So, in the last class, we did FTCS, FTFS, FTBS, we saw that the first two were unconditionally unstable. We saw the third one was conditionally stable and we sort of quickly did BTCS which I will look at again one more time and we saw that BTCS was unconditionally stable. So, basically where we are, so backward time central space, BTCS, backward time central space, I will just so that you know on applied to a greater than 0, okay, that is the equation that we are looking at and the stencil just to be clear, the stencil looks like that, okay. So, this would be delta t that would be delta x and we decided to call the new time level q plus 1 staying consistent with what we are doing before. So, this is pq plus 1, I will just go through it quickly, okay, that is fine, this p plus 1, q plus 1, p minus 1, q plus 1, pq, okay, the difference between what we did FTCS and so on and this is that the equation is being now represented at the time level q plus 1, that is the difference, okay. Please remember, you have to keep that in mind, after a point once you are starting to do these difference discretization and different schemes, easy to forget where you are representing the differential equation, so the differential equation is being represented at the point pq plus 1, okay.  Substituting back into our differential equation gives us up plus 1, q plus 1 or maybe I do not skip a step here one point. So substituting back and what we are going to do is we are going to keep all the new time level q plus 1 on the left hand side of the equation and everything else is going to go on to the right hand side.  Again we identify this sorry wrong one as sigma. So we have gone through, we have gone through the stability analysis for this and we have shown that it is unconditionally stable for all sigma because the gain mod g or mod g squared I am not going to go through the whole thing I just wanted to get to this point, okay. Mod g squared was 1 over 1 plus sigma squared sin squared theta, right and we wanted that to be less than 1, is that fine, okay, at theta equals 0 it is 1 but otherwise it is strictly less than 1, is that fine, okay. And as always I am not really concerned about the DC component right now, okay. Are there any questions, yeah. This is for one particular n, right, this g or we can say this is like from g n. No, this is like yeah it should be, it should have, it should be a g n, this. Say that sigma mod of g n squared should be less than 1, right because we cannot just take this one wave number and I mean take, we have to take the general. No, no, the system of equations is linear, the system of equations is linear. So essentially we are looking at the, it is like saying that if you say sigma f equals 0 it is like saying does the x component grow. The system of equations is linear, right. So you can just look at, you can look at the individual components, look at the individual components. Finite dimensional vector space, so just having each component being finite does not necessarily mean the norm of the whole vector is finite. Well, no, there you have, see there is an issue here, we are just basically saying that, no there are more serious issues there, right. I have just basically if you are going now go to the fact that it is an infinite dimensional vector space, the original space is an infinite because we are not gone to the limit, right. This is definitely finite dimensional because I cannot represent anything over a certain largest wave number. So in this case for the numerical scheme that question does not mean, it is not an issue, right. I am going to take 10 grid points, I know 5 is the largest wave number, I take 10 end rules, 5 is the largest wave number I can represent. So that is it, I mean it is finished with that. However, if you are talking, there are other issues that if you are talking about it from an analysis point of view, there even you know like if I say take the sine theta component, if you actually go through the process you will see that you will be trading summations infinite sums with, there are two limit, two infinite processes that you will be exchanging. So then the issue of uniform convergence and so on, all those also become issues. So even before you get to this there are other issues that you have to handle. Am I making sense? Okay, right. So if you want to look at it from a mathematical analysis point of view there is a problem there which I am not paying attention to any of that, right because I am never going to go to that infinite process, right. So really you will not hear me, typically if I say uniform convergence yes when I am talking about SOR I will say something about oh it is not uniform convergence, it is indeed interesting, right. But in this case you want uniform convergence, if you are actually going to an infinite sum and you are going to say that I am going to exchange the differentiation, right. If you substitute for you, you expand you in terms of Fourier series, right, you expand you in terms of Fourier series and you want to substitute it into the derivative. You expand you in terms of Fourier series and you want to substitute it here. If I want to trade, I want to exchange the derivative with the infinite sum then there are certain properties that I need, uniform convergence being one critical property that I need, okay, right. But we are not going to do that. But it is an important consideration, I am not saying it is not, it is an important consideration but we are sort of in a finite dimensional space, okay. So in that sense it does not matter, right, okay. And there is this has a consequence to something that I am going to say later in class, this has a consequence but we are in a finite dimensional space, is that fine, okay, right. So in this case and like we always do in, like we always do in mathematics or in any of our mathematical physics or, right, deriving governing equation, the wave number was chosen arbitrarily. That is we are just basically saying for an arbitrary wave number n, for an arbitrary wave number n what does this do? And then we ask is there any particular wave number for which it is very bad, right. So and it turns out that there is no sigma, see that is basically what it comes because the n is, what do you call it, the n is embedded in here, there is no sigma for which this thing is going to blow up. There is no combination of parameters, physical parameters that we have as a choice, right, either delta x, delta t or of course given this speed of propagation for which this is going to, any of the wave numbers will diverge, okay, is that fine, that is basically what we have shown. So it is unconditionally stable, okay.  So it is very nice that it is unconditionally stable. But at what price? What is the price? If I look at FTCS and I look at this equation, I sort of messed it up so I can rewrite it. So if I say that now I am going to write it in a slightly different form so that we get it. Okay, I have written it in this form so that you can see that this actually forms entries in a tridiagonal matrix. The diagonal term is UPQ plus 1, the sub-diagonal is P minus 1, the super-diagonal is P plus 1, okay. And when you come to the, again if you take the, right, this is at time level Q plus 1. So when you come to, when you come to this point, clearly you need the boundary condition there, okay that will go over to the right hand side. And when you come to that point, when you come to computing the value, P is this value, then you need P plus 1, you need P plus 1, okay. So this is a boundary condition that is required because of our numerical scheme, choice of numerical scheme. I chose central difference because I wanted more accuracy, so we need to do something here. So this is a boundary condition that needs to be specified at the right hand side, which is not required as part of the, either the physics or the mathematics, okay. More we get a system of equations, okay. So you may say what is the big deal, so you get a system of equations. But if you solve the system of equations, what do you get? You have taken one time step, I want you to understand this. You solve the system of equations, you have taken one time step, now you get ready to take the second time step and you have a whole system of equations again, okay. As it turns out, because these coefficients are constant, it is not a nonlinear equation, right. This is a setup where something like LU decomposition will do well, right. So you pre-decompose, then you are left with only forward substitutions and back substitutions, okay. This is a situation where a scheme like LU decomposition works well, okay. You do some work, any work that you do beforehand on the matrix is work that you do not have to do at a later date, right because the matrix has not changed as long as it does not depend on these variables. That is one way to do it, it is a direct method. Direct methods have their own problems and the matrices grow very large, okay. Because if you do look at the process of forward substitution and backward substitution, you see that the last quantity that you determine is based on a series of computations that you have made on the previous n-1 quantities, okay. And therefore, it is prone to error. If you are solving a 1000 by 1000 system and you have 1 million unknowns or in 3 dimensions you are solving, right, 100 by 100 by 100 system which is still 1 million unknowns, then the last quantity that you calculate, the 1 millionth quantity that you calculate comes as a consequence of calculating all the previous 99, you know 99 lakh, whatever, 99,000, 999,000, am I making sense, right? So it is too much, right? So the error, the round off error tends to accumulate. So for that reason, I typically do not use direct methods, this is a personal opinion now. I typically do not use direct methods for matrices that are, if they are banded matrices like this may be up to about 1000 by 1000, right? And if they are not, if it is a dense matrix, may be about 200 by 200, this is a personal opinion. You understand what I am saying? If you give me a matrix, when I say dense matrix, all the entries, essentially all the entries are non-zero, right? You are doing panel method or something of that sort, okay, 200 by 200, that is about the largest. Otherwise, I immediately switch to iterative schemes, which is why I started you off on Gauss-Seidel, okay. If it is a sparse matrix like this, maybe I will go up to about 1000 by 1000, 1000 unknowns. But once it goes beyond that, I will always go to an iterative scheme. I may use this LU decomposition as an initial guess, fine? In this case, however, if you are wondering why the heck is this guy harping so much over? In this case, however, with iterative schemes, there is an advantage. What is a good guess? What is a good guess for UPQ plus 1? UPQ, right? You have a good guess. If your delta t is reasonable size, right? You have a good guess already. You have UPQ as an initial guess, am I making sense? So you already have something with which you can start, right? So it may not be that bad, it may not be, but the fact of the matter is that you have to solve a system of equations and when you are done solving it, you have taken only one time step. I want you to remember that. So there may be some effort that has to be put in to solve this other than just the schemes that I have told you, fine? There are ways by which you can accelerate these schemes. I am not going to spend time on that. There are ways by which, so this region, this gives you a system of equations. That is the key. The point that I want to make is this gives you a system of equations and because these equations appear together, these expressions, these terms appear, the quantities that you want appear together, packed together, it is called an implicit method, fine? It is called an implicit scheme. I will say a little more about implicit schemes, explicit schemes. As we go along, you will see that I will illustrate various kinds of situations that occur. So this is called an implicit scheme because you get a system of equations where the unknowns are tied together in a linear fashion and you cannot, you have to solve the system of equations to get it, okay? It is the reason why right in the beginning I said some of the mathematics that you want to learn implicit function theorem is one. So it will tell you when you can, in the case of a linear system, of course, the system just has to be invertible, right? But implicit function theorem will tell you in general, if you have an implicit expression, when can you invert it, okay? Implicit scheme as opposed to, I will just write it just for the sake of, this is FTCS. So this is BTCS, this is FTCS. This is an explicit scheme. Explicit because I have the expression that I want explicitly occurring on the left hand side, no further work need to be done, okay? Fine? Are there questions? Okay. So now we get to this point that we are talking about earlier. So I have 10 intervals, we have already shown that the largest wave number that we can represent is basically 5, right? Okay. So bear that in mind. There is, so if I, if I have something that has, if I have sin 10x, we have already seen in the demo that sin 10x, right, sin 20x, sin, all of these, sin 15x, all of them are basically going to look the same. You have only 10 grid, 10, 11 grid points on which you are sampling the function, okay? So bearing that, bearing that point in mind, I ask the question now, these equations approximate the original wave equation, linear wave equation. I go through the effort of solving the system of equations and I end up with a solution. The solution is an approximation to the solution to that equation that we want to solve, okay? So I am going to ask an ill-posed question basically. To what equation is it an exact solution? The solution that I am calculating here is an approximate solution to the problem that I am trying to solve. To what problem is it the exact solution? Put it another way. What is the problem that we are solving? I want to solve the linear wave equation, but I am making an approximation, I am solving some other equation actually. When I say I am making an approximation, so I am sort of turning around and saying well I have this u, I have this function, right? And if this function is, if this solution, this approximate solution is close to the exact solution, then I must be solving a problem that is close to the exact problem. I must be solving a differential equation that is close to the exact differential equation. What is that equation? Does that make sense? Does the question make sense? I say it is ill-posed because I have just told you, if I have only 11 grid points, I have these values at 11 grid points, we already know that there are so many, an infinity of functions that it represents, okay? But though it is ill-posed, it is still a worthy question to ask because the answer is interesting, okay? The answer is interesting. Am I making, is that clear, right? So the question we are asking is, I have an approximate solution to the equation that I want to solve. To what equation is it the exact solution? We want that equation, okay? Is that fine, right? So what we do is, we do a very simple thing, maybe I will start off, since I have FTCS here, I will start off with FTCS, right? And we will go back to our friend Taylor series, we will use Taylor series, expand these about the point, FTCS, we were representing the equation at the point PQ, that is important, okay? This is what I say, you have to constantly remind yourself, so in FTCS we are representing the equation at the point PQ. So we will expand, Taylor series always says where are we representing the function about which point are we expanding, right? So we are going to expand about the point PQ, okay? So let us do UPQ plus 1.  Maybe we will add one more, is that fine? This supposedly equals UPQ, which is the first term, minus sigma by 2, this is going to get a little messy, UP plus 1Q.  It is a mess but lots of things will cancel, well enough things will cancel or lots of things will cancel but enough things will cancel. First of all the UPQ goes away, the second derivative goes away, you may ask why are you doing this, we did it for, right, we did it when we are doing the derivation of the different scheme but anyway humor me, fourth derivative goes away, is that fine anything else? The UPQ here goes away, okay, I think that is it, we are stuck, we cannot do anything else here. So I will rewrite that, that tells me that, right, I will rewrite that and if I divide through by delta t, it gives me a dou u dou t plus dou squared u dou t squared delta t by 2 dou cubed u dou t cubed delta t squared by 3 factorial dou to the fourth u dou t to the fourth delta t cubed by 4 factorial equals minus a dou u dou x, that is the first term, there are two of them, so minus a dou u dou x, okay, then what else do we have? Minus sigma by 2, minus sigma by 2 delta x cubed, 2 will go away because you will get two of these by 3 factorial times delta t dou cubed u by dou x cubed, you can please check to make sure there are no issues and I do not think we have, right, the fourth derivative goes away, there are no other, there are higher order terms, so I should say plus dot dot dot, right, everyone. So I can easily see that I have a dou u dou t minus a dou u dou x, I mean you should expect that I am going to get that. What do I do with the time derivatives? You know, I would really like to have this as, because we have already seen, I mean we have gone to forward time or backward time, right, because we have higher derivatives in time are clearly not that easy to handle, okay. So as far as possible, we want to retain this as a first derivative in time, I do not really want, I do not like these higher derivatives in time for that reason. At a given time level, I have, right, special derivative, I can, I know, I am comfortable with that. At a given time level, I can evaluate special derivatives, right, whatever order derivative that you want, that is, right, second derivative, third derivative, no problem. Temporal derivative is a bit shaky, because when I start off, I only have one time level at which the initial data, right, so somehow I do not want this. So what I propose to do is, I propose to replace this derivative, time derivative, by a space derivative, right. So the game that we play is this. So if you say that dou u dou t equals –A dou u dou x, this is our differential equation, okay. Then dou squared u dou t squared equals –A dou squared u dou t dou x equals – or plus A squared dou squared by dou x squared of u. Is that okay? Yes. At this point, someone should have a complaint. Does anybody have a complaint? I am proposing to replace the second derivatives with this. I am proposing to replace the second time derivative with this second spatial derivative, fine. So if I go to dou cubed u dou t cubed, which is the time derivative of this, that should give me, okay. See, if you ignore that u, this basically says that dou by dou t is –A dou by dou x. It is essentially what it is saying, right, dou by dou t is –A dou by dou x, fine, okay. So fourth derivative would be something similar. Fourth derivative will be something similar. Fourth derivative would be, okay. So we actually end up with something like this. So I am proposing to substitute this here. See, okay, I will tell you. The complaint that you could have, the actual complaint that you can have is this equation. What is this equation? This is the equation that we are actually solving. When you do FTCS, when you do FTCS, right, when you use FTCS, FTCS in this case happens to be unstable, but if you are, or FTBS or whatever, when you are trying to solve using FTCS, right, you are getting, you are trying to get an approximate solution to the original equation. You are getting an exact solution to this equation. This is the equation that you are actually solving, okay. This is the equation. So this is, since this equation, dou u dou t equals –A dou u dou, it looks very similar to the original equation, right. This is called the modified equation. This equation is called the modified equation. But there is a point here. The point is, if I am going to substitute for the derivative, time derivative, for the second derivative to eliminate the terms there, should I not use the modified equation instead of the original equation? You understand what I am saying? If this is the modified equation, this is the equation that I am actually solving, if I am going to make the substitution, should I not use the modified equation to do it instead of the original equation? The answer is yes, you should, right. I am going to use the original equation for two reasons. One, doing this and eliminating the terms is a lot more difficult, right. So that, if you want, you can look it up and my book comes out, you can look at the book, but whatever, you know, when it, when it, you can look at, you can look it up, you can work it, work through it. So you are, because the trouble is you will get a lot of mixed derivatives. It is a very messy equation, right. So you can make the decision that you will only keep terms up to the fourth derivative and every time you differentiate this, you know that for instance, this term will go away. Once you differentiate with respect to time, this will become a fifth derivative, you can drop it, right. It is, you can, there are things that you can do to simplify, but still using this equation is a messy process, okay. And there is a second issue that will become clear later that using this actually by itself has its, has a certain advantage, okay. You will see, you will see what I mean when I, when I will explain that when I come to the end. Using this by itself has an advantage. So instead of using the modified equation to eliminate the time derivative terms, which is what you should technically do, I am going to use the original equation to eliminate that, right, those terms. Am I making sense? Is that okay? Simply because A, on the blackboard, it is easier to do, right. B, because that equation that you get is still a useful equation. Are there any questions? Yeah. We can write this Taylor series expansion only if the function is analytic rate. But here we, yeah, no, we have, we have, we have an issue. That is, how many terms of the Taylor series, you see, you get to that, you cannot in a sense get to even any of our finite difference, you understand, or the differential, original differential equation. You have to ask the question, right, if the Euler equations support shocks discontinuities, then how did you write? So that goes into a different realm, right, that goes with slightly different realm. So maybe we do not, we do not, we will assume that we can do this and get away with it. In fact, even for the Euler equations, if you do quasi 1D flow also, you can, you will get shocks, right, we will look at this, you will get shocks. And we will use finite difference methods and we will use a differential equation representation to actually go through and solve, okay, right. So then the issue is why does it work? So that theory is something that is sort of outside the scope of this course, right. Because if you get to, if you get to, if you look at it from a point of view of theory of differential, the way I usually handle it is I always go with integral equations. I do not usually solve them in the differential equation form, right. But even otherwise, there is a whole theory of weak solutions and so on, right. So when we say a solution, we are saying a solution is something that you can substitute into the original differential equation to verify whether it satisfies that equation or not. But if the solution has a discontinuity, how do you substitute it into a differential equation, okay. So you have to do something to weaken that differential equation. So that is a whole, there is a whole mathematical machinery that goes with it. So we are not really going to, maybe at the end of the semester if we have time, we will get to it, okay, right. So at this point, we will just leave it at this and basically say that, you know, I will sort of repeat something I said right in the beginning then. I can take as many derivatives as I want, right, right, okay. I can take as many derivatives as I want and typically I will stick to forth, right, okay. So I will, I will substitute this back there and we will see what we get. We will see what we get.  Is there a second derivative term? A minus a delta t by 2 dou squared u by dou x squared, okay. Then what else do we get? Do I have a third derivative term? A minus and that is a plus.  I think I got that right. Minus sigma delta x cubed by delta t and then there is a fourth derivative term. A minus a to the fourth delta t by 4 factorial. Is that fine? Okay, you can check whether I have, in fact in this case this is something that I prefer to do for my modified equation. In this case you can actually factor out a delta x cubed, right. This will turn out to be a, you will get, you will get, you can write this expression in terms of sigmas in the parenthesis. Did I miss a sign somewhere? The first one is minus a squared, a squared, a squared delta t, okay. That is fine and there are, right, there are infinite such number of terms. We are not going to look at, as I said, I am not really bothered, right. We may be even able to write a general expression after looking at this for the even terms and the odd terms. If you write this in terms of sigma that pattern may become more obvious but it does not matter. It is not, it is material for me right now. What matters to me right now? What matters to me right now? Right, what matters to me right now is that we have this modified equation, okay, modified equation. I have it in terms of, I have it in terms of the original expression equals all the extra terms and we ask the question what happens when delta t and delta x go to 0, okay. And again when you have two such things going to 0 there is always an issue as to whether something is going fast. So we want delta t and delta x going to 0 in a similar fashion, okay. Delta x and delta t go to 0, all of these individual terms go to 0. The right hand side, all the terms go to 0. Is that fine? Everyone, as delta x and delta t go to 0 in a comparable fashion, right, in a comparable fashion. Basically I am saying that the ratio of delta x and delta t does not change for instance. In a comparable fashion as delta x and delta t go to 0, this equation, the modified equation goes to the original equation. As this goes to, this becomes dou u dou t plus a dou u dou x equals 0. The modified equation goes to the original equation, okay. So as the number of points that you are using to represent the solution increases which is what delta x going to 0 means. And as the time steps that you take in evaluating it go to 0, right. So as your representation gets more and more accurate, as your representation gets more and more accurate, the modified equation goes to the original equation, which is a good thing. I mean we are happy that that happens. This property is called consistency. The scheme is said to be consistent. So you say I took a differential equation, I discretized the equation. I used Taylor series in this case. I discretized the equation. I end up with a modified equation. If in the limit my delta axis, say when I did the finite difference scheme, I said I am not going with the infinite process. If in the limit of doing the infinite process, I actually let delta x and delta t go to 0, if my discrete equation goes to the original equation, the scheme is said to be consistent, okay. You may be under the impression, you can say, wait a minute, we substituted finite difference method, individual derivatives, the definitions work. How can you come up with a scheme that is inconsistent? It is possible. As someone who has invented schemes that are inconsistent, it is actually possible. Terms can cancel. You put them together, there are terms that can cancel and you can be left with it. You can be left with the term that just refuses to go to 0. You understand, right? So it is possible for you to invent a scheme. It is possible for you to invent a scheme that is inconsistent, right? And you should suspect that I mean we invented a scheme which would not work. FTCS, which is modified, which is consistent. It is consistent and it would not work, right? It is possible actually for you to invent a scheme which is inconsistent. It is possible. So this consistency is very important, okay. So as delta x and delta t go to 0, modified equation goes to the original equation. The scheme is said to be consistent. As delta x and delta t go to 0, if u, I will write h where delta x, delta t are like h, they are like h. And going back to that, remember the notation where I put a superscript h means that it is a discrete solution. If in the limit h going to 0, u of h goes to u, then we have convergence. Am I making sense? As h goes to 0, our candidate solution, approximate solution converges to the exact solution. A solution converges to the exact solution. I do not want you to get this confused with our iterations converging. That is a different convergence. That is a sequence of solutions that are being generated which converge. This is a sequence of solutions with different h's, different grid sizes. And as I change the grid sizes, it converges. Am I making sense? So you have consistency, you have convergence, we have stability of the scheme. There are three things that are there. And there is a famous theorem, you can go look it up called the Lax equivalence theorem which basically says if you have two of them, you have the third. Consistency, convergence, stability. There are three properties for the scheme that we have seen so far. And they tell us how is our scheme going to behave? They tell us if you generate a solution, are you generating, does the solution converge to the original, right? Does it converge to the solution? Does the approximate solution converge to the solution? Does the equation that you are solving for that scheme? Does the equation converge to the actual equation? Okay. We are to a large extent we are satisfied with this, okay. But if you are doing mathematics formally, you would want to know not just that the u's converge, you would also want to know that the derivatives converge. The dou u, dou x converges and dou t, dou x also converge, right? Right? We are as engineers we are a little more coarse. We say okay u converges, we are very happy, right? And when you are doing your actual calculations, once you have a scheme, you say well somebody has looked at consistency, convergence, stability and all that and you tend to just take the u for what it is, right? But this is an issue, okay. Is that fine? Consistency, convergence, please remember in this context, convergence, what it means, okay? As h goes to 0, u h goes to the actual solution. And of course we have seen stability, fine? That is all very nice. Something else comes out of this, something else comes out of this. We had a form of a solution for this equation. It looks like if you do this, you get these extra terms. If you look at the modified equation, you get these extra terms on the right hand side. Is there a way for us to infer an analytic solution? We had an analytic solution, a proposed analytic solution for this in terms of Fourier series and so on. Is there a way for us to get an analytic solution with something on the right hand side? Am I making sense? Is it possible for us somehow to figure out a way that we say I have this, I know the solution to this. If I add something to the right hand side, is it possible for me to get a solution? Is that fine? Okay. So we can, I will just basically start us off on that. What we are going to do is, these are called semi-inverse techniques in the sense that we are going to guess the form of a solution and try to find some disposable coefficient that we have thrown in so that it becomes a solution, right? Because we already know that for dou u dou t plus a dou u dou x equals 0, we already know a solution of the form an exponent, I am writing only one term, I am writing only un, in 2 pi, we will drop the 2 pi and l, okay. We will just, for now, if l is 2 pi, it takes care of that, right? We will drop the i and x minus at, right? Just to keep the chalk dust to a minimum, we will drop the 2 pi and l, we will just assume l is 2 pi. We know that if we substitute this in there, it works, okay. So if instead of being 0, what if it is, pick one of those terms. What if it is, I chose mu 2 as a coefficient dou square d o dou x square, what is with that form, okay, fine? Can we guess the solution for it? What did Laplace, this looks like, second derivative is like, you know, so Laplace was smoothing, I would expect, I would expect some kind of, and from our physical intuition, which is why to trigger that intuition, I called it mu, viscosity, I would expect that it is, right? So anyway we have oscillation, we will see if something can happen, see there are different ways by which we can argue this. Remember we are, we are only trying this out, we are only trying this out, right? That is basically it, if it does not work, it does not work, we are only trying this out. So I would say that I have thrown an extra parameter b and look at the candidate solution u, I mean I should write n but I am not going to write n, u sub n, right, of that form. And ask the question, if I substitute this into this equation, I say consider a solution, see this is how you do it now, know that we have guessed this, you say consider a solution of this form, substitute that in there and see if you can actually get a value for b and does that value mean anything, is that fine, okay. So what is dou u, dou t? a n exponent i n x-at, you want to do it in one shot or you want to split it, e power bt times the derivative of the thing, right? I am basically using chain rule, minus i n a plus b, okay, this is the derivative of time minus i n a plus b. What is dou u, dou x? Instead of writing out the whole thing, I will just write it as u, now that we know it is u, u times i n, substitute it back there, so you get u times minus i n a plus bt, oh, sorry, I need one more. What is dou squared u, dou x squared? The u of course cancels, the i n a cancels with the i n a, I have a, take this, it is not a b. So b is, is that fine? If you want, okay, this is called a semi-inverse method, you sort of guess the form, you have a few disposable coefficients, you substitute it and see if you can fit the coefficient so that it turns out to be the answer, okay, is that fine? We will come back to this, we will come back, it is possible, now we know that it is possible, what does this mean, how does it, what does it mean for FTCS, what does it mean for FTBS, can we explain what we got, what we are going to look at, okay, in the next class, fine, okay, thank you.


Live from San Francisco. Extracting the signal from the noise. It's theCUBE covering Oracle Open World 2015. Brought to you by Oracle. Now your hosts, John Furrier and Brian Grace Lee. Okay, welcome back everyone. We are here live. Day two of coverage of Oracle Open World. This is theCUBE. We are live on Howard Street in all the action. They closed down San Francisco for 60,000 attendees of Oracle Open World. This is theCUBE. We look at Engels flagship program where we go out to the events. Extract the signal noise. I'm John Furrier with my co-host Brian Grace Lee. Cloud analysts at wikibond.com. Research, Brian, Kino was phenomenal. I loved the Golden State Warriors intro. I thought that was a fantastic kickoff because it brings a world championship team which we love the Warriors and they've been through a transformation. They had a losing team to a winning team. Great stage, whoever designed that deserves props because I thought it was a great context too. The error that Oracle's moving into, this integrated cloud is a big move for them. Data's at the center of the value. Database is their core product. They have applications on top. And I thought that Warriors teased out, in my opinion, the theme of IT and transformation today, managing your team, the players, which is customers, managing your employees, the company and managing your fan experience. That to me is the recipe for today's modern enterprise. You have a new customer experience with social media. You have people all over the place with applications but the fan experience is the customer experience. Well, the fan experience is data-driven these days. I mean, you've got Moneyball, the general manager is using Moneyball techniques to go find the best players.  Those guys want to be plugged into that stuff. They want to know what their, the users, people are saying in the stands during the game, how are you going to, is the beer cold enough? Has the food good? Are my seats great? Do I want to get upgraded? They want all that stuff in real time and that plays right into Oracle's hands. You never see Larry Ellison flinch. I've been following his career for a long time. Five years ago, I saw him on stage. He almost looked like a deer in the headlights like this is going to shift and you can almost see the smoke coming out of his ears. I said, this is the time. And since five years ago, Oracle has been on a cadence of just romping all the way down to the cloud. They now got all the products for Oracle customers. They've got a wave of innovation coming and that to me is the big theme. And data is at the center of the value proposition. Okay? They're taking their database product and all their core applications, ERP, CRM and HCM, modernizing that first to the cloud, staying with their core base. Now, I want to get your thoughts on the open ecosystem. In the keynote, we heard it's open and they showed all these logos on the screen. This is a new Oracle. Yep, absolutely. Well, it's a new Oracle and they're having to, we talked just a few minutes ago, it's an opportunity to modernize CRM and HR and ERP. That's really what they're pushing is they're saying, look, use the Warriors as an example, take your old processes, modernize them and it wraps an ecosystem of partners of new technology all around that. So it's really about modernizing a lot of existing applications and making them work better in the cloud. Yeah, and Larry Ellison's keynote on Sunday was phenomenal because you saw him up there. A proud papa saying, hey, he dove into the trenches as CTO, you got Mark Hurd, Cepher Katz as co-CEO's. The leadership on the go-to market is significant. The performance is there. Yet, we talked to the product guys here on theCUBE, they got a $5 billion R&D budget and they're doing M&A activity. So you've got a powerful, organic, internal Oracle engineering team building stuff and you got a aggressive leadership-driven M&A. That's a leaf of combination. What's your thoughts on that? Well, I think the thing we're seeing with the cloud, more so than we've ever seen with product companies on CRM, it's a big boys game, right? It's a billion dollars a quarter investment, maybe more, you've got to be able to leverage large sales footprints, you've got to be able to leverage large scale data centers. So I think what we're going to see, Mark Hurd said that there's going to be two clouds. I'm not sure I totally agree with that, but it's going to be a game that you've got to have massive investment to be able to succeed and go quickly. So I want to get your thoughts on Oracle's mojo in the cloud. You know, we've seen some press clippings out there. Oh, yeah, the top three is going to be Amazon, you know, Azure and Google, Google gets in there, but no, kind of Oracle is kind of like, it's not getting the kind of respect with this kind of power. The numbers are off the charts on the business side and you're seeing the technology. And you know, the M7 stuff is really powerful, under the hood technology and they've got the data as a service and they've got the modern applications and the openness. What's your thoughts? I think they're going to do very well in the SaaS space. They're going to do well in modernizing those existing applications. You know, the stuff they announced this morning, you know, to be honest with you, they're a little behind some of the other players in the cloud, especially from an infrastructure perspective, but the question becomes, do their customers want to get back down in the infrastructure, or do they want to just trust Oracle to sort of take care of that for them, build Exadata system, ExoBlocks, those types of things. So they're going to do well in that space. They're going to, you know, monetize that space and we're going to see how well these new modern applications either integrate with Oracle apps or they're going to get built somewhere else. We talked to a lot of the senior executives here on theCUBE in the past couple of days. We've got some more coming. We've got tomorrow's the big storage. We've got Dave Donatelli on. We've got Mike Workman and others. So it's going to be interesting. But up to date now, we've been asking them the same question. What is Oracle's strategy? And clearly it's offensive. They have looked at the marketplace, they want to take more share and they are going to cannibalize their own offering to move customers into the cloud. Do you think that's a good strategy? And if you deploy that strategy, what does Oracle have to do to be successful? Well, I mean, we deal with a lot of vendors, a lot of different companies. The thing that's really impressive to me is they're not backing off cloud. They're not treating cloud as like, well, it's just for those sort of leftover applications. They're pushing their core installed base there. They want to push their customers there. I think that's a great play. I think the fact that they're driving just the sales compensation model, the fact that they can understand that is a huge piece. I think it's probably more so than a lot of other vendors trying to be in cloud. I really understood. You know, cloud, one thing that we learned with the DevOps community is integrated still in the blank. Integrated stack, integrated cloud, which is their message here. It's an integration game at many levels. You have a core platform out there and then you have apps on top of it. Obviously, Oracle is in the app business. They have applications, but there's an ecosystem of non-Oracle apps going beyond red stack. Do you think that is resonating well here at Oracle Open World? I think the analogy that I'm going to use on this is it's a little bit like the Apple ecosystem and the Android ecosystem. Apple, you know, integrated hardware and software. They're taking a piece of those new applications and people like the experience because they know the experience, but it's about a third the size of what the Android marketplace is, which is more fragmented, lots of tools, lots of things out there. I think Oracle's trying to play the Apple game in terms of trying to drive that integrated hardware and software system. And when did Apple make their shift? If you look back rhetorical question, is when Steve Jobs came back and brought next operating system, which is BSD, Linux and Unix, they have Unix here. So the engineered systems to me is that Oracle, Apple play. I agree with you. I think it's clearly developed great experiences. Use the Unix and the engineered systems as an under the hood innovation. Offer those in silicon chips, which I think is the big story so far. In my opinion, the show that's kind of like that, the scuttle button in the hallways is people are looking at this saying, wow, I got power, I got performance, I got more cores and I got end to end encryption and I got software on silicon. That is going to be an enabler and that's going to affect the past layer, the integration, the applications, your thoughts. Yeah, no, absolutely. I think when Larry laid out and he said, look, we got in the SaaS game to begin with and we eventually learned we had to do past and we had to do some other things. That knowledge, I tell you what, the whole game in cloud is how fast is your learning curve and how fast can you make that learning curve accelerate? I think the fact that they've moved from very SaaS heavy into past, they're starting to expand past, that's a good sign for customers. The IaaS layer still has some work to do, but the real thing to look at is year over year, how fast is their learning curve accelerating? How fast are they figuring out how to get new customers to adopt these new ways of doing it? That's the key metric for me. We talked to Sean Price yesterday, who's the EVP in the cloud and he said something interesting. I said, how do you judge success? Our customers using the cloud and you mentioned the success of cloud.  And to me, I think Oracle has really has shown some good messaging and performance behind them. They're basically saying, hey, we're provisioning stuff in minutes and days. That to me is very cloud-like. Well, in the flip side of that, and Sean is going to, I'm sure he's going to dive into this next time we have him on, is you've got to also get your customers to understand there's power in being able to do things quickly. I can take an idea, a business idea, go execute it, I may fail, but I can do it quickly. Having that ability to iterate is a huge piece of cloud, but it's a mindset that business users have to change. My summary of the keynote today, basically, we heard, we saw a lot of integration theme, we saw a lot of database intelligence, obviously data at the center of the value proposition, security throughout the products that Thomas Curry is talking about, and IoT obviously is something that they want, but I love the Golden State Warriors. I thought that was really clever. I thought it was well done. Obviously they won the world championship, but that is an example of a company that was in turmoil with new management team and a new market opportunity. They are really winning and they, again, they are hitting the core IT problem, the fan experience, the employees, and the team. So company, team, fan experience, that's what sports franchises have to do, multiple constituencies, and the old IT, hey, keep the employees happy, customers use the app, not anymore. The IT is now in this new environment.  Final question for you and wrap up here is, what's your take on the competition? Obviously, everyone is taking notice, Oracle's standing tall, it's all cloud, cloud, cloud, cloud, messaging is just pounding, you know, just like the cadence of messaging cloud, cloud, but under the hood, there's a lot of things going on here. How do you see competitors respond to Oracle at this point? Well, the competitors are all doing very well. We had earnings last week, Google was up, Microsoft was up, Amazon was up, all of those are huge cloud plays. I think really it's going to come down to, you're going to see those that are doing new cloud native applications and those that are doing enterprise applications and where do you want to get on that side of the, you know, which side of the fence do you want to be on? It's an integrated cloud market here, that's the summary of our keynote here, go to silkenail.tv for all the videos, we have podcasting now, we have Women Wednesday, where we highlight women in tech every Wednesday, and the guests of the week, throughout the week, chosen by our editors and the crowd, you guys will be determined to get our own podcast out there, go to crowdpages.co slash oow15 to check out all the content we're putting from theCUBE on that new real-time page, we've got trending hashtags, find out what the conversation is, and that's where all the assets will be in the live chat, join crowd chat there as well. This is theCUBE, we're live here at Howard Street for exclusive coverage of Oracle Open, we'll be right back after this short break.


Let's go now to Orlando HP Fieldhouse to join our guy, I and Eagle. I and it is a new normal. Appreciate you coming on with this. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, it's I must say it's lonely, but it's great to see other humans, Michael and Frank. Well, the NBA said to put together this restart, keeping in mind health and safety, keeping that first and foremost entertainment atmosphere and then creating this platform for players to speak out about social issues. How would you assess the job the league has done so far? Incredible. Opening night games were validation in many ways that it looked like the NBA. It sounded like the NBA. It felt like the NBA, of course, with no fans. That's a big part of the. The league knows how to put on events. This is what they do, and they're probably the best at doing it. As far as. Very safe, the league has been incredibly vigilant about their rules and their regular. I'm in a different tier than the player, so I will not see a player. I will not see a coach. She'll I will not see a staff member, but it's all part of what they're doing to make sure that everybody remains healthy and that they crown a champion at the end of this run in October. I and the players, they're playing without fans. What about for you as a broadcaster? What is it like calling games without fans in the building? Yeah, Frank, the way that I viewed it, I do feel as if I had some for this. I've done remote games in my career, some NBA finals for the world feed from a studio fee, but generate energy when you realize you're not going to get it. You would get from a crowd. I also did many years of play-by-play on a video game for Sony PlayStation. A video game called NBA Playgrounds. I'm getting a number of little plugs in as well. This is for me in my career. So that was another part of the broadcasting world that was new to me to again bring juice even though it was a nondescript sterile situation. I heard, Frank, I think you can relate to this a bit. I called Nets games in the mid-90s. There was a difference there. Be careful, be careful.


Welcome to gelasa news to get top stories and crypto and bring on a bite-sized pieces today. Just the thumbnail suggests Facebook changed its entire name To meta as in the metaverse so they're going heavily into the metaverse and how that's going to affect you as a cryptocurrency investor So we're gonna take a look at what is going on there We're gonna take a look at the different categories that potentially be a game changer They're gonna have my friend Ian come in and give us some of like to call Ian's insight So let's just jump right in because this is uh one of the crazy days that We've we're all been living for so first up. Let's take a look what's going on into the crypto market itself And uh, not a bad day. I mean we've got we're almost at 2.6 trillion It's been fluctuating Admittedly, but we're still around that same base price bitcoin price around 61k We've got some uh, some certain tokens that are up shiba inu being one of them And of course that's been just crushing it lately if there ends up six percent finance coin eight percent three and so on and so forth And yeah dogecoin making up 27 percent in the last 24 hours Ah, excuse me.  So congratulations shiba inu holders But overall markets looking pretty darn good as it stands Also, we take a look at the etf the pro shares is pretty much hovering right where it was Before as far as where we are at started around uh 40 42 and went sideways dropped some bit And now I've kind of recovered a little bit. So and also the uh, valkyrie Futures etf is around the same one. Although it's been at decline initially came up and then just trading sideways So not too much going on there. The big news in my humble opinion is uh, what is going on with facebook and So I know some people just loved they either love facebook or the hate box But usually on this channel everybody hates facebook. That's just how it is. But this is an interesting story and I think it has uh massive repercussions Throughout the crypto and digital assets face. I'll explain a second. So this just broke a couple hours ago Maybe three or four hours ago What we got here is facebook completely changes name to meta when I read this first. I'm like, that's cute That's a nice little way to do things. Maybe they're just uh doing it as like like a transient thing Just to kind, you know in some kind of like honor or to like, you know to generate interest But this is the new change. So facebook on thursday announced that will change its company name to meta The rebranding also comes out of the company has dealt with a barrage of news reports over the past month Stemming from whistleblower francis haugenstrove Internal documents, but this is the big thing So again, I thought it was just just a small piece that we're going to change And maybe just go right back to facebook because you know, that's just how they they do things, right? Just a nice marketing ploy but no The company will also change its stock ticker from fb To mvrs as in the metaverse That is going to affect december 1st And that is no small feat to change your ticker for a publicly traded company The company's stock price was up on more than 3 on thursday and this is from uh, the zuck Mark zuckerberg. He says our hope is that within the next decade the metaverse will reach a billion people Say it again A billion people we've only got around 6.6 billion people on the planet. So it's pretty good pretty good to reach Host hundreds of billions of dollars of digital commerce and support jobs from millions of creators and developers boy I sure hope so and now we can take a look at just how things have changed over the last couple of years Thanks to the coronavirus Everybody's a lot of more people are working from home They're working distance wise so the metaverse could be just a big one just for commerce itself So that is the first part in the second part I found interesting and remind me about an article I read in ap news and it talks about this was from october 24th Uh, it says what the metaverse is and how it will work I just like to you know, take a look at what's going on here And the whole part was just you know, what the metaverse is I can explain it Essentially if you ever seen that the movie ready player one where everybody's in this, uh, this virtual reality world They interact with people and they can have uh different clothes and they can buy things That's pretty much the metaverse. It's a it's a 3d world that you interact with Uh with your virtual reality headsets if you have a good or good one That's essentially a there's massive ramifications moving forward But what it says here is zuckerberg is going big on what he says as the next generation of the internet Because it thinks it's going to be a big part of the digital economy the digital economy What we've been talking about on this channel and a lot of different channels for quite a long time The digital economy and it's a lot easier and now I understand why Why facebook was so keen on getting into cryptocurrency because I know there's There needs to be some kind of universal payment system that they can use throughout the entire globe Because the u.s. dollar just can't cut it and if they have something like what they had Libra and then it was uh, re-end of whatever it is and that's I don't know how well that's going But now we can see that uh, products that are in the metaverse products that are in our digital assets NFTs products that have to do with payment systems that are going to be used globally These are going to be big and uh, I think facebook kind of saw the running on the wall and then also uh, you know former employee, but This is what was interesting and zuckerberg says this there's also a lot of startups that could be potential competitors because remember People think oh the metaverse is just going to be owned by one huge company Well, I mean in some certain sci-fi books like ready player one If there's a dominant company that's owning a big large portion of it But there's a lot of different players out there and especially right now. It's very early The big thing to remember is this video game companies Are also taking a leading role epic games roblox name the ones that you have Consumer brands are getting in on two italian fashion house gucci collaborate in june with roblox To sell a collection of digital only accessories coca-cola and clinic SL digital tokens pitches a stepping stone of the metaverse And then of course it goes into could this be another way to steal your data? Of course it is it's facebook That's what they're going to do but the thing that I was thinking about myself was okay All these things are coming up these things are going to happen and we know they're going to happen And even facebook is like kind of coming to forefront of this is what is uh, it's actually going to be and there's a reason why why facebook Acquires different companies or takes root in different things like they didn't just sit around let let instagram grow too big They acquired instagram they didn't sit around and go you know what we need some type of messaging platform Or people can communicate we're going to acquire whatsapp and then you know just down the road They just acquire all these different companies So they they want to stay relevant and on top of everything now. They're saying the next big forefront Which is going to replace the mobile Uh universe that we have because everything was just you know online the browsers Then it became mobile and the next step is the metaverse. So how can we? As uh as cryptocurrency enthusiasts get ahead of this So this is only investment opinion not investment advice. This is how I see things so if you go to coin gecko And uh, if you click on categories you can categorize it to a bunch of different things So for this one the thing I would look at is the gaming sector because just like they talked about with uh with uh roblox and uh infinity The other ones that uh, what did I have it was um Now epic games and stuff like that So if there's a way to transact within these games Or if there's the way to take some type of weapons or to take wardrobe or anything like that like we can talk about forever Well, now that facebook is doing these things. Maybe they're like, maybe we should get on this a little bit more So I mean they're already there, but even to accelerate these things. So this is what I would definitely look at I mean actually you've been any sure Engine coin. I got a bunch of that stuff sandbox on a little bit wax be able to Trade these nfts and shoots in it and t nfts all around alluvium velocity yield games You have a game. I don't know anything about that one star link heard a little bit 92 27 also That's a that's an easy to play and of course look at the metaverse And then I think again just because facebook is there they're not going to own everything Take a look at decentral land the sandbox yield game yield god games ufo game again star link again Decentral games bosson protocol that's for e-commerce and things like that. So again, look I don't know exactly what's going to happen, but I can tell you this This move from facebook wasn't taken lightly to just go let's just go into the metaverse This could be potentially the way that things will go and these are the products to potentially look into the feature Because I'm not really the expert in this sector. I'm going to bring in a friend of mine Ian Bolina from token metrics. He's going to talk to us about what he sees and what he hears Especially about what happens with the metaverse and things to actually Do a deep dive and look into so let's jump into the interview. All right So, yeah, this is pretty big news like we just we're talking about I mean look facebook changed their name to metaverse Not only that they're changing their ticker name to mvrs so Like I was talking about I brought in my friend Ian Ian Bolina from token metrics because he's Him and his team I should say the ones that do like the real deep dives consistently. So Ian, thanks for coming on man. I appreciate it Pleasure to be on. Thank you for having me. Yeah, so first of all, let's just get out of the way. What do you think? Good move bad move or just just crazy A great move on their part because one the metaverse is this new trend of crypto and blockchain and beyond ar And two the facebook brand has taken a huge hit So in a ways they're basically pushing the reset button and starting all over I'm trying to bring in people who are in the whole metaverse Dow nft space and crypto into the to basically accept them as a company Yeah, that's crazy. And then you said some so there's a couple things I wanted to ask you first of all What do you think would be like? Some pretty good plays to get into and second of all, what do you think would be? Um is the next big thing because you had actually told me about something that's going to be bigger than nft So let's start with number one. What's a good play for people to get into? Dows so I think dows next straight dows. Yeah dows in the next one to two years Could be the same kind could have the same catalyst as nft's this year This year has basically been nft season. The year prior was defy season. I think next year could be dows season No kidding. So, okay. So let me let me jump back here. So let's take a look at coin gecko. What kind of dows are we talking about? Uh, so for example recently this week a 16z crypto fund announced investing and buying Tokens and friends with benefits now, which is basically a social community now Of people in the space who are trying to build something greater for the crypto community And it's really tokenizing culture and Community And I think that's something that's going to be huge because we've seen dows grow with defy projects, but not people are launching dows just for Anything right so from buying nft's from doing events from collaborating together And if this can be a way to get ownership and be a part of that I think that's that's a huge long term in that sense. For example, there was a dow that purchased A bunch of crypto punks at a very cheap price, right? I think that purchased over 100 crypto punks right now and now so I believe at that time to get into that dow it cost about Uh 300 ether and now it cost about 3000 ether to get in So this is so expensive that you have to pay basically more than 10 million dollars to get in So, okay, so i'm gonna bring up so i'm on coingecko.com in the categories to the dowmaker ecosystem So here's what we here's what they have This is interesting, uh orion protocol dowmaker Horde fear this this can't be everything that's for sure No, so so so that's not it But some dows to keep to keep to keep an eye on and to just see how other new dows model them Pledge a doubt. They basically do the dows that invest in crypto assets from buying nfts To buying crypto assets to community dows, right? And for people who want to get alpha who want to get insights at a deep level With people who are very well known in the space You have to basically buy access to these communities and these communities are tokenizing themselves That makes sense like we always talk about so So ian, how do we get into those types of communities? Is it all based on invite only you have to go through the discord or how does that work? So for example, let's take a ether rocks, right? Very very expensive They're basically nfts that were just rocks But the reason why people were spending millions of dollars to buy them was because they're only 100 in the world And by owning this nft you'd become part of a group part of a community So they had private discord groups private telegram groups Private twitter groups and one person posted on twitter that just by joining this group He's got so many insights that he's made 1.5 million dollars in the last one year From the tips and investment advice being shared in these groups This is yeah, this is the new financial elite Really, so it was what's going on because before it was all it was all closed It was you had to know somebody to know somebody now You can know somebody but you have to be in the forefront and really be an innovator. It sounds like yeah So you can achieve that by one getting in early in these communities Or two bang in late by buying nfts Or three these communities will now progress towards dowse because they now have to have a governor's model Right. So for instance a new dow just launched where people are pulling the funds together to buy a basketball team sometime in the future So Projects like this are just fascinating because this could actually happen That is interesting which brings me to my to my last two points. First of all great insights Ian always always great to have you on so with this one I will just say if you guys are interested in insights like this This is Ian's insight and him and his team have built a pretty good information hub called toka metrics And you can sign up Ian anything you want to go through as far as what's what to look over here Yes, yes, so this is the new and improved token matrix version two we launched recently So the main thing to look at is a tm grade. That's our machine learning our ai going through and rating Over 6,000 crypto assets based on different metrics such as quantitative data points We have trading signals that tell you whether or not we're bullish or bearish So for example our our ai has been very bullish on shib And also on so so solana shiba inu eluvium So for anybody out there who's a who's a trader? I want to find these new Products early on and no one to get in and also want to take profits. This is a good platform for you Perfect and then on top of the other things that you were just talking about as far as insights and then Lastly before I forget. You got a book out. You found the time to write with all right the book finally Yes, investing guide. Yeah, so this because we launched this book last month It's a great book for anybody who wants to learn crypto. We talk about defi nfts And just really getting involved in the space and we go through our entire research process on how to evaluate crypto assets How to find good investments how to filter out the noise And this is a book actually our research team has been using internally for a while and now We've made this available to the public Perfect. All right, my man. Well, that's it like I know you're a busy guy I just wanted to get your thoughts on this because this was kind of beyond me So I appreciate it. But any last words of wisdom before we take off Yeah, I mean crypto is the future. Uh, go slow. I think long term We're here with you Rob's here with you and thank you for everything Yeah, man. Thanks. Okay. Let's jump back. All right. So I hope that helps I want to thank you again. That was pretty pretty great stuff You can find the link to toka metrics in the description below. I'll also Put on the very part for the comments. So it'll be pinned at the very top And that's it for today. So interesting day. We'll see how it all works out If you like today's video go and give it a thumbs up that helps tremendously I'll also consider subscribing. I mean a lot of things are happening super fast around here So definitely want to be up to date and that's it for today. Thanks so much. I appreciate it. See you on the next one


It was a little boss in... Hello, welcome to Going Deeper. I'm sitting with Rich Michelson, and we're continuing our conversations with the local literary and otherwise award recipients for the SAMI Awards for 2019. So, welcome. Well, thank you. Glad to have you here. Pleasure. Yeah. So, I was looking at your work. It's nice to have the table full of your children's books. 19... Every table should be full of my children's books. Exactly. All right. It's 19 total. Is that... Yeah, I really don't. I don't really keep track. Yeah, that's what I got. And all your other adult poetry, your beautiful gallery, and all the ways that you have contributed to art and literature and children's literature. So, my first question I want to get to is, what is it? What was it? What are some of the themes of your childhood that kind of informed and influenced this work that you do today? Well, it's funny. You know, probably most people know me for my Jewish-themed children's books. But in fact, I grew up with no religious education of any kind. I did not go to Hebrew school or day school. I was not part of Mitzvahd. In fact, my mother was very anti-religious and atheist to the extreme. My dad was working all the time and had no interest. So, I grew up in a household with none of the trappings of Judaism whatsoever. We didn't celebrate the holidays. And I kind of joke is the first synagogue I ever stepped in was when I started getting invited to speak in synagogues. Sure, yeah. But my wife, on her own behest, decided to convert to Judaism after we were married. And you'll have to bring her in for that interview. Sure. It was not my idea and I was actually against it. But it was really during her conversion, which she was part of a class of two, the other being our mutual friend Julius Lester. And really when I went into the JCA, the Jewish Community of Amherst, the first person I saw was Julius, who I knew really from his first book, Look Out Whitey, Black Power, Gonna Get Your Mama, as a Black militant. And I was surprised to see him there. We developed a friendship. And it was really through that friendship and also my wife's questions. She would ask me things as she was studying like, well, why does this happen? And I would say, how do I know? But I started reading along with her. And I realized how little of my own background I knew. I knew I was interested in history. I knew the kings and queens of England. I knew Russian history. But I had no idea where my own family had come from, where my grandparents were from. In a sense, the lineage debt brought me to who I am. So I'm a writer. And so in order to figure things out, I started writing about my past. I'm trying to give myself a relationship with my grandparents that I didn't really have. And the more I studied, I was writing things down. And some of them, not all, but my first children's books are all children's poetry. I consider myself a poet first. But a lot of my work was related to that. Probably my best-known books actually would be as good as anybody about Martin Luther King and Abraham Joshua Heschel. That's this one right here. And I grew up in a neighborhood that when I was born was 90% Jewish. By the time I left, it was 95% African-American. We were really the last of the white families to leave the area, not for any social reason, more for economic reasons. And so the other things that a lot of my books and my poetry and my children's books have to do with race and social justice. Yeah, that actually was my second question. So before we get into that, I'm curious, was your mom's aversion and it seems like more of an aversion than just neutral secularness? Yes, when I started speaking in synagogues, she said, where did I go wrong? I was going to ask, was she alive that she had to respond to your...  We were very close. I think she was certainly proud of me and she liked seeing the books out there, but she had no... So was it her parents who immigrated from somewhere? Yes, her parents came from Poland. Were they religious? They were very religious. So she was kind of responding. She rebelled against that, against the Orthodox upbringing. And she was very adamant in her non-beliefs. It's so interesting. I have to say that even though I'm steep now in the Jewish culture, I still share most of her beliefs. Yeah, but it's so interesting that somehow Jennifer, your wife, was able to do some healing, inadvertently with you and for your mom to the extent that it helped her get less detached from her past. And I think both my children actually relate very strongly. My daughter's a composer and she's doing very well. We're very proud. And she's had a number of pieces off Broadway. One, Tomorrow of the River was probably had a long run and was based on the biblical story of Tomorrow. Her most recent work is called Song of Songs of Songs. So my wife actually went into labor while in the mikva for your non-Jewish readers.  So our daughter was Jewish by about 20 minutes. Wow, that's so interesting. Wow. Well, yeah, the segue about Julius is important because I see in your books, your children's books, there's a theme about Jews and Blacks and how the relationships between Jews and Blacks. So are some of these autobiographical? It sounds like they are. Well, Across the Alley is probably the most autobiographical book. That's it. Yeah, this is the one I was looking for. And that's about a Jewish boy and a Black boy who aren't allowed to play with each other during the time of segregation. So did you have a friend? Yes. But their bedroom windows face each other and they become best friends at night. Of course, I'm a writer. I'm not a biographer. All the stories have bits of truth and bits of fancy. Julius actually recorded my book as good as anybody. Wow. And he was able to do all the voices. The African American voices, the Jewish voices. He had a beautiful voice. Yes, we listen to his song every time we open a show. That's right. That was the canter at both my daughter's Bartmitser, my son's Bar Mitzvah. Yes. We had a Black canter and a woman rabbi. Right. And most of our audience had never been in a temple and they just figured that's the way it is. Right. Nobody thought that was unusual. I have a great story about the JCA that way that there was a child who leaned over. This was years ago when Rabbi Sheila was there. And then some man was on the Bima and the kid says, they let men up there. That was such an anomaly to have a male person which is very sort of ironic given the history. Well, I started out as a poet and in fact Julius was very central to my writing for children as were a number of other factors. My gallery of course represents a lot of wonderful children's book illustrators. But my dad was a victim of gun violence. I do write about that in my adult work, not in my children's work. And it was racial. And I had written an essay about that. I forget for what magazine at the time. But Julius sent me an email afterwards and said it was a wonderful essay. It was very moving to him. And he thought I had a lot to offer as far as healing and bringing people together. He said, you know, you can either get bitter or you can try to heal. And he thought that I should try my hand at writing for children. So he was central in my life in that way. I should say it already were in a couple of books of poetry for children. But I hadn't really started writing what probably more people are familiar with are the books on race and social justice. Yeah, wow. That's really very moving about your father and that whole, you know, the whole thing with Julius and Jennifer and you and your mom. It's a really beautiful kind of... And let me just say, you know, again, since it's not something I often talk about, but the gun, we need to get a handle on that. I mean, for me, it's been many, many years. I see it every day affecting other families. And we really, you know, it's time. It's time that we came together and made a difference in the world. And it's so interesting now that we're talking about that but in New Zealand, this 33-year-old, 38-year-old, I think she was, mayor, or what, no, prime minister. Right, the prime minister now. In six days, she's changed the, you know, they've really acted on it. It is possible. It's a possible you need the will. People need to come together. And you need the absence. In this country it's a shame because most people are of the same opinion. No, I think the lobbyists have a lot to do with the money behind it. Well, yeah, that's a very important story. I'm glad you shared that. Why don't we talk a little bit about your adult poetry? Okay, always happy to. What are some of the themes? Well, the themes are really not that much different. You know, my poetry tends to be narrative-based. It tends to deal with current events, racial problems, you know, some Judaism and the world that we live in. So, you know, it's not a big stretch for me between writing for children and writing for adults. I think a big difference is that when I write for children, I really know ahead of time what the book's going to look like, what I want to say. And when I write for adults or really for myself, you know, it's a different process. I'm never quite sure where the work's going to take me. You know, it's much more of a discovery for me with the children's books. You know, I'm interested in language. I'm interested in making it. You know, with all this talk, I want to say that the books are often funny. They're fun. I don't want to look, you know, over heavy. There's nothing worse than writing a children's book with a message. It has to be a story or kids are not going to be interested. They're not going to want it. It's got to have some humor. It's got to have some movement and excitement. If you're writing with a lesson, you're not going to write a book that kids are going to be interested in. But still, you know, it's not as free-flowing for me as the poetry is. So you talked about poetry that has sort of current event kind of meaning. Did you bring any poetry that you'd like to share? Well, I did bring a poem. Most of my poems are longer. I think my next book is very heavily based, as many artists are dealing with these last few years. Current events, I think, is something that I'd prefer it the other way, but is blossoming in the poetry world, in the theater world, in movies. We're all trying to take back some semblance of sanity in poetry. We're trying to take back the language so that it means what it says, not this George Orwellian lingo that is in the government now. And my good friend, the poet Martina Spada, has an anthology coming out in the spring. Poems that have to do with Trump's world and election. And what poets can do to try to change the tide. And I'm happy to have work in it. But I brought, which I hadn't meant to be talking about my dad, but since it came up in the conversation, I'll read a poem that is in my book More Money Than God. I have it, you'll notice, printed out in 18 point type, because I can no longer read my own books. I've read it at that age. But this is a poem that I think touches on a little bit what we spoke about, the neighborhood I grew up in, which was very poor, and my love of art, which developed somehow from that. It's called More Money Than God. More money than God, my father said, again and again, shaking his head in disbelief at any ostentation. The neighbor's gold-plated knocker, we still banged fists, or my own lust to own the autographed edition, or the waxed bronze bust. It is not only the idea which should hold all the pleasure, but the poet's pencil marks on paper, which we treasure above the memorized poem. And so I fan my flushed face, signaling the fast-talking auctioneer, who has traced the provenance and picks up the pace, multiplying offers. And who now does my father's bidding? Heaven's coffers, perhaps, are for the destitute. But why did he have to die to escape the lousy, crime-ridden, never-to-be-gentrified neighborhood of both our births? The cost of living, he would argue, is not the worth of being alive. But still, he checked each lottery ticket, which littered the empty lot next door, praised their silver latex glitter, praying to the beautiful unscratched, like little gods. Money talks, he taught me, but nobody beats the odds. So that's from my book More Money Than God. And... And how totally poignant nobody beats the odds, and he certainly didn't. You know, we have to change the odds, right? We have to move things to a different angle. I brought a very short poem from one of my children's books, too. That's here. And this is from a book called S's for Sea Glass, which I think you have right over there. We're coming into this spring and summer. Yes. And I'm pleased I have a little gingerbread cottage in Oak Bluffs. Oh, very sweet. Where I got to sit on the porch and write this book. It's an alphabet book for young kids going to the beach. Very sweet. And again, a little different than most of my work, but I was commissioned to write it. I was happy to do so. And actually, if you want to open it to tea, we'll do that. Tea is for tide. And while you're doing it... Oh, wow. That's good. Right there. This is just like the way things happen in a library, given that you're getting this award. Each day the tide's high, and each day the tide's low. The world's full of mysteries we'll never know. The moon orbits Earth, and the tides are affected. No matter its form, all matter's connected. As sure as it ebbs, the tide also rises, and each day the world is full of surprises. Very good. So that's a beach book for some young kids. You're right. Very upbeat, happy book. Very nice.  Well, I don't do the illustrations, but they're wonderful illustrations. So we have some time left. I want to talk a little bit. You're getting this award. The Sammy's are April 25th. Yes, please come. Everybody come. Yeah, please come. Support the Jones Library. Exactly. That's what we're here to say. And I know that they are actually auctioning me off to come to your book group, to talk about children's books or adult books. Nice. And as part of that, we're also giving an original limited edition of G. Clay print from one of my children's books called Bussing Brewster. I didn't bring it here. I didn't give it to.  And you also get a wood engraving by Barry Mosier. So come, bid. You can bid online. The Jones Library appreciates your support. It's a wonderful library. I stop in almost every day for something or other. Yeah. And it's an able to treasure. Bruce Watson, the other recipient this year, is also a frequent. He does a lot of his writing there at the library. So that's very sweet. And your relationship to the Eric Carle Museum is also connected because the Eric Carle Museum is also a recipient. They're getting the Institution Award. Institutional. And the Eric Carle Museum, you know, so talk a little bit about that. I own and started our Michelson Galleries in Northampton. We had a branch in Amherst as well. I remember very well. I'm getting a little old and tired of running back and forth. So when did the Northampton Gallery open? In 79. Really? Yeah. I've been here a long time. And then the Amherst one was from when to when? Well actually, let's see. One of my dates. I think maybe Amherst opened in 79 in Northampton in 80 or 81. Oh, okay. But I am Amherst. Northampton, we just had a larger space. Sure. Beautiful space. Everyone should go over there. Yeah. We have three floors, 60 foot high ceilings. It's gorgeous. And represent a lot of wonderful nationally and internationally known artists. Both fine artists. Leonard Baskin was somebody who was very important to the gallery. Barry Moser, a dear friend was the first artist we ever took on. The photographer, Leonard Nimoy, who many of you know, my dearest friend, also wrote a children's book about Leonard called Fascinating. The Life of Leonard Nimoy. The other person who is probably most important in my Jewish education, Leonard came from a Yiddish speaking home and lived long and prosper. His hand signal of course is an ancient hebraic prayer. I didn't know that. Well, you'll have to read the book. It talks about it. Yeah, wow. But I also represent probably the major gallery in the country representing original children's book art and handle the original work of numerous children's book illustrators around the country. We often work very closely with the Erochoral Museum. If an artist comes into the area, we'll do a show at the same time. It helps everyone to get a broader range of the work. Sure. I think their first exhibit was Maurice Sendak, who blurbed one of my books and was somebody who we represented. And Jules Pfeiffer, we worked together with, Kadir Nelson, many, many people. And we continue that relationship. It's a very wonderful relationship and has really helped make the Pioneer Valley really the center of children's book illustration in the country. It's amazing how many people live here. How many of our wonderful artists. I'll start mentioning them, but then I'll leave somebody out. I know. But go to the website, Regalson.com. You'll see we just had a Mo Willems exhibit for people who know Elephant and Piggy and don't let the pigeon drive the bus. We'll have our 30th annual illustration exhibit this November. Okay. And the authors and illustrators from all over the country come in. It's just wonderful. Do you do any international work? Well, we curate a lot of exhibits around the world. I see. I was just with my wife in South Korea for a show we did in some museums there. They actually have a wonderful collector base of American children's books because that's how they learned to speak English. Sure. And yes, I've been fortunate to travel all over the world both with my own work and with the gallery. Wonderful. Wonderful. Okay. This is great. I'm so glad you came in. That's it. Did we breeze through? That was easy. We did. We did a lot. And I look forward to your talk at the Sammy's. Thank you. And Barry Mosher. It'll be short and sweet. My dear friend Barry Mosher is going to introduce me. Yeah, that's great. For people who don't know Barry's work, you should. Also, like myself, he does work for adults and work for children. He's run the gamut, his Penny Royale Caxton Bible, I think, which came out in 2000. It was the first fully illustrated Bible in a century. And he went from that to a picture book of three little pigs. Again. Quite a range. You know, it's a wide range. Yeah. And he's a wonderful speaker. That's great. Thanks, Rich. Thank you. Thanks a lot. And thank you all for coming. I hope to see everyone at the Sammy's. Come join us. Today. Thank you.