neighbors. It's nice to see all of you. And I'm so happy that you're doing this again. And, and anyway, so my question and I it's probably becoming a moot point with the numbers going up the way they are in Amherst. But we're trying to grapple with what under the state guidelines of phase three, step two, how does that apply to older adults? And as some of you may know, we're an organization that part of our purpose, though it's not what we've been doing currently is to provide volunteer services for older adults in Amherst. Some of those could be what we describe as non touch services, which we're not doing now such as things like grocery shopping or picking things up, meaning not face to face. But how, but ideally at some point, wanting to get to face to face volunteer favors that people do for one another, our volunteers are older adults, they could be anybody, but the core of them are older adults. So I just don't know how under phase three, stage two, what that could look like. So if anybody has any thoughts on that, very best, do you have thoughts on that? Well, you know what, what I would share is, is generally our approach here. So obviously, Liz, as you know, we have volunteers who participate who are citizens who are older adults. And I've also worked with another organization called RSVP, which is a volunteer organization that works solely with seniors to place them in locations. And I think that the general consensus has been an increasing understanding that the risk and the health risk of isolation is equally weighted as the risk of transmission of COVID. And so we've had a number of volunteers who've come forward who said, I have to do something, I need to do something, I need some engagement and some purpose and meaning. So the way that I do is I work individually, first of all, with anyone who wants to come forward as a volunteer to really have a very direct and concerted conversation around risk assessment for themselves, making sure that they've taken into account how they feel how their family feels their partner, they're bubble, because I do say that I've often had conversations later with children of older adults who have some concerns about the older adult, you know, stepping into to doing something. So I always start with the volunteer and making sure they understand and they have the ability to express any reticence down the line as well. And then with regard to our services, the only ways in which we are utilizing volunteers out of an abundance of caution has really been ones that are contactless. That doesn't mean that they don't see each other from a distance or have the ability to have some conversation. You know, we have people who are doing technology support virtually, we have folks who are delivering meals, people who are making calls so that there's plenty of social interaction, but actually sitting in closer proximity for any, you know, like more than five minutes. That's not something that we have felt, given the guidelines from the state that would be appropriate. And I would just share that generally, you know, that that's been what most senior centers are doing. And I'm happy to have a deeper conversation offline. Sure, that makes sense. That'd be wonderful. Thank you. I just don't know what the state guidelines say safer at home. I mean, yes, it's safer at home. But how do we take that into consideration? Great. Thank you. Thank you for your question. And you know, at any point, if you have another follow up question, feel free to raise your hand again, or use the Q&A feature as well. We have a question that did get emailed that is kind of in this vein. So I'll ask that now while we're on topic. A community member asked, are there any plans pending to resume Meals on Wheels? If so, when it seems counter intuitive to further isolate and limit options for seniors? Thank you. Yeah, so I think that there might be a misnomer here. So Meals on Wheels has always gone on. We have never shut down our meals and the support of nutrition. So Meals on Wheels is actually a program that's run by Highland Valley Elder Services. They enroll people if they meet their criteria. And what we do is we deliver those meals that has been consistent throughout the pandemic. And people have been added to those lists. So folks who are homebound by their own criteria get a meal Monday through Friday delivered. And that has not not ceased for a single day. We also I think that the question might be more referring to our congregate meal, which is our shared meal experience. And again, that has had to be curtailed by COVID. And the way that the workaround has been a grab and gross go service. So folks come to the Senior Center and we meet with them on the outdoor sidewall, and they have their meal. And I will say the theory behind providing that nutritional support is was never just nutritional support. It was around socialization. So the person posing the question is spot on that that's a really important function of gathering together for meals. And I would share that folks who come for our grab and go, it is a very social experience. People walk over together, they drive. We have a lot of folks who say you are the only person I see every day. This is my one experience of socializing. And that's why I come. Sometimes they don't even like the meal. But they just get up because they want to say hi to us. So so that's an opportunity if someone wants to participate, you can call us at 259-3060 and we can get you enrolled within a day. And when you come to the Senior Center, you're just on the exterior. And also that we have a number of opportunities for socializing. Most of our classes online include a chat feature. What I mean by a chat feature is the exercise class might be 45 minutes, but then for the next 20, 25 minutes, folks are just saying hi and and convening online. So we have iPads to loan. We have volunteers helping to get people up and running with technology. So if that if that person making the inquiry wants some assistance, please contact me and I'll make sure that you're looped in with those opportunities that that we're affording people. And then also that Amherst Neighbors is running programs. So Liz, who just spoke, they have online programs and we can help to connect you for that. Great. Thank you for all that information. We'll connect that person directly with your team, Mary Beth. So again, just reminding folks, please raise your hand, star nine from phone or Q&A so that you can pop your questions in or come into the chat. I have another question here. Do you have advice for state staying safe for upcoming holidays? Should I let my kids and grandkids visit? Are we able to dine together? Well, I can add to that. And then maybe, Mary Beth, if you have something you can contribute, you know, one thing we want to make sure is that people coming together. Do so if you can sort of contain sort of this bubble that we've been hearing about. If you know each other, you've been interacting for 14 days. There's been no transmission that other people are aware of. Then you can sort of join people together. But if you do have a lot of folks coming in from out of a state, then that is something to consider how you're going to be joining. One thing is, you know, you do need to do if people are coming from other states.  But other things that you can do if you're getting together is considered the size. Where is the activity going to be? Can it be outside the number of people? Mary Beth, do you have anything else you can think of? Well, the only other piece that I would add is that we have technology so that folks decide that they're not going to have their holiday and an elder is going to be home alone. And the family might be doing a Zoom gathering that we can help to facilitate that for the holiday. So that's a piece I really want people to know. We have several accounts we can we can facilitate families gathering online. So that that is just a very heartwarming and important marker for everybody looking into Thanksgiving. So again, any questions, contact us. We'll see what we can do to help you. If you feel like you can't meet those parameters around being with individuals who've been quarantined and safe and within a typical bubble that you have interacted with. It's a really good question. And you know, each case is going to be very different. Yeah, so we're having that conversation in our family. Are we going to do what we normally do in Thanksgiving? Are we going to be adjusting that? Is it just going to be our immediate family? And even then, before my kids are grown, you know, before they come back, they need to be tested and making sure tests are available to folks is really important. Um, but you do we do need it, you know, we need to see our families and stuff. So it's it's there's some judgments that every individual is going to have to make in terms of what they feel comfortable with what they feel safe.  Um, and is like, what else can we be doing?  And so if you are going to be gathering with a family, think about all those things that you can bring to it. Um, because we are going to be making we make judgments every day about risk and this is a risk assessment that we each every individual have to make. Great. Thank you. So we have a couple more questions that were emailed in. So I'm going to go to those next until I see a hand in the room or a question in the room. So this one came in just the other day. My husband and I are in our seventies. He wants me to stop early morning shopping at big Y due to the rising positives in town. Is there evidence of increasing positives among the elderly general population? Should I be concerned? I've always felt safe in that store in the early morning. You know, I would add some of the prior conversation to the answer for this one. You know, there are several there are many mitigation strategies that you can take and that the business is taking to keep people safe. The businesses are cleaning high touch surfaces. They're spacing. They're doing aisles one way. There's plexiglass to keep the person behind that safe and you safe. So I I believe if you take these strategies yourself, wearing a mask, making sure your mask fits well, cleaning your hands, keeping your distance from people, I believe the risk is going to be very, very low. And again, it's being balanced with what Mary Beth was talking about is socialization. You don't want to be isolated. Go get your food, take the right steps and you can do it safely. And this stuff that we're learning now here we are in October. So we're six months out and we're really this is getting back by science. You know, when this all came out in April and May, we were leaning on information from other illnesses, which is very pertinent and helps. But we know this is the way to prevent transmission. So I say go out in the morning and do shopping. Why you're out? Pick up a loaf of bread. Right, I see a hand in the room. So I'm going to ask Jeff to unmute and please introduce yourself. Hello, I'm Jeff Amherst, president. Yeah, I know that my son, soccer, high school soccer season has been temporarily suspended because of Amherst being in the red zone. And I just curious are there other ways that Amherst is impacted? Well, the most immediate has been the sports other schools are canceling games that they may have with with our students, which is a shame and because the sports for a lot of of our youth is their only outlet. And it's and sometimes really important. You know, I think in terms of other impacts, I think that just the we worry about the impact on our businesses, because the sort of general feeling, oh, it's a red community. I think it's a it's a very crude tool. And I don't think it's necessarily a helpful one. It's designed to get people's attention, which it does. But it has some some other consequences, which because it's such a public designation and it doesn't take into account special circumstances. You know, we have a university here that that has a high concentration of students. There are other communities. There's the town of Middleton has a jail in it and they're red community because there's there's a surge in the jail. You know, the North Andover has a college in its same type of situation. So it's I don't know if it's necessarily reflective of the general community, but it's the it's a tag. It's a designation we've been tagged with. And so again, it's the sort of more general opinion. I don't think that is necessarily based on health risks that people are making that decision. That's my opinion. I'm just not I'm not a health instructor, though. Either of you have anything to add to that? Well, I would say that when this designation started, you know, weeks ago, it just it felt like people were going to take this as this was the one piece of information to judge to make all our public health decisions on. And that is not the case. It's one piece. So we know our community. We know if there's transmission in what population. So it should be a conversation that we have all together with a superintendent with with other people in town. So it's one tool. But that red designation, it does catch your attention. So it seems pretty dramatic. And I believe that these games are being canceled not by the town of Amherst, but by the opponent, the opposing teams. It's a good question, Jeff. Did you have any follow up? No, I was mainly curious if there are things that can't open now because of us being in the red zone or things like that. So so I think we are prevented from going to get these phases and steps mixed up. But the only thing that happened on October 5th was that restaurants could were able to go to allow 10 people at a table instead of six bars were allowed to have people sit at the bar, you know, like skateboard parks and indoor things like the things that didn't really impact. It was a very minimal impact on on the town of Amherst. So I don't think it's significant for us. All right. So thank you, Jeff, for popping in with your question. Always, always nice to see you at our chats.  I want to remind folks that we've got about six minutes left in our preplanned time for this community chat. So now would be a great time to pop in with questions. And I see a hand from Janet. So I'm going to unmute Janet. Please introduce yourself. Thank you. Welcome. I hope I will. First of all, let me ask you a question and also thank you for doing this and all that you are doing. It's greatly appreciated. But I sent a letter on behalf of District One neighborhood association this morning. And I'm so sorry that it came in late morning. Did you guys get it? Janet, I think I did see it. It's just sort of one of many. But I believe I got it, Janet. OK. And Paul, did you? I'm seeing it. I'm just opening it now. Yeah. Yeah. So as we said in that letter, it was on behalf of the five of us who are on the steering team of the District One neighborhood association. And basically what we were saying is we so appreciate what you are doing. And please keep doing those things. And then we pointed to some new things that we thought we saw in the governor's order number 52 that became effective on Monday. And we asked especially that for an increase in enforcement efforts and that was commensurate with the kind of risk that of life or to people's lives or of long term disability. So there are greater fines that could be assessed. There are a number of things we asked for there. That basically that large gathering should be treated as super spreader events and to have the ability for the Department of Health to call the police in if there's something that's jeopardizing our health. So I, you know, and we pointed out, I think that this is always difficult for town officials or government officials. But in time, you know, we pointed out that smoking regulations weren't popular. Everyone thought that that was going to bring the earth to an end. Seat belts weren't popular with it, but upping the ante did save lives. Many, many, many thousands of lives. So we hope you look at our letter in greater depth. I know you haven't had a chance to look at it in many depth, but that you will hopefully consider intensifying the response that in a way that's appropriate with the risk to people's lives. That's basically what we're asking. Yes, so thanks, Janet. So I haven't read it, but we will read it in our core team meets tomorrow morning. So I'm sure we will discuss the things that you put in that. So thank you for doing that work. And that's helpful to us. We did meet with the university we have a our regular meeting with the university this morning and went through a number of these things. You know, again, we want to do things that change people's behaviors. And there's one of the key pieces of public health strategy is to do successful contact tracing and testing. And the university especially feels very strongly that, you know, maintaining compliance of willing compliance by students to participate in that process is crucial to is an important factor for people to be able to for us to be able to conduct contact tracing successfully. So contact tracing and Jen does this for a living. So she knows a lot more, but you want people to tell you what's going on. If they were at a party, you want them to say, yes, I was at the party. Who did you talk to? Who did you spend time with? And then you follow up with those people. And that's that's the way the system works. If students feel like there's going to be retribution against them for admitting that they've been at a party, there's a sense that that means they will not talk about things. And so so it's we're sort of weighing the two things, the sort of, you know, punitive measures, which we some people feel is be more beneficial and and would would make people stop gathering versus the public health method of trying to ensure proper collection of data. So we can actually address the things that are the people who have the disease. So that's the conundrum we have. The fact of the matter is that the event should correct me, Jen, was not a large gathering that initiated this. This thing, right? Correct. Yeah, it's small. It's like eight people or something. It's about eight, yeah. Yeah. So but all that being said, we also know that the weather this weekend is going to be very warm. We are having additional police officers and ambassadors on the street to just it discourage the gathering of people. It's not necessarily the size of the gathering. It's any gathering. And so we're putting more people on the streets, especially in areas where there have been previous experiences of people gathering, you know, townhouses, one of them, but just a number of places throughout the community. And just making frequent going, going by, checking on if you see a party starting to form, intervene, start to have a conversation, talk about the risks and things like that. The town has issued a number, we issue numbers of those fines, the $300 fines. You know, I think that that's some, that that's, you know, and those are basically town bylaw violation because of noise or non-cooperation or something like that. And then the university, they, you know, these cases do get reported to the university. They review every case over the weekend or the prior week on every Monday morning. They have reported that there's 195 or something cases in the dean of students office being reviewed. I don't know what the disposition of those cases are. And they're not all COVID-19 violations, but they are handling these types of cases on a regular basis. So Jen, do you want to talk about, go ahead? I have a number of live questions that came in from our participants. So I'm not sure if there's much more, if there's anything else on that topic, but I do want to answer it. It's my diplomatic way of saying that. You can just say, quiet down. So I'm going to answer. Mike Pence. No fly though. So I will answer, ask these in the order that they came in. So first we have, hello, can you please tell us when and if the governor will be back up to a different phase and what this could mean for schools and local business? Thank you. I think we have to be non-red, which is lower risk for three consecutive weeks before we can move to a better phase. Okay, great. So another question here, is there any indication of increased community spread of coronavirus in the wake of the UMass outbreak or cluster? Jen. This cluster that we had has been defined as, I think UMass is calling it around 30 or so. We know there are more students. So those extra students, so 98% of the cases are UMass students and they originated from that cluster and they've gone out in waves and sort of generations off of that initial small gathering. So we feel confidence say that the transmission is through this one demographic and is not per se in the general population. Is that a fair description would you say? That made sense to me. And if it makes sense to me, I hope that it doesn't to everybody else. But if that didn't answer your question, I believe it was Sarah, feel free to just pop back in. I do have one more Q&A and a hand in the room. So we have another question here. Has there been an increase to the Department of Health budget in response to their new duties? So the town has CARES Act funds that can compensate for any additional costs that are related to COVID-19. So I think we have engaged a couple of additional nurses to help with contact tracing and whatever the public health department needs, it's the top priority, but there are, we have funds in the bank ready to go for those things. And I'd like, I see a hand in the room. I'd like to welcome and invite Ava in if you could unmute and introduce yourself please. Hi, I'm Ava Fredkin. Thanks for taking my question. I just, Paul, when you were mentioning about the COVID ambassadors being around this weekend to discourage gatherings, I'm wondering if, oh, I'm wondering if you're able to say what, look what streets they'll be on, like will they be on, will it be going to Meadow Street, Summer Street out this area? That's one question. And then connected with that is also, will that only be during the daylight hours or will they also be around in the evening at night to also be discouraging gatherings? So ambassadors will be out. I think they go and they're out until eight or nine at night again, but the police officers will also be out. They will be doing, they do knock and talk and I think the next two afternoons, they're doing summer bridge and townhouse either this afternoon or next tomorrow afternoon. I forget what they're hitting, you know, going where they go door to door. If there are specific places you think they should be, just email us and we'll put that on their list for them to show up. That's a good thing for us to know. So yeah, they'll be out. We are now answering the COVID hotline live until eight or nine at night as well. And there's their ambassadors there and a police officer available to support them in their answering of the phone. Okay, thank you. And the email address just for folks in the room to use is COVID concerns at amrstma.gov. The phone line is<PHONE_NUMBER>. Again, that's on our homepage and it's on our amrstcovid19.org webpage if you ever need to find that and reference it. So thank you, Ava, for your question. So we are a little bit over time. I don't see any other hands or questions in the chat here. So with that being said, I'd like to invite our panelists to give any last statements that they maybe didn't get asked or something that you wanna leave the room with. We'll pick on Paul first. Oh, no, I just wanna thank everybody for being here. And it's a really hard time. And I, again, please send us your questions because we do respond to them and it does shape how we are deploying our forces and thinking about things. So I really appreciate you reaching out to us. Absolutely, thank you. Marybeth or Jen? I'll go. I'm happy to tell our older adults a couple of things. One, don't forget your flu shot. The newsletter that's coming, I have listed all of the local places where that's gonna be available for you. CBS, Target, et cetera. If you need some information, call us 259-3060. Also please know that we have a senior health services nurse and she is available, Karen Reynon and her number is 259-3257. So you have any questions that come up, you can call and we will make sure that we get back to you. And most importantly, stay involved. If you need ideas, call us. We can have you volunteer. We can have you connect to a program. But as the weather gets colder, it's really important to stay physically and mentally active and we'll help you with that. So we're here all the time, call me anytime. Thank you, Marybeth. Jen? You know, I wanna say that I'm relatively new to this community and I see how people really care about each other here. And I just commend everybody. I know I love how we've been working together. I love hearing all the comments, you know, the information that goes to the COVID hotline because some of those that need to come to me, they do come to me. So it does keep my finger on the pulse, you know, per se. So I appreciate hearing what people have to say and I really learned from some of your comments. And then I was also gonna say, remember to get your flu shot. Don't say, oh, I'm not coming in contact with anybody. I don't need it. Get it anyway. It's gonna keep you safe, other people safe and it builds up your antibodies for next year as well. Great. That's a good timely reminder, Jen. And I will just say one last thing. This chat will be put up on our YouTube channel and our community chats playlist in case you wanna reference something or share it with a friend or neighbor. It'll be up there shortly and we will be back next Thursday and subsequent Thursdays at noon. We will have our, we will announce who our special guests are probably in the next, probably by tomorrow. So you can stay tuned and join us next Thursday as well. And I wanna say thank you for everybody who's joined us and to our special guests, Mary, Beth and Jen. Thanks, Brianna. Yeah, bye-bye. Have a nice day. Yeah, take care.


Hi everyone, Joe for JazzbeesCaseBreaks.com coming at you with 2023 Tops Definitive Collection Baseball 1 box pick your team number five Lot of nice stuff here as we all know Big thanks to this group for making it happen here in pick your team five So you do see some R&B spots We pulled some teams for that serial number style break Kevin getting the brew crew Last spot mojo before we pulled the remaining teams. Thanks everyone for making it happen Appreciate you. Here are the results of that random number block randomizer. We did that in a different video There we go. Keep that right next to me over here And now we got to figure out which box we're gonna do So we'll go one two three for the left side four five six for the right side So one two three for box B one two three for box C and it's four one two three four five six So box B will be for pick your team six, which is coming up right after this All right. Good luck my friends. There's all the cards right there And away we go We got out Burleson 34 out of 50 two-color patch and on card autograph. It's for the Cardinals. That's gonna go to the X line You go Josh Next card is a rookie Vaughn Grissom nice 14 out of 50 Braves LB for Rob B and the Bravos Then how about some Robin young 37 out of 40 for the brew crew and That's for Kevin last spot mojo strikes again 70% of the time Last spot mojo hits 100% of the time One more before the gold frame. It's Hideki Matsui 13 out of 25 your 2009 world series MVP The gold frame is is Nolan Ryan five out of 25 Astros edition That's gonna be for D y and the Astros picked up the straws is straight up These are always love the gold frames are pretty sweet Couple a few more here. We've got a dual auto Mike Trout Shohei Otani for Wow That's gonna be for a shams and the angels got the angels straight up This is what happens when you buy the teams that you like Chance at this greatness.  I mean they're talking about that guy going somewhere But for now they're angels and both of these are all for a shams. Congrats, man. That's awesome All right couple relics should be back here. You darg is 26 out of 40 That's gonna go to the Padre Steve Locke and there should be one more relic Although I feel like I saw a box where there's an autograph on the bottom there, but maybe the relics were out or 26 out of 40 There is an autograph one out of five Aaron judge See told you Matt Smith with the Yankees. What a way to end it nice Matt All aboard the big hit express Very nice nice great finish here. It wrecks like wild yelling neither of them won a championship true But the hobby sometimes doesn't care about that is these are still valued pretty incredibly Even without champs champion chips chips. So there you have it folks another one another box down And another box to go in the next video. I'm Joe. I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye. Bye


July is going to be hotter than ever because you get up to $50 off any smartphone at Appalachian Wireless to your agreement required. Better service? Bigger savings? That's today's Appalachian Wireless. An East Kentucky network company. When someone's brought through the doors of a detention center, they're often at their lowest point, feeling utterly hopeless. Floyd County jailer Bear Halberts doing what he can to give those inmates some hope by allowing several different church denominations to come in and minister to those inmates and allow them to love those inmates so they learn to love themselves. I just think it's good and reassuring for church groups to come in and tell these inmates that they're still loved, people still care for them because a lot of them thinks their families give up on them, they've lost their friends, nobody wants to do anything, show no compassion or anything and these church groups come in and I think it boosts the morale, I think it gets them in better spirits and then water better thing and church to do that with. The inmates are most certainly appreciative of those who come in to minister to them. I appreciate them putting their heart into it and coming out and baptizing me to wash away all the sins that I've had. Heather's newfound faith not only gives her a sense of newfound hope but also gives her a path in a new direction. To keep believing in God and going to church and being an example for my kids basically. For more information on the Floyd County Detention Center's inmate ministry simply call the number listed on your screen. Reporting from Prestonsburg I'm Sean Allen for EKB News.


Hey, welcome back everybody, Drone Tech here. So when you turn on the news and you see all these stories about parents protesting at school boards against critical race theory, it has nothing to do with learning about history. We all want people to learn American history, even the bad parts, but this actually has nothing to do with that and has everything to do with a far left Marxist ideology that broadly judges and demonizes a group of people based on their skin color using a warped, context-free version of history to justify the bigotry. They want people thinking that it's something scholarly or substantiated. When the truth is, it's just racist stake oil that we've seen from all purveyors of hate. That's what parents are protesting because CRT leads to this. I love to talk with their parents about their ideas about this stuff because a lot of white people don't talk about their whiteness.  Everybody else, any human being, but they are. They believe white equals human, but in fact, white is anti-human. Okay? All right, so- Wow, he seems very proud of his racist conspiracy theory here where he assigns traits and thoughts to people based on their skin color. Imagine, this guy has credibility as a professor. He's actually out there teaching generations of kids this eight. This guy is an open extremist who thinks Ibrahim X Kendi is too soft and too individualistic as he puts it. Okay? All right, so- When you say that, are you echoing Ibrahim Kendi's popularity in his efforts? No, no, I wouldn't want to be compared to him at all because I think his book is too individualistic. Okay. This guy, Professor Johnny Eric Williams, nice name, is no stranger to these outlandish, openly racist statements.  Now, the real question here should be what parent would want their kid taught through the prism of critical race theory when this is where it leads? Who in their right mind would argue that these parents are wrong to stand up to these school boards and stop open racism that's directed right at them? The answer is, of course, the National School Board Association. Not only do they want to take away the parents' rights to make their voices heard, but they also want to label these parents as domestic terrorists. Remember what I've been saying for years? That the left and Democrats literally want to criminalize their political opposition. Well, here you go. The National School Board Association is asking the White House and the Education Department to help ensure the security of its members. And the group's president, Viola Garcia, is joining us now to talk about this. Well, we need support. We need reinforcement. We, our letter to the White House really is indicative of the seriousness of the situation for school board members, but more especially for students in our public schools. Rarely, I don't know the number of incidents, perhaps in grocery stores, but the greatest number and the biggest concern that we have are the threats of violence, the coordinated efforts that we seem to see because of the similarities across the state lines. And so it gives us pause. It gives us great pause. So the NSBA actually sent a letter to Comrade Biden, begging him to suppress their political opposition to fellow communists. I'm not gonna read the whole thing. You can do that if you want, but it basically boils down to this. Quote, as the threats grow and news of extremist hate organizations showing up at school board meetings is being reported. This is a critical time for a proactive approach to deal with this difficult issue. It's the old, my political opposition are terrorist hate-mongers, so the government should be used to shut them up and put them down. They did it to Bush supporters. They did it to the Tea Party. They did it to Trump supporters. And now they're doing it to parents who are just standing up for their kids. So they won't be indoctrinated with racist snake oil that teaches them that white people aren't human and the sources of everyone's problems. I especially love this part where they justify taking action against these parents who disagree with their indoctrination tactics, saying, quote, NSBA also requests that the US Postal Inspection Service intervene against threatening letters and cyber bullying attacks that have been transmitted to students, school board members, district administrators, and other educators. Now I'm not for threatening letters or any of that, but let's be real here. We all receive threats. Even I get death threats. This is their justification for calling parents domestic terrorists. However, somehow when it's Democrats doing the harassment and threatening, suddenly it's all just part of the process. Look at how Biden just responded to video of Democrat voters harassing and chasing a senator into the bathroom at Arizona State University. I just wanted to just suppress it. You're talking about how you have 48 Democratic votes right now. The other two have been pressured over the weekend by activists. Joe Manchin had people on kayaks show up to his boat, T.L. Adams, Senator Sinema last night, was chased into a restroom. Do you think that those tactics are crossing a line? I don't think they're appropriate tactics. It happens to everybody. From the only people it doesn't happen to are people who have secret service standing around them. So it's part of the process, yes. It's different when they do it. The fact is our schools have been taken over by communists who are now using their power to indoctrinate generations of kids to be good communist foot soldiers. That's all I have for this one. Thanks for watching. If you enjoyed it, please hit that like button and subscribe. You might also let me know how you feel in the comments section.


Welcome. This is Melissa Armo with the Stock Swoosh and I'm introducing some back-to-school sales for the gap options. A lot of people are interested in this newsletter. They don't have the time to train each morning in the trading room to do the equity trades or interested in options for many, many reasons. And we're going to go over this sale right now. If you'd like more information, you can email me at Melissa at thestockswoosh.com or call me at 929-3200 Gap. So it's getting to that point. Some kids are going back to school on the next week. I don't have any children someday. Well, so I thought I'd do some back-to-school sales for people that are interested in getting into the market. Fall is a good time to trade. It's a good time to be active. And one of the reasons why people like options is you don't need margin. You can open up an options account with little $2,000. So you don't have to worry about having margin for the active day trading rules. And, you know, it's very helpful for people because they can take the position while they're at work, watch it, watch in the charts, watch the price. You don't have to be sitting there every second. Whereas in the day trading room, we're in and out sometimes things in 5, 10 minutes and you do have to be in the room live and active with options. You can carry them overnight. Sometimes we do for days or weeks. Anyway, so the special that I'm doing for back-to-school is the golden gap course, the gap options course, which is August 29th and the golden gap course for August, which is the 24th and 25th and one price, 64.99. Okay, this sale ends at midnight, Saturday, August 17th. Sign up if you're interested. Email me at Melissa at thestockswish.com to get both classes for one price. Or if you just want the newsletter, the gap options newsletter annual subscription is one year and you get the gap options course free, which again is August 29th. This is 59.99. Again, you're getting the course free because you're paying for the newsletter and the normal price is 59.99. Get all the trades emailed to you for one year for the newsletter. Then I'm doing another option for people to kind of jump in, jump into the pool and get themselves wet. The gap options newsletter through 10, 31, 19 through Halloween and the gap options course, the 29, 29.99 US dollars. Again, this ends at midnight on the 17th. So three different options there for people to jump start their fall trading. If you're thinking about becoming a full-time trader, a part-time trader, it really doesn't matter. You still have to know how to take the trades. You have to know where to go. Long where to go short. You have to know where to do calls or where to do puts. You're not going to make any money for taking somebody in the wrong direction. If you want to learn the 26 points, that's what I teach in the Golden Gap course. That's the strategy, the meat, potatoes of what I do. Okay, the gap options class is a half-day class. You're not going to learn the points in that, but it's a good class if you're going to focus on just doing the options trades. Okay, but the way that I'm calling the trades on the newsletter for the options newsletter is through the rating system through the method. So it's all in the system. I have called all these trades this year. Some of these huge trades I've called. It's based on the Golden Gap system and you need to understand that everything that I do is based on that system. Now, here was an example. Oh, I've had some really nice calls in this market. Here's the market gaping down today. So I saw it in the pre-market and then in the morning, 9.05 in the morning, I called the spy puts 288 expiring at 8.23. I'm going to go back. So this was this morning. Okay, so I called it this morning. We dropped into it through the strike and now here we are. Again, this is at noon. Guess what? Oh, shoot. I got the cues. Crap. Sorry. Here. Here's the spy. Hold on. Now you're going to see. Here we are. Anyways, I'm sorry. I didn't have the right slide in here, but you're going to see it right now. Low here was 284.92. So we ran down almost, well, 285. Anyways, we ran down three points through the strike in here, but then it's 12.24. Anyways, long story short, this was a really nice call, but I did call the cues too. So I called the cues as well. That was another put on today. There was, I called a ton of trades today. Anyways, long story short, this is good. The spy is good. All of these look really, really nice and it's based on the Goldagap system. So you have to have a system if you want to learn how to trade and make money in the market. Consistently, it is very important. And if you don't know what you're doing, the benefit of signing up for the options newsletter is you can start taking the options trades, watch the trades, you get out when you're up. The ones that lose lose, the ones that win win.  It's a way to start saving money so that you can afford to take the Golden Gap course or take the class, take the Golden Gap course. If you work during the week, learn the system in the weekend, then do the newsletter as well and then you can start to take the trades on the newsletter and you'll have learned the system. And I'm doing the 29.99 option to help some people that can't afford the $6,000 option to get them going. Remember, I mean, between August and the end of October, that's two and a half months. It's almost three months of newsletter trades. The sooner you get up, the sooner you'll sign up. The sooner you'll get the trades till the end of October and then the class October 29th, which is the gap options course. It's really about making money doing it all, which is I think day trades, swing trades, option trades, but it has to work with your system. It has to work with your schedule. It has to work with your life and what you can afford to do at this point in time. But everything that I do is based on gaps. Everything that I talk about, everything that I teach is all based on the same system and it's really looking to trade momentum, which you can see from the moves in the market today. If you want to work for yourself, you can, financial freedom, maybe doing this as a career for yourself or maybe just making extra money on the side. If you make an extra $1,000 a week, that's four grand a month and that's a lot of money for a lot of people on top of their regular salaries if that's what you want to do. You set your goals for your parameters, for your trades, for your risk per trades and again, we'll talk about that in the class. But I say to people make the time to learn this if you're going to do it. A lot of people trade and they don't have any idea what they're doing and they lose and you wonder why? They don't know what they're doing. They don't want to pay for the information. They don't want to pay people to know what they're doing like me. Well, then don't expect to be profitable. Don't expect to win. You're not going to get anything good for free. I'm telling you that it is very important to understand what to do to trade this market particularly. It's hugely, there's so much volatility that's coming in right now. People are getting killed that don't know what to do. And then again, people that are doing well are making bank. So it is about making the time, spending the money and that's where you're going to get the profits and get somewhere with this. So again, the class I teach the method is called the Golden Gap Course for August. It's August 24th and 25th. Nine to five Eastern time, class of the class is 64.99. Get in, learn the system before the next earning season before the fall. Class is online. You can be anywhere in the world and take it. The back to school sales, I'm going to go over once again. It's a Golden Gap Course and the Gap Option Course for one price, 64.99 ends the 17th of August. Gap Option newsletter for one year and the Gap Options Course to 29. Again, 59.99 one price ends August 17 and then the shorter, smaller version to through 10, 31, 19 newsletter and then the Gap Options Course ends the 17, 29, 99. If you're interested to email me at Melissa at thestockswish.com or give me a call. Have a great day everyone. Be very careful. You need to learn what to do in this market. If you can learn what to do and ride the moves properly, you will have a chance to succeed and that is what everyone wants to do. You must take this seriously. So many people trade and they don't know what to do and they're watch free videos and think they're going to learn and they're going to lose. The market just takes money from people like that.   Be on the side of the smart people. It's going to cost you money. It's going to cost you money to take my classes and get my newsletter and get the trades and be in the room and everything else. If you are taking this seriously and you worked hard for your money, then you better know what you're doing before you risk it in the market. Have a great day everyone and good luck and congrats to everyone that did the puts.


Hello everyone and welcome to Blackstar Potential. My name is Lee Fuge and I'm here today with MGRmusic.com and in this lesson we're going to talk about the effect loop on your Blackstar amp. More importantly we're going to talk about if you should use the effect loop or not. Many amps in the Blackstar range come with a built-in effect loop but what is an effect loop? An effect loop is essentially an insert point in your amp circuit where you can put effects that come in after the preamp. So if you've been watching these videos where we talked about the preamp section and how that works, the preamp is where your amp generates some of the preamp distortion and a lot of the tone because the tone stack is part of the preamp. The effect loop sits after the preamp of the amp circuit but before the power amp. Now many people who use modulation and time-based effects such as reverb, delay and chorus will prefer to put the modulation effects in the effect loop after the preamp. The reason for this is if you're playing with preamp distortion you then add a clean modulation or reverb or delay to that distorted signal. If you put these effects in the front of the amp they all get subjected to what the preamp does. The general consensus is that anything that goes into the effect loop especially when you play with a distorted amp is going to sound cleaner. So if you've got a delay the repeats are going to be crystal clear with your distorted tone going into the delay. If you put the delay in the front the repeats of the delay are going to get distorted by the preamp of the amplifier. So what we're going to do in this video is take a look at how these two ways of plugging effects pedals into your Blackster amp both sound. The amp I'm going to be using for this video is the Studio 10 6L6. I love this amp because it's great for a clean pedal platform. Many people who use a pedal platform will put these type of effects in the front of the amp because the front end of the amp is designed to be perfectly clean and almost flat at its response. But the good thing about the Studio 10 is that it does have an effects loop and especially when we kick it to the drive channel that's when we'll see a big difference. So like I said we will try this both ways both in the front and in the loop. I've got three pedals I'm going to be using. I've got this Boss Multi effect here that I'll be using for a chorus effect. It's also got every other modulation effect you can imagine so the principle is the same whatever effect you're using. I've got a delay here from Walrus Audio called the D1 Mako and I've also got a reverb here from Jupiter Effects like a spring reverb. Even though the Studio 10 has reverb built in I'm going to use an external reverb pedal because if you have an amp that doesn't have reverb built in these principles will also apply. So we'll start off by running through some clean tones with the effects in the loop of the amp. So here is how chorus sounds into the effects loop of the Studio 10. So because I'm running a clean amp I get a really clear chorus sound there. I can hear the movement of the modulation and it's super super clear. Now if I was using another effects type so let's say I was using something like a phaser the rule would be the same. The phaser is going to be super clean because it's going into the loop of the amp. So the preamp of the amplifier is not affecting the input of the effects pedal. So the sounds of a modulation pedal into the loop of the Studio 10 6L6 are great. It's super super pristine you can really hear the effect. So now I'm going to kick on the delay pedal which I've just got set to a standard delay. What we should hear is very very clear delay repeats. So as expected the repeats are super clean. The tone stack of the amp is not brightening or darkening this in any way. This is coming in after the tone stack. So let's put some reverb on now and we should expect the same thing a very clear concise reverb sound. So as expected a very clear reverb sound as well. So we've proved there that playing through the effects loop with modulation delay and reverb gives you a super clear sound. Now I've gone to the overdrive channel in the amp now and we'll go through the same three things. So I'll come back over now to the chorus pedal. So this is a chorus sound in the effects loop but the amp is now overdriven. So what happens here is because the chorus pedal sits after the preamp we have the preamp distortion then the effect. So the effect gets applied to the already distorted sound. So even though the amp is overdriven there because of the preamp the chorus is still very clear and very crisp. This is because it's modulating the already distorted sound. Great for 80s rock there. So I'm going to turn the chorus off now and come over to the delay. So what we should hear now is the same thing the distorted sound with the clean delays applied on top. And finally we'll turn on the reverb into the effects loop. So again we'll get the distorted signal and then that's going to be added to a reverb sound. So even though we're playing with a distorted sound there what the reverb being in the loop does is it takes the distorted sound and it places it into a space. So this is where the effects loop differs from going into the front. So what we'll do now is we'll change the cables over and go into the front end of the amplifier. Alright so now all those pedals are running through the front end of the amp so my guitar is going into the chorus pedal which is cascading through the other pedals in the chain then the output of the reverb is going straight into the input of the amp. So there's nothing in the effect loop this time. So what we should hear is a slightly different tone to the effects. The biggest difference is going to be when we kick to the overdrive channel. On the clean channel we're not going to hear a huge difference we're just going to hear the preamp sound of the amp applied to the pedals. So they may be totally different because of the EQ section at the front of the amp but overall we're not going to hear any differences in saturation or how they interact with the rest of the circuit because there's no preamp distortion being applied. So here's the chorus first of all straight into the front. So the biggest difference there that I can hear in the room is that it's brighter and you should be able to hear that through the video as well. The chorus is now hitting the tone stack of the amp then the tone stack is affecting the entire signal. So it's affecting the clean part of the chorus as well as the modulated part. And this is where we get this slightly different tone because previously we were taking the entire tone of the amp and adding chorus to that. Now we're adding the tone of the amp to the chorus. So let's turn on the delay and see the difference here. So with the delay going into the front of the amp the repeats don't feel as bright or as crystal clear. This is because the preamp is almost compressing them slightly. It's not the biggest difference though it's just a subtle difference there and let's go on to the reverb now. So again not much difference when we use the reverb into the front of the amp because the amp is running clean. Now the biggest difference is going to be when we move to the overdrive channel. So now we're going to hear the chorus again but this time into the front of an overdrive amp. The biggest difference now is we're going to be taking the chorus as our input signal and we're going to be distorting that signal. So we're not adding chorus to the overdrive signal we're over driving the chorus signal. So the first thing you should have noticed there is that the chorus effect is more pronounced but almost not as chorusy as it previously was. This is because we're taking the chorus effect and we're applying overdrive on top of that. This sort of boosts the effect but also it changes the overall tone of the effect. It sort of feels a bit more like a wah there. It's not exactly like a wah pedal but it has that sort of moving, filter-y type sound. A lot of people prefer chorus in the loop for this very reason because that up front doesn't really sound like a chorus. What you would do to remedy that would be to dial in the pedal a lot subtler. So let's try the delay now. So what we should hear now is the same delay signal but now because we're overdriving the delay repeats because the delay repeats are going into the preamp we're going to hear distorted repeats. So they're not going to be as clear or as pristine as previously. So you can definitely hear the difference with the delay because those repeats are now distorted. It works great as a sound. If you like that kind of analog tape delay sound whether the repeats do distort it's great.  So let's try the reverb now. So I'll turn this on. What we're going to be doing now is adding reverb to the dry guitar signal and then distorting that. So not only is the guitar going to get distorted but the reverb is too. So again that makes for a great effect. If you're looking for that distorted crunchy reverb sound it sounds fantastic. It's great for creating crazy textures and soundscape stuff but if you really want that pristine spacer on your guitar part once again the effects loop is going to be your best friend for reverb. So there you go there is an overview of the difference between using the effects loop for your reverb and modulation and time-based effects versus putting them into the front end of the amp. Which do you think works better? Let us know down below in the comments. Thank you guys so much for watching. I hope you've enjoyed this video. If you did like I said let us know down below in the comments what you thought and if you've tried any of these principles yourself how did you get on. If there are any other amp related topics or educational topics you'd like us to talk about in these videos please let us know down below as well. Don't forget to go check out Blackstar Amplification on YouTube for more free videos just like this and if anyone out there is looking for a guitar teacher please head over to mgrmusic.com. It's a network of great teachers all around the UK waiting to take you guys to that next level. Thanks so much for watching and I'll see you soon.


Hey guys, welcome to another RT Trio video. So This month is my month and I created the mood board Which is this one and you can get a copy of it if you would like to participate in our RT Trio Facebook group The link for which is in the video description along with the videos from my two fellow collaborators Mike Deacon and Abaya Grob so anyway, this is The mood board I created and going based on this and after thinking for it about it a little bit And if you've been following me and RT Trio and my art in general, especially lately most of my work is Based and are inspired by nature. I seem to really just It seems to me my fallback go-to thing constantly So my mood boards usually reflect a lot of that I'm getting to a reason why I'm saying that so way back be I think Before the pandemic started maybe around at the time it started I picked up these two Strathmore Journals softcover journals fun fact. I don't I like the paper in the journals, but this Particular kind of softcover you can kind of I think see how Not marked up it is and I don't mind a marked up cover, but this particular Softcover it's not my favorite the paper inside is wonderful. So this is the toned tan This is the toned gray when I first started working in these journals. I decided to use them To play with my colored pens and markers specifically my gel pens I started out just doing these kind of drawings Which we're okay. There's some that I really like that one is really great I also used some just black and white things that I had laying around It was sort of my way of practicing my sketching or one more way of practicing my sketching but also using Supplies in my art room that I don't I feel like I don't want to get rid of in all of my million Times I've purged things, but at the same time. I don't use them nearly enough I quickly gravitated to in that mindset to gel pens And I sort of have a love-hate relationship with gel pens, but I did Discover that although I still don't use them enough. I do love working with them on this kind of colored background paper and I discovered I went from doing these kind of drawings Very quickly to doing these sort of drawings a very nature-inspired and then abstracted nature Some of these have been turned into digital images and stickers And you can see I mean I live this journal is full. I filled I filled up this one This one is completely full. I started a new one. This is the toned tan toned gray upside down and So I was thinking about this month's mood board and the fact that I really am trying to get back into Incorporating these drawings occasionally in my work And I just I really love drawing and if you said tomorrow you have to just pick one art Style and the supplies to go with it and you have to get rid of everything else It would be all my drawing stuff drawing and my watercolor If I had to just pick one Anyway, so we are going to experiment this month because as I was thinking about this month's mood board and this particular kind of gel pen drawing I had a thought and The thought was I wonder if I can do these kind of drawings over a wash in the background of some wash paint Would that work would it mess up the gel pens? The answer to that is no no it won't So if you do any kind of mixed media, you know that using any kind of pens over paint Can be a struggle and it's a love-hate relationship. This is a watercolor wash in the background It's not a very thick coating. It's just a wash of it And I let it dry completely and then I went over it with the jelly roll gel pens. I black one It worked great So I thought okay, we were at the beach recently I'm gonna put this to the side and I got these this picture of these wild bleeding hearts Which I will include in the Facebook post in the artsy trio group if you want to be inspired by said photo And I thought that's a good photo to be inspired for one of these abstracted drawings by And so we are going to do a wash I wanted and the page that was next in the journal was black I put a piece of tape here to remind myself that this page is going to stay blank for the minute because I really want to work on Tone tan, I think So I think what we're going to do is We're going to do a wash of some paint on the background.  I Picked these gel pens out of my step in my bag of pens that I thought were colors that were inspired by the mood board and We are going to see where this goes and of course I'm going to use the other side to make notes and Like I do this is my experiments journal for those that don't know where I try different art experiments see what works see what doesn't make notes about it and Let's get started. Shall we I'll be right back I'm going to speed forward through the process a little bit, but I'll be back at the end This is what I came up with I absolutely love it When I do these kind of drawings, I just take inspiration from nature from what I've seen what I've taken pictures of I take a lot of pictures Nearly daily with my phone in around the neighborhood or wherever I happen to be and then I just Abstract the shapes and the colors and the form I see from that photo to create the doodle or the drawing Which is definitely what I did here with these? while bleeding hearts these were actually wild out in the woods somewhere where I was over the weekend and This I love this. I love the way it came out the gel pens worked great over the light coating of gouache in the background That was a fun experiment. I would definitely do that again, although I will say again I think if you have too much paint in the background, you're gonna Have a problem. So just some light coating and it because it's a matte finished gouache paint and it's not a shiny acrylic paint it Wrote really well on them and again because it's a thin coating. It's not thick So this is what I did this month. What are you gonna do? I'm going to go over this way now and make my notes and I'll be right back. Okay, so there we go I will definitely do this again because that was a lot of fun. I Debated about pasting the sample in here with the rest of my notes because that definitely turned out cute And I could use that in a journal or something somewhere else But it is really about this experiment and to be honest, I could recreate that again So there you go. There you have it. That was a lot of fun What are you gonna do with this month's mood board if you're gonna do anything? I will to encourage you to go watch the other two videos if you're not inspired by mine maybe you'll be inspired by one of them and Join the RT Trio Facebook group and share what you're doing Ask questions if you have anything you want to add leave your question comment or concern down below Or over in the Facebook group be sure in the Facebook group to tag me or one of the other teachers in the post So that we can see it and we don't miss anything Don't forget to check out the video description again for the relevant links ways to support the free content Here on my YouTube channel a lot of my social media and everything else is in my link tree list of links Also, I have a happy email address down there if you're so inclined and anything else Relevant is down there like share and subscribe Most importantly stay safe stay healthy stay creative go out and do something nice for yourself because you deserve it And I'll see you later. Bye guys


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss graph terminology i.e. we will discuss definition of graph and basic terms related to graphs. First of all we shall discuss what is a graph? A graph consists of points called vertices or nodes which are connected by lines known as edges or arcs. Now see this graph which connects the three points a, b and c called vertices and edges are represented as lines joining vertices. Now we are going to discuss directed graphs and undirected graphs. In our graph we can move from one vertex to the other vertex if the two vertices are connected by a line and if we can move in either direction along the line then the lines are called edges and the graph is an undirected graph. Now see in this graph a, b and c are connected by lines so we can move from vertex a to vertex b. Similarly we can also move from vertex b to vertex a. If we see vertices a and c then we can either move from vertex a to vertex c or from vertex c to vertex a so it is an undirected graph and the lines connecting vertices are the edges. Now let us put our direction sign on these lines. Now if we study this graph the arrow tells us the direction in which we can move from one vertex to the other. See here we can move from vertex a to vertex b but we cannot move from vertex b to vertex a. So in this graph we can move from vertex a to vertex b from vertex b to vertex c and from vertex c to vertex a thus it is a directed graph or we can also call it as digraph and the lines connecting the vertices are called arcs. Now we are going to learn about degree of a vertex. Degree of a vertex is the number of edges or arcs that touch a vertex. Now if we consider this given graph we see that it is having one, two, three, four that is four vertices or nodes and these are a, b, c and d. Now let us find the degree of each vertex c number of edges which touch vertex a are one, two that is two. So degree of vertex a is two. Similarly degree of vertex b will be equal to one, two that is two. Now degree of vertex c is one, two, three that is three because there are three edges which touch vertex c and degree of vertex d will be equal to one because only one edge touches it. So here we have degree of vertex a is two, degree of vertex b is two, degree of vertex c is three and degree of vertex d is one. Now we are going to see what is a loop. A loop is an edge that starts and ends at the same vertex. It contributes two to the degree of vertex. Now in this graph there are two vertices a and b. We can see there is a loop at vertex a that is from a to a. Let us see degree of the vertices a and b. Since loop contributes two to the degree of vertex a, so degree of vertex a will be three and degree of vertex b is one. Now we are going to discuss path. A path is a finite sequence of edges such that the end vertex of one edge in the sequence is the start vertex of the second and in which no vertex appears more than once. Now see in this graph we can find the following paths to reach vertex d. One path can be from vertex a to vertex b from vertex b to vertex c and then to vertex d. The other path can be from vertex a to vertex c and then to vertex d. Next we have circuit. A circuit is a path that starts and ends at the same vertex. Now see in this graph we can start from vertex a and finish at vertex a by following the path from vertex a to vertex b to vertex c and then to vertex a. So this path is a circuit. Now we are going to discuss connected and disconnected graphs. A graph is course connected if all its vertices are connected and a path can be found between any two vertices. Now if we look at this graph we can say that this is a connected graph because we can move from one vertex to the other vertex by following edges. See a path is found between any two vertices. If we want to move from vertex b to vertex d we can follow the path from vertex b to vertex c and then to vertex d. Now a graph is called disconnected if all its vertices are not connected. See this is a disconnected graph as we cannot find the path from vertex b to vertex d. Now we are going to discuss simple graph. A simple graph is a graph in which there are no loops and not more than one edge connecting any pair of vertices. This is a simple graph because there is only one edge between any pair of vertices and there are no loops. Now if we see this graph we can say that it is not a simple graph because there are two edges connecting vertices a and c. Now we are going to discuss about complete graph. A complete graph is a graph in which every vertex is directly connected by an edge to each of the other vertices. See this is a complete graph because each vertex is connected with all the other vertices by edges. See vertex a is connected to vertex b, vertex c and vertex d. Similarly vertex b is connected to vertex a, vertex c and vertex d by edges. Now this is an incomplete graph because vertex b is not connected to vertex c by an edge. Thus in this session we have discussed definition of graph and basic terms related to graphs. This completes our session. Hope you enjoyed this session.