ou welcome to this week in science what is your name I'm Megan Kelly I'm one of the co-founders of four girls on a mission we're a new apparel company all about girl power I like girl power I hope everyone likes girl power we've been speaking this weekend with a lot of groups so we are really working to increase the involvement of girls in STEM and STEAM is your organization focused in those areas or is it just generally female empowerment so we are general girl empowerment but the first design came from my daughter Indy she's 13 she loves being on the computer she loves coding she loves Minecraft so I went out there and tried to find apparel that would speak to her and support her and I couldn't find it I couldn't find what I was looking for so I went out and made it and the first t-shirt design was specifically for her and it says smart girls built I love it because there's all these articles you see like people posting I went to Target to go shopping for whatever clothing store to go shopping for my daughter and I have my friends and pictures and things that are empowering and the girls it's all about being pretty and cute so let's have more options and I have two daughters one who wants to dress with ponies and sparkles this is her thing and there's nothing wrong with ponies and sparkles but the younger one wants to wear robots and so it's the same exactly what you're saying absolutely but we want to empower all girls so if you want the sparkles so for one of the t-shirts is Girl in Shining Armor but it's a sparkly gold font on their design but if you want to go more towards science we have a thank you Marie Curie if you're more involved in social aspects and equality we have a thank you Rosa Parks we have a disrupt the norm we want to make sure we have a t-shirt or some kind of design that speaks to all girls to support them to follow whatever their path is Indy do you come up with ideas for some of the designs I would like to in the future but right now I haven't really come up with anything Indy is great with I bounce ideas off of her and she gets us she helps to get us to the ending yes absolutely so at one point I know something will pop up in her head and it'll be perfect and it'll go right on a t-shirt but right now she helps in the process so what's your background are you a designer by training where do you come from I've had many careers before I finally found my path in entrepreneurship I started out as a science t-shirt in Brooklyn New York and I went and pursued my MBA and worked in the financial field for a little while and then I transitioned over into the fundraising world which is also why with the company that we have now with four girls one dollar of every t-shirt is donated to programs that support women's education safety and wellness love it yes so it wouldn't work without my business partner my better half Melissa she is the creative director she has an eye for design like you wouldn't believe so I handle the business, she handles the creativity and together we are girl power I love it and so what kind is it all t-shirts or what kind of products do you have so right now we have t-shirts tank tops, long sleeved t-shirts, hats we are going to go into a full apparel line we've only been in we launched on March 8th of this year International Day of Women oh it's a great date to choose brand spanking news so we are growing into full apparel line and we just got some really great news so we were invited to be part of the New York City fashion show, Midtown Manhattan with Nicole Miller is the headliner wow so during fashion week well actually during July so it's a fashion show but we've also been told that if that goes well we will probably be invited to actual fashion week so it's taken off that's very exciting I mean this is something, the timing is right I think there is a big interest in like I said earlier increasing the involvement of girls in steam stem areas of just building girls self confidence to be whoever they want to be absolutely absolutely and they need to see that not just in the classroom with their amazing teachers they need to see it in all aspects when they are out in the world they need to have that positive reinforcement that positive messaging so they are never deterred if they want to follow a stem career if they want to follow design if they want to pursue government whatever it is we need to keep telling them that they can do it how did you get into coding and being interested in the more technical side of computers well I just really like video games more so I never really like making things but I don't like them being cute or anything I just like them being the most powerful they can be if I can make the most powerful thing I will and so I just thought it was cool that I could make it myself and not just take it from somebody else that's great and when did you get interested in Minecraft because I was like nine and all these kids at my school would play it together on their phones and when I got a phone I started playing it and I didn't understand it at first but then I fell in love with it and then I got it on the Xbox and then on my computer and then now my favorite game what's your favorite aspect there seems to be a connection between that game and a lot of the kids that we've talked to here Minecraft seems to be something that it's sort of like Legos is for you know was for kids who got into engineering when I was a kid it's Legos on the computer but it's not yeah and it's much more advanced than you can create actual functioning systems with the red stones I guess yeah you can create systems that can like create things themselves should I just pressing a button but then you have to figure out all the code for it yourself and you've got to troubleshoot it and you try it a couple times stuff doesn't work so you go back you add things to it you take some stuff away and then the worst part is when you can't figure out what's wrong so you have to remake the entire thing which is the process the normal process of just about everything everything so that's actually teaching you some life skills sometimes you're going to fail something's not going to work and you might have to go back to the start to be able to get it right again you have to go back and reconsider what the possibilities are what aspects of it do you like the most is it like you mentioned with coding you can create things yourself do you love the building aspect you know there's also the game play of Minecraft which is oh don't get eaten by a zombie don't get killed by a skeleton and there are other people who can come around and also hurt you and your character you can like play games inside of Minecraft there's like a whole world in there my favorite part is at the beginning when you create a world and you have to start off from scratch but then once you kind of have everything I like to take everything and just build with it I also like playing on servers with other people I play with my really good friend and we just kind of go around servers and just like do whatever we want so I know that there's a word for this there's a word for this it's sandboxing is that what it is or being like in the sandbox where you're playing with the the background of the world how to create the world and getting things rolling and then actually playing becomes boring you want to go and explore how somebody else built their world and then you want to create a new one based on some stuff that you learned in that one but the actual playing the game like we consider hitting buttons left right up is the least interesting part of the game exactly there's part there are some games where you have a sandbox mode where you can just explore whatever you want before the final game comes out and in Minecraft they release different they release like bits and pieces of the newer releases that you can play as to just explore whatever you want to it's really fun to play but it's also fun to play the entire game with those different releases and you can get mods for them too and it's just really fun to explore so watching your mom start this business what are you inspired to do as you get older are you looking into are you thinking technical stuff computers, design, business what are you inspired I like taking photos I like photography I like to just take pictures around the whole convention awesome that's great just follow whatever your interests are do it and don't be limited it's photography but it can be and something else the one thing I did want to mention we want to have the involvement of our youth in our company we just finished up a competition that we had online where a girl from an expo that we attended Girls Exploring Tomorrow's Technology she submitted a design to us and won and her entire family will get t-shirts in her design and we're going to have a limited run and her t-shirt is a mind of my own t-shirt and if you win the design if you win the competition you get to pick the charity where the funds for that t-shirt go and she picked the Malala Fund so we're going to have those competitions probably twice a year so in the fall when the kids come back to school and their minds light up again we're probably going to post on our social media that the competition is open so we want to have as much involvement from our young girls and boys we have boy t-shirts too it has to be an everyone thing and so you're wearing a shirt we have adult sizes we have women's, we have men's we have youth, we have toddler it's key for everybody I love it so it's empowering messaging on the shirts it is involving all people so you're not just giving shirts only to little girls correct and you're funding non-profits so it's business for a good cause all the way around yes absolutely thank you so where can people online go to the fair where can they find you again all of our designs are available online and you just go to 4girlsonemission and the 4 is F-O-U-R it was inspired by our 4girls, my business partner and I so 4girlsonemission.com 4girlsonemission.com and you've got t-shirts and everything over at your booth yes we do, please visit us take a look through and tell us what you think wonderful I want to come over and peruse we do thank you so much for having us thank you for joining us really great hearing about your stuff thank you, you're welcome wonderful meeting you also oh no we're saving the bug for Blair thank you oh I'm sorry I'm like just hold on to the microphone there keep talking thank you wonderful Blair, I got something for you I got you a snack we have a snack for you Blair we already had ours come on Blair sit down and eat the bug it's very tasty, sit down and eat the bug you need your nutrition to keep going today you need to eat something full of protein to give you energy to continue with this science they're delicious bugs, eat your bug Blair, open your mouth, eat your bug I'm the host eat your bug eat your bug I'll log into the computer if you eat your bug Blair doesn't want to eat her bug I wonder why not it's just a crunchy meal worm it's dead, it's cooked, it's salted it's salty, it tastes kind of like a nut or like popcorn or something Blair you're so happy, why are you so happy with your bug Blair's so happy with her bug, eat your bug you can do it, it's really not bad, it's salty and delicious you eat shrimp those are the bugs of the sea she needs to eat her bug she needs to eat the bug, ready no, just shoot it, it's like eat it, eat it all do you eat the whole thing show me your cup, did you hey, eat it all Blair, eat your meal worm eat them eat your meal worms they're yummy they're nutty and salty if you head over to the Pennsylvania Charter School booth they have meal worms for you to try ladies welcome come in and sit down we've got a crowd here, do we have enough chairs for everyone here, scoot over a little bit we'll get everybody in here I'll scoot back, we've got microphones I'll scoot back so you girls can get in we have three microphones which you can share a little bit alright alright everyone, this is This Week in Science we're here at the Young Innovators Fair and we're talking to innovators from the fair about everything that they are doing, showing living their lives about here in the world where are you young ladies please introduce yourselves my name is Melina and I'm in 9th grade my name is Alex and I'm in 7th grade my name is Joy and I'm in 6th grade my name is also Alex and I'm also in 7th grade alright and what organization are you here with we are a club an after-school club at Ballet Kingwood Middle School called GLIST which is a girls' lead in science and technology which encourages middle school girls to get involved in male-dominated fields like science and technology specifically computer science just because that field definitely lacks and females needs to be better represented by us so we teach them how to code so do all of you you all code so what coding languages are you using currently so GLIST is teaching a coding language called Python to girls but I personally am also learning Java at high school Java is a little more complicated I also know basic JavaScript and Lua and which basic JavaScript and Lua I can do some HTML and quite some HTML so you can build websites just Python so what kinds of projects are you guys working on for using your coding language what do you do with your coding currently we are working on the basics of teaching a lot of our newer members how to code but I know Melina and some other fellow ninth graders have worked on a project to remind elders when to take their medication oh interesting that's useful because as we get older we forget things like that so would that be something that would be a reminder through their phone or a computer how would that work for them yes we were thinking that well the elder or the elder's parents could register through a website that we would create and they could either whichever if they preferred a call or text they could enter the time and day that they need to take the medication and then they would receive a call or text at that certain point just remind them to take their medicine and then there was also the wearable device for the deaf and the blind so in the future we were also thinking maybe design wearable device that could make it easier to notify people with certain disabilities like deafness or blindness that would be really useful as well yeah you've got a computer what are you doing with it here so we were thinking about showing you some of the stuff we're demoing over at our booth but you know it's whatever we could just show the square square is pretty basic we're right here she's got many screens open sorry okay so when you're doing Python we use turtle which helps the computer draw so we have to import turtle so let me do that yeah so when I was young probably about your age I got my first computer which was a Commodore 64 and I had to use a set take drive to record my programs and I did turtle as well so I had to create programs to move my little turtle around a screen from place to place and so I did something like that when I was around your age but on a very old device this probably makes it a lot easier having a nice new computer and I think it's a good way to approach programming to younger kids because drawing is something we all did as children and we all still love to do teaching them how to program on a computer I think it's a best way to start to get them interested and then soon they learn a lot of other concepts which will help in creating really cool world changing projects yeah and turtle is more simple commands that have to do with just thinking about where you want the turtle to go rather than memorizing commands like you would for a normal Python program so it's just a great intro for younger kids yeah it's a really cool program and you can learn it in like a shorter period of time I haven't learned everything about it but I can do some more complex designs and I just learned it like a couple of months ago so it was pretty quick for you to learn and you're already starting to be able to make some really neat things you're just entering commands here yeah yeah so so that import turtle t equals turtle dot pen that's setting up the canvas and nicknaming the turtle so that you don't have to say turtle every single time just giving it a variable and then importing turtle just telling Python like okay we're gonna draw now and when it says like on a protractor like you're going 90 degrees to the left and then when it says forward or backward that means the amount of pixels that's going forward okay so you've got these parentheses that are where you put this the variable for the number the amount of either pixels that need to be traveled or the degrees that need to be turned and then there you have it did you just type run at the end there to run the program oh there's a run button nowadays okay there we go oh this new fangled modern technology menus and buttons yeah and you were able to design a square as a result yeah so it's just a couple simple commands and a couple minutes you can start to create things so it's great for like that instant gratification to get people into coding yeah and once you start being able to really easily create something then you start being able to think of things that you want to create and then you can move forward from there like you're mentioning you're really interested in making like world changing programs changing the world through coding so like I just want to inspire them to create things that could just have an effect even locally and then eventually on other parts of the country what are some of the creative ideas maybe you haven't tried out yet but that you might be thinking about like oh this would be fun maybe how could I approach this project what am I interested in doing what are you imagining well I mean sometimes we oreos when we're coding so maybe a robot that could get me my oreos steal from Alex that's fantastic oreos that's what you think of world changing problems when you think of oreos I think many people need a robot to get them their oreos well there could also be programs that scan underground for clean water sources like there are programs like that there you go that would be very helpful as well and in the closer future we're thinking about seeing how we can combine turtle with some of our other coding commands and programs that we're able to create so we can start to make like basic games so if you combine like a text adventure which is pretty simple to create with turtle you start to get into more complex designs and I'm imagining if there could be some way I mean turtle is the program that moves a turtle on a screen could you use it to control a robot and its motions in the real world well specifically using like a raspberry pie you can use turtle and you can control motors and robots so you'd be able to actually integrate the program with the hardware that way do you guys play with raspberry pie and Arduino? we're starting to we'll go through each of you what are your interests for the future and what field do you want to go into well I definitely want to go into computer science and I don't know specifically I've just I've tried so much related to like animation or robotics so I don't know specifically what fields of like within computer science I'd want to study but definitely like the general scope of technology and programming you want to go first oh okay I suppose computer science is something that I would be interested in as a career but I just turned 12 a month ago so I'm not 100% sure haha you still have plenty of time I mean I think the big thing right now is just if you're interested in this follow your interests do what you enjoy yeah I'm really interested in marine biology specifically like more of the genetic side of that so not really coding but still a science field absolutely I'm sure there are many things that coding will be useful for as a tool as you move into the fields that you're interested in it's like a hammer in your tool belt and it's something we're able to think about now now that we're able to create all these incredible things with technology we can think about how we can use coding in the future in these fields that never have even involved computer science before it's pretty incredible I'm actually interested in chemical engineering oh cool better living through chemistry haha alright so you're here today and you're concentrating and talking with other kids about coding and teaching them basic coding today and then and hopefully you'll get more people interested in your program and is it just at your school is it just at our school now but we're working on expanding yeah we were thinking about getting mentors that were more experienced in the fields and you know having them bring those type of programs and supervising them to other schools even in our district but nearby yeah we want to create like a web of people who know computer science that they can take it to other schools and help other girls start their own club because it's really a student driven thing teaching girls that they can create these things and they can do this and they don't need an adult and we can figure this out on our own that's great you started this yeah when I was in sixth grade I did this extensive research on the underrepresentation of females in science and technology and I just became very passionate about the issue and the cause so I decided to make a middle school club that encourages girls to get involved in science and technology and just provide a comfortable environment for girls to lean into such advanced fields to I guess prepare them for when they reach a point unfortunately still to this day where they will find themselves being an only girl in a certain situation and I actually experienced that like being a freshman in high school where I'm the only girl in my robotics club so I'm surrounded by like 15 boys every week and also the only girl in my cat class, my computer a design class so I think I want to take what I've learned from doing the research and from creating the club that confidence and leadership to prove yourself in that environment it's good for the future and for future girls who want to just study that field absolutely do you guys do you have a website or yes you can learn more about us at glistgirls.weebly.com wonderful thank you so much it's really great to talk with all of you I'm super impressed at the fact that you started it student run, it's a club that's all yours and you're mentoring younger women younger girls as they come up in this field and you're learning yourselves this is I hope it grows so good luck and thank you so much thank you and thanks for showing me your turtles have a wonderful day you guys glist over glist glist is going to be around all day today teach your young girls about coding let's expand this after school program so I think we have a little break from interviews but I'm not sure because I can't get to our schedule so yes I would bring you your Oreo cookies could also be used to manipulate objects on Mars many tasks that same operation there we go I don't know why I couldn't do that so we have a little bit of a break and then at 12.30 we're going to have the partnership for the Delaware Estuary coming and then at 12.45 we're going to talk to Saknas we have some stuff coming up we're going to break we're going to talk about some science until our next interview we are This Week in Science we are a weekly science news podcast we broadcast live every Wednesday at 8 p.m. Pacific time so that's 11 p.m. over here on the east coast we are also on YouTube our videos are posted on YouTube after that live broadcast youtube.com slash This Week in Science and we are on iTunes just look for This Week in Science how many episodes of This Week in Science are available on the YouTubes well I know our episode number is in the 600s now wow yes we've done it a few times so what did you see today so far walking around Justin a lot of the same stuff we saw yesterday but there's all sorts of activities engaged in science activities everywhere you look I saw some really old computers that were definitely computer models that I worked with when I was in elementary school when we would have our tech period our computer period we would go and work on our Apple II C's or Apple II E's I think I saw a couple of those over there in the other room and then I saw let's see I saw a lot of Legos someone brought some coastal invertebrates that are in some touch tanks over in the other room in the biology I didn't see those I saw some drones flying around I saw a storm trooper I think it was a storm trooper scout the ground troops I saw RTD2 so if you see RTD2 give him a heads up he's being pursued that's right I was thinking yesterday what the blast a trooper fundraiser is for and it's for Toys for Tots oh that's fantastic Darth Vader the storm troopers Leia many other Star Wars characters are here you can blast them and it's all in the name of fundraising for Toys for Tots yeah that's awesome yeah I might have a word or two or a blaster or two for Darth Vader later if he's still around oh warm coffee warm weak coffee Kiki you deserve a break do you want to go see what's out and about I do I would like to go run around a little bit just so I can hold down the fort for a minute you're going to hold down the fort I will be back in just a few moments everyone out there hang tight if you're in the chat room that's over at twist.org you can join the chat room there are a few people there hanging out and commenting on the activity here I'll move my microphone out of the way once I get but this is as we can science and we're at the young innovators fair and we're talking all day to the innovators who are here and we're talking about science thank you for joining us really appreciate that you're watching Sabar yes Justin how did you become interested in animals okay well when I was a kid I did not like the stereotypical toys for girls what were those dolls mostly I was not into dolls and I dolls for Christmas for my relatives I would get Barbies it was just not my thing and I found that I really liked stuffed animals so okay so this is it so before you had any real animals you had stuffed ones yes but I liked them to look like the real thing I didn't like the ones with giant eyeballs or wearing clothes or on two feet I was very particular from a very young age about my stuffed animals looking like replicas of the real thing so I started collecting these stuffed animals and instead of playing house with dolls I was playing I was the animals all had names and voices and they foraged for food together it was no question from an early age but also I grew up three blocks from the zoo so this helps you grew up three blocks from the zoo I assumed there was a membership but I went there quite often yeah so one of my favorite things to tell people because I work at the zoo now is that they ask me how long I've been coming to the zoo and I say well actually there's a picture of my brothers first birthday party no second birthday party we're almost pregnant with me so actually my first visit to the zoo was in the womb so I've been going to the zoo forever I was raised in a zoo I was raised in the zoo basically and then at some point when did you hear the calling that you wanted to be there full time yeah so this is interesting let me back up did you ever work at the zoo before you pursued an education and duality I actually started as a teen volunteer at the zoo when I was 13 years old and before that so way early on I loved art for people who watch twists and are familiar with the show they know that I do calendar art every year for the show I loved doing art when I was a kid I think it was second grade might have been third grade I had decided what my career was I was going to be an illustrator and then I found out I'm colorblind and to this day don't know what adult it was but an adult in the school told me once I found out I was colorblind oh well you can't be an artist and when I was 8 oh no I think yeah that checks out that makes sense and so I just threw it away threw it away so then for years I was not sure what I wanted to do at this point my best subject was math my second best subject was creative writing and I was in place and I was not particularly strong at science when I was a kid but then I started volunteering at the zoo because I still love the zoo did not occur to me that animals could be a career because I didn't want to be a vet everyone said you love animals you're going to be a vet I had no interest in being a vet there are lots of great vets out there they care a lot about what they do you need to really care it's a long process to become a vet and it's a tough job it's like being a doctor but you've got to learn more than one body system yes exactly and so I did not want to be a vet I was clear on that from a pretty early age and so I thought the animal thing was just an interest that's it and then I started volunteering when I was 13 still just an interest so when I was in high school they promoted me to a higher volunteer position where I could work during the school year and I kept coming back and coming back and coming back and right around when I started looking at colleges that is when it occurred to me that it could be a career and actually I can think of a precise moment and now looking back on it I realized that it was actually me having the realization that I wanted to be a communicator I didn't know that's what that was at the time but I was standing on our Hawk Hill holding a great horned owl talking to a family about great horned owls about their natural history all this kind of stuff for probably 20 minutes and most visitors at the zoo they stop for 2 to 5 at any particular place or to talk to a particular person these people were there for about 20 minutes and in this in-depth conversation where I was describing the way owls turn their heads and move their eyeballs and all this kind of stuff I felt this deep sense of contentment and like I was doing something that I was really good at and so then that was kind of the aha moment where I was already in my college search and so I shifted gears completely I was looking at colleges to become an English major or to study teaching, to be a teacher I didn't really know what else I was pretty much going to go be an English major and figure it out from there and in this moment when I realized that I loved talking about animals and working with animals I completely shifted gears and started looking at schools for their biology curriculum nice yeah and so I ended up going to a school that was not even on my radar at the time but because they had this really intense zoology concentration within their biology department and they had really small class sizes so I knew all of my professors personally after our final one year I went back to my professor's house he took the whole class back to his house for a piece of party right so this was the experience that I wanted and that was the kind of the one on one experience I had with teachers in college that's what got me interested in science I went into science because I had to study science to do the thing I wanted to do and while in college I discovered how great science is so there's so many things from where I started to where I am now that I fell into this internship too I was talking to Higgy last night about the process by which I started this internship that turned into a full fledged thing that I've now been doing for five years and it was something that I was looking for something I wasn't sure exactly what it was to dive deeper into science and I was kind of deciding like do I go to grad school what do I do here I'm already in a career, I'm a zookeeper how can I augment my learning and so this internship was supposed to give me direction and it actually gave me an answer to all of those questions because I wanted to be I was in drama when I was in school a performer, I wanted to be a teacher and I wanted to have intellectual conversations about science and I found something that does all of those things wow, that's awesome so it's, yeah, I'm very lucky that I met Higgy that I got involved with this that I made it into I think all the time the teen volunteer program that I started in when I was 13 was a lottery based system really my number got called the fact that you were only three blocks away and they could rely on you to show up every time yes, because it is an extremely sought after program now they do applications and interviews and they only have about a 40% acceptance rate because they get sometimes 300 applications for 50 spots God, that's not even 40% that's like 25% unless they duplicate yeah yeah, so they get they have between a 20-50% acceptance rate in that program every year and it was like that when I started and so they, at the time they just had a lottery I was so lucky my number got called, where would I be right now if that number, I think about that all the time that was such a dominant that was the first domino in this long line of things and that's, I mean that's why events like this is so important, right because this event somebody can walk around and get that spark that is that first domino that can be an entire passion yeah, I've seen way more like sort of dedicated on their path know what they want to do I love, I missed a name but the 12-year-old who just turned 12 last month he's like, 100% sure what I'm going to do is a career but a lot of the folks here have already sort of picked up their trajectory at this age and that's amazing well, I've picked I'm still waiting to find mine yeah, I've picked probably four different careers over my life I'm like, this is it and then something changes and I think it's great to have a passion to have a direction that's very important but it's also important to be flexible and adjust to new information and I think one of the benefits of taking on something like science is a passion that's early programming, certainly it's something you're going to be able to apply even if it's not that you're just going to be a programmer or working in computer science you can take knowledge of computer science and apply it to everything we had one that was talking about doing marine biology and especially in the genetic end there's going to be a lot of computer programming involved with that, so it's a great skill at least to understand how your programs are operating. Right, maybe you need to be able to program your ROV to go into the Marianas trench. That can take some coding for sure. Yeah, so it's definitely I'm very thankful that I had parents that let me follow a passion and that they went to the zoo every week even though they saw those same animals every time and they also completely supported this crazy intense volunteer program that I started when I was 13 it's two days a week for the whole summer which is a pretty big commitment and then once I started the school year program I was already going to a college high school with eight hours of homework a night and then I was working every single Saturday nine to five at the zoo it's a lot of parents would have said no, that's enough but they let me do that and they let me play my saxophone in five different bands at the same time and like they let me follow my passion and see where it went so at one point I thought I was going to be a jazz musician I thought that was going to be my career path so as much as it's the world's loss that we don't have as jazz ensemble got a nice ring to it I'm glad you're doing what you're doing yeah it's so interesting that's a very important point that you're making that your parents were encouraging and supportive and after all one thing too, looking around this auditorium full of young kids who were checking out sciencey stuff as there's parents along with them who brought them here who paid the nominal entrance fee to get them in here and get them into or access to the interest so I was always very good at math and I liked math and so I could have gone into a different field potentially that might be more lucrative than what I do now I could have become an accountant I could have become a banker I could have done any number of things but this was what my passion and everyone that taught me, my parents my professors my current professional mentor all those people have been very very supportive of my decision to try new things and to work in a field that is about doing good that is not about making money because every day I go to work and I feel like I'm making a difference if it's the 12 year old in the zoo who comes up and talks to me about careers in conservation or if it's the classroom that we visit in the inner city that has never been to the zoo or if it's the letter that I get to write to my Congress on behalf of our organization about climate change regulations there are things that I can do that make a pretty big difference I like to think that she was 7 maybe at the time when she got to feed the giraffe she still talks about it oh my gosh yeah that was so great I took you guys to feed the giraffes and you fed the ostriches I fed the ostriches everybody else was afraid of the ostriches they're fine no teeth but really kind of aggressive and mean but they just thought that your fingers were leaves and I got bit by the ostriches it just feels like a hard rubber glove wasn't bad but it's still because it's so quick they're fast they're fast I expected it to hurt so I think I said ow even though there was no pain yeah well that's probably the closest thing that we have to dinosaurs the ratites, the big flightless birds they're pretty similar they have the more dense bones they have the ornamental feathers that don't actually help them fly and a lot of those animals are, a lot of those big flightless birds are scavengers which is true for a lot of the larger dinosaurs so let me ask this and this you may or may not know the answer to this so I'm putting you on the spot with a question you may or may not know the answer to as we, no don't pull up Google what are you doing so I know some flightless birds and Madagascar were once flighted birds but then when they got to Madagascar I think it's the Kiwi that's in Australia or in New Zealand it's another one that's related to the Kiwi in Madagascar there are not any large flightless birds in Madagascar and it is New Zealand and I'm totally wrong anyway but they moved they were flighted birds but then they moved and they said hey this place is so great I'm never going to leave the ability to fly over time is the same term for the ostrich all of the large flightless birds were once flighted they were once flighted yeah so it's gotten the thicker bones over it's just like whales started on the land and then they went back to water oh so we have a guest so you can actually come on up come right on up right you can stay there Justin there you go come on take a seat and we got to talk right into these mics because you've got to be right into them alright well we are This Week in Science we are a weekly science podcast all about science news and we have someone up here for an interview would you like to introduce yourself my name is Virginia Vasalotti and I work for the partnership for the Delaware Estuary we're a regional nonprofit that's working to protect clean water great so talk a little bit about what we can do to make sure our water is clean what can we do about it sure so there's some simple things that people can do in their everyday lives obviously not littering it that's one of the big issues that we have in our waterways picking up after your pet that's one where most people think that it's a natural fertilizer but it actually has a lot of nutrients in it and bacteria that's harmful for our water and then planting trees and other native plants that help absorb water so it's not running off of roads and picking up contaminants okay and so that sounds kind of counterproductive but it definitely makes sense so you want to catch the water before it goes into the streams so naturally in a natural forest there's trees there's plants and they're able to absorb rainwater and it naturally percolates into the groundwater and that's almost like a bird or filter how it goes through the ground it filters through the ground and then it actually does supply our streams and other groundwater sources for drinking water as opposed to like I was saying if there's a lot of pavement lots of roads, buildings it picks up everything that's on there so if there's any oil chemicals anything that you can find out there it just washes off into the streams and also creates a lot of flooding okay so those are all things that we can do to kind of directly keep the water clean but you're talking about something a little more complicated today too right yeah so here today we have a display that has two tanks of water it's both from the same river and in one we have freshwater mussels so I have some shells here as a demonstration but over at our table we have some live ones and they actually filter out a lot of the dirt and algae that's in our water so it helps to clean our water so we have clear cleaner water and that also allows for more plants to live there and then more fish and other aquatic life so it's an overall healthier ecosystem okay so these are not the mussels that we eat no they are not so these are freshwater mussels we eat the kind that are in salt water do they not taste good so one they don't taste good and two they actually hold on to toxins in their body so if we ate them it wouldn't be good for our health okay and so what can we do to help make sure that these guys are doing their job they're filtering the water they're keeping the water nice and clean right so one thing that impacts them is pollution so I was talking about all that runoff we call stormwater runoff going into streams and also agricultural runoff if there's too many pesticides being used or if the soils are rotting into the stream all of that can negatively impact their environment so we want to make sure that we can have a healthy environment for them okay great so reducing pollution and then you were saying something about the way that they reproduce they're talking to you so it's really interesting they actually first spit out sperm into the water which makes it sway into a female muscle they're broadcast spawners right and then they'll actually trick fish into coming to them and the fish will then take their babies their eggs on their gills and transport them around for a couple weeks they it looks like a fish actually smaller fish when they open up and so larger fish come to them thinking that they're going to be able to eat this muscle and really the muscle is using them to get their babies attached to the gills nice so they swallow the eggs, the fish and then they get out of the gills it sticks, oh just through the water it gets stuck on the gills spit it out and sticks to the gills and then they come close and so what's happening to those fish? are those fish disappearing? some are but I would say one of the biggest issues we have are dams so each species of freshwater muscle has a specific species of fish that they need to work with and able to reproduce so if that particular species of fish isn't in that stretch of stream they aren't going to be able to reproduce and dams obviously block the passage of sea fish so they're keeping these species separate that are usually intertwined in their ecosystem is overfishing, does that have any impact on this? yes that can as well too interesting so we have fresh water mussels but it's the Delaware estuary so it's actually where fresh and salt water is mixing yeah so when we are saying the Delaware estuary we're saying any streams or rivers that drains to the tidal portion of the Delaware river so it's including more than just that where you're thinking of a typical estuary including all those smaller streams that drain to it okay and so they are filtering the water that then moves into the estuary so that means the estuary in San Francisco where I live San Francisco Bay is an estuary and it is a really important nursery for a lot of animals is that true for the Delaware estuary too? yes it is and it's actually really great to see that this estuary is improved over the years there used to be so much industry along the Delaware estuary that really nothing could live no fish or other aquatic life but we've cleaned up the land so much that we are seeing a lot more fish than other animals it's not that you need to go in there and filter the water and clean the water it's what's happening on land whatever you do on land impacts the water so I think that's a key message that people need to understand fertilizing a front lawn for instance or over fertilizing even more so and then the rain hits and it's mostly getting washed off down into the drain and that's heading out to the estuary exactly so you're here at the young innovators fair are you promoting a particular action or a program so we're promoting a number of things one obviously is clean water getting people to understand the connection between land and water and what they can do in their everyday life and then we have a number of programs for teachers and educators to learn more so they can take that back to their students or whatever programs they have and apply it there so that's a whole of really easy things that I can do to help out these mussels help make sure I'm not polluting the Delaware estuary can you pick a couple of items sure so if you are landowner and you have your garden transforming as much as you can to what we call rain garden which is able to absorb more water or planting more trees which is a hard surface where water can run off so that's one easy way if you're a farmer not using chemicals for fertilizers or pesticides also cover crops help hold the soil down so it's not running off into our streams and one important thing when I say trees is trees along the river that's really key in stabilizing the banks and making sure that it's not eroding away and harming these animals and other animals in the water cool great so where are you you're over in biologists bay conservation corner I was close you can't really get alliteration out there is a biologist bay great so people can come visit you today they can come check out your mussels have you named your mussels we have not but people can come and name them yay they can come name the mussels excellent do you have any last items you want to disseminate before you head out thank you for having me thanks so much for stopping by excellent we are this week in science we are a weekly science podcast and we're having our exhibitors here from the young innovators fair up to talk about their innovations and their science programming here at the fair Justin I've got fun facts you've got fun facts you've got fun facts I'm learning all sorts of things from this mussel the Delaware River and estuary system provides drinking water to over 9 million people within the watershed an additional 6 million people outside of the watershed areas 15 million people's water is dependent on estuaries having clean water clean water speaking of clean water I think we're having someone this afternoon it looks at about 230 we're going to have someone on the show to talk about water filtration with sand oh nice oh my goodness did you find another fun fact 70% of the oil shipped to the east coast of the united states passes through the Delaware estuary making it the second largest refining petrochemical center in the nation number one is probably uh town in texas somewhere I would have thought that east bay was up on that list east bay yeah so the san francisco bay is a huge port city also obviously port city so they have any sort of vying interest between industry and people's drinking water there so estuaries are so interesting particularly in the conservation realm because they're really they're subject to all of the different pressures that we can possibly talk about obviously pollution has a lot of impact on an estuary ecosystem and all the ways we just talked about and more but also they're extremely susceptible to climate change because as sea levels rise so when when we burn fossil fuels like coal, oil, natural gas all that kind of stuff we release carbon dioxide that makes a heat trapping blanket heat trapping blanket warms the glaciers on land right and those trickle down into the oceans at the same time it also causes thermal expansion of the oceans right so that leads to sea level yes and so when sea level rises we actually get something in the estuaries called saltwater intrusion right so estuaries are where the salt water and the freshwater mix and so there's particular pockets of the estuary I remember I said they're really they're really common nurseries and that's because fish can actually find the exact right salinity for their little babies and they can lay their eggs right there and especially inadromous fish fish that go back and forth between saltwater and freshwater like salmon like trout they need a very particular salinity for their babies and so when they're finding their way they use chemosensory organs to figure out where they're going and all that kind of stuff and so when you change the salt composition of certain areas of the estuary it can cause a lot of problems with the population of these animals that count on the estuaries as a nursery and so especially we were talking about yesterday with the bald eagle when you suddenly take out the juveniles of any species that can have a pretty big impact so estuaries are really important they're moving salt and freshwater around and they also have very particular temperature dynamics in the same way right you have these freezing cold water coming from wherever the streams are coming from so where we're from it's all from the Rockies and the Sierras it's all from the Sierras not the Rockies the Rockies are over there there's lots of rocks in the Sierras the Rocky Sierras you know but that freezing cold water is coming down through the delta, through the streams and then you also have cold ocean water so then you have the very shallow marshes that get heated up and then you have all these different temperatures mixing and creating a dynamic so it's definitely it's a delicate space and so we need to do everything we can to save the estuaries I'm glad we had them on yeah so don't over saturate your front lawn with nitrogen don't jump pesticides down the drain that wasn't going to do that anyway alright we have more guests they should all be fine alright we are this weekend science we hear a weekly science podcast and we have a new set of guests here on the stage you guys like to introduce yourselves yeah so hi my name hi my name is Kevin Alicea I'm a grad student in the University of Pennsylvania and my name is Jeanette Sierra I am a postdoc fellow also from the UBIN great and so what are you guys talking about here at the innovators fair today so today we are teaching about epigenetics so epigenetics is the study of how DNA can be affected not necessarily because of mutations but the machinery around it so basically epigenetics can be affected like your epigenetics can be affected by what you eat and also the environment many studies has shown that even people who wear under a lot of stress in the Holocaust pass that on to their generations and it has been affected and causes cardiac disease and many other things but it has like more in the lab like our lab has shown that raps that aren't nurturing their pups that much create anxiety within these pups and these pups don't nurture their pups more so it's not only what you eat but also the level of stress that you can have that might be not affecting your DNA but also the machinery around it a lot of this came from I'm going to get this wrong it was either Sweden or Norway there were some farms where they were studying the difference between the sort of famine years versus the feast years and it was affecting the grandchildren absolutely and that was confirmed because in Germany the Holocaust victims that was the best example and then they went on and looked into twins, they make a lot of twin studies because they have seen that identical twins many of them one of them might have diabetes but they have the same gene so what was exactly within them that caused that and then at least I feel that is closer to my heart now that is prematurely premature birth they have shown that women who are obese pass epigenetically that to their kids making them also so that also correlate with the farm studies that you just mentioned it was sort of interesting too as I'm recalling the study that I can't remember where it was from but they had gone back into the archive because this had been a 200 year old farm or something of this nature and they found that it was the grandchildren would have diabetes but it was also what I thought was interesting is a clock of puberty and it was the effects of that one generation up to the point of puberty that sort of locked in the epigenetic change so what happened to them after that didn't so much impact the next generation wasn't as much of a part of what would take place but that prepubescent state is where all those epigenetic information sort of took root and then would affect downstream and that also correlates with the rat studies that I just mentioned very early where the rats are being nurtured less nurturing increases society and I think that it has to correlate and even if you made the right rat's life fantastic after that that was still locked in absolutely you have also to imagine that during puberty or before puberty there's so much transcription and translation of your genes there's so much growth that your DNA is mostly active so that's exactly why perhaps whatever happens in there can be completely passed on and permanently be there that's fascinating so you've got a booth here and you're explaining those effects of epigenetics to the folks that are coming through so yes we have a list of different food that can help the acetylation of methylation process which is what regulates all these tones that wrap your DNA we have interactive games so that the kids can mimic the transcription and translation process and we have a nice model of how the 6 feet DNA can fit within the nucleus of the cell I'm going to have to check that out because as much as we talk about this I don't have a good picture in my head absolutely places to stop by yes but we also have online games so where you have the mom like leaking the pop and you can see the DNA how it's being compacted or stretched so where do we find this so we have a booth it's called the Eupensagnas chapter booth I don't know I don't know specifically because we don't have numbers but it's the Eupensagnas chapter can you tell us what SACNAS is a little bit so SACNAS is a natural organization dedicated to fostering the success of underrepresented trainees in science and SACNAS stands for Society for Advancement of Chicanos Hispanic and Native Americans in Science and we are one of the 100 chapters across the US we are actually the only chapter in Philadelphia and the only chapter active in Pennsylvania so basically our mission is to provide support to the grad students at the University of Pennsylvania that's great I follow the national SACNAS chapter on Instagram I love their Instagram it's fantastic they have awesome stories about their members every day so cool I would suggest it they put a lot of effort in focusing in diversity in STEM so that's pretty nice that's great excellent and so you guys are over at the SACNAS booth you have epigenetic information you have what was the other one a computer model or? we have an online game showing how the mice can change their DNA and the crafting model excellent well I think Justin's going to have to go check it out we'll see you there that's great thank you guys so much for stopping by thank you for having us and to share our information with you that's our idea before we go is there a website that people can go to to get more information here we have the if you Google UPEN SACNAS chapter in Google you will find our website our email is UPEN.SACNAS you can find us also on Facebook Twitter LinkedIn thank you so much for sharing with us and being out here today thank you for having us alright so we are this weekend science actually we're going to go set up our stage show pretty soon okay bricks for earth is coming at one o'clock excellent so then we are just going to talk about some science for a little bit until our friends from bricks for earth show up Justin where's your fancy new Chromebook do you have any stories no I didn't have any stories their story is young innovators fair that's the story today that's fantastic I love that they're using the nutritional ability to affect the epigenetics I think that's fascinating I can't wait to run more about that if only Lamarck were here to see that he was actually right well kind of yeah yeah we don't see any giraffes growing long next but we we do see a lot of changes within individuals this is true so it was it's really interesting having these these interviews about people that have programs for science outreach we get a lot of really interesting interview guests on the show normally but a lot of it is directly about research and so it's cool to see people doing this intense outreach this is fantastic we're in sort of an educator hub right now of people who you know you can imagine showing up in a classroom full of kids and giving them a 45 hour 45 minute 45 hour sit now everybody come back 45 minute explanation of the world within which they're living yeah so let's see what else did I see when I was walking around I saw I saw that smoke cannon I still kind of want to get that over here of all the things here you're like smoke cannon I avoided the bug eating area and then you guys made me do that anyway actually they were good though right they got me bugs they were fine snack bar but there's also a place you can stop by to eat bugs yes well we have talked a lot on the show about the potential of eating bugs and how pretty soon that might be a good alternative for supplementing diets supplementing diets and also it has a good ecological footprint yeah so I've had the mealworm flour cookies a whole bunch of times those are fine just a cookie yeah it's just a cookie and the flour has protein in it it's like a nutritional snack but eating the actual mealworm itself honestly the reason that grossed me out so bad is that I'm taking care of live mealworms a lot I know they're cooked so it's fine but when they're alive they're pretty good so you were gone when we were discussing that so it had kind of a nutty original taste but the aftertaste I was trying to identify the aftertaste it to me what it was it's the aftertaste of mealworms right it had a real mealwormy aftertaste what did you say it reminded me of the veggie fries there's puffed don't ruin those for me now I didn't like that at all I thought they tasted almost like a cheesy aftertaste cheesy mealworm I don't know it was very difficult for me to put a finger on probably because it was mealworm you would like to decide for yourself what a mealworm tastes like it is available in one of the booths Pennsylvania Charter Elementary Charter School yeah haha yeah what did you see out there I saw lots of things I scheduled more interviews for us for the afternoon I saw that you're an interview scheduling machine I am it's almost as if you were designed at an innovators fair to schedule interviews no I just have a lot of experience in production and running around and telling people to come talk to me yeah maybe that's what it is yeah I'm feeling outgoing today also that's good yesterday I wasn't feeling as outgoing today I'm a little bit more outgoing so slightly more adjusted to the time zone perhaps a little more adjusted to the time zone a little bit more sleep and a lot more coffee but we're here this is this week in science enjoying the young innovators fair and we hope that you are as well I actually just took a walk around and the email from one of the producers of this event Kathy where the map was sent she said this place is as big as four football fields and then from where I'm sitting I see one room in just a little bit more and then we went and did our stage show yesterday and so we had to kind of walk over a little bit I was like oh it's a little bit bigger on my explorations just now I realized the exact size of this event which is it really is four football fields it's huge there are people doing so many things of so many different kind the variety of activities and different presenters here it's really kind of astounding and this is a wonderful wonderful event but today really I'm getting a much better taste of everything that's happening here and I am so happy to have been included yeah it's really it gives me so much hope in so many things to be here today what it gives you what hope in a lot of different things in science as a field in general in the technology of tomorrow in the children that's right here's Brayden you want to come on up Brayden we'll give you a microphone and a chair to sit on oh and your mom your mom can come up here you want to come up on stage no? ok Brayden's going to do this yeah alright let me move some things around maybe we can put it up I'm going to put my microphone down for one second I'm going to cover up Brayden though let's put it on the chair introduce yourself and tell us your name and your age and what you're doing here today hi I'm Brayden Coleman and I am representing Bricks for Earth as long as I trash can okay this is Brayden's trash can and what is Bricks for Earth Brayden well it's a recycling reward trash can which kids earn money to have robotics classes and all that what was that and so what is your trash can tell me a little bit about it it's not it looks like a robotic trash can it's still at the bottom so it's this prototype of it okay so it's a prototype but what does it do tell us well it's separated by the connection side let me tilt it oh let's tilt it for the camera a little bit so inside of this trash can I'll open up there inside there are Lego separators that connects so the paper and plastic and you get 10 cents a day a few a few cycle in the trash can so this is to separate out the paper and the plastic and this is really this trash can is to try and make it interesting and exciting for kids to recycle right did you need something yourself to make you want to recycle well my school doesn't recycle your school doesn't recycle your school doesn't recycle so now you want to try and get your school to recycle and you want to get the kids to recycle why is it important to recycle well it's important to recycle for the environment and such as pollution gas pipe we don't want so much pollution do you know anything about plastics in the ocean yeah actually in the Pacific Ocean there's small islands of trash small islands of trash there's also a lot of plastic in the oceans and so if we can get people to recycle instead of just throwing things away when they pop because air gets too shallow and the balloons pop and it also goes down into the ocean and we don't want that to happen you didn't say the dolphin because dolphins love colors like that yeah so if we can just maybe we can make it more fun for people to recycle less plastic will end up in the ocean because we'll all end up back at the recycling plants and then we'll go back out and get used again instead of going in the trash so have you been successful is your school starting to recycle now that you've made this it's actually not in schools just yet but it will hopefully be it's hopefully going to be and so the bricks for earth this idea it's a lego recycling rewards program so you got the recycling part what's the reward for recycling 180 days around $18 to to have it and what do these counters do up here are there counters are there counters these go sit down what do they do oh they weigh it so they weigh it so that's how you get your rewards by the weight they weigh how much the student recycles every day and then there are rewards there's a website there's a website you've made websites the track all of us we actually are building the website we already made the website but it has nothing on it so if you're on it you're not going to find something else so it's not quite there yet but you're hoping you're going to get into schools by the fall and that then the website will grow do you think schools are going to compete against each other to recycle the most well that won't happen but I mean that may happen but probably not because it's a recycling thing they may fight over the trash can because it's not all in the same school if they're not all in all schools in the country so so do you consider yourself a young innovator probably do you know what that word means innovator maybe did anyone explain it to you yet basically just means inventor or somebody that tries new things so would you think you're an innovator yes you're trying to make recycling better I think it's great plus now you can put your Legos on your trash can that's very fun you can have little minifigures you could put your minifigs on it which would be great they'll remind you to recycle so you presented on this in New York City yes, STEM fairs have done many at STEM fair in New York City you presented this we've actually done many of them so I'm used to it I'm used to getting calls to go there and all that how many times do you think you've been on the stage to talk about this recycling bin that you made today and tomorrow today, both days today and yesterday and you already spoke today you told people about your recycling program did people seem excited yeah I mean when we said giveaway people like the giveaway everyone likes the giveaway what was the giveaway those Legos minifigures all that do you like one thing with Legos what kind of things do you build police stations cars minifigures just about anything islands, animals have you seen the Lego movie yeah what do you think of the Lego movie I've also seen the Lego Batman you saw Lego Batman I like Lego Batman a lot do you think that playing with Legos helps you be really creative and come up with new ideas yeah so maybe playing with Legos is a good way for other kids to get creative innovators yeah do you like thinking of lots of new ideas yeah who do you talk about these ideas with the most I would say STEM STEM for all that in the New York science and your mom's here has your mom been helping you out a lot with this Lego rewards recycling program with the credit card with the credit card thanks that's what moms are for do you want to tell anybody would you like to tell our audience anything else about your recycling program well that's it alright so people can find you here at the young innovators fair you've got your bricks for earth booth right yes this fryer is $350 if anybody wants it thank you thank you so much let me help you with that trash can we'll help you carry the trash can off the stage recycle bricks for earth thank you Brayden Brayden is a 7 year old inventor he started the program for the Lego Recycling Rewards program to try and get kids more interested in recycling and to get money for their schools $350 he's going to be a salesman when he gets older I see for a flyer I would agree with that if you go to the bricks for earth booth down toward the back the flyers are available for free thank you very much that was fun to talk to Brayden Brayden is very precocious 7 year old I think this is a ploy to get more Legos I think you're on to something so it's 107 I'm going to change our schedule there you can check our schedule for what we're going to be doing for the rest of the day we've got a few more interviews scheduled maybe we can schedule a few more as the day progresses but at 130 we are going to be on the lab rat stage for a science quiz we love science quizzing so join us over on the lab rat stage if you want to be a part of our science quiz today Blair are you fixing what I I had cut it so you could just copy and paste it in that space again too late never mind too late tick taser alright everybody good how are you this is this week in science I'm getting a flyer a card star wars geek girl podcast awesome that's where we're from well I'm from Oregon there from California we use google hangouts we use google hangouts yep yep we know of what you speak alright I just got a card for the star wars geek girl podcast we are going to be heading over to our lab rat stage in a couple of minutes but Zoe Zoe Hinton if you want to come talk to us about your podcast later we've got open spots in our schedule if you want to join us at some point to chat about your podcast or you don't have to if you don't want to open spots 2.5 awesome we'll talk about the geek girl star wars geek girl podcast I'm excited about that they've got some great costumes on also by the way so I'm excited to show you all to see those we'll show them off a little bit welcome to the young innovators fair this is this weekend science and we are a science news podcast we broadcast weekly online you can find information about our show at twisttwis.org we're also on twitter as at twist science on facebook this weekend science we're also on youtube you can go to twist.org slash youtube we're live broadcasting to youtube and facebook all day yesterday and today and at least we're attempting to but we are going to take a break here at this stage because we're going over to the lab rat stage to do a live show a live science quiz so I think we're going to say goodbye here on the live stream for a little while we will be back live again at 2 o'clock with more interviews with more innovators here at the young innovator young innovator fair so I hope you do tune in we'll be posting on social media join us once again because we will be back thank you so much for joining us


The early detection of diseases greatly increases the chance for effective treatment. Some medical imaging techniques use radiation to create visual representations of the inside of the body. These can use x-rays alone or can be combined with medicines that contain radioactive materials. These radiopharmaceuticals are taken up by the organ or part of the body of interest. The radioactivity emitted from these medicines is detected by special devices and provides information on the location and spread of a disease. Radiotherapy is one of the most widely used methods for cancer treatment. It uses radiation to destroy tumours. Some cancers can also be treated with radiopharmaceuticals.  Following treatment for cancer, nuclear techniques can be used to monitor the progress of the therapy. Whether for diagnosis or treatment, the use of radiation in medicine must be carefully controlled. Too little radiation can be ineffective while too much can be harmful. So the medical teams that use radiation medicine must be properly trained and prepared. For over 60 years, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the IAEA, has been supporting the safe and effective use of nuclear techniques in medicine around the world. The IAEA helps countries to set up medical centres that offer radiation medicine services and to procure the essential equipment needed to deliver high quality care and treatment. It supports national efforts to produce and prepare radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The IAEA facilitates training for international medical professionals and students and offers remote learning via its online resources such as the Human Health Campus, which is used by health professionals all over the world. Safety standards developed by the IAEA protect patients and medical staff from the potential harmful effects of radiation. And the IAEA assists when radioactive sources used in medicine are no longer needed and must be stored or disposed of safely and securely. An IAEA laboratory plays a major role in achieving consistency in radiation dosimetry worldwide. This dosimetry laboratory offers services that ensure the machines for cancer treatment are calibrated correctly and the patients receive the right dose of radiation. With IAEA support, countries can provide the safe and quality healthcare all people all over the world deserve.


What is going on guys welcome back to the channel critical overlord here, so in this video I just want to talk about the instance or the issue. I see between Moviegoers and critics having a difference of opinion when it comes to the movie mid-summer and other movies like mid-summer such as the witch the autopsy of Jane Doe and Several other movies that have come out recently that are not spoon feeding the audience all the information. They're just leaving Hints and clues and they're kind of letting the audience figure it out for themselves because they're providing all the evidence right there in front of them Another movie that comes to mind is hereditary, which was also directed by R.A. Astor Mid-summer marks his second full feature film and it's kind of disappointing to see how many moviegoers are actually just so Turned off by the movie and I really think this is just my opinion on the matter because no one has been able to prove to me Otherwise, I understand that there are people out there who simply do not like the movie and they understand it But then there are also a severe amount of people who watch movies like mid-summer They watch movies like hereditary and they just completely disowned them and want to write and mark them off as being bad films Simply because it went over it went over their head the context of Or the subject matter that was presented in front of them went over their head So then they want to write the whole entire film off as being a bad movie going experience when really it's not There's a lot more to it than you simply just understanding what was presented in front of you When I like when I review film Because I do this on my downtime. I write for a few small different websites I like to take into consideration the acting the Cinematography the score the directing the visual effects the character development all the stuff and the components that go into Filmmaking what I tend to run into is a lot of people who simply will say that a movie was bad or movie was good Even but have no nothing to show for it So it's not even to say that you need to always explain your explain yourself when you have an opinion But it's just a lot of people they have these opinions that formulate and they have no foundation for them So when you say a movie like mid-summer is bad. Why is it bad? I've asked several people why this movie is bad and I get to get like a straight answer Without someone reverting to the old stereotypical. Oh, I didn't like this or I didn't like that And it's just tiring to me if you're gonna say a movie is bad You need to be able to explain that vice versa if you're gonna say it's good I personally did not find mid-summer to be a bad film whatsoever and not to go into any specific Spoiler so I do want to do a review for it and I'm a little late I understand that but the film has some very good character development in regards to the two main leads I will admit that the rest of the cast felt a little underdeveloped But they serve their purpose in the whole grand scheme of things if you're actually paying attention I appreciate the fact that literally the entire story is getting told to us through a lot of imagery That's presented behind the characters We're literally being told and walked through what's going to happen But then it's all still executed in such a horrific way that it's still very shocking So if you rewatch mid-summer for those of you have seen it I think you will notice what I'm talking about There's a lot of subtlety and a lot of symbolism in that movie that shows you exactly what is going to occur It's painting the picture for you and it still happens But it still leaves you very horrified just because of how sick and twisted I believe that film is the score in it again of a very menacing score Accompanying all the weirdness that's going on in that film. I'm not going to lie There are a few moments that will spark laughter I laughed a few times during that movie because I found it to be very bizarre Florence Pugh the main lead She is she does an amazing job portraying someone who's on the verge of mental of a mental breakdown She has lost everything. She has no one to turn to her friends are really not the best friends to even have in a Situation like this. She feels very alone and then she gets kind of like a very cathart a cathartic in once the credits roll and Lot of people don't understand the ending and they don't understand a lot of the stuff that went on in the movie because they simply Are not used to or they cannot stand the fact that a movie did not want to assume That they were in unintelligent enough to actually pinpoint and put the puzzle together themselves I appreciate when movies do not want to walk Walk me through everything and have a character simply explain it all word for word They're telling me and they're showing me what's going on through the imagery through the scene to scene actions through Stuff that gets stated in the dialogue through the imagery Through just other things besides just telling me word for word what's happening I just like when a movie doesn't dumb itself down for me to simply catch on to what's going on because then what also Happens is that leaves room for interpretation on a lot of the stuff that occurs in these films Mid-summer is not a bad movie by any means the cinematography in it is absolutely gorgeous Ariaster captures amazing shots and this whole daylight in the daylight horror that he this whole daylight horror of Atmosphere they had going for this movie. I think it worked in its favor. I also appreciate a lot of the Just the twisted nature that was presented in the film. I think the Subject matter was very dark and twisted and at its core. Yes, this is a breakup film many people want to argue against that but Watching the movie. You'll see exactly what what it's about. This is a breakup film. There's no if ands or buts about it I'm firmly confident in saying that the movie regards to individuals who are in an unstable relationship It's on the verge of complete annihilation and they just refuse to accept that they're trying to continue it as if Everything is all fine and dandy and they have everyone around them telling them to end it all But they just can't for whatever reason they have to keep living this toxic relationship one of them has no one else to turn to and the other one kind of just feels feels guilty about the whole thing and I just wanted to get that out there I think there's another reason why many moviegoers are not a big fan of mid-summer is just like what I said before no one No one likes to go to the movies to think anymore I feel like a lot of moviegoers these days they want to go to look at a movie that doesn't require too much brain activity They want to turn their brains off. They want to have fun and then they want to leave So if a movie requires them to think they want to write the entire experience off as bad or Useless or nonsensical when really that's not what it was It's the fact that the content went over your head and you didn't understand it If you didn't understand it, that's fine But don't write the entire movie off is bad again This is all my opinion and I have yet to be proven wrong because I haven't come across a single person that can specifically state Anything that was specifically wrong with the film outside of saying they just didn't like it Okay, if you didn't like it, you should be able to articulate why you should have like reasons why and in my honest opinion If you can't back up what you're saying why even mention it at all Those are my thoughts on this whole issue with why a lot of people don't like mid-summer Let me know what you guys think about mid-summer down in the comment section below I'm not saying this is the best film ever I'm not saying it by any means but by no means is it also as bad as many moviegoers are saying it is Let me know what you guys think about the film down in the comment section below If you haven't already make sure you subscribe and turn on post notifications so you never miss a video in the description I'll have links on my social media accounts on my Facebook Twitter and Instagram You can message me there to let me know if there's any movies news or reviews You like me to cover in the future with all that in mind guys. I will see you in the next video


Hello, it's me again. It's been a hot minute since I've released anything on this channel, very nearly two years since my last serious video, and I think for quite a few people watching this, the first thing that comes to mind will be concern. I didn't really leave on the best of terms with my outgoing videos being on touchy subjects within the community I was ingratiated in, and anyone who's kept an eye on me in the time since would know that there have been changes, but the direction I was heading in was very clear as I began my departure from YouTube. I am going to change the name of this channel to Cheada of Mercia, that's how you pronounce it, by the way, unless somebody fluent in Old English correct me. Before I get into the meat of this, I firstly want to apologise to anybody that I've let down over the last five years or so now. There are friends who I've fallen away from due to neglect on my part in taking advantage of a relationship, by being too harsh in things I've said and pushing people away through emotion and arrogance, for being far too vitriolic to them when I should have shown love and compassion, and for not leading by that example at all times. While my audience was never enormous, the sheer fact that real human people have listened to me and not just empty numbers on an analytics page means I have some sort of level of influence over people, which appropriately scares me when I phrase it that way, and is a responsibility I haven't always lived up to as I should have. If you think what I'm saying relates to you personally in some way, then it probably does, and I'm sorry. If it would be best for you to reach out and talk, please do, but if these bridges are being crossed and you don't want to go back, I understand and I want all the best for you.  But as it was a lack of time which brought my video production to an end, time has only become more scarce for me and that project heated out as well. The life circumstances which took that spare time away from me have finally culminated in me getting married, which was of course amazing but man, what a whirlwind to lead up to that was. But now that it's done, I can actually choose what to do with most of my evenings and weekends again, instead of spending them all in a scramble of organizing, fetching, writing, calling, and still forgetting half of the things I was supposed to do in that time, and then scrambling all over again to get those done. Now that I'm more settled, I feel in need as I did before to put my spare time outside of quality leisure with my wife and friends to some actual use, and I think that this is a good contender to pick up once again. I'd spoken before how making those videos caused me to put too much pressure and strain on myself, which was irrational and completely self-inflicted, but I have missed the experience of it and especially the community through the Q&A live streams that became a regular feature and always gave me a great laugh and a chance to get things off my chest. So I do understand having concerns about coming back to this community when I've spent nearly two years continuing down what has been in all honesty a right-wing and religious path, which are not the core pillars that this community I had around me was founded on. But I want to try and alleviate this with an immediate declaration. I am, unashamedly, still a libertarian. I've come out and said I'm not an anarchist, but that probably shouldn't be taken the way it sounds. Read my article to find out why, or wait until I make a video about it because that probably will end up making more sense. Remaining a libertarian gets me into hot water with the right-wing and religious people that I now spend more time talking to when this topic comes up. But I've rarely been a sucker for pure peer pressure. Being libertarian is not cool in traditionalist circles, and being traditionalist is not cool in most libertarian circles. So I'm well used to this balancing act by now, and I feel I have a really good grasp on how to talk to either camp in their own language to make them see that they needn't be enemies because I don't believe that I'm my own enemy. I don't want to synthesise these categories too heavily. As I find that whenever somebody says a Catholic must always or must never be a libertarian, it puts a really sour taste in my mouth and only sullies the sacred. Yes, there are absolutely difficulties where areas of church doctrine act as either a thorn in the side of, or just outright forbid, some possible outcomes which a libertarian society might seek out. And as I'm saying this, it, of course, springs to mind that this is a good video idea to discuss because it will need its own thorough word. How many people that get into this conversation, though, forget about the ardently Catholic Mises Institute heavy hitters of Tom Woods, a founder, Lou Rockwell, Hallsman to start with, as well as maybe though Bishop and Ryan Mcamacken, but don't quote me on those. I'm pretty sure those guys are at least some sort of Christian, as well as Jonathan Newman, who most certainly is. And look at the respect that these people have built for themselves in both libertarian and paleo-conservative spheres of good standing. Because of them and many more, I don't need to feel like I'm crazy and alone. If you don't write those people off, but you are concerned that I've gone off the rails, please have patience with me and just try to be open to what I say. Lots of it can be highly distasteful to modern sensibilities, including ones which many kinds of libertarian harbour and defend, despite the fact that, in brutal honesty, they are largely held to because of government school propaganda and coerced social acceptance. But in return for patience, I promise to try and always explain these things in a way which is constructed for you to understand, because you may already agree with most of the premises for it. And if you don't, then I guess that's fine too, but I just ask for a fair chance and not to be outright dismissed. But in a secular sense as well, this cooperation of libertarianism and the right wing should come as a shock to nobody. Dissident right-wingers and Austro-libertarians can quickly forget entirely about Murray Rothbard's close and lengthy alliance with Pat Buchanan, Paul Gottfried's continued scholarship with the Mises Institute, and all of Hopper's writing throughout the 2010s as he only became more dissident and incendiary since writing Democracy the God that Failed. Elite theory is currently very in vogue with the intellectual dissident right and was the first new political theory I sunk my teeth into once I tried to expand my understanding beyond the community-imposed fake boundaries that libertarians can often put up around themselves. I was very quickly surprised to see Bertrand de Juvenel held in such high regard, and if that name is familiar to you, it's probably because he is constantly cited by Hopper for his insights on pre-enlightenment European society along with its hierarchical structure and the association with the natural order as Hopper puts it. I'm so glad that I dipped my toes in these new waters because I have seen plenty of Austro-libertarians who would, off the bat, dismiss anybody else promoting de Juvenel's ideas because he for some reason hasn't made it into the small number of writers in the Austro-libertarian canon himself despite being a key source for one of the most prominent books in that canon. This is exactly the kind of thing I'd been talking about when saying that libertarians often really let themselves down by taking on the label as an identity in itself critical to their self-perception and in-group selection rather than remaining level-headed about its principles and considering the influences which it has drawn on over time in order to come into being. As well as the allies you have available when you aren't afraid to be actually dissident about it and throw off the leftist propaganda which I talked about two years ago and so many of us in the Western world can just harbour by default. These are egalitarianism, relativism and tolerance of destructive high-time preference behaviour which so often gets smuggled into the movement by people looking to join it for reasons of hedonistic self-indulgence, not to try and build healthy and sustainable societies where goodness and peace can flourish. I hope that by dropping those names as I did and tangible examples of what I've been talking about that this can at least let down some of the guards of people who've taken me for an enemy because of the ideological myopia that I've talked about. Me becoming a reactionary, traditionalist and right-winger which by the way means a person who prioritises order as opposed to a leftist who prioritises equality is not something at all unprecedented in your very own community as it currently exists. If you are curious as to what lies beyond those fake boundaries I've mentioned and want to look into it there's always Menchus Muldbug's gentle introduction which got the ball rolling with me and Muldbug is very clearly influenced by the Mises Institute's brand of Austro-Liverterium but I'd also recommend that you start with Oron McIntyre who now thankfully is acquiring serious success and he's absolutely bang on the money with his explanation of power theories and the motivating forces at work in modern politics as well as being an avowed admirer of Hopper and critically Hop Yens. He has close ties with Nima Parvini, pseudonym academic agent often called AA who wrote the book The Populist Delusion which I've recommended on multiple occasions. You may want to take him with a bit of a grain of salt but I urge you to try listening to his ideas value free initially and then feeling free to make judgments but you'll miss out on some highly valuable stuff if you go in with a shield of bias at the ready and end up throwing off more than you need to. Lastly I'd recommend Alaric the Barbarian as well as of course the publication he founded The Dissident Review. Alaric really does amaze me with his perfect balance of unflinching and aggressive anti-modernism whilst remaining perfectly collected and level-headed in this fight. He vigorously defends the ethos of Christian vitality which we often forget motivated over 1,000 years of incredible feats from European knights and warriors in lieu of this watered down progressive and toothless Christianity which we're told to accept as normal these days along with of course eating the bugs and living in the pod. So then consider what I've said a teaser about the first things I want to discuss moving forward. I want to be careful not to make any promises or commitments due to the issues that caused for me in the past and the fact that my circumstances could very easily change again if I God willing become an expectant father and I could watch all of this free time once again disappear in a puff of smoke and for a lot longer than just a couple of years. I also don't want to say that I will always make videos with a libertarian focus. If I want to discuss why I'm now Catholic rather than Protestant as I briefly was you might prefer to watch paint dry and that's not a topic which I would deem acceptable to shoehorn such political sentiments into. If I want to discuss value free observations of power and how if you don't use it for good somebody else will use it for evil I will likely invoke lessons for libertarians but not necessarily make it all about trying to ease them into the idea and have it as more of a jump into the deep end. I'm certainly motivated right now to make videos doing this easing in and holding of hands approach as I don't want to alienate people who have been an important part of my life if I don't need to but I won't promise that future videos will have the same tone and focus as the ones I made previously mostly because at this stage I simply don't know where it's going to go and don't want to make any promises on such an unsure foundation. I think that wraps us up for now but I'll leave on an announcement of another Q&A which I imagine many people will want to jump on after all this time this will be on Saturday the 2nd of March at 9 p.m British time 4 p.m US East and 1 p.m US West like before I will make a community post where you should put your questions on for me to read through. I hope you're at least pleased to hear me again and that what you've heard doesn't make you hate me and for now I'll look forward to getting these wheels turning again and hopefully enjoy the ride along with you all. Once again, take it easy.


Hi and welcome to the session, I am Asha and I am going to help you with the following question which says if A is equal to 1, 2, 3, 4, B is equal to the states containing elements 3, 4, 5, 6, C contains elements 5, 6, 7, 8 and D is equal to the states containing the elements 7, 8, 9, 10, we have to find the union of these 6. So first let us learn that if we have any 2 states A and B then the union is equal to all those elements x which are either in A or in B or in both. So this is the key idea we are going to use in this problem to find the union of these 6. Now start with the solution first we have to find A union B. Now A is the state containing elements 1, 2, 3 and 4 and B is the state containing elements 3, 4, 5 and 6. So A union B will contains all the elements which are either in A or in B or in both. So first we have 1, 2, 3 is in both the states and 4 is also in both the states and then 5 and 6. That is the union of A and B is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. So this completes the first part and now proceeding into the second part where we have to find A union C. Now A is the state which has elements 1, 2, 3 and 4 and C is the state which has elements 5, 6, 7 and 8. And union of A and C will have all those elements which are either in A or in C or in both. So these elements are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. That is our answer is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. So this completes the second part and now proceeding on to the third part where we have to find B union C. Now B is the state having elements 3, 4, 5 and 6 and C has elements 5, 6, 7 and 8. Thus B union C will have all the elements which are either in B or in C or in both. So these elements are 3, 4, 5 and 6 are both in the state B also and C also. So we have 5, 6 in the union and 7 and 8. Thus our answer is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. This completes the third part and now proceeding on to the fourth part where we have to find the union of states B and D. Now state B is 3, 4, 5 and 6 and the state D have elements 7, 8, 9 and 10. So B union D will have all the elements which are either in B or in B or in both. So these elements are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. And thus our answer is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. This completes the fourth part and now proceeding on to the fifth part where we have to find the union of states A, B and C. Now here the state A has elements 1, 2, 3 and 4. The state B has elements 3, 4, 5, 6 and the state C has elements 5, 6, 7 and 8. So the union of A, B and C will have all those elements which are either in A or in B or in C or in all three of them or in any two of them. So these elements are 1, 2, 3 and 4 are both in the state A and B and we have 5 and 6 which are also both in state B and C. And lastly we have 7 and 8 as the union of A, B and C contains elements 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. So this completes the fifth part and now proceeding on to the sixth part where we have to find the union of A, B and D. Now A is the state which have elements 1, 2, 3 and 4 state B have elements 3, 4, 5 and 6 and the state D has elements 7, 8, 9 and 10. Now the union of all these three sets will have elements which are either in A, B or C or in all three of them or in any two of them. So these elements are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. So the union have elements 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. So this completes the sixth part. Now proceeding on to the last part where we have to find the union of B, C and D. Now we have elements 3, 4, 5, 6, set C have elements 5, 6, 7 and 8, set D have elements 7, 8, 9 and 10. The union of these three sets will have all the elements which are either in B, C or D or in all three of them or in any two of them. So these elements are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Hence the union of elements 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. So this completes the last part. This completes the solution. Hope you enjoyed this session. Take care and have a good day.