Hello students, I am your teacher Robin Shaw. Welcome to today's live stream I hope you can hear me and see me If you have an English question, let me know Wow, there's a lot of messages already Whoo-hoo I Created a new banner. Let's let's try it out All right sleepwalkers as we can hear and see you I'm gonna go back up to the top welcome Start preparing your questions if you have any Okay, Layla's here good Checking the students see which students are here with your absence we and I'm waiting for this raw welcome CR is that Costa Rica Lolli Lolli hello, do we hello? LaVanya everyone from the group is here sleepwalker is not in my group Yet Kavinia. Hello Can I'm trying to read these really really fast? So if I skip the question, sorry Kavinia, I'll talk to you about your video later and May Fong Chi. Hello Salome, hello Salome or Salama I think it's Salama. I Want to say Salame because in English and Meh is May. I think that's more Now, right. Thank you for getting the English questions. Let me know The You know what that Technical difficulties, please stand by all right This is what I want to bring up here. So let's go to YouTube I'm gonna talk about that level test that daily English homework If you're not subscribed Very happy because if they type type it in daily English homework I uploaded this level test on the daily English homework website And a lot of people have been taking this level tests took me all day to make that honored questions. I Took I took Questions from each level. So as you take the test, it should be getting harder and harder. It starts at a one going to See See see to which is pretty much Proficient in English So if you go to that video if you haven't taken it yet Why I'm talking about this because I think next week's live stream I might go through the answers to this not this week, but next week click on the link Takes you to the website and take the test. Let me know your level. Wow There's too much advertisement on this website So I might I might go through that test next week So if you haven't taken that test yet, please go to the daily English homework Check out that test the See a far test. Let me know your score, and I'll go through the answers next week Alright, let's check Let's go back to the comments the questions Do-do-do Okay Leila asks if I Have only a runny nose and sore throat without fever Could I say I have a flu? We always say the flu We have a cold. We have the Flu or have a cold. Uh, well, I don't know what it is. It could be the flu. It could be a cold You know each sickness goes through a lifetime So you begin with some symptoms and in the middle you have all the symptoms and then later you have less symptoms, so Your runny nose and sore throat could be without fever could be the start of a flu It could be start of a cold. I don't know but certainly it, you know the flu and the cold are different so The cold a cold usually lasts two or three days and the flu usually lasts one or two weeks So I think that's those symptoms are for both Robin the question from the level test. I wish I were rich. I wish I was taller when I was at school. Yeah I'm gonna sleep walker, please ask me that again next week. I Will give everyone a chance to watch that video Because there is a reason that happened and or that question. I like the question. I'm not gonna answer that You you keep thinking about that for a week. I'll answer that next week Shafiq Ahmed. Hello As you think what is my level your level is The highest level. I have a gripe. I think the spelling Interesting question. Let's go to the whiteboard for this one. Let's let's put my face small You want to say this gripe and I'm just gonna go to Oxford copy paste the Definition because I don't want to type Probably noisy on your headphones when I do that. So if you have a gripe, this is a noun a gripe I have a gripe Which is common. You should know it a complaint about something. So Robin. I have a gripe about your test Which would just mean I have a complaint about your test. So Can we say I have a gripe? Yes, if this is the gripe you're talking about that's the correct spelling. All right Your screen is just like stunning a product. I don't know what you're talking about Kavina a lot of that test is tricky questions you know when I When I make a test on my shot English website, I Don't just have easy answers. I try to choose I try to sprinkle in a lot of difficult Questions even native speakers would have problems with those questions She always tries to follow her mother's advice straight. I Wouldn't use straight. I Would use directly did you see someone use straight? I Would say use she always tries to directly follow her mother's advice Why are they saying straight? I don't know. I don't know where you saw that little let me know Some English coaches said that we are learning English at a higher level. We must construct longer sentences when writing What do you think we always write longer sentences? Well your goal is to write as You know simple there's How can I say this? Yes, you always want to be getting better. So you always want to practice more advanced writing structures But that doesn't mean you always try to use More advanced writing structures. All right, so sometimes I when I read essays Students are trying to write overly complicated Sentences and the sentences are run on like they go too long. So may Vong Chi Yes, you always want to get better and write more advanced sentences But it's okay to write with simpler sentences When you need to all right, so Yeah, whatever it is writing speaking pronunciation. We're always trying to get better Well, we always want to learn something try it Get a little better. Should we always write longer sentences? I would say not always I'd like to say the previous logo of the channel was better. Well There's a reason I had to change Molly said it very for T. R. E. I Don't know. She didn't say that word. That's not a word. You got to get the word Molly said Let me put myself together. Let me pull myself together. What's the difference between these two sentences? Mm-hmm. Good question. Good question. Let's go to the whiteboard for this so these are phrasal verbs and You know phrasal verbs are difficult because you know, what what the heck do they mean? together and Phrasal verbs can have multiple meanings so they can mean many many things Let me put together put myself together. This could mean it could mean many things it could be mean Like let me get dressed and put on makeup something like that So let me put myself together. Let me put on nice clothes and Put on makeup and get ready to go out. So let me get ready to go out That could be one meaning you could have other meanings depending on the context Let me pull myself together. So maybe you are crying And your face is terrible and you're sad And Someone says to you let's go out for dinner Well, you're not in a good condition right now.  So you got to pull yourself together to become normal again That's the difference in phrasal verbs. I know I'm teaching them very fast here, but That's a phrasal verb They are different. They look similar, but they are different in meaning Okay, let's continue on Hello, Eunice By the way, I noticed even 100 questions is not enough to check all grammar knowledge. For example, there weren't the questions about the articles uh, yeah sleepwalker difficulty making that test because yeah, you're right I could have asked a thousand questions and still Not enough to check all the grammar um base like I would have a grammar point like present continuous And I I could only put one question. It's like There's you know, there's so many ways to use present continuous. So there's question form negative form Different situations, but I could only put one question about that. So yeah sleepwalker that test is not accurate I'm going to say that right now. It's not a perfect test Uh, it is a it is a test like but the results are not accurate. Yeah, you kind of know your level But again, and that's also writing. It's not speaking. That's a whole different thing if you're actually speaking that stuff. So It is what it is sleepwalker, but it your score does not perfectly reflect your level And for that reason it's too small Hello, Anna Maria and I made this week for uh, today I made a lot of videos at home for the Daily English homework I made a video on the first conditional I made a video on the word in The the the first conditional video is about five minutes. That's a basic video the word on in I made that Because Anna Maria and that video is the longest video I have ever made in my life And that video is one hour long and I I talked about 120 different ways to use in just the word in as a preposition and idioms In English I talked about almost every way every way to use in I will release that video soon maybe tomorrow or the day after tomorrow, I'll see but It's one hour Anna Maria and you better watch it all Because that was for you. I don't care if makes you sleepy. We're bored Oh, and the other videos was dictation and I did a youglish assignment. So Make sure you're on the daily English homework. I have homework every day You can do the homework and I will check it But that's a good that's a good deal right All right, let's go back to the comments Just reading the comments here. What's the difference between them? So I'm improving my English I hear no. Hello, Harry 300 you're 300 seconds late I hear native speakers use straight in a situation Maybe as well, you know, I'll tell you some situation Don't try to make you know You try to copy the exact situation because straight and directly sometimes they mean the same thing and sometimes they don't But I could say talk to me straight If someone said you talk to me straight that means be direct Do not lie Do not Don't be kind. Don't be polite. Don't be too nice. Just talk Talk to me straight, which means tell me honestly and directly Sandeep Kumar. Hello. Welcome Please help me if anyone have whatsapp group for we have a link below follow the rules Please like the video if you haven't already Hello, I am germ Jamiral is lamb my hobby is playing games. Okay computer games Reading books. Oh english books Is the last sentence correct?  So Let's take a look at that quickly let's uh You're you're not talking about one your grammar is a little off too. You're not talking about one hobby You're talking about many hobbies So if you're talking about one my hobby is That's one, but you're not talking about one. You're talking about many. So my hobbies plural are What do you have playing games? Let's put a comma there. We have a list commas right there So you put a space. There's never a space commas right there now space reading books And then the worst word Here we don't put that ETC is a terrible word to use It means etc. It's latin. It's at etc. Which means so on Now this doesn't work in this sentence at all. You're talking about your hobbies So this is a very specific thing. So playing games. Okay reading books Okay, et cetera What does et cetera mean? Uh, I I don't know. I don't know what other hobbies. There's there's a thousand different hobbies. So et cetera doesn't really work here You have to be specific with your hobbies So What am I doing now et cetera works here Because I put all All fruit You know all fruit. There's bananas and watermelon and things. So you know You don't want you you don't want me to list all the fruit. So I just put an example I like all fruit like apples orange etc. So et cetera means all all the other fruit you can guess You can guess watermelon pineapple, but up here I cannot guess your hobbies So et cetera doesn't work there. So I think I helped you more than you were asking All right, let's go back to the chat How have you been? I'm I'm doing fine. So I had phallic. I've seen you before. So how are you Alex says hi robin. Could you tell me whether to use in or on? I'm noticing odd activity In my account. So in my account in my bank account. We're going to use in Please put this charge On my account Okay, I see the confusion I don't have money in my account. Okay So, uh Yeah, so the answer. Yeah, it's confusing to me too. Why we we switch there. Well Collocation collocation means That we're going to use Sir in or on with certain uh expressions So with the bank account activity In we use the word activity within There's a lot of activity In my whatsapp group. So activity in that always goes together. That's collocation So you are connecting in with account Uh, I think you should connect in with the activity Please charge On we Collocation charge on charge on my account. So again, you're you're trying to connect on with the account No, you should connect on with the put this charge on And I don't have any money In Again that that that's more Money in my pocket money in my account money in my wallet. So we usually use money in something All right, I hope that helps Uh, I think that mean there's synonyms noradine upset and irritated Well, you put irritated with four or five exclamation marks. It sounds more powerful, but uh She's upset. She's irritated. That would mean the same thing. There's synonyms Sandeep me help Me in help me improving my English. That's why I'm here. Ask a question Well, I would say a thousand questions Sleepwalker will you take my my 10,000 Question grammar test sleepwalker. It'll take you six hours A test didn't include any common expressions Well test that's this that's the european standard. So they the kind of you know The more speaking expressions are at the higher higher levels. The lower levels are more just grammar Okay, I got that Yeah, the in video is as big as one hour warning This week on daily english homework, I'm releasing One hour video And you guys are gonna have a headache You can see as I'm teaching the video because I did it one hour straight. I'm getting tired and hotter of the toy Uh, thank you Every day there's homework on that channel Hi, yeah, synny I love the test. Thanks a lot. Yep. I think you really like the test Please write a sentence in which prep position is used with I I Um I'm not sure what you're asking. I could just make a quick sentence I Am on the computer So there's I and our b verb And here's our preposition on the computer. I'm not sure your question. So Can you be more specific? Anna maria has a fan The in video is Very educational But it's it's a lot. It's a lot of information because I talk about everything about I'm gonna Uh Kavino, I know a lot of people from Sri Lanka. Sometimes they're here. Sometimes they're not. I don't know Is anyone else from Sri Lanka? Let let us know in the chat Uh, helping verb with I you're just going to go through all the grammar with I I like what he want I could You should bring me the example sentences. I uh I'm what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna Send you over to the modal video because I already made a video on this so I don't want to teach it here so, uh, Sandeep, I'm gonna post the video link in the chat You go watch that video that has all the information about helping verbs Please let me please tell me straight. You want to say tell me straight? Tell me straight or talk to me straight Tell me straight talk to me straight That's what we use Can you pronounce these words? Well, the first two are the same No, no, they're not Okay, I got them listen up beer bear bird beard One more time everyone repeat after me. I don't care if you're on the bus In public at the shopping mall at the dinner table with your family everyone shout out beer beer ear beer bear bird beard that's for Anna Maria the assistant teacher Anna Maria I have a difficulty when I study perfect tense. Well, if you read this line I do not have time to teach grammar tenses. So I'm not going to teach perfect tense Uh ester did that on my channel. You can go check out ester. She talks about all the perfect tenses and I'm not going to repeat what ester did, but I will share the video No, I won't I think Gee, why is it so difficult to use my channel? There's so many videos is sometimes Because I've made over a thousand videos And I got people ask questions.  I'm not going to do it here. Don't have time. Sorry You check out ester's video In this song ragging bone man the singers. I don't know Don't put the blame on me, but generally don't you say don't blame me. No, we can use both ways Don't put the blame on me. That's very common and don't blame me. That's common both ways that are are fine Tomorrow I'm going to go to the beach Okay Why do you say a do you have a b? watermelon Water just water watermelon Water pool there's no water pool. There's just pool water water bottle Teacher robin.  I do not accept laziness from you Unis don't disappoint me. I consider you one of the advanced students one of the diligent students So I have high expectations of you unis Make me proud And what how can I help you to be motivated? How what can I do to say keep you on task? Tomorrow I'm going to No, you gotta use I'm going to I'm I'm going to go to the beach Oh, I will tag along with you. Did I use tag along properly? Yes, you did I didn't do some of the last homework either. Well, you don't have to do daily Daily english homework and I else is there. You don't have to do that unis. That's okay. Nobody has to do the homework But you have to do something So You know the homework's there if you need something daily But if you prefer to read a newspaper article or a book do it, you don't have to do my stuff You just do something in english No one here is required to do daily english homework on my channel But you should do something in english every day Oh, it's me again. What's the difference between so very in two? Well Alex, uh I'll get you know, there's a little slight difference that I will mention These are intensifiers Let's get the correct grammar It's so tall Well, these are basically synonyms. Those basically mean the same thing. You're just stating that person is You want to emphasize? Oh wow, they're tall But this one Here's a problem. There's two Now you are You're saying something is bad. He's too tall. You're saying it's a bad thing that he's tall So these ones are just stating that that person is very tall Taller than most people but this one he's too tall There's some problem because he's tall That's the main difference that helps Hassan mohammad hussam mohammad. Hey, how's it going? I'm doing fine. I've been busy all day With english. Have you? Have you been studying english all day? Uh, hussan, can you show us? Can you tell us how to pronounce literally in the american accent? Oh, and you want east coast accent west coast accent? Uh, new york new york accent Literally literally literally literally literally literally that's a difficult word. You have three l's and an r literally literally literally I have a question about zero conditional if I go to the gym. I gain weight This isn't a fact for everyone but in fact for me. Uh, so can I use zero condition? Uh, yeah, you could say if I go to the gym, I go if I go to the gym, I gain weight As a fact If it's not a fact like I think you should wait this week. I'll release the first conditional video on the daily english homework And in that video I talk about the zero conditional and the first conditional and what's different and your question will be Answered in that video. So please I don't I don't mean to skip skip your question It's just I answer that in and that answer is coming in a day or two The formation of first conditional sentences subject will you can use will or won't? Again, I'm going to have a first conditional video up in a day or two. So i'm not going to Subscribe to daily english homework in a day or two. There's a video on the first conditional I will talk about the zero conditional the first conditional the differences and the grammar form But quick answer is will won't is what you want to use in first conditional okay Amazing hello robins are from bangladesh. Hello. I've been to your country sir to bangladesh a few years ago. Thanks a lot The best thanks is not to say thank you What toy robin there's no toy robin here.  I can't find that little one Maybe the bear killed the little one out of jealousy Robin question one What do you call an activity that teacher calls their student's name before the Classes started or we could call that taking attendance or roll call Okay, that's question one question two. How do you usually ask the percentage of someone's? Oh, that's a little awkward question I'm gonna give you the quickest way So a native speaker might just say what's your battery at? We have seven percent. We need Some of that So what's your battery at would be the quickest question? What's your battery at and then that person would know? Oh, you're asking the the percentage how much power is left and the person would ask or answer it said seven percent another question What percent? Is your battery? What percentage is your battery? Like that Why do you put this moving ribbon line in the bottom of your screen? I guess you felt tired of asking dictionary questions, uh, because we're getting a lot of new people these days Uh, and if you're new to say hello A lot of new people are coming in So I just and I wanted to test it out. Is it irritating? Let me know. I'll get rid of it It was not great to make that video really really Hey, those ladies sorry man What blunders are you talking about asking questions is not a problem here. Uh, please ask questions sleep why I always get a little My heart is thumping fast when I see sleepwalker asking a question because I got to think It's like a riddle each question. I got to solve this riddle Are the words puzzled and perplexed good word the same in meaning I was puzzled by this situation. I was perplexed by the situation now I Quickly I would say yes that means the same But per perplexed is I think a little older English and a little more formal But they mean the same thing and that's I'll just give it a quick check of perplexed How many people say perplexed? Anymore but confused anxious puzzled So the dictionary says perplexed has a little more negative attachment to it So, okay, I see so puzzled. You're just a little confused. I don't understand but perplexed. You're really confused and anxious or a little more Little more stressful How to pronounce these words? Congrat you Congrats that t will make a d sound Congrat you Congratulations. I can't even say enough. Congratulations. Congratulations advantages education jewelry cutlery Congratulations advantages education jewelry Jewelry can have many ways to say that Jewelry jewelry Cutlery we only say cutlery If someone asks from someone, do you believe that you are tall? Are you very much? Is it a rude question? Uh, we would ask do you think you're tall? Do you think you're tall? Uh, that's a strange question. Do you think you're tall? I don't know. Covenu. Do you think you're tall covenu? Hello. Yeah, I said Hello, I'm a little slow about five minutes behind the question. So be please be patient Uh, I really appreciate your help and encouragement Robin. Did I encourage you or did I schooled you? I wish I would make you proud one day. I promised over you.  Well, uh, yeah, I Unis you are uh top level, right? So, uh, I consider you one of the pillars of the group Um And I'm happy when whatever you say in English and wherever you're participating I feel that we have a very competent student in that Whatever we're doing So don't give up in English. Please keep going and if you need help let me know I'm always there Well, I'm not always there, but I will certainly help you if I can How are you sir? I'm doing fine from Bangladesh I said I was there your country All right, I almost forgot to send you the email I almost forgot to send you the email. Mm-hmm, which one both are common both are the same Both are the same No difference no difference What's the difference between average height middle height medium height which one is correct well He's average height. He's middle height. He's medium height. Uh, I think average height is Probably more common expression to use. I think they're all the same middle height Medium height. I think you should just use he's average height Uh, if if some if you saw or ran middle height or medium height, I that's all gonna mean the same thing Average height Q3 Robin if we are talking about One building two tower three mountain Which adjective should we use high or tall? Uh, well native speakers are gonna use both. Uh, that's a high building. That's a tall building That's a high tower. That's a tall tower. That's a high mountain We're not gonna say tall mounted So for number one, you're gonna hear both number two You're probably gonna hear both and number three. You're just gonna hear high mountain not tall mountain So building and tower let's make a rule our man made And they go up Mountain is natural and it goes like this Maybe that's the difference Robin I consoled the child I comforted the child can we can we say so do they mean the same? Yeah, I want to say yes, but I'll check that Yeah, it's the same I consoled I comforted the child both of those mean the same thing Which is you give comfort or sympathy to the child the child's crying so you consoled the child you comforted the child I don't think there's Any difference minimal difference in those words What are you doing to to children sleepwalkers sleepwalkers? Do you have children? Did you tell us before? Uh, I don't wait for your questions and I don't love your questions. So I I love you as a student who always participates with great effort and you're always doing homework So sleepwalker you're an amazing student Uh Your questions are challenging And that's okay. I'm I don't hate them But I'm not waiting for them But please continue to ask them You're using the wrong words to describe how I'm feeling Love and waiting your questions. Yeah, I they're interesting But they're sometimes stressful not today. Today's been okay Do you have any tips on how to come up with a study plan? I feel like my English is stuck at my level and I'm sure how to step Go over to my daily English homework Uh My other channel daily English homework Uh, let's put a link I'll put the link Do not this this video is on learning English live and daily English homework at the same time Join it. I put up homework every day. So you can do that every day Come in the whatsapp group. We and we'll figure out a study plan for you All right. I think we had enough of that that scrolling. I was just testing it today. Let's get rid of it Boom might just put it at the beginning of videos Tika, I'm here. Okay. Now we can finally start after 40 minutes I need to get used to different types of american accents yet America has many types of accents What do you recommend to me tv series movies? I need my ears to get used vastly Again, uh, when you're focusing on general english you're focusing on general international english You are not trying to focus on one accent. So you're just watching whatever whoever from whatever country Uh Don't try to specifically target. Well, you sometimes, you know, you should be exposed to multiple accents So it's good to check out Like, uh, you know, if you have netflix you can get tv series from australia and america and canada And you can just listen to the different accents, but I have two accent stories And they're long Well, they're not too long, but it's my live stream. So i'm gonna tell them You guys have to listen I told them before So i'm a native speaker, right? from canada And I was I spent the year in korea and I traveled back to canada and i'm from western canada And I got on a bus and I traveled to eastern canada because I you know, I've never been to eastern canada like I've been to vancouver, but I haven't been to toronto. So I decided after a year in korea I'm gonna go back and travel to toronto. So I went back. I was on the bus For about a week, you know, and so canada is big takes a long time to go from western canada to eastern canada And I went to eastern canada. I got off the bus and I went into the restaurant And the waitress Said something to me And I didn't understand So we're both canadian But I went from western canada eastern canada. She spoke to me. I didn't understand her accent. I'm like, what? Now I felt so embarrassed. What? I know she's speaking english and we're both from the same country, but I didn't understand her But it it took me You know, she's speaking. I'm speaking so it took Me, you know about 30 seconds to adjust So very quickly I could adjust my listening. Oh, she doesn't speak the same as me and okay And now I'm expecting a different accent and I could quickly adjust so it was not a problem But it was different western eastern canada very different enough that I was like what? the second story was with my My friend Steven in England now Steven as many of you know is his death but He reads lips So when you're talking to Steven you you got to make sure he can see your lips He can't hear you but he can read your lips and I was visiting him in england in leeds city in england and We went out for breakfast We went to the restaurant And the waitress asked me something. I could not understand the waitress. I did not understand what she said She kept asking me and asking me and asking me something. I did not Understand her english. I could not understand Zero and I could not adjust. I just did not understand So Steven who is deaf? Reads her lips And then translates for me So he can read english in any accent. He can read lips So I had to have the deaf person translate english for me That's accents So the leeds accent. I don't know so for you Just keep studying Just expose yourself to as many as possible How do you call someone who drives a train a ship?    I guess I just never heard that a ship Maybe you sail a ship could sail a ship SAIL sail as a verb sail a ship But I I guess you could also drive a ship Piloting a ship is possible piloting a boat Also steering the boat navigating the boat there's many things you could do is ship or boat Train I think it's just drive But I never have to use Who's driving the train? I never have to I can drive a train That's a it's a weird sentence you wouldn't make in english So for a ship, maybe piloting would be a very professional way to say it Link is in below the video for whatsapp Oh Grace is here No, I don't have children. Oh sleepwalker is giving us information. We got to keep asking questions Uh sleepwalker, uh Are you single are you married? What's your blood type? I'll ask a hundred questions to sleepwalker Okay, I'm getting behind I'm a bit confused about the following phrases. So what is The difference between I will call you another day when I am free. I will call you the other day No, we don't say the second one We say the first one I'll call you another day. So the other one we don't say I saw that on the previous test were kind of two answers for one question Every test is a little different which test I'll fall asleep soon because because of my voice because of my teaching It was sarc okay Sarcasm doesn't try that we say sarcasm doesn't translate well in texts It's hard to know, you know, especially with me and the whatsapp groups. Sometimes I'm joking I send the text but students don't understand my sarcasm in the text. So, you know, it's a hard thing sleepwalker Got to use more to to battle the confusion. You got to use more emojis like you did there Rafa na key. Welcome. Where are you from? Okay, Jose Luis Diaz. I would like to know the difference between the word word rig and tamper When someone is talking about something that has been modified, okay, I'm going to go to the whiteboard for this This is an interesting Unusual question He rigged let's use past tense. He rigged past tense He rigged uh New He rigged a new What are you gonna fix? What are you gonna fix? See it's you got to bring in the example sentences because My mind is a blank. He rigged a new Door In the hurricane So The other door away We might use rigged up in this one I'm trying to use it as a verb, right? rigged up As a verb or are you asking now? Because tamper is a noun or tamper is a verb We'll use tampered with Usually it's rigged is with up tampered with as with the verb All right, he rigged up a new door when the hurricane blew the other door ways away Now ways so the hurricane blew the house door away and So we had to when you rig up you have to quickly Fix something you have to quickly fix something. So it's not professional Rigged up is like, you know, I don't know anything about doors. I cannot make a door. So The the hurricane took away the door. So I have to just amateur Amateurly fix make a door. So I rigged up a new door. So maybe I just put some wood or a box or a curtain Someone tampered with the door. So tampered with is a little more serious That means someone is trying to break the door or someone is Doing something bad to the door. So they're not related They're not synonyms So tampered with someone is Someone is touching my door and doing stuff to my door. I don't want them to do I think That is your question if it's not rephrase your question Nuclear family. It's just parents and their children, but these sons and daughters. Yeah, nuclear family is usually the The parents and children and extended family is everyone else I Don't think it's an exact definition like Yeah Yeah, it just says Parents and children is the nuclear family and then the rest extended family Yes, and neither know about my height but my weight. I'm so slim. I'm not fat. I measured by my bmi value. What's your bmi? Talking about tv series. I really like to watch brooklyn 99. I think I watched the first Four seasons of brooklyn 99. I don't know how many seasons there are now, but I have to catch up Different culture different accent naturally It's like a same country same culture different accent earning wing English learning is very difficult.  You're meeting international people Stephen is awesome. Yeah Yeah, Stephen is awesome Why most of people obsessed to have a specific accent like american or british accent I think it doesn't is not necessary What makes me happy is that I can speaking as people can understand me. Yes tk. You are right and there is a reason people want american or British accent there's many reasons but one reason I notice here in korea and i'm sure it's the same with your country Is if you are around other people from your country And you speak english They will tease you Ha ha you have an accent So I think a lot of people around the world When they speak english in their country their fellow country people Often tease them and make fun of their english because of the accent Uh, so many people think oh my country accent is bad because my other people are teasing me They think I should have a british or american accent And then they won't tease me So that's one reason But yeah, please don't get american british accent unless You plan to live in that country if you plan to live in america You should get the local Accent but naturally you'll get it because you're living there. You don't need to study it prior to going there There's nothing wrong with accents One question per stream. Oh, did she answer? How did I miss that I don't see the question sometimes I missed Because i'm the program i'm using doesn't show every question. So sometimes I miss questions So be aware of that so I don't think I see Sleepwalkers question I see I know I don't have children and then you two are talking but I don't see any other question from sleepwalker And just one question per stream Why has english language been divided into american and british english? Oh kavino, you are so wrong English has been divided into australian canadian new zealand south african nigerian indian It's an international language We all have different accents because of over time language changes and if we are separated by an ocean over time english is not If you think english is the language of england and america, you're not thinking the right way. That's very old old thinking English is an international language your country Your accent is equal to an american accent Wherever you're living your accent is equal American accent is not better than your local accent Pronunciation is different. You have to make sure we pronounce words correctly to be understood but uh Really kavino get away from american british english as these are the the The countries with the english language. Yeah, a lot of people speak english there But they don't own the english language. It is an international language Um Yeah Don't imitate Yeah, but what what what what if you're in the same country leila? So you're in one part of saudi arabia and you go to another part of saudi arabia. Is there any difficulty in understanding? mask hello Hello Let's give the bear a name. What's the name of this bear? Let me know in the chat recommend a name Yes I was surprised everyone's always surprised even james. I said the james sleepwalkers a girl what? uh I don't know. I guess sleepwalkers just not a girly name So we you know, we can all I could only judge people like mask I can hopefully see the The profile picture is small, but I'm gonna say a girl But if it was just mask, you don't know. I'm gonna think it's a guy I have an extended family which has been formed with nuclear family. Uh, no, no, no Your nuclear family is just your parents and kids, but you live with your extended family kavino Yeah But I hate using emojis When did we talk? The other day When did you watch the video the other day just means not today? Just means not today the other day The other day. I thought you're a boy all this time. Yeah We everyone who learns sleepwalkers a girl is shocked Question four. I am sorry ramen. I meant normally we call a person who drives an airplane as a pilot How about a person who drives a train? Yeah a conductor A ship Helmsman steersman so the pilot Train pilot. No ship pilot. Maybe but okay, so for train we call the train conductor train conductor and the ship is a helmsman I'll type it in the chat helmsman That's how we spell it 100 questions too much Yes Hardip sing. Hello. Welcome. Okay. I'm trying to speed through here Okay, main function. Thank you Maybe I should use it in different in the past and it's like I called you the In the other day. Why are you using in I called you the other day? I called you the other day I called you the other day Uh, ship pilot is possible train operator. We usually call conductor. Let me get the spelling on that The conductor is not the train driver Conductor is usually the guy on the train usually getting the tickets. So I think uh grace who's great grace. Yeah You corrected me 5 000 points to you Let's see say train driver train operator There's so many names motorman train operator locomotive operator locomotive handler And then it could also be called an engineer a train engineer That's also I think Yeah, this is Yeah in american Okay, I got I got the answers. I got the truth in american english We call them train engineers And I remember that now engineer He's a train engineer that means he drives the engineer at the train The conductor is the guy that gets the tickets. Sorry. I'm not on trains that many In uk They're called train operators So america train engineer uk train operator Talking about 100 questions when oh Yeah, sometimes I ask them. Do you love me one per one question per stream, but you already watched 200 streams. So We have to catch up. Oh if she loves me or not. Oh the one question Do you love me? I don't want to ask that question to anybody here because I'm scared of the answer Uh Tender love Unanswered those questions. I don't want to break up marriages Question five. Do you still have grandparents robin? How do you call the parents of great of great grandparents? We just keep calling great. We just add a great so grandparents I don't have my grandparents. They're all are passed away So grandparents Great grandparents Great great grandparents Great great great grandparents Great great great great grandparents That's how we say it. That's how we say it Just another member of the group Sleepwalker is a loyal member Uh, it's also the way you talk sleepwalker. You're usually very You don't talk like a girl Well, that's not a bad thing, but I mean you're not Giggling laughing Flirting you're just you just ask the questions You're no nonsense so and I think you're you're Your english level is pretty high So I think a lot of people think you're a man because you're just asking good questions the english level is high and you're not Joking around too much. So I think and the name. So I think the first impression is oh, maybe this is a man Even in the same city, I don't know some accents of some villages which are different from my city My brother-in-law has different accents. Sometimes they don't understand and interesting Oh, you know, uh Layla Steven studied arabic Of course, he's deaf. He cannot Speak it, but he can't read it. I think and you know arabic is I don't know classical standard. There's many types of arabic, but he studied arabic Hi teacher robin. Why was england country named after that name? I don't know the origin of england if I can find it in 10 seconds Why it's called england england is named after angles Which is a trod Germanic tribe that settled in england So there was a tribe from germ or germany called angles. They went over to england And over time it became england There's your history lesson Ah tikka you keep doing english Okay You're answering wr Hello, let's start in the pal from Indonesia we always have a lot of indonesian students Ring a call. Hello. Welcome. Where are you from? Okay, sandeep kumar Yeah, I answered that Okay, i'm gonna jump ahead yoga ardiento. Hello. Welcome. Where are you from? Okay, see tikka Actually, I often joke in everyday life. I'm sure you do You have everyone here has to have a sense of humor to watch me because I'm teaching with a teddy bear You can't be serious in watching me So sleepwalker, I assume you have A sense of humor to keep coming back Maybe steve studies standard every because most air people understand it. We use it for writing I'm not sure you would have to ask him. Maybe you'll ask him one day South Sudan, okay, welcome And alissa marie marie's totally blind is here Totally blind Totally means 100% blind And that is your identity. So you chose it as a name totally blind What's your nickname just See, uh, totally blind Tobli Indonesia lots of people from indonesia I went to uh Jakarta little crazy city jakarta I felt bad When I went to jakarta, I felt bad for the people of jakarta because obviously there was a lot of corruption In jakarta. They didn't have proper So much traffic and not enough proper transportation system when I was there. There was no subway This is an international major big city of a country, but they didn't have a proper transportation network So I felt oh, there must be a lot of corruption Uh, and I went to ballet and I hated ballet because there's just too many tourists Yep I'm gonna finish up this live stream in a few minutes because I am losing my voice. I am exhausted And I'm scared to go into the whatsapp group after this is probably 10 000 messages already Uh, european guys studied arabic. I guess arabic is becoming ubiquitous nowadays around the oku. Yeah, arabic is already ubiquitous It's everywhere, right from tobi But the blind has a bl, Tobli Tobi bind tobi Want to visit central jihdava? Yeah, I want to go there. Invite me Mr. Bean and his bear toy Hmm You want to kill me Zoom meaning after this All right. Thank you, sleeper. Okay. I'm gonna finish up Roshah I like uh one time a student called me shabin They said shabin teacher. So they're mixing up Raw bin with Shah. So they called me shabin. I was like what how'd you get shabin? I'm in south korea anur sitar All right, thank you for asking the questions harry All right, let's finish it up. Thanks everyone to uh join the live stream and i'll see you over at daily english homework and uh Got some interesting videos coming up this week. So do your homework and see you next week for next week's live Uh, that's it. Goodbye


! . U ? U ? U ? U ? – U ? in this class we will discuss cardon method for solution of a qb equation and discard as rule of sign. Cardon method of solution of qb equation. So, cardon method provides a technique for solving the general qb equation A x cube plus B x square plus C x plus D equal to 0. So, my cardon method or how I had am at a qb equation for modern prime example 1 solve the following equation x cube minus 15 x square minus 33 x plus 80 847 is equal to 0. Now given equation is x cube minus 15 x square minus 33 x plus 847 is equal to 0. So, here a 0 is equal to 1 a 1 is equal to minus 15 a 2 is equal to minus 33 and a 3 is equal to 147. So, first we have to remove the coefficient of x square to remove coefficient of x square we have to find is. So, h is equal to minus a 1 divided by n a 0. So, is equal to minus a 1 is equal to minus 15. So, divided minus 15 divided by 3 into 1. So, 15 by 3 is equal to 5. So, diminishing the roots of the equation by 5 by synthetic division we get now we apply synthetic division to the diminishing the roots of the equation by 5. So, 5 here coefficient of x cube is 1 coefficient of x square minus 15 coefficient of x minus 33 and constant term 847. So, here this one we take here then 5 into 1 5. So, minus 15 plus 5 minus 10. So, 5 into minus 10 minus 15 minus 33 plus minus 15 is equal to minus a 3 3. So, 5 into minus a 3 3 minus 415.  Next this one we take here. So, 5 into 1 is minus 5 5 into 5 minus 10 plus 5 minus 5 5 into minus 5 minus 25 25. So, minus a 3 3 plus minus 25 is equal to minus 1 0 8. So, again this one we take here. So, 5 into 1 5. So, minus 5 plus 5 is equal to 0. So, here this term will be 0. So, x square term is removed. So, equation becomes the transform equation we get z cube minus 108 z plus 432 plus 432. So, this is the transform equation. Now, let z is equal to u plus e.   So, here u plus v is equal to z. So, we put here z.  So, this term we take on 11 set.    So, cubing this relation we get u cube plus v cube is equal to 36 to the power cube.  So, from here we get t square plus. So, 432 we can write 2 into 6 cube t plus 36 whole cube we can write 6 cube whole square. So, from here we get t square plus 2 into 6 cube t plus 6 cube whole square. So, from here we get t plus 6 cube whole square. So, from here we get t plus 6 cube bracket t plus 6 cube bracket is equal to 0. So, here t is equal to minus 6 cube t is equal to minus 6 cube, but here u cube and v cube are the roots of this equation. So, we get u cube is equal to minus 6 cube v cube is equal to minus 6 cube. So, u cube is equal to minus 6 cube from here we get u is equal to minus 6 and v cube is equal to minus 6 cube we get v is equal to minus 6. So, here first here we have z is equal to u plus v. So, z is equal to minus 6 minus 6 is equal to minus 12. So, Rico Swarm is the root of the equation one. So we need to find other two roots so therefore I will buy synthetic division, So we applied synthetic division 11842 So we take one here So minus 12 into 1 we get minus 12, so 0 plus minus 12 minus 12. So minus 12 into minus 12 144, so we put 144 here. So minus 108 plus 144 we get 36, so minus 12 into 36 we get minus 43 2, so this will be 0, so remember 0. So we get, we factorize this equation of z q minus 1 0 is z plus 4 33 is going to z plus 12 break a z square minus 12 z plus 36. So, factorizing this equality equation we get z minus 6 into z minus 6. So, from here we get z is going to minus 12 6 6. So root of the z is equation root of the equation difference root of z are minus 12, 6, 6 and hence root of the equation is initially we take x is equal to z plus is therefore, we get z is equal to minus 12, 6, 6 so x will 5, that is minus 7, 11, 11. So, these are the roots of the equation. Now, we discuss this cartes rule of sign. The discard this rule of sign gives the information regarding the character and position of the roots of an equation. Let f of x is equal to 0 be an equation with real coefficient. So, first we find positive roots, an equation f of x with real coefficient cannot have more positive roots than the number of senses of signs from positive to negative or from negative to positive. Negative roots and equation f of x is equal to 0 cannot have more negative roots than the number of senses of sign in f of minus x is equal to 0. There are some important notes regarding this Cartes rule of sense. Number one, if the sign of the term of equation are all positive, then equation cannot have a positive root. Number two, if the equation is of even power of x and if all the coefficient have positive signs, it cannot have any real roots. If the equation of odd power of x and if all the term of positive and it has root 0 and no other real root. This Cartes rule of sense gives the maximum number of positive or negative roots of an equation, not the exact number. So, now we discuss three examples related to this Cartes rule of sense. Example two, find a lesser of the roots of the equation to x over 4 plus 3 x cube minus x square minus 1 is equal to 0. So, here number of senses is sign in f of x is plus plus minus plus minus. So, here senses of signs here plus positive to negative plus to minus. So, real sense is only one. So, equation f of x maximum one real roots of f of x is plus number of senses is sign in f of x is only one. Now, we find f of minus x. So, f of minus x will be 2 x square minus 3 x cube minus x square minus 1. So, here number of senses is sign in f of x here plus then minus minus minus. So, only one sense is there positive to negative. So, therefore, number of negative real roots of f of x is 1. So, here degree of this equation is 4. So, number of emerging roots is 4 minus 1 minus 1 is equal to 2. Next example three, find an upper limit of the real roots of the equation x over 4 minus 5 x cube plus 40 x square minus 8 x plus 24. So, it has 4 senses in sign 4 senses of sign plus minus plus minus plus. So, here is 4 senses plus to minus minus to plus plus to minus minus to plus. So, it has 4 senses of sign. So, equation has maximum number of positive real roots is 4. So, equation is of degree 4. So, upper limit of real roots is 4. Next example, example 4, apply this cartage rule of signs to a certain the minimum number of complete roots of the equation. Here given equation is x cube minus 3 x square minus 2 x minus 3. So, let f of x is equal to x cube minus 3 x square minus 2 x minus 3 is equal to 0. So, it has only one senses in sign. So, equation has maximum one positive real roots. The senses in sign f of x is only one. So, equation has maximum one positive root. Now, root. So, now, we find f of minus x. So, f of minus x will be x to the power 6 minus 3 x square plus 2 x minus 3 is equal to 0. So, here 3 senses in sign plus to minus minus to plus plus to minus. So, 3 senses in sign. So, given equation has utmost 3 negative roots. The given equation has utmost 1 plus 3 real roots, one positive 3 negative real roots. So, 4 real roots. So, minimum number of complex which is 6 minus 4. Here degree of equation is 6. So, 6 minus 4 is equal to 2. So, minimum number of complex which is 2. . . . . . . . .


्फ bench na divers, ्आऴ । ्बईुु। । । । । ।TE । । । । । । ली लिया, वी in the previous lecture saw the contents of the course in general about the theory of compounding and we studied several topics that will be dealt with in the course of the lectures in this particular course. Now in today's lecture, let us also get to know some other contents of the course with specific reference to the तत्पूरुशव समासव. So here are the overall contents of the course and the key terms that will be discussed, that will be introduced and developed. The first and the foremost is related to the meaning of the समासव, the meaning that is the input and the meaning that is the output. As we said earlier, what is the input of the समासव and what is the output of the समासव. This is a very crucial question and this question is dealt with effectively in the पनिन्यन गरमर through the discussion on the following technical terms. The first one amongst them is समर्त्यव or समर्त्ता and the word very crucial in this context is समर्त्यव. So what is समर्त्यव and how समर्त्यव plays a very crucial role in the process of compounding. And as we have seen earlier, we will also aim to provide insights in order to explain similar phenomena that occurs in modern Indian languages and which is also useful for the process of developing tools in the field of natural language processing. The next important term, in fact a pair of terms is व्यपेक्शा and एकार्तिव भाव. व्यपेक्शा and एकार्तिव भाव. व्यपेक्शा and एकार्तिव भाव are two types of समर्त्यव. व्यपेक्शा is the input and एकार्तिव भाव is the output. That seems to be the relationship between these two. And we shall explain both these terms and also what all does it entail, what all is not avoided and what is the difference between these two that we shall explain in the lectures in this particular course. The next important term which is also a contrastive term in this regard is व्यपेक्शा. Since the process of compounding is very productive in Sanskrit and also in modern Indian languages, we also notice a trend of a समर्त्यव समाशाs being developed, being produced and used many times by many speakers in many texts. And this is a very very interesting phenomenon where the theory of compounding fails to explain the compounds of this particular kind. And then these are to be accepted as compounds even though there isn't proper correlation that can be displayed. For example, in the initial verses of the श्रीमद भगवध गीता appears one compound. This is in the statement of Arjuna when he says, let me see who all I am going to face and I have to be at war with. So he says, दारतर अष्तस्य दुर्बूद दे हे, युद्धे प्रिया चकीर शवाहा. So the word प्रिया चकीर शवाहा is a compound and this particular compound can be said to be an example of a समर्त्य समाशा. Why? दारतर अष्त्रस्य दुर्बूद दे हे, युद्धे प्रिया चकीर शवाहा. So प्रिया चकीर शु is the प्राति पदिकर over here and प्रिया चकीर शु is somebody who is desirous to do good that is the meaning and good of somebody that is दारतर अष्त्र. So here दारतर अष्त्रस्य is semantically associated with प्रिया and प्रिया is compounded with चकीर शु. If we consider the process of compounding where प्रिया चकीर शु has got two components. The second component assumes the predominance and प्रादान्य and therefore any other element in the sentence if at all has to get connected with this compound it has to be through this main or the head of the compound which is चकीर शु which is not happening here. So the element which is subordinate or qualifier that is becoming the location of the connection of the external element of the compound. And that is probably why this can be considered as an example of व्समर्थ समासर. We shall explain this and some other examples and discuss the concept of व्समर्थ समासर. In the same context the concept of गमकर is very crucial. This is available through the Mahabhashya of Patanjali on अष्टाग्याई 2.1.1 समर्थाई पदविदिही. So the great Patanjali who composed the Mahabhashya on the अष्टाग्याई does discuss this particular concept. सापेख शत्भेपी गमकत्वाई समासर is a statement that we keep on recursively getting in the literature which says that it is गमकर which is the basic criterion for compounding process. So we shall study this important process as well. So far it was about the overall theory of the compounding and compounding in particular and now also about the overall structure. The concept of व्रुत्ति will be discussed. व्रुत्ति is a very important concept in Panninian grammar dealing with formations like समासर and also some other formations. The word व्रुत्ति is also used in many senses across disciplines. For example, the word व्रुत्ति when used in the योग शास्त्र right at the beginning योगाई चित व्रुत्ति निरोदाई. The word व्रुत्ति over there has a completely different technical meaning which is not what is available in the व्याकरन शास्त्र. Similarly, the word व्रुत्ति is also employed in the economic sense where it means the means of sustenance अपजीविका and so on. व्रुत्ति also means प्रव्रुत्ति also stated in the great Mahabhashya of the great पतनजलि where he says व्रुत्ति समावायार थाहा उपडेशाह. व्रुत्ति means शास्त्र प्रव्रुत्ति and so on. But these are different meanings of व्रुत्ति and we will not deal with most of them. We will try to know what is the important denotation of the word व्रुत्ति in व्याकरन शास्त्र. In fact, we will also come to know that there are five types of व्रुत्तिs. What are they and how do samasa and how does samasa fit in and what are the other features of other व्रुत्तिs which match with samasa that we shall study in this particular module. One of the features of the व्रुत्ति is परार्त्ति or परार्त्ता. This is a very crucial, very important concept. When two elements get compounded, those two elements obviously had their own independent meaning. Now, when those meanings are joined, obviously it is producing some additional amount of meaning. What is that additional amount of meaning? What is it called? Now, what is the purpose of the compounding? Does the compounding process generate this additional meaning as a regulation? What about the concept of व्रुत्ति and अखंद समास्त्र? These will be dealt with when we deal with परार्त्ति here. And finally, the concept of व्रुत्ति. व्रुत्ति is the dissolution of the compound. So, given a compound word, one has to think about how it can be dissolved. In this course, we shall study how it can be dissolved in accordance with the Panninian grammar. What conditions does a given compound set which match with the conditions stated in the respective sutras of Pannini and which sutra allows the dissolution of a compound in a particular manner. And then how that compounded compound can be and how that compound can be dissolved in a particular manner. We shall also study the cognitive aspect involved in the concept of विग्रुत्ति and posit the opposite of this particular concept as well, which we term as संग्रुत्ति. We shall also study these three important features. अएक पद्दि, अएकार्त्ति here and अएकस्वर्य. Given a particular sentence which is the input of the समास्त्र, there are multiple fathers and we had taken in the previous lecture the example of राजने पूरुशोगच्छति as a sentence from which राजने पूरुशोगच्छति another sentence in which राजने पूरुशोगच्छति as a compound is derived. That example we had studied in the previous lecture. Now if we notice what happened there is that there were two fathers as input and finally the output return is वन्पद्द. So two fathers becoming one this seems to be the major feature of this particular compound, compounding process. That is what is termed as अएकपद्दिर. This is an essential feature. The other feature is अएकार्त्दि here. That means अएकवर्त्दा in other words. Similarly we also have two meanings of two independent words and when they get joined together they are producing one meaning unit, interrelated interconnected meaning unit which forms the backbone of अएकपद्दिर. And finally the most important feature is अएकवर्य. Just as there are two fathers in the sentence as an input, both the fathers do have independent स्वर्र or accent. Also noted down by Pani Me in his स्वर्र सुत्रस. And then when we derive a compound out of it, then those two स्वर्र of two different fathers they get merged and then they generate only one स्वर्र. Only one accent on the one पद्द, which denotes one meaning. In this way अएकपद्दिर, अएकार्त्दिर and अएकवर्य happen to be the three essential features of any compound. Now when we deal with the modern related and similar phenomena like multiple expressions and so on, we notice that amongst these three, अएकार्त्दिर is what is the essential condition that remains visible in those phenomena. अएकपद्दिर and अएकवर्य that seems to be non-existent. And so there could be this similarity that can be used to process these items. And the theory can be also used to process those items in a particular manner. Now in some स्व्स्क्रित itself, there are some other elements which also need closer attention from these three points of views. Then we shall study the concept of नित्या समासा. There are some samasas which are considered as नित्या and some considered as नित्या. In the sense that there is a possibility of the compound and also the non-compound elements to denote the same meaning. And नित्या समासा is explained as अविग्रह or अश्वपड़ विग्रह. This particular process is very complex and must have taken quite a lot of time to come to its state. So what is अविग्रह and what is अश्वपड़ विग्रह? These are the elements that we shall study in detail when we talk about नित्या समासा. All अविग्रह समासाs or most of the अविग्रह समासाs, they can be considered as नित्या समासाs and also some others can be considered as नित्या समासाs. Within तत्पुर्शा also, some samasas are नित्या समासाs and some other samasas are not नित्या समासाs. Those other samasas, they are governed by the अविग्रह सुत्र विभाशा, which is part of 2-1. And that says that those other samasas, they have both options. The meaning denoted by the समासा can also be denoted by the dissolution of the समासा. In case of नित्या समासा, either the dissolution is not possible or in order to dissolve the समासा, we need to take help of other extra elements from within the sentence, without which this dissolution is not possible. And that is why they are called नित्या समासाs. We shall study this concept in detail in this particular course. Coming specifically to the तत्पुर्शा समासा, we shall study what is the meaning of the word तत्पुर्शा. What does it signify? And what are the essential features of तत्पुर्शा compound? उत्टर पदारत्प्रादारन्य, is stated to be an important semantic feature of तत्पुर्शा compound. What is उत्टर पदारत्प्रादारन्य? And that throws up another question, namely, what is उत्टर पद, primarily? In relation to उत्टर पद, what is the पुर्भपद? In Paneer's grammar, in 6.3, which has the first सुत्र, अलुग उत्टर पदे, so 6.31 has got उत्टर पदे as the पद, which is an अदिकार. And this अदिकार, governs the entire 6.3, almost 138 सुत्रस. So, all these सुत्रस, they are governed by the अदिकार उत्टर पदे. So, we need to know what is उत्टर पद. Similarly, what is the पुर्भपद? These are technical terms. These are also well defined in Paneer's grammar. And we need to study what those are. Similarly, we also keep hearing the concept of Madhyama Pada in some curricula, in some states. Where I studied samasas in the school, which followed the curriculum of the state board of Maharashtra. We had this category of Madhyama Pada Lopitak Purusha. And we did learn what is Madhyama Pada. So, we will examine what is the Madhyama Pada in this particular context in the tradition of Paneer's grammar. Well, these are some of the types of Tattpurusha compound. This is just for your information and we will study each one of them in details. For example, we will deal with the Vibhakti Tattpurusha. A very big umbrella, where we have further sub-classes of six Vibhaktis. So, we have Ditiya Tattpurusha, Tritiya Tattpurusha, Chaturthi Tattpurusha, Panchami Tattpurusha, Shashthi Tattpurusha and Saptami Tattpurusha. We shall study them in detail using the sources in the form of the Sutras of Paneemi primarily stated in 2.1. We did not mention about Prathama Tattpurusha. There is a specific reason why that is not the case. Because there is one more big umbrella within the Tattpurusha which is supposed to cover this particular point. And that is called Karmadharaya. Paneemi defines Karmadharaya as Tattpurusha, Samanadhi Karana, Karmadharaya. And so Karmadharaya is a very important type of Tattpurusha compound. It undergoes quite a lot of different formations. We shall study Karmadharaya in detail. Along with Karmadharaya comes Dvigu compound in which Sankhya occupies the first position of the compound, Purvapada. Then there is Ekadeshi Samasa. Part and whole is indicated. And this we shall study when we study the types of Tattpurusha compound. This is stated in 2.2, the some initial Sutras. Then we have Nay Tattpurusha, very important Samasa. Nay Tattpurusha. Then we have Gati Tattpurusha. Then Pradi Tattpurusha and Upapada Tattpurusha. These three very important categories. Upapada Tattpurusha is prescribed in 2.2 and the suffixes that are employed in the formation of the Upapada Tattpurusha compound are stated in 3.2. So Upapada Tattpurusha compound also involves an interface of the Krith suffixes. Pradi and Gati Tattpurusha compounds have the avyayas occupying the initial position of the compound. But this compound is not called avyayi bhava. It is rather called the Gati Tattpurusha as well as the Pradi Tattpurusha compound. Then there is an interesting group of compounds termed as Mayura Vyamsakadi compounds. This is a very big bag in which all compounds which do not find a particular prescribing statement in the grammar of Panini are clubbed. We shall study this set of words as well. Then there are other features of the Tattpurusha compound that we shall study in detail. Notable amongst them are Samasanta suffixes as far as Tattpurusha Samasa is concerned. There are several words like Maharaja or Saptaha. These are all very famous words in many Indian languages. These are formed with a particular Samasanta suffix and there are many more words which are formed using such Samasanta suffixes which is a very productive phenomenon. Then we have Purva Pada Desha. The substitutions to the Purva Pada which is very crucial in the context of in the environment of Uttara Pada. And as we said earlier Uttara Pada is an adhikara in 6.3. So notable sutras from 6.3 we will study under this Purva Pada Desha. The other important point is Pumvat Bhava, a very important feature of Tattpurusha compound. This feature is also found in Bahubrihi but we shall study the Pumvat Bhava as far as the Tattpurusha compound is concerned. And this feature is available to Karmadharaya which is part of Tattpurusha. What is the gender and number of Tattpurusha compound? And how do we determine? This is a very important question because there are two members of the compound and each one of them also has a particular gender and also can stand in some particular number when they are joined together. Which is the gender that can be assigned to the compounded element? That is a very crucial question dealt with in 2.4 in the Ashtadhyayi and we shall study this also in detail. Ashtadhyayi 6.2 deals with the accent of samasas and so we shall deal with this section as well. Amongst this 6.2 there are sutras that are devoted to explaining the accent of the Tattpurusha samasa and we will study them. Then there is the concept of Upasarjana which plays another crucial role as far as some modifications that undergo in the Uttarapada. Then we also study the sequencing within the Tattpurusha compound which elements are noted to occupy the Purva-Pada and which elements cannot occupy this Purva-Pada. And then there is an important concept of Tadantavidhi. So if a particular element is called a pronoun for example Sarva can a compound of Tattpurusha kind which has Sarva occurring at the end of the compound be called a pronoun. That is the question and that can be answered in a certain manner and we shall study this in the course. What are the strategies to derive a Tattpurusha compound from a given sentence? So what is the structure of a Tattpurusha compound? Which elements are to be compounded first? That means that if you have more than two elements, when you have more than two elements either three or four or whatever number then which elements are to be compounded first? That is the crucial question and then there is the concept of garbha that is used. And so we have sentences like ex garbha tattpurusha or sometimes also tattpurusha garbha ex where ex is any other type of samasa. So dvandva garbha tattpurusha or tattpurusha garbha dvandva and things of that kind that is a very complex way. Of deriving a samasa but these are possible, these are there in Sanskrit and these elements are formed in a particular structure. So we shall study this particular theme in detail. For example there is a discussion in the vayya karana siddhanta kavmudi to derive a tattpurusha compound of three elements and then what happens? So we shall study that discussion when we study this theme. What are the strategies to dissolve a tattpurusha compound? So if the tattpurusha compound has only two elements obviously there isn't much effort that is needed to dissolve the compound but still there is some effort that is needed and what is that? That we shall study but if the compound has more than two elements then we have to start dissolving it by giving one cut. And then you have to give the multiple cuts within the cut segments. So what is the strategy employed? And then in fact this is an important feature of the compound tattpurusha and within the lexicon within the printed dictionaries this single cut or multiple cuts is an adopted practice. In order to indicate the most nearer or most prominent components within the compound. So how to dissolve a tattpurusha compound? We shall study in this particular module. Then there are dependencies within a tattpurusha compound. This is another important feature in Sanskrit language. Dependency within a tattpurusha compound. So a tattpurusha compound may contain a word which is derived from a verbal root indicating an action. And the other element in the tattpurusha compound can be the argument of the action denoted in this particular word. For example, nakha-bhennaha. Here the action of tearing denoted by the verbal root bhidha has got an argument in the form of nakha and there is a dependency within this tattpurusha compound. So this is dealt with when we shall study the tattpurusha compounds later on in this particular course. Also the dependency of a tattpurusha compound within the same sentence is crucial and we shall study this as well. How does the tattpurusha compound behave in the sentence as a part of the sentence? So how do we derive a tattpurusha compound right from scratch? That means when do we decide first of all to do the tattpurusha compound and when do we assign the level of the compound. And then what do we do? And how do we derive step by step? How do we delete the suffixes and add certain things and other suffixes and do the purva-pada-adesha and the uttara-pada-adesha and pumat-bhava etc. etc. How do we decide the sequence of the purva-pada and the uttara-pada etc. All that is part of the derivation as well as dissolution of the compound. And what is the parts of speech that is assigned to the tattpurusha compound depending on the different contexts. This will be also studied in this particular course. It is also observed that the same tattpurusha compound can be subjected to multiple interpretations. Due to the internal structure of the components in terms of meaning as well as word forms. Within a tattpurusha compound and also in between the tattpurusha and other samasas that are part of the sentence. So how these multiple interpretations are possible and which serve as a beauty from one point of view and also a stumbling block as far as the artificial intelligence is concerned we shall study later on. Cognition of a tattpurusha compound is another theme in this particular course. An important theme. The questions that will be dealt with are how does one cognize the tattpurusha compound? How does one recognize that this particular compound is a tattpurusha one and not something else? How does one cognize the dissolution of the tattpurusha compound? That is also very crucial. We shall also think about some new thoughts. We shall think about these questions. Any gaps in the treatment of samasa in general in the grammar of panini? Anything that closely resembles the process of compounding and yet is not brought under the purview of compounding or such similar processes we shall study. And in the tattpurusha in particular is there anything of that kind? And then obviously how can that gap be bridged? That is another important question that we shall deal with. We shall also get informed about the notation that is used in this course for samasa. Notation used for showing the resolution of the samasa and also the meaning of the plus sign. This applies to the theory of compounding in general and also to the tattpurusha compound in particular. We will refer to these texts and we have also discussed in some detail about these texts in the previous lecture. I will just repeat the names of the text. Ashtadhyayi of panini which is the source fountain head for all the discussions. Samartharnika from the great Mahabhashya, the Vyakaran Mahabhashya composed by the great Patanjali. Vaakyapadiyya which is the composition of Bharatrahari. Kashi ka vratthi one of the oldest complete commentaries available today on the ashtadhyayi of panini. Samasaprakaran from the Vyakaran Siddhanta Kavmudhi which is composed by the great Bhattavaji dikshita. Referring to these texts we shall study the tattpurusha compound in this particular course. In the next lecture we start with the theme of understanding the process of compounding and the theory of compounding in general as stated in the paninian drama. Thank you very much for your patience. अद्या इतावता अलम नमस सबहायाई


The end of the day, with Marco Mare. Thank you. Welcome back after lunch. I'm Marco Mare, post drug in Rosalind Alen's lab in Ena, before we were in Edimura, so we move recently to Ena. And today I'm going to present something regarding algae and bacteria interaction. So dynamics of algae and bacteria interaction in artificial plant in communities. First of all, something regarding Ena, Kaj je ta, da vlastnji srpa češč, kaj je je Viena.  Zelo je srpa, da pričeš, da čekaj ne. Vesel je, da je srpa, da je vnit, da je več integrate. V Viena je informacija za mikrover. Zelo je vzelo in v tudi vzelo. Viena je poslednja včeli in izgledo vzelo. Vzelo je prinsipa, in interakciju delaj. v mikrobejo komunitivnih.  Kaj je inga inga inga inga inga inga inga inga inga inga inga. Kaj je inga inga inga inga inga. Všeč odlično vključno je vsev tez, kaj bi se na vsev tez po včelji.  V zelo, da smo prišli v nekaj mikroskajov, ki mali polenjkni drug, še vse dostajevaj, brutalni drug zelo pod van purposes www.dh.t draw. Prad ose… Zaronek Breve bou z remarkablenima po nekaj metrag say Artagy. Tukaj imam tukaj o tukaj mali algi, tudi unicellular algi, ki smo tukaj pravili, in tukaj je diatoms. Tukaj ima vse exoskelektron, kaj ima vse algi, ki je unicellular in tukaj ima fotozyntesis in tukaj biomas z tukaj. Tukaj, kaj je vse vse vse? Tukaj je tukaj pravili, tukaj ima vse vse mikroorganizm, kaj je tukaj phytoplankton. Tukaj phytoplankton je unicellular algi in tukaj ima vse bakterije. Tukaj ima vse vse, kaj je vse vse, kaj je vse vse tukaj vse 30% glodnjih CO2 in tukaj ima vse 20% in tukaj ima vse tukaj vse. Tukaj vse vse tukaj ima vse marin fudweb. Tukaj ima vse marin envaromen. Algi ima vse vse vse karakteristiki, ker je vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse kaj bal, vse vse in po meters, ta pesadla in invade behaviors and then decayin세� hatred. When they age, they change the color to brown. This is because the chlorine field changes the functionality in service s. And we're farmed at the most in m that depends on what the next things we see. Upon measuring this cannotという kontakt. leza prokso in biomusove agii. Klorofaj kontent tako, se vilete v imu vsem vougni, ki vam sem z tukaj našel. In tega motivación vsevene. Zelo, da sem dajbeno, všetak zvali sample v zelo prevod, zame v Jeremii vsi in fron mene in kako je pašla. Zelo je vsega tukajbrenost. in sem jaziv kratil je izgovoril that there are obviously algae in bacteria interacting living together, in we are interested in the composition of this environment that is actually complex, because there are many players together, and then the interaction that defines this composition, which are interaction. Interaction can be interaction within the same species, vseh vseh vseh nekakrati, zato je zelo prišljena na vseh nekakrati, in vseh nekako je vseh nekakrati, naša gačna vseh.  V nekaj nekaj veči nekaj reprešen, in kako, če je Vakstira, ne zvedaj, da je Algi, vse nekaj nekaj nekaj nekaj nekaj regojajo v halje. V tudi, da se priče, kaj je pa vse injeračne? Proč, jo in tudi ni. Ne, kaj neko vse, in nekaj nekaj nekaj nekaj neutralne, the carbon sources are always flowing from the phytoplankton to the bacteria. No, that's not completely true. Ok, most of the time they have a common source of carbon, but it really depends on the species that you look at. Well, bacteria prefer obviously glucose species or all these stuff that contain a lot of carbon. And while algae are able also to rely on light, obviously. V tem stvari, da osrednje. Še nekaj so odliči in nekaj ne musimo zapovnači. Ej, kaj je tako pobodil, da je za več nešta objevaja. Tako i kompleksne, vštiri, z našem našte malo zval decipherovanih materijami. Per zelo stavaj mora pri procesu kompetitiv unloadov. Spravujem izgledo izima. Media was, let's get simple. Samp'icales, a smelvrim in mu enchじゃ, extract what we need, then we produce it in the lab. It's not so easy because these kind of stuff grow in a very complex media, and they are not able to grow in well established media that we have in the lab, so usually you do an extraction of marine water, you purify it, use it in dependetive what's inside to make them grow, In s pr basically, it is to the simple system to understand what are the kind of influences on each other. We have a couple of questions to understand that we would like to answer, and obviously is very regarding theمل interaction, secondly, the dynamics, but is something also not so easy in this case because communities are quite complex. And the first question that was moving this kind of research in je to vse drugi bilj, ki se všim vse je vse in zači se nekaj dolgovi roh. Z namelynev, nekaj dolgovi roh, tako, da bomo načinjeni unačnja diatom, bi začal, da bo vse nekaj negativ nekaj dolgov na tebe, in vse dočal vse načinje vse. Zobah, da si tudi se boši vse načinje, je to veči nekaj dolgov, da se boši vse načinje, in da se pričovalo, da je rečno in nekako, je nalegil način na prejmeni. Zato sem da tegači, da je ne univeresan. To je vse vrtega, ker smo predstavili letov. Protoželjamo, da smo vrtegači, da je vrtegači, in ki smo počeljali z tegačnih metod in tegačnih modelov, tako, da sem tukaj površen, nekaj všeč. Kaj je reserčen metod, ko smo vse zelo, da sem ljudi, počekaj mi, čekaj. Površen metod je površen. Prvno, je tukaj skrin, vsepljenje v marinu voda za relevantno-baktyračne interakcije, kaj je tukaj skrin, ker nekaj je tukaj površen, da je tudi početne nedev. Tudi je zašličen, da je dovolj tačne, da je način način način, in zelo, da ne vršajo zelo. In tukaj se predstavila, da ne vštarno od vršča. Tukaj je vzvek, da je včin način, da ne vršča, da je dneziv, in tukaj se vzvek na Ževa. Ako Ževa je zelo, bo vzvek je velik. Zelo si videli, nisem v mikroskopu. z 10-100 mikromov. Zelo, naredite nekaj, da se predstavili pravne procese, zato je zelo načinjeljno nekaj komplek. Zato smo zelo načinjeljno, da smo načinjeljno, in da smo načinjeljno, in da smo načinjeljno, zelo načinjeljno, kultučno. Zelo načinjeljno, načinjeljno, načinjeljno, vsešli, ki je vse medim. In potem smo se zelo začelično vsega kultura. Tudi so možemo da se počelično vsega, kako je vsega kvalitera ideja. Nekaj, ideja je zelo začelično vsega matematika začelično vsega komunitivnega.  So we are creating artificial community inferring some properties by the single growth code and per groß growth codes.  So something like six years of work on these things, because growing in left these bugs are complex. Vizon je napravil na postdoc Joondang, v georgaponer labu. To, da je bilo, je to, da je bilo, da je bilo, da je bilo, da je bilo, da je bilo, da je bilo, da je bilo, da je bilo, da je bilo. But, you are taught in the one, the other one are fixed time, independently, whether they are dying or not. But, yeah, you are, you are right, so it's difficult to, to infer same A general condition. They just took a single time point to be, to have a four screen understanding which bacteriaうわ, which algae they should decide to take in the experiment later. So, was a four screen. in reliferujemo, da je lahko velika. Jaz umoževamo, da je namoze to nebezražena, kdaj jaz ne zazmamo večne coulge, zelo zelo poten, ko je to začugal s joinede in ja. Tistim, da vidi lahko ne bo začugalerska vzela in ne bo začugal jel in ljub in kol. Zelo to zelo tudi, da no se bil v vzelo, spri, iz kaj je, je in prišlam še stide je ovrednico pri vsem in v carsi vse prišlj mnogo. Z WHATäljč Future, da je vse vse prišlj tačnja, zelo je to parfaitne. Bez da vienne ljubov, da je zelo če, da je imel zelo, zelo če, da je perega, nekaj, perega nekaj, nekaj je čaša vse, nekaj je ni zaštrufna. Se nan, depenja danemiko in efektu na vsej vsej izgledanje. So, after vision, they choose the most representative. Actually, they are not the most representative, but they are the one that are easy to collect and make it grow in the lab, that are the algae cosimodiscos radiatus, that I will call diatom, because I am not able to... Yeah, there is a question. Is... Sorry, that it becomes more positive, generally, the interaction. Do you think that's just because there's more algae dying and there's more bursts, or am I completely missing something? We don't know what is actually. We don't know whether it is dying or decreasing for other reasons, especially algae have a kind of exoskeletron, so you don't know whether... Even if a dye stays bare algae, because it's kind of empty, you just have to measure the chlorophyll to see whether it's dead or not. We don't know why it happens. We don't know only that in the culture, if you sample and you measure it, you see less chlorophyll. We don't know what's going on. But if you do a life that's stained of the algae, or a count, I don't know. We counted in the microscope. That's how we did it. Basically, you see where the algae is dead or alive from the color, and you can already infer how many cells are there, and yeah, that's what is done. The question was whether they are dying, so removing, or maybe they are sedimenting, or maybe they are keeping a number of cells. We don't know because this stuff is happening in a flask, and after we sample out at two time points, we are not monitoring everything over time completely, but only these two time points, and so it's difficult to infer what is going on in between. And I think also reason is the same question that we had before, so I can't tell you connected to. Yeah, another word? Is the media buffered? Okay, the media is very complex. Actually, I don't know the answer precisely, but I don't think it's buffered. It's just an extraction of marine water, whatever it is inside, because whenever you modify it, they tend not to grow. And regarding what's going on with bacteria and algae is what we are doing now. So we are actually taking also extra amount of media and looking at the metabolites, the properties to understand what's going on. So I cannot give you an answer for better moment. Another verb? Sorry, I don't think I understood. So you're using filter seawater or synthetic medium for these experiments? I think it's filter, yes. Okay. Synthetic, you would know what's going on inside, and you know all the components. Here we are not sure about everything. Yeah? So here are the names that we show, sorry, what's going on. So the diatom is Cosinodiscus radiatus, just to give you a name. And the four bacteria are called for short CS4, Rosae1, Rosae1, and CS1, okay? So I won't give you the name for long because I don't remember them. So and it's also quite exciting to do in Jena because the first guy, I mean, one of the first guys that systematically inspect and describe the shape of the diatom was N-stakel, and he lived in Jena, studied there, so it's quite connected also to the environment inside Jena. And so how Jung did this kind of experiment, basically already told you more or less what's going on, so first of all he grows separately, the algae and the bacteria in the same medium. Here you see on the X axis the days of inoculation inside the medium, so basically in the medium we sample out, we count under the microscope the number of algae alive and also dead, looking at the color of the algae by eye. And here you can see the number of cells, so the concentration, and this curve in orange that is the same curve in all these four plots is the case when algae are growing alone, okay? So these four plots with the same curve, just to give a guide for the eye. And then you do the same by adding bacteria and counting again the number of cells over time of the diatoms, and for example when you add CS4 you see that this is the count of algae in green, this one in yellow is again the count of algae, this one in red and this one in violet, I think, with the presence of a different for bacteria. You can count also bacteria obviously, so this is done by QPCR, so it's quite complex, was difficult to make a standard, so that's why you see up and down in the curves, and here you measure the amount of bacteria, actually the concentration, and over time in gray again the bacteria alone, so CS4 cross A1, Rose 1 and CS1 alone in gray, and with the presence of algae you can measure again bacteria, and you see that you obtain this green, yellow, red and violet counting. What you can notice already from this kind of plot is quite clear, so here when you add bacteria to the algae, algae are growing better, so they are rescue in the death phase. Here instead when you add algae this guy is basically killing, Rose 1 is killing partially the growth of the algae. Vision again is increasing, vision is doing something very crazy, but we are not really able to understand of the moment, we have some ins, is shifting the starting point of the growth, and also for bacteria vision happens, it's a little bit more difficult to understand what's going on, but vision is very clear, so basically this bacterium is not able to grow without algae, but in the presence of algae is able to grow, so probably algae are supplying something to the growth of bacteria. So they have different growth dynamics obviously, and depends also on the algae aging, because you see that, for example, this rescue doesn't happen here, but only on this late phase, and vision is something that we already knew from the very first inspection. Now, going to the model, very simple, so we discussed a lot about the last week, I don't go in detail why it's good or not, was the only option that we had obviously, because we don't know anything regarding the physiology of the stuff, so we know something regarding the algae, we don't know much about this kind of bacteria, about the specific physiology about the metabolite that are released, and so we use a lot of other model, just to give you an idea, again, there are the four different bacteria that interact with the diatom, X is the density of the cell, and then you have a growth rate, the interaction term that are divided between self-interaction and perverse interaction, and you can, I mean, you know already that if term is positive, means that there is a positive interaction, so one in S is the other one, negative there is a repression, and zero means that there is no interaction, so from the feat of axonic culture, so culture alone, growing alone, you obtain the growth rate and the self-interaction term, nothing special. From feat of perverse culture, you obtain the interaction terms, and here there is also kind of a trick, because we have to include the carrying capacity for the algae, apparently they have, they are using a lot of nutrients so we have to fix the amount of carrying capacity that we reached, and once you do that, you obtain this kind of interaction, so apparently CS4 and diatom are repressing each other, Rose1 is helping diatom to grow, diatom helps close A1, and CS1 interact negatively with the diatom, so these are the main interactions, and as I told you, there are two set of parameters, because we have conditions for the early growth phase and the late stationary phase that are different, especially in the late stationary phase is quite boring, nothing happens, so it is repressing the diatom, and now the question is, what happens if you put actually all together this stuff and the diatom, is the model representing well the data, so this was just the fitting of the model and the prediction of the model, but we have not tested yet, so you can test it, and here I represented again once more the metrics of interaction here, times after inoculation of the algae alone or bacteria and algae, in this case it is just algae alone, so just to guide the eye for you, and then you have here the number of algae, so this again is the fit of the diatom in absence of algae, sorry, in absence of bacteria, and when you put instead all the bacteria together with algae, the model gives this prediction in black and the measurements gave this dotted line, so actually we can see that they are quite in good agreement, so Lotka Volterra here works pretty nicely, and to be sure we also did ok, here is another stuff, first of all we have also to say that there are no interactions between bacteria-bacterias so no higher order interaction and since the model already fit very nicely the data we think that probably perverse interaction are negligible although the kind of error that you have are not really able to distinguish between the two cases probably even if the bacteria are very weak interaction, you cannot see them then we check that neutral case, so no interaction gave a completely different as well in the green one here and finally you can actually divide the system in excluding all the interactions but two, and are these CS1 and this cross A1 so these error and these error are already able to give this magenta line that is very nice very nicely next to the black line we have all the interactions, so only two are leading the dynamics, and actually are the faster glowers so you can do the same for bacteria we can give a prediction for the growth of bacteria because you can also measure them I don't know what's happening these are the prediction of the modeling solid line and the measurement with qPCR are the dotted line so we are more or less in the same hierarchy since we are out of time I will give you also the summary so here we studied the agent-bacteria interaction they don't present any universal effect the community dynamic depends on the growth phase of algae and the outlook I can also give you an intro about the outlook we would like to investigate the communities that are more similar to the natural one but to do that we have to understand better the physiology of algae the physiology of bacteria and how they interact so what they exchange and that's why the group of pornet is actually because they are able to measure all the metabolite inside the system and just to give you an idea that's the last slide the model works more or less in this way I mean we are already on the mathematical part but I won't present the result about this one so basically algae are using some nutrients nitrogen silicate especially and light and they release some substrate that is used by bacteria so bacteria is able to grow in this substrate but over time algae are dying so they age and they produce less and less nutrient they start dying so bacteria at this point are not receiving any substrate they are unhappy, they start dying too but bacteria are not stupid they release some metabolites that stimulate algae to produce some vesicle that shuttle out some actually are redox product of the redox stuff in the algae so basically you get rid of what make you old and they get back to be younger at this point we are able to produce more substrate and the bacteria are happy again and they stop in producing the metabolites so this one is kind of a loop obviously depend on the algae of bacteria that you have we are investigating the specific substrate and metabolite that are released so as I told you is a work in progress with this and I would like to acknowledge the people who have worked with me so in Jena, in Max Planck for chemical ecology in Jena our funding agency and I would like to advertise something so we have twitter, theoretical biophysics we have also a podcast so if people would like to listen to the podcast and participate and help us enlarging this community would be very nice and we have also a population dynamics virtual seminar every three weeks online open to everyone I know that already some people already had subscribed and other were speaker by us so this stuff is actually published in this paper and we would like also to save it next week, not in two weeks 90 anyway we have this small one day seminar in one day symposium in Jena usually in TRC in modern ecology and evolution of microbiomes you can come to Jena or it's for free or you can follow it online and for example Yakopa will be one of the invited speaker so we would like to thank you for the attention there are any more questions yeah it's very short I know nothing about algae but I was wondering in your natural samples do you see your microorganisms in like aglomerates in clusters or do they swim freely? I don't know better I've not done the experiment I've not seen it, I've seen just what happened after I know that actually in the the theory is that in marine water since nutrients are so diffused and so lighting concentration aglomeration of algae and bacteria because in the other case nutrients would be too much dispersed and not usable so for sure there are aglomeration and the basic idea of this phytoplankton is that one I don't know if you sample it and you put it in a microscope immediately you see it, they don't create clusters instead of biofilms or snowflakes or this stuff so the follow-up question is that you did not observe this forming in your artificial... actually everything is very well-shaked there and the reason is to keep it simple at the moment thank you just a couple of questions one is regarding the modeling so you do put bacteria-bacteria interactions and they turn out to be negligible ok, no, I've not put it I tried to put it it was not fit in any sense because it was over-fitting so I cannot see any given better that we have I cannot distinguish them it's already done and fine in that way we said no, maybe it's not useful to put it in ok, the other thing is since in these experiments I know you haven't done the experiment but since in these experiments you're using filter seawaters there's a possibility that this filter seawater contains lots of phages that might affect the bacteria they purified before in that case they get rid of the phages they get rid of it one more question I don't know I have no idea I have no idea I can ask and tell you but I don't know I know that there is a part of micro filtration several times several layers of micro filtration but I don't know how they get rid of all these living and interacting stuff I can ask thanks, the speaker again


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