Coming up on D TNS our video game TV series about to get good, a hopeful material for better cheaper solar panels. And why predictive texting is just slowing you down, man. Stop it. This is the daily tech news for Wednesday, November 24th, 2021 in Los Angeles. I'm Tom Merritt in Salt Lake City. I'm Scott Johnson. And I'm Roger Chang. The show is pretty. There's a longer version of this show called good day internet. We were just doing an update on the a five G FAA stuff on that show. You can get it by becoming a patron at patreon.com slash D TNS. Big thanks to our top patrons, including David Mosher, Dan Voiles and Logan Larson. Let's start with a few tech things you should know time to say goodbye to dub smash. Reddit's going to shut down the short form video platform on February 22nd. Reddit largely integrated dub smash's functionality into its overhauled camera app, which is adding the ability to change video speed, set a timer, do minor edits with plans to launch exclusive lenses. Reddit says video is one of its fastest growing content types with a 70% increase in videos watched in 2021 and 30% increase in daily active video viewers. Short video viewership also increased 50% on the quarter. So they just didn't need it separated anymore. I guess I've been doing a bunch of that myself on Reddit. So it's good to hear I'm not Asia's sources say Apple plans to work with TSMC to produce five G modems fry phones by 2023. Currently Qualcomm supplies modems for Apple devices. Apple acquired Intel's modem business assets for $1 billion in July of 2019 billion Samsung announced it's going to build a 17 billion chip fab in Taylor, Texas, right outside Austin. Company will break ground on the plant next year with production expected to begin in 2024. Plants expected to produce processors for Samsung's own products as well as being sell to other companies, which is what Samsung does with its chips. Epic games in the news again, they have acquired this time harmonics, the developer of rock band and other musical experiences. Quite a few games actually harmonic says its games will remain on steam and will not become epic game store exclusives. The developer said it will continue to work on rock band for DLC, but will also work on making musical journeys and gameplay. That's a quote for fortnight. That makes sense. And a group of about 70 Japanese firms, including the three largest banks will bring testing a yet will begin testing a yen based digital currency with plans to launch at some time in fiscal 2022. This is not a consumer oriented CBDC. This is called DC JPY backed by bank deposits. These would be used as a common platform to speed up large scale fund transfers and settlements. So this is one of the more back end digital currencies, not one that where you would spend it, you know, out of 7 11 or something. All right. Let's talk about solar materials. Crystal Ion silicon is not a superhero. It's the most common material used in solar panels, but it takes a lot of energy and time to process it. Whereas pair of Skype has emerged as a possible alternative to crystalline silicon. It's made from lead salts, which are available in large quantities and will cheaper to process. So it's very promising. It can be made into a liquid and you just print the film from the liquid. Now one issue with Perfskites is that unlike most semiconductors, they are highly disordered, lots of defects. So you would think that would reduce performance and maybe there'd have to be a lot of work done to smooth them out. Except that isn't true. In fact, sometimes the defects increase performance. Scientists at the University of Cambridge published a study in the journal Nature Nanotechnology about why that is. First, the defects do cause the expected reduction in performance by causing a little disorder at the electronic level. So you're not wrong when you think, Oh, well, that should cause a problem. However, the disorder of the spatial chemistry improves performance. So that makes up the difference. Basically, the chemistry funnels the charge away from the disordered traps caused by the defects. This discovery will help them fine tune how Perfskite is made to maximize efficiency, opening the possibility of taking advantage of that chemical disorder and semiconductor design in order to take advantage of that improved efficiency elsewhere. So you may wonder why don't we have Perfskite solar cells just out there replacing silicon everywhere? And we do we do have them commercially available. A lot of times they're in combination with silicon. Problem is there's still a lot of work to be done on how long it lasts, what its durability, what its stability is, as well as the normal issues of just making something make sense to manufacture at scale. But this study definitely helps move the ball down the road for Perfskite regarding efficiency and performance. High efficiency will ease the pressure on manufacturing. Because if you can get more out of a single panel, then you don't have to make as many panels to get the same amount of energy. Perfskites might also be useful for making LEDs and X-ray detectors as well. Yeah, the big hold up for me has always been a kind of a cost performance question. Very expensive early on but kind of pays for itself over time. And for a lot of us, that's not necessarily the decision we want to make right away or whatever. This helps move me closer down the road, just to say hey, it might be more affordable at some point. And not just more affordable, maybe more efficient and more efficiency means that me doing this would have a better personal impact on why I'm doing it than it would have previously. So I think this is a great sounding innovation. I do wish it extended and maybe it will at some point, often discoveries like this turn into other discoveries down the down the road. But I would love to see battery technology affected in a similarly cool way, take a cheap and cheap and easy to make material and then figure out a way to get longer charges out of our out of our battery systems that's been stagnant for so long. But hey, take what you can get. Let's harness the sun's power and do it a little cheaper and a little more efficiently. Yeah, this is good news for for bringing down the cost of solar cells, which are also already getting cheaper and cheaper all the time. I mean, honestly, folks, if you haven't gone and done the calculations at at what like energy stage or a place like that, go do them. Even if you live in a cloudy area, the costs have come down so much that it still might pay for itself over a couple of years, even without the subsidies, like it's, they keep getting cheaper and cheaper. And this indicates that they might continue to get even cheaper, even more effective, because more efficiency means you don't have to buy as many panels, all that stuff. I like what you're saying it's got about, you know, gosh, there's something there of like, well, if the chemistry of the solar cell for pair of sky works there, is there something we can learn from that and make the chemistry of lithium work better for us somehow? I imagine we've kind of exhausted everything because batteries, at least lithium ion batteries are so well studied. But but yeah, if anybody out there's working in the industry and knows like, Hey, yeah, no, there is something that we could take from that. Let us know feedback daily tech new show.com. Well, tech crunch is reporting on that Netflix gaming thing. And guess what tech or Netflix has added the racing title and the fresh off the shelves racing title asphalt extreme to its game lineup. Now some of you may have heard of this game before I've played it before. And that's because it's well, it was originally launched in 2016. It's nearly six years old. But they're going to be rolling this out globally coming to the US subscribers in the coming weeks. Fans probably noticed it was pulled from app stores at the end of September last year. Maybe you did. Maybe you didn't. It's an older game. Memory doesn't tend to stick around that long for games like this. But Netflix released a trailer for the game on its YouTube channel, noting asphalt extremes availability exclusively for Netflix subscribers with no ads or in app purchases. So this relatively, I won't call it unknown, but it's a racing game, but casual racing players could get in too easily. It's very arcadey. It's a good time. It's not the greatest racing game in the world, but it's all right. Here it is again, new life on a new service. It's an interesting new wrinkle in Netflix's plan. I have started to come around to the belief that Netflix does want to make a gaming service that that it absolutely does want to make a gaming service that it's not just doing this to extend the brands of its originals that it will do that it will use Bridgerton and stranger things and Squid Game to feed into this, but that it really does want to create a separate business, a new business, a new revenue generator. And it may not look like that right now because they started with card blast and now a six year old five year old title asphalt extreme. But what this reminds me of Scott is how Netflix streaming started. Do you remember how Netflix streaming started at the very beginning when you could only get it on the Netflix Roku player box? Yeah, it would take everything in your DVD queue and look and see if it had the rights to stream it. It had the rights to stream about 10 things. I'm exaggerating, but you know, you would have the weirdest stuff from your queue would show up on Netflix streaming. It was one row Netflix back then was one row of like, here's a weird documentary. Here's an indie film. You know, here's here's another like off movie that you forgot you put in your DVD queue and it's like 300th in line. And you could stream it. But it was all really odd off the wall stuff because it was what they could get the rights to. And it was what they could they could afford to put up on a server and start streaming it. And of course, we all know we think of Netflix just as a streaming service anymore, people forget the DVD dot com even exists, even though it's still out there. I think we're in we're in the broken Netflix player stage of Netflix gaming, which I like your thinking every time charge it's there in the tab, weird stuff. But hey, it doesn't cost you anything extra, which Netflix streaming didn't originally. That's true. Every time there's a new wrinkle to this story. You have a new thing to say about it actually. And I end up agreeing every time I think this is the path they're taking. There's no right. The fact that I'm wrong every time, which you're not. I mean, you're wrong, but you're not wrong. Yeah. The idea that these things are coming to market in this way. And by the way, they've got a if their goal is to take a bunch of old stuff first, acquire it and make it new again on their service. They have a treasure trove of the last five to 10 year old games. My my steam library is bursting with them of games that people have forgotten about that were okay, maybe better than average, small teams, middle teams, this sort of thing with games that are just sitting there waiting to find some kind of resurrection. And if that's their plan for a little bit here to get things going, they have no limit. And I think they may be thinking that they may be thinking, well, we've got lots of opportunities. Because look at all these smaller games that maybe didn't go very far or didn't get the exposure they wanted or something else competed it out of the market at the time. And now we can bring these in here. They'll be new to most people. And that's kind of what they did with those early streaming 720p videos that you were describing. Yep, they weren't new hot original content, or even new hot movies that had just been out that summer. These were old things that maybe were easier to get licensing for to do the streaming for or whatever. So build on that, build on that. And then you introduce new features here and there, you follow that that product rollout. It starts to make sense if you think of it that way. And I'm starting to think you're right. So until you're wrong again, which may may not be a happen, Tom, I don't know weeks from now. But yeah, we'll see. But but as it stands right now, I really think after this acquisition, I'm almost sure that that's their plan because why else are they doing this? It's it's it's just a slow build. Like you start with card blast and the Stranger Things game that you already like helped make. Then you get Alice asphalt extreme. And it's like, well, it's kind of old, but it was kind of popular on mobile. Then then you get something that's maybe a little little older, but more popular or something a little newer, but less popular. And then next thing you know, Netflix has everything available, you know, like five years from now, I could totally see that. Yep. Alright, folks, we get your ideas and we use them. We had a great episode yesterday, partly about the Australian energy market operator, reaching a milestone of going into negative energy. In other words, they were creating more solar energy than they were using. Thanks to KV over on our subreddit. Be like KV, let us know what you want to hear us talk about on the show. You can do that at dailytechnewshow.reddit.com. Some people rely on predictive texting when when they're texting. That's that's the function that makes a guess at the next word you might want to type. Usually shows two or three of them across the top of your keyboard, depending on what you're using. And then the idea is you just select that world without wasting time typing it out. Some people swear it speeds up their texting quite a bit. A study published in the Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors and Computing Systems, however, found that using predictive text did not speed up typing. But that was a small study, 17 people. Maybe they were just all bad at texting. It's not a big sample. The idea that it speeds things up seems obvious. Instead of typing out every little letter, you make one tap. How could it not be faster? The longer the word, the more time you're saving. The argument that it's slower is that instead of moving right into typing the word, you have to pause and read the suggestions and decide if the one you want is in there. If it's not, you've now wasted time and have to type it out anyway. Even if you continue typing while you're doing that, it you're slowing down over the long term. That could slow things down. At least that's how the argument goes. So in 2019 Parola Christensen at the University of Cambridge and fellow scientists studied typing data from 37,000 volunteers using their own mobile phones. That was a very good way to make sure that they were able to work out the people who were good or bad at texting. People who used predictive text averaged 33 words per minute. People who just used autocorrect typed 43 words per minute. People who used neither typed 35 words per minute. So autocorrect was actually the fastest. But Professor Christensen wanted to know why. Is there a situation in which predictive text is effective? First, they determined that the average time it takes to tap a letter on a mobile keyboard is about 0.26 seconds for most people. The average time to decide whether to tap a predictive suggestion or not is about 0.46 seconds. They also took into account strategies like only using predictions for longer words. So if you're only typing T-H-E, you don't even look. Or always typing the next word while looking for the next one to be predicted. So you're making progress while you're looking while you're hunting for the next word. This analysis found a couple of things. Looking at every word no matter how long and never beginning typing slowed people down eight words per minute. So don't do that. But typing three letters before looking at suggestions and only looking at words that were six letters or longer increased speed two words permitted over not using predictive text at all. The upshot here is you're probably better off not using predictive text because it's really hard to just look at words that are six letters or longer. But you can read more on this in Professor Christensen's article on the conversation. It's obvious to me that if this was a perfect system, we talked about this pre-show a little bit, if it's a perfect system it would be predicting everything I ever wanted to say to anybody. And it doesn't do that. We're not there yet. The AI is not there yet. If it was we'd be living in a very different world I think. Yeah we'd all be out of work. Yeah I just would have to think and it would know and that doesn't work that way. So what it does for me now in terms of convenience is a bigger word. I think phlebotomist was thrown around in our prep meeting. That's a great example because that word is ridiculous and hard to remember how to spell it exactly right and difficult to do quickly. And so in those cases I know I've saved time by hitting that big word but most of the time it's just going to get it wrong. That's why people play games with it and say you know start a sentence with this but then only use the third predictive text word until it stops or gives you emoticons or whatever. It's a fun little game. We all have a good time with it but more over here I just wanted to say I love studies like this. I absolutely love them. It's a thing that we just sort of have now. We all take it for granted. It's part of our everyday use case for our phones and our devices and somebody saying well all right what is it actually doing for us. Is it doing anything for us. Is there a benefit. Is there is there is a kind of neutral where it's okay if we have it. It's okay if we don't and that's okay but let's just get the numbers and get the data account for different use cases. I love that kind of stuff and further reading I think is required for anyone else out there who likes the stuff as well. It's a very cool little study.  The upshot is hey you want to keep using predictive texting go for it. There's nothing wrong with it but here's the only way that it will likely speed things up for you. On the other hand speed may not be your your only consideration. Maybe you're like I just don't want to have to think I'm bad at spelling. You know I want predictive text for other things and that that's awesome but but it is interesting to find out that yes I always thought this seems like it's taking longer when I would use predictive texting because I'm having to to wait and look and find the right word and and at least the current systems maybe they'll get better at predicting and get faster in the future but the current systems bear out that yeah you're you're better off with autocorrect. Who would have guessed autocorrect is the fastest. Yeah well maybe your phone predicts maybe your phone predicted that the venerable bioware epic tale of mass effect might one day make its way to a televised series. Hmm well let's talk about that deadline sources say Amazon Studios is nearing a deal to make a TV series based on mass effect. Amazon Studios head Jennifer Salkey said that the new fantasy series will of time based on the books of the same name is one of its top five series of all time and the studio is continuing to invest in fantasy genres of all kinds. EA seems to be focused on making TV series based on mass effect happen somewhere telling Business Insider earlier that this year that it's quote not a matter of if but a matter of when and the verge noted an Instagram post from February by Henry Cavill with a blurred out corner of a printout of the Wikipedia page for mass effect three read into that but you will remember that happening and wondering anyway next year we have a halo series coming from Paramount Plus the last of us coming to HBO based on that series is this the time for quality live action video game based TV series upon it says this finally here maybe here's my argument that it might be already here I don't know how many in this audience have seen arcane or knew that arcane the animated series on Netflix is based on League of Legends but it is here's the nice thing you don't need to know a thing about League of Legends to get into it and I've talked to people who've never heard of that game before never played it before and played the game and have come to me saying well that's officially my favorite thing I've ever seen on streaming or that's my favorite show this year of all time or that's my favorite animated this or that like it really hit with people and I think that along with a few other little C wins are going to push us in a direction where finally gaming can be seen as more than just an entertainment on its own but bleed this other direction it used to be kind of the other way games became more like TV and movies now we kind of bring it back we have great stories we have great characters and we can really flesh that stuff out and make something special so I don't think there's ever been a better time for something like Mass Effect to happen I think it's really interesting from my personal point of view because I've seen how video game IPs have translated into another format besides games and the initial set was cartoons right they had pole position back from the early it was like 82 and that had a it was a game surrounding the name based on the the Namco driving game pole position which is an arcade driver and the game had the game in the show really had nothing alike other than the fact that there were cars in it yeah and what you see now is because I think so much of video gaming has matured to the point where there's deep narrative right you have uncharted coming out and uh the last of us was written by by a former you know Hollywood script writers and so you have kind of this melding between the two genres where it makes sense because now you have an audience that's already been exposed to the IP playing the video games why not enjoy the show based on the favorite characters if you ever wanted to find out how so-and-so worked out on his own this would be a great way to do it same way the comic books went from kind of like hey just as a throwaway summer block bus or get the kids of the family you know their butts into the movie theater now it's become more hey now we can get more nuance because uh the titles themselves have gotten more sophisticated but the audience has grown up and now they're in that target demographic that yeah it's not it's Roger's Roger a hundred percent right it's like comic books we finally got to a place where it made sense and nobody questions how well the MCU is doing or even some of the DC things for that matter and we're kind of getting there with video games but I would even add previous to this it's been films it's like all right well what can we do in an hour and a half or two hours to tell the story of Assassin's Creed or to tell the story of whatever it happens to be this is the I think that the real sea change here is shifting to an episodic serialized format because the games are long mass effect for those that don't know is a great big space operatic game where basically you're told a huge story that you interact in think Star Wars mixed with Star Trek mixed with the expanse it's very much in that range of stuff so you know what you're beginning into science fiction wise but telling that in a film would be a bummer because it's not enough time telling it in three films is not enough time telling it across seasons of multiple seasons of a show assuming it does well that's how this stuff will shine and that's where I think the big difference is arcane would have been a fine two-hour animated film but it's so much better as a nine episode arc with a second season on its way I think that mass effect in particular would benefit from this just like you know last of us or any of these others they are they are serialized stories told over 20 30 hours of gameplay let's tell them over 20 30 hours of viewing I think they can do that now you have streaming to thank for that yeah I know I was about to complain all day about about all these streaming services but if you didn't have all these streaming services and the budgets that are going into them and the ability to prove that like hey we can we can drop a 12 episode series on a Netflix and it does pretty good you wouldn't have people taking these bets who knows maybe maybe mass effect last of us Halo and even the Uncharted movie will all be awful we still have to wait to see but my guess is they won't at least one or two if not all of them will be pretty good I think the day is gone I'll go ahead oh no I was about to say like what Tom hit on is like gaming and streaming have have merged at a point like you could have not done this without the the the ability of streaming but streaming wouldn't been able to kind of have this because video games are essentially world building right we build this world you can go populate so you're not necessarily screwed in to a specific narrative even with mass effect with the very like there's an overarching narrative but there's so many other different stories within it that you can take I mean you see this with the Mandalorian right if you told someone hey we're gonna make a Star Wars a property based solely on you know what Mandalorians and maybe Bobo Fett might do people it's like well no way you can't make a whole movie you'll never get enough audience and people won't come back week to week on cable for that you'll never hear these words coming this fall to MBC mass effect it's not gonna happen in this world we live in now where there's weird streaming money coming from strange places like Amazon and Netflix and these places that didn't exist 20 years ago to say like look we don't need to get you know the bulk of the audience on day one right even with DVRs the the Nielsen driven world was you really need you know 90 plus of the audience on day one now you don't now you need people in the first 28 days they can jump in later once the wave hits and people start talking about how much they look at squid game squid game didn't come out of the gate hot it had to build for a week and a half or two and then it was now the biggest show Netflix has ever had because of that in the first 28 days that's the kind of pattern you need for people to be willing to say like hey you know what even if we don't get people day one we think people will want to come and sample this just just like they're doing with arcane arcane is a slow burn too I think it is and it's and and the only final thing I'd say about mass effect is the only real controversial thing about this announcement is all is is which are they going to do are they going to choose a female captain shepherd commander shepherd or the male commander shepherd I did the math unfortunately or fortunately depending on how you played 83.3% of players played male shepherd I think we're getting a male shepherd so I'm just throwing that out as my little prediction we'll come back to it whenever the show airs and see if I was right but female shepherd is the superior shepherd I just want to put it out all right wow putting the flag in the ground I like it by the way I did predictive text wrote mass effect and predictive test text finished the sentence mass effect of course comes in a bit I mean it's not wrong right it's the kind of like that's the that's the news hook right there yeah depends on how you define a bit but yeah we'll see JR tokens estate has blocked a cryptocurrency that launched in august called JRR token TOKEN after filing a complaint with the world intellectual property organization that the product infringed on the author's trademark this was just a day after tokens for the cryptocurrency went on sale to organize the people toward a common goal of making JRR token the one token that rules them all websites selling and promoting the currency JRR token dot com and the token of power dot com screwed up they featured rings hobbit holes and a wizard that looked like Gandalf come on the JRR token developer also had to pay the estate's legal costs losing the case they tried to say look there's no chance of confusion between the token and the lord of the rings works we're a cryptocurrency so we get to call it that and the judge I think reasonably said sure but you're using a ring and you're using a wizard and so now you're starting to infringe on the trademark you're starting to use the elements of the Tolkien estate's properties if you hadn't done that sure you could have called it JRR token that would have been fine but but you overstepped their bounds so no more JRR token no that whole thing oh man you might say it's been destroyed in the fires of my copyright lawsuit you may get emails about this if you do send them to me but I've had enough weird experiences recently with NFTs and my own artwork where people are trying to sell me my own minting work yeah that's great twice now this happened I've come to the conclusion and I apologize both times and I come to the conclusion that the crypto world isn't as concerned about traditional copyright law and some other stuff that you'd think they might be that will come with time I'm sure but right now they think all this stuff is open source that's my take we'll see hopefully that that change that's always been the internet at the cutting edge has been fast and loose with intellectual property and I think I think intellectual property laws are too strict I think they do reduce innovation that's the same token by the same token I kind of think this was infringing this was our token story of the day also I'm using token ring here locally how many more token references can we make real quickly before we get out of here looking into the mail bag I see all the people who sent us stuff for our tech gift special tomorrow in the DTNS feed there will be a short episode with tech gift ideas from folks on the DTNS team as well as folks in the audience thank you so much for sending us your 30 second recordings that includes Mark Bussell Jr. Nick Kearney SP James Thatcher George Sang and Matt Schulz all sent us in recommendations they'll be joined right next to Rich Drafilino Justin Robert Young Scott Johnson himself Terrence Gaines Shannon Morris it's an all star cast in addition to all their voices telling you about their tech gift picks we're going to have links to everything they suggest if you want to follow up at DailyTechNewShow.com also a special thanks to Tim Deputy one of our lifetime supporters top lifetime supporters for DTNS thanks for all the years of support Tim and thank you Scott Johnson before we head off on the long weekend here in the U.S. what do you got to tell folks well if you like there was a few gaming discussions today and if that seemed fun or you liked my take on any of that I have some good news there are a number of game shows that are on my network but the one I want to point you to is one called Core which covers everything from console announcements all the way down to whatever games we're playing and everything in between the big issues the big stuff happening around the industry and we really go deep a lot of the times the long show too so if you're in the mood for one of those check it out frogpants.com slash core or wherever you get your podcasts we record a fresh one tonight in fact beat the Thanksgiving rush normally it's on Thursdays and I hope you guys will enjoy it so go check it out that's frogpants.com slash core and for everything else you can find me at frogpants.com we are live Monday through Friday most weeks at 4 30 p.m. Eastern 21 30 UTC find out more at daily tech news show dot com slash live we are off Thursday and Friday for the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States we are back however next Monday we will talk to you then this week's episodes of daily tech news show were created by the following people host producer and writer Tom Merritt host producer and writer Sarah Lane executive producer Booker Roger Chang producer writer and host Rich Stravolino video producer and twitch producer Joe Kuntz associate producer Anthony Lemos Spanish language host writer and producer Dan Campos news host writer and producer Jen Cutter 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I welcome you to this lecture in the course Introduction to Paninian Grammar. In this lecture we shall be studying three very important technical terms Anga, Bh, and Pada, internal Pada. These three technical terms are defined in the Saudhna Sutras in the text of Ashtadhyay. We study these three concepts after we have studied the technical terms which are core as far as the sentence construction is concerned in Sanskrit namely the Karaka and the Vibhakti. We have also studied some more Saudhna's in various other contexts throughout this course. Today we shall focus on these three terms Anga, Bh and Pada, the internal Pada. So if we start the derivation process of the sentence generation here is the Artha that first of all is part of the cognitive apparatus of the speaker. There are six sentence meanings Ram goes to a village, Ram goes to a school and so on. When this data set of meanings is analyzed we find the following constituents that there is an action of going, Ram and Mohan are the performers, village and school these are the destinations and then the second scenario is that there is the action of seeing described in which Ram and Mohan are the performers and the village and the school they are the objects they are being seen. Because these meaning constituents are available to us we then go select the words which express these meaning relations as well as the meanings, action of going is expressed by the word gamma, performer is expressed by Visarga also known as Su in combination with T, Ram and Mohan are the meanings which are expressed by Rama and Mohana in Samskrit, destination is expressed by Ma or Am, a village and the school is expressed by Gramar and Shala. This is about the first scenario the second scenario is about the action of seeing in order to express this meaning we have Dhrisha, performer is Visarga technically Su in Panayan Gramar in combination with T, Rama and Mohana get expressed by Rama and Mohana, object is expressed by Ma, Am, a village and the school is expressed by Gramar and Shala. And then we start the derivation process of this entire sentence first we start with the verbal root gamma and then there are these vacant generic slots which then get filled by the respective suffixes after the verbal root gamma we add T it is very important process the verbal root is gamma to which is added the suffix T and then we add Su in other brackets and then we add the prakriti left hand side part in those other brackets like here after we finish with gamma T we add Su and then this slot is filled in by Rama later on and same thing we do with the rest.  Now this R is the cause which causes this gamma to be replaced by Gatsha.  So, we get the sentence Gatshati, Rama, Gramam this is how the sentence gets derived it is important to note this derivation process because the three terms that we are going to study they play an important role in this derivation. So, after having done this process we get the following Shabdas in order to express the Arthas with which we started the process. So, Ram goes to a village is expressed by Gramam, Gatshati, Ramaha or Gatshati, Ramo, Gramam as we saw earlier and so on and then we have these six Shabdas sentences ready as far as the Shabdakasha is concerned in extension of the Arthakasha and then this causes the entire derivation process and ends in the auditory sounds being produced through the oral cavity. Now, in this particular dataset which comprised of the sentences we observe the following Sups, 21 Sups divided into 7 rows and 3 columns. So, Aujas, Amauas, etc. 21 such suffixes these are called Sups and these are the words which are part of the dataset that is described earlier Ramaha, Rama, Ramaha these are called Suvantas because there is a Supe coming at the end. So, Ramaha has Rama which is the Pratipatika and Aha Su the Supe coming at the end, Ramam has got Rama a Pratipatika and Am coming at the end. So, all these are Suvantas these are part of the dataset that we saw earlier. Similarly, we also have the Suvantas of this kind and I will read this in detail because this we are going to study in this today's lecture. If you carefully study these forms there are three patterns that emerge as far as the formal similarity is concerned and it is precisely in order to explain these three patterns that Panini had to use the technical terms V as well as internal Pada which are part of the explanation of what is called an Anga. So, let us look at what is an Anga but before that here are some other forms here are some suffixes these are called Thing they are also part of the dataset described earlier. So, we have already seen this Tiptajji etc 18 suffixes and they generate these 18 forms Nayati, Nayataha, Nayanti etc. This example is taken primarily because the verbal root Ni is generally normally declined in all 18 forms. Gacchha will have only nine primarily Gacchati, Gacchata that is why Nayati is taken as an example to illustrate the thing and the forms. So, let us study what is an Anga a very important technical term used by Panini. It is defined at 1.4.13 1st Adhyaya 4th Pada 13th Sutra 1st Chapter 4th Sub Chapter and 13th Sutra and the Sutra is Yasmat Pratyayavidhis Tadadi Pratyaye Angam. Angam is the technical term the rest is the definition of Anga what is called an Anga. The most important word here primarily is Pratyayavidhi. Pratyayavidhi means the prescription of a Pratyayav of a suffix. Yasmat indicates the word from which this Pratyayav is prescribed. The next important word is Tadadi. The pronoun Tad here refers to this Yat the element to which a Pratyayav is added. So, Tadadi an element beginning with this element is called Anga when the Pratyayav follows. So, this definition of Anga has got several important words. We did not pay attention to the word Pratyayaye. Now, let us pay attention to this word Pratyayaye. This Pratyayaye is in 7-1 indicating immediately before. What this also indicates is that Pratyayay is a very important condition. In fact, it is an essential condition for a particular verbal element to be termed Anga. In fact, we can also say that a verbal element is termed Anga only with reference to a Pratyayaye. No verbal element can be absolutely called an Anga. A verbal element is called Anga or termed Anga if and only if in relation with a Pratyayaye. So, immediately before a Pratyayaye that element obviously immediately before a Pratyayaye in the derivation process what you are supposed to have is a Prakriti. So, this Yasmath refers to that Prakriti word and then this Pratyayaye should have been prescribed after immediately after this Prakriti element. So, Pratyayaye is he and then you start with this Prakriti element and then count the verbal element that begins with this Prakriti element and goes on up to this Pratyayaye and that verbal element then is called an Anga. So, we can translate this in the following manner that verbal element X at the beginning of which comes Y. So, Tadadi Prakriti to which is added the suffix by prescription Pratyayaye is his. So, immediately before that suffix that verbal element is called Anga I repeat that verbal element X at the beginning of which comes Y that is a Prakriti to which is added that suffix by prescription and not just placing side by side it needs to be prescribed immediately before that suffix that verbal element X is called an Anga. So, if we have a case where you take Y as the initial stage of derivation and to which a particular sutra prescribes the addition of a Pratyayaye. So, a Pratyayaye is added over here now you will ask a question what is an Anga and then obviously the next sub question that needs to be asked is with reference to which Pratyayaye. So, if somebody says with reference to this Pratyayaye then you can say that well this Pratyayaye is added after this Prakriti Y. So, beginning with this Y and immediately before this Pratyayaye whatever comes in between is called an Anga. So, Y is the only part that comes from Y up to this Pratyayaye over here therefore Y is called an Anga. So, in this case Y is X, Y is Anga. Now, if we look at the next example when this particular stage is expanded as is the case with the Pondinian derivational system. So, this Pratyayaye is added after Y now in the environment of this Pratyayaye and this Prakriti another Pratyayaye is added which is this this Pratyayaye is added added to a verbal root Y for example. So, this Pratyayaye is also added to Y. Now, once again we ask a question what is an Anga the sub question to this is with reference to which Pratyayaye and we say with reference to this Pratyayaye the right most Pratyayaye and then we have to now think about the term Anga the Sutra comes to our help and it tells us that first of all think about the Prakriti to which this Pratyayaye was added and that Prakriti is this Y. Now, begin from Y and come up to this Pratyayaye immediately before this Pratyayaye whichever verbal element comes in between and this Y all that element is to be termed Anga. So, Y is the Prakriti to which this Pratyayaye is added. So, we start with Y and come up to this Pratyayaye. So, Y plus Pratyayaye. So, this entire part will be called an Anga in this case Y plus Pratyayaye is that X is that Anga. We are going to take a few examples to illustrate this point and this particular explanation of the term Anga. But before we go there let me reiterate the most important aspect in the term Anga namely that it is relative. It is not absolute. An element can be called Anga only with respect to a Pratyayaye only with reference to a particular Pratyayaye. You have to specify that Pratyayaye with reference to which an element is being termed an Anga. Let us look at the example. Let us take the same derivation process which we saw earlier. And here we have Gamma plus T plus Rama plus Su plus Gramma plus Am as one step of derivation. If we study this closely we will see that Gamma is Y a Prakriti to which is added a suffix T. And immediately before this T the verbal element that begins with Y is Gam obviously and therefore Gam is an Anga with reference to T. Similarly if we look at the second word Rama is a Y Prakriti to which is added a suffix Su. So immediately before this Su the verbal element that begins with Y is Rama and therefore Rama is an Anga with reference to Am. This is how we can explain Anga in all these three words. The Prakriti is primarily, in this case, an Anga with reference to T. Similarly in Gamma plus Am grammar is a Y Prakriti to which is added a suffix Am. So immediately before this Am the verbal element that begins with Y is Gamma plus Su. So this is how we can explain Anga in all these three words. The Prakriti is primarily in this case become an Anga and they are all shown in green. Now let us take the second example. And here we take the next step in the derivation process of the sentence that we saw earlier. Now here we have an additional suffix added after the verbal root. This is that additional suffix R. Remember this T is added after Gamma. This R is also added after Gamma as far as the Sutra prescription is concerned. Now what happens in this case is Gamma is a Y Prakriti to which is added a suffix T as was before. Now immediately before this T the verbal element that begins with Y is Gamma plus R. And therefore Gamma plus R is an Anga with reference to T. This is the difference now. So this entire Gamma plus R which is shown in green becomes an Anga with reference to T. What happens to this R suffix? What is the Anga with reference to this R? Here is the answer. Gamma is a Prakriti Y to which is added a suffix R. Immediately before this R the verbal element that begins with Y or Prakriti is Gamma and therefore Gamma is an Anga with reference to R. Only Gamma will become green in that case indicating that this is an Anga with reference to R. But with reference to P Gamma plus R is an Anga. So what comes out of this is that Anga is a technical term which is given to a verbal element always with reference to a Pratyaya. You cannot talk about an Anga in absolute terms. It has to be with reference to a Pratyaya. So if I ask you describe an Anga to me in this particular context you should look for the Pratyaya that I am referring to. The next question should come with reference to which Pratyaya. So X is an Anga with reference to what? With reference to which Pratyaya? That Pratyaya needs to be specified. If that Pratyaya is mentioned as T then Gamma plus R becomes an Anga. If that Pratyaya is R then only Gamma becomes the Anga. What is the function of the term Anga? What happens after an element is called Anga? So rules stated in five subchapters namely 6.4 and 7, 1 to 4 that means the entire seventh chapter. All these five subchapters have rules or sutras which operate on the Anga. Thus at the stage Gamma plus R plus T 7377 applies to the Anga and replaces Gamma by Gaccha. So we get Gaccha plus R plus T as the next step in the derivation after Gamma plus R plus T. So after getting Gaccha plus R plus T we join them together and get the form Gaccha T. In case of Gaccha plus R plus me with reference to me this Gaccha and R this entire unit is called Anga. Then 7, 3, 1, 0, 1 applies to the Anga and lengthens the final vowel of this Anga which is this R and so we get Gaccha plus R plus me and finally we get the form Gaccha me. So in this particular form the verbal root and the suffix gets lengthened. In this case it does not. In this case only the root gets substituted. So root substitution and lengthening seem to be the two immediate functions of the term Anga. Here are some other examples and these examples are taken from the Tenganta forms cited earlier. So thus at this stage knee plus R plus T where we are focusing on R as the suffix with reference to this R knee becomes an Anga. So it is shown in green. Now in this case the 7, 3, 8, 4 applies to the Anga and replaces knee by knee, knee by knee.  As the next step in derivation we join these together and we get the form Nayatthi. So 7, 3, 8, 4 applies to the Anga and replaces knee by knee then by the application of some other rules may becomes Nayatthi. So we get the next step Nayatthi plus R plus T and when we join these together we get the verbal form Nayatthi. In case of Nayatthi plus R plus me we focus on me and with reference to me Nayatthi plus R is termed as Anga. So 7, 3, 1, 0, 1 applies to the Anga and lengthens the final vowel R over here and so we get Nayatthi plus R plus me. The final form is Nayami. Here are some other examples explaining what happens to the Anga. So if we have Rama plus Gain. So we take a verbal root Rama to which we add the suffix Gain and we get the form Rama. Now with reference to the suffix Gain Rama is an Anga. When we derive the verbal form Karthavya we take the verbal root crew add the suffix Tavya to it. With reference to Tavya verbal root crew becomes an Anga by application of the definition of Anga. Similarly when we have crew plus T, T is a suffix added after the verbal root crew. So with reference to T crew becomes an Anga in this case. Now when we have crew plus T we have U as another suffix added after verbal root crew. Now with reference to U crew is an Anga. So with reference to T Y which is this prakriti crew beginning with it up to this T namely crew plus U this entire unit becomes an Anga. Now after these words are derived. So for example Rama plus Gain gives us Rama. Now we add the suffix Su to it to make it a padha. So Rama plus Su is the next step in the derivation process in which Su is a suffix added after the prakriti Rama. So now Rama becomes an Anga. Similarly Karthavya was derived after crew plus Tavya to which we add Su this is a suffix this is a prakriti. So with reference to Su this entire unit Karthavya becomes an Anga. Similarly crew plus T and we get the formed Krithi and so we have the suffix Su to it with reference to Su the entire Krithi is called an Anga. When we look at the verbal derivation crew plus U plus T and we get the verbal form Karothi. Remember Karothi is not an Anga as it cannot be a prakriti to which is added a suffix. Karothi in fact is a padha with only one minor exception which we need not study over here but in general Karothi can never become an Anga because it cannot become a prakriti it is a padha. The next technical term that we study today is Bhur. So what is a Bhur? Bhur is in fact an Anga of a special kind Pratipadika plus Pratyaya in this format if the Pratipadika is of a masculine or feminine gender then omit the first five Pratyayas stated in 4.2. Now from the remaining ones from 4.1 to up to <IP_ADDRESS> a verbal beginning amongst the consonants why beginning Pratyaya follows then this Pratipadika is called Bhur. This is the process followed to term a Pratipadika Bhur. Let us redo it. So if we have the situation where Pratipadika plus Pratyaya is seen in this case if the Pratipadika is of masculine or feminine gender then we omit the first five Pratyayas stated in 4.1.2 look at the remaining Pratyayas from 4.1.2 up to <IP_ADDRESS> amongst them if a Pratyaya over here in this slot is a verbal beginning Pratyaya and amongst the consonants if this Pratyaya is a year beginning then this Pratipadika is called Bhur. This is the sutra which defines Bhur Yachi Bham 1.4.18 and the meaning I have already stated to you a Pratipadika is termed Bhur when it is immediately followed by verbal beginning suffixes as well as suffixes that begin with year amongst all the suffixes stated in the section 4.1.2 to <IP_ADDRESS> minus the first five after a masculine and feminine root and 1 slash 3 and 2 slash 3 after a neuter root. So all blue marked suffixes in the next slide cause the Pratipadika to be termed Bhur. All rules stated in the section <IP_ADDRESS> up to the end of 6.4 that is 175 apply to Bhur they are governed by the Adhikara Bhassiya. Here are the sup suffixes with the markings for Bhur. So these are the first five suffixes omit them begin with the sixth one and note down the verbal beginnings of suffixes. So us is a verbal beginning a, a, s, s, o, s, a, m, e, o these are the verbal beginnings of suffixes. So when they follow the previous Pratipadika will be termed Bhur. But in case of Bhambhish, Bhambhish, Bhambhish and sup which are consonant beginnings of suffixes and amongst the consonant beginning they do not begin with year, they begin with Bhur and sir. Therefore when they follow the previous Pratipadika will not be called Bhur. Therefore these suffixes are shown in red they do not cause the term Bhur to apply to the previous Pratipadika. Similarly these suffixes which are shown in black they also do not cause the previous Pratipadika to be called Bhur. So here are the examples. So if we take Maruth and add the suffix us to it which is 2 slash 3. Now this suffix us is a verbal beginning suffix and sixth suffix stated in 412. So applying the definition Maruth is called Bhur. So we get the form Maruth Taha as it is. Similarly if we have Rajan plus us at this stage Rajan is termed Bhur and hence 64134 applies which deletes a in Rajan. Rajan is called Bhur because this us is 2 slash 3 and this is the verbal beginning suffix and therefore Rajan becomes Bhur and then 64134 applies and deletes this Bhur over here. So we get Rajan plus us by the application of 64134 then these two join together give us Radhnyas and then finally Radhneha which is 2 slash 3 onwards. You see this ur gets deleted in all these forms. So here are all the forms with Bhur marking. So we have first 5 forms different look at the sixth form. Then 3 slash 1, 4 slash 1, 5 slash 1 the entire sixth case 7 slash 1 and 7 slash 2. Ur is deleted. So these suffixes in these slots they cause the Pratipadika Rajan to be termed as Bhur whereas in the form which are marked with red color the Pratipadika is not termed as Bhur because the suffixes are concerned in beginning and even then they are not beginning with year. Now what happens to these red marked padas? In order to explain these forms Panini has defined internal padha. Once again let us see how a Pratipadika is termed as padha also to be known as internal padha. So we have the same situation as we had for the term Bhur where a Pratipadika is a prakriti to which is added a Pratyaya. In this case if the Pratipadika is of masculine or feminine gender omit the first 5 Pratyayas stated in 412. Now from the remaining ones from 412 up to 541 60 a consonant beginning Pratyaya follows consonant beginning minus year Pratyaya follows then the Pratipadika is called padha. We call this internal padha. So any consonant beginning Pratyaya minus year beginning and then that Pratyaya causes the Pratipadika to be called a padha. This is the sutra Swadishu Sarvanamasthani 1417 and what this means is a Pratipadika is term padha when it is immediately followed by any suffix which begins with a consonant of course minus year stated in the section 412 to 541 60 minus the first 5 after a masculine and feminine root and 1 slash 3 and 2 slash 3 after a neuter root. So all red marks suffixes cause the Pratipadika to be termed for the in the following slide. So the first 5 which are marked in blacking they are to be omitted. Now within the remaining suffixes over here the ones which are showed in blue they cause the Bhur term to be applied to the Pratipadika. Now these are the consonant beginning suffixes 7 Bham vish Bham vish Bham vish and sub 7 suffixes they begin with a consonant and that consonant is not here therefore now these suffixes will cause the Pratipadika to which they are added to be termed for the for example we have Maruth plus Bham. Bham is 3 slash 2 or 4 slash 2 or 5 slash 2. Bham is a consonant beginning suffix 8th one stated in 412. So now Maruth is not called Bhur it is called padha and so a 239 which has padha mentioned as a necessary condition applies and we get the substituted by the and so we get Maruth plus Bham finally we get the form Maruth Bham. Similarly we have Rajan plus Bham and Bham is a consonant beginning suffix 8th one stated in 412. So Rajan is now not called Bhur it is called padha so a 27 which has padha mentioned as a necessary condition applies and we get Raj plus Bham where N is deleted by 8 to 7 and finally we get the form Raj Bham. So once again let us take a relook at all these Subanta padha forms of Rajan. So here are the first 5 Raja Raja now Raja Raja now we omit these 5 and now look at the next forms amongst which the ones that are marked in blue they are derived with the help of the term Bhur assigned to the Pratipadika because the suffixes over here they are oval beginning. If we look at the forms that are marked with red ink Raja Bham Raja Bhihi Raja Bham Raja Bhaha Raja Bham Raja Bhaha and Raja Su we have the suffixes beginning with consonants Bham Bhihi Bham Bhaha Bham Bhaha and Su so they cause the Pratipadika Raja to be termed as padha as a result 8 to 7 applies and deletes this N over here so we get these forms Raja Bham etc. What is clear from all these forms is that there are 3 patterns clearly visible the first one Raja Raja now Raja now where Raja as a form is commonly available in all the 5 then amongst the rest Radnya is the common form available in the blue and Raja Bhava as a common form is available in the red ones. These are the 3 commonly available patterns as far as the Pratipadika is concerned in order to account for these 3 patterns Anini had to devise these technical terms namely Bhava and Padha. Let us look at the contrastive examples so when we have Maruth plus us 2 slash 3 us is a oval beginning suffix and 6th suffix stated in 412 so Maruth is called Bhava and we get the form Maruthaha but when it comes to Maruth plus Bhhaam 3 slash 2 Bhhaam is a concerned beginning suffix 8th one stated in 412 so Maruth is now not called Bhava Maruth is rather called Padha Maruth plus Bhhaam that is the output and so we get the form Maruth Bhhaam as was shown earlier similarly Rajan plus us us is a oval beginning suffix so Rajan is called Bhava which triggers 6 4 134 to apply which deletes a we get the form Rajnya us Radnya us Radnya and in contrast we have Rajan plus Bhhaam 3 slash 2 and Rajan gets termed Padha because of which 8 to 7 applies which deletes n so we get the form Rajya plus Bhhaam and finally Rajya Bhhaam this is how the terms Anga Padha and Bhha apply to summarize there are the 3 technical terms Anga Bhha and Padha are unique creations on the part of the Paninian grammar the term internal Padha also shows some common features of finished Padha they help formulate a rule based system to account for patterned variation visible in the forms these 3 terms form the core of the treatment of morphology as it is called in the modern linguistics in Paninian grammar before we close here is the Mangala Charana of today taken from Brihat Paribhasha vritti of Seeradeva the Mangala Charana is and the 5 sutras of today taken from 7.2 Sitchhivraddhik Parasmaipadeshu Atol Rantasya Vadabh Vraja Halantasya Chaha Neti I repeat Sitchhivraddhik Parasmaipadeshu Atol Rantasya Vadabh Vraja Halantasya Chaha Neti Sitchhivraddhik Parasmaipadeshu Atol Rantasya Vadabh Vraja Halantasya Vadabh Vraja Halantasya


Hi guys, welcome to a new vlog on the phone tonight. Just got done eating, relaxing, resetting for the next day. But before I close out this clip, which is just one clip for Monday, it's fine. I wanted to show you guys this really cute phabletics set. If you saw my YouTube short, I was wearing it. I think it's so cute. It's like a one shoulder design. So that's the top. And then these are the leggings. Look at how cute the detail here. I think these are probably some of my favorites, especially because of the color and the detail. It's like a blue grayish color. So cute. I am living for it and I can't wait to wear it to spend. I think I'm gonna wear it on Wednesday. Okay, so it's the next day and I am going to finish up some homework. I am going to finish up some discussions. And then I don't know what I'm gonna do next. I'm probably gonna like study the laparoscopic instruments because for our final, we each got assigned a case. Mine is a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, which is basically the removal of the gallbladder in a minimally invasive way. So they just use like an endoscope and look at it on the camera when they go in there to take out the gallbladder. That's pretty much what it is, but I need to just get everything organized. I have like, I think a month to work on it, but we need to know like everything. I got this little, oh, this is like a running belt. Next we have this. Oh, this is probably like a sweat towel thing. So it just looks like this. This says the lighter side of the fine life, little sunset. And then this side just says Corona Premier. So I'm home now and Valerie is opening a new bedspread. How exciting. Sherri made it back home. This part. The sharp instrument for this part. Okay, here comes the grand reveal. Ooh, I love those colors. Look at that. That's beautiful. It's really nice, a lot lighter. Okay, so I'm about to go to cycle bar class. I should say spin. My voice is just so crazy. And I think it's because of allergies because I have like the sinus drip and it's like my throat, like it's itchy. I think it's the pollen. I don't know.  I am, obviously I still have to change, but my video about YouTube dying and like quitting YouTube just went up and I have the sweetest comments. So thank you so much. For those of you who want to stick around and watch my videos, like thank you so much. I love the longer form content too. And I'm never going to like stop doing this. It's just, I'm going to shift my focus just for my reach and stuff. And so far, like my videos on TikTok have been doing pretty well. I mean, even though everyone says it's really easy, but like I've never had the best luck on that app. And like I actually get more than a hundred views. So that's good for me. Yeah, so I really can't complain. I'm going to go into class and hopefully I'll get like a clip or two for you guys. Yeah, I don't know. I just wanted to update the video and I did do some homework at the Starbucks across the street, had a little tall coffee and hopefully we don't have a test tomorrow. I don't think we do, but we have a substitute. So I don't know. But anyway, I'm going to stop rambling now and just move on to the next clip. Okay, so I'm so excited to wear this top, but I'm scared that this is going to like come down because I just see them. But fingers crossed it all works out. It's super comfortable and I love it, so. Okay, so I do not know how I lost my voice and it's so weird. So I don't know how much talking I'm going to be doing in the rest of the vlog. I am going to cycle bar. I was going between Jen's class and Ethan's, but pause in the park is happening. So I want to like check out that little area in downtown Orlando and see all the dogs. And I don't really have anything else. So I'm just kind of like going to chill the rest of the day, started the period today, which I'm like so annoying, but you know, I'm not part of life. Gosh, I don't know how my voice got like this.  So I think it's allergies because my throat has been like pretty itchy and stuff the past couple of days. And then like I just like started losing my voice. I think it's because of the sinus strip. I de-cleaned like my room and bathroom yesterday, just in case it was like dust. I don't know, but I just have a lot of mucus and stuff in my throat right now. I don't know what's going on, but I am going to finish doing my bun. I don't know how many vlog-ish type things I'm going to do for TikTok because I like vlogging like this, like normal vlogging rather than getting like a couple clips. So I'm still working this out, but what I think I'm going to do is like make short form content, like individual things. Like I want to do a little TikTok for pause in the park, but I will vlog a little bit of that, but it'll be more so for the short form content. I don't know, I guess I'm going to pick and choose, but now I have to brush my teeth and I should just stop talking. Okay, so I just got some Starbucks. I'm feeling pretty good, but a little tired. I got the toffee nut. So this is like Blonde Espresso with oat milk and toffee nut-fit flavoring. It's so good. I don't know, I was just kind of craving this one. Okay, we're on our way to pause in the park. Had to park a little bit like further just because I don't want to pay, but yeah, I'm going to get a couple clips to check out my TikTok because I'm going to just like film that in the app because it's easier. Oh my gosh, my voice, I can't. So this event is so big. I mean, look how cute. But go to my TikTok and I've got more clips in different areas. I got to see a Pomsky that I really want. So I'll put the picture on the screen, but I was so excited. My day is paid. How cute are these sunglasses? Okay, so I'm just going to end the vlog here. My voice is coming back. Oh my gosh. I want to start a new vlog tomorrow and like just vlog on my camera the entire day and then maybe make one little or maybe like a couple TikToks tomorrow because tomorrow is like Valentine's little party situation.  And then during the week, I'm going to have a vlog because I'm going on the gals on the go podcasts like tour show. Well, like I'm not going on it, but I'm going to see it. So that'll be a vlog as well. So I'm so excited and yeah, but I want to edit this video so we can go up on Monday. So I don't know what I got, but y'all we're just friends or vibens. So I hope you guys enjoyed. If you did, give it a thumbs up, don't forget to subscribe and I'll see you guys in my next video. Bye.


So, Selena, when people approach you and ask, I want to become a better service designer, what is the ultimate tip you give them? Well, I would say like, meet another service designers and talk to them, join them. If you can get invited to a project with someone who is a little bit more senior than you, just do it. Figure out something to do with other people that can teach you by example. Was this a helpful tip? Let me know by clicking that like button down below. And if you'd like to learn how to explain service design in plain English, check out the free course that I've got for you over here. Thanks so much for watching and I look forward to seeing you in the next video.


For me, this activism is using the new information technology to defend the cause like freedom of expression or human rights or the environment. We are aggregating information, we're aggregating ideas, we're putting things together, mashing them up with images, maybe building alliances with other groups and so forth, and then making an argument that we hope will change public debate in some way, move it in the direction of our interest. We organized for donations and we got donations from as far as Trinidad. The difference in digital campaigns is that much of this work takes place in some online medium typically. I think that digital activism is empowering individuals to make some changes. I don't claim that digital activism will change the world but it is changing some aspect in our lives. I mean the internet always plays a critical, amplifying role in any intellectual production, any idea, any report that has to get to a lot of people. It's also played a role in helping coordinate the different efforts that have been going on within the country and with Kenyans outside the country. Social networking for activism does have its plus points, it has a massive base. People are already members of Facebook, MySpace, Hi5, whichever network it is, and they're already tapped in. You can make some changes if you use efficiently the tools that are freely available on the internet like video sharing sites, YouTube daily motion or photo sharing sites like Flickr or blogging platform like wordpress.com or blogspot.com or using social networking websites like Facebook and other MySpace or using what else, Twitter for sending very short messages through the internet and SMS. The technology used was wide range from computers to SMS and to the traditional media as well. With many NGOs desperate to communicate with the outside world, desperate to communicate with stakeholders and donors and members of the public and all sorts of constituents, the mobile phone has become a pretty important tool for them. So SMS is probably the default application on the mobile phone. My advice to young activists or young people who are thinking about getting into activism or even old people who are thinking about getting into activism is to just go out there and do it. If you have a passion for something, if you have a story to tell, just go out and do it. You don't need the most expensive camera, you don't need the most expensive laptop. You don't even need your own laptop, just a notepad, pen, write what you see, go to a cyber cafe and upload it. Just don't wait for everything to be perfect or that never will. Use whatever tool you have around you. Some of the challenges that media have because of the clamp down, there isn't that clamp down on the internet and that's a very powerful thing. So I would say to blog and if they have a digital camera to take pictures and upload it, share, share, share. For new activists, I think one of the important things to understand is that especially young activists, you're already playing with the tools of the trade.  You probably have an iPod or some kind of MP3 there, you listen to podcasts. These are all the tools that you'll use in activism. So continue to use those tools and train yourself on them so when the time comes that you need to use it for a specific reason, then you'll be ready. Get a blog, it's free, register, it doesn't require a lot of technical expertise and another thing I found useful is become part of a community, an online community, it can be a blogging community based on geographic location, based on a cause or an issue you're involved in because social networking, digital activism, it's all about building connection, building links. Knowing how to act is important, knowing when to act is important. You can't act unless you know and you have a network of people that will support you and believe in you and have some credibility within that organization. You don't need NGOs or advocates or government to do that, you can do that by yourself.


Well, greetings, everyone. My name is Emma Brewer-Wallin. I'm the Minister of Environmental and Economic Justice for the Southern New England Conference. And I'm really delighted to be here today with two of our new partners, Reverend Rich Gamble and Eliza Pennick of the Justice Leadership Program. And they're here to tell us about an exciting new partnership that we have, the Jubilee Justice Leadership Program. Rich, do you want to start us off by sharing a little bit about how JLP came into being? Sure. So about 2012, we began a program for young adults. It was an intensive program. They lived together in community. They worked full-time at a social justice agency. They participated in the life of a congregation, and they took classes, all of that, every week. It was a very intensive program, but it was transformational for a lot of the people who participated. While we were out selling the program, seeking people who would be interested in participating, folks came up to me and said, well, it's great that you have this intensive program for young adults, but what do you have for people who are older and don't need to go off and live in a community with other participants? What do you have for people like me? And so we then developed the Jubilee Program, which mirrors the young adult program in many ways, but it's created to be useful and not overly demanding for people who are older and have other commitments. So the part of the young adult program that we kept was participating in agencies that do justice in the community. We also kept the classes, and we kept a part of the program we called Spiritual Sojourning, which is a peer-based group where people get together and talk about what they're doing and work on things that they're struggling with. It is part of the program, or as they work these things out in their own congregations, we ask the participants to be active in their own congregations as well. So we put all of that together in a program that hopefully isn't too demanding on older adults, and we ran that program for two years here in Seattle where we're located, and that was an in-person program. And then COVID came along and we realized that there's lots of benefits of being able to have a program that could operate remotely on the internet, and so we regeared the program to fit the internet, and that's the jubilee form that we now have, and that allows us to partner with people anywhere in the country, including people in New England. Awesome. Thank you for sharing that, and I so appreciate some of the ways that the Justice Leadership Program really intersects with the four-fold values of the Southern New England Conference, discipleship and connection with the local church, commitment to justice, commitment to transformative leadership in our congregations and communities, and now this chance to partner together and to partner with agencies in our communities as well. Eliza, could you help us understand who this program is for? If someone's watching this, how might they know if they should apply? Yeah, yeah, it's a great question. You know, it's a program that's really for anyone who is looking to integrate their faith and justice work, and we say anyone because it really is an introductory course. I think a lot of people out there might shy back and be like, oh, I just don't know that much, and this is a program for people who want to get started in justice work and aren't sure how to do that. Provides that foundation to get people going and learning a little bit more about progressive Christianity and what the different forms of social change are and how they can get involved. That's super exciting. So how can someone get involved? What should they do next? Yeah, so our website, which is justiceleadership.org, has the application. It actually has two applications on it, and so you want to make sure that you click on the one that is specific to Southern New England, and that application helps us learn a little more about you and what you're looking for in the program. And the program is for six months. The next one coming up in the fall, it does bridge the holidays. So we actually kind of stretch it out a little more than six months because we take a break over the holidays. That sounds great. Rich, is there anything else you want to add about this upcoming cohort and these folks who are specifically coming from Southern New England? Well, we're excited to partner with the Southern New England conference. We've worked out of our own conference for some time, but it's exciting to be in a whole new location and see all these new opportunities for people to get involved. It'll be fun for me to find out about new organizations that are doing justice and how they work. It'll be exciting for us as a program to be able to have a lot of people from various places. Right now, most of our people in this current cohort are from Pacific Northwest, with one exception, a person in Texas. So we're eager to see even more about how we can push this model into a nationwide model. Me too. As Eliza said, our applications are open now for the Southern New England Conference cohort of the Jubilee Justice Leadership Program. You can be in touch with me if you have more questions and we hope to hear from you.


I'm Staff Sergeant Porquez with the 25th Infantry Division Lightning Academy, and today I'll be demonstrating the Rappelmaster Personnel Inspection for a Hollywood Rappeller. Note, these videos are for demonstration purposes only, for a full list of possible deficiencies you can visit the Lightning Academy website. Now as the Rappeller steps forward he's going to sound off with his brake hand. Right hand, brake hand. The Rappeller is right handed, so that means I'll take my right hand and immediately go to his square knot. I'm going to take my other hand and slap the Rappeller's brake hand. Starting at the brake hand, I'm going to check to make sure that the glove is present and that it's serviceable. I'm also looking to make sure that the sleeve is worn properly. Moving to my right across the Rappeller's body to the head, I'm checking to make sure that the ACH is present and that it is fastened correctly. Continuing to my right to the non-brake hand side, I'm checking again that the glove is present and serviceable and that the sleeves are worn properly. From the non-brake hand side, I'm sweeping down the body to the square knot. Now I'm going to check that the square knot is tied properly, which is indicated to me by two interlocking bites. I'm also looking to make sure that the two overhand safety knights are tied correctly and only around the waist rope with the excess tucked in the Rappeller's pocket. Moving across the front of the Rappeller's body, I'm looking to see that the shirt is fully tucked in on the front and sides of the body. I'm also looking to make sure that the carabiner is present and oriented correctly. I'm going to pull the carabiner over to the left and count my overhand lays to make sure the overhand lay is tied properly. I'll know that by counting one, two, three, four, five high points on the overhand lay. I'm also looking to see that it's in the correct position above the Rappeller's belt. Bring my carabiner back over to my right, the Rappeller's non-brake hand side, to the square knot. I'm looking to make sure that the carabiner does not touch the square knot. I'm also visually inspecting that the carabiner is around all ropes, that is the overhand lay and the waist rope. At this time, I'm going to give the Rappeller the command to squat. Now I'm looking under the Rappeller's legs at the leg ropes. I'm looking to make sure that they run parallel to one another and they're not crossed. Next I'm going to give the Rappeller the command to turn around.  I'm going straight to the back of the Rappeller's waist. I'm looking to ensure that the shirt is fully tucked in around the back and sides of the body. I'm going to place my fist in the center of the waist rope. That's going to let me know that the leg ropes are the proper distance apart. Now I'm going to take my two knife hands and check the seat for proper fitment. Moving up the leg ropes to the half hitches, I'm looking to make sure that they are tied correctly, which is indicated to me by two horizontal locking bars. Last thing I'm going to do is follow the waist rope around the Rappeller's body to make sure that it is routed properly on the outside of his clothing. Now that the waist is complete, I'm going to sweep down the Rappeller's right side. That's their brake hand side. And inspect all the pockets for any equipment. Final thing I'm going to do is give the Rappeller the phase three seal of approval. That's a slap on the leg. And that lets them know that the Rappell Master of Personal Inspection is complete.