As a member of the Judiciary Committee, Democratic Senator Amy Klobuchar has introduced bills to increase funding to substance abuse treatment programs. As Mal Meyer reports from Walker, the senator met with representatives from the many agencies working on the Leach Lake-Cast County Wellness Court who could benefit from the increased funds. During the meeting held at the Cast County Courthouse today, the leaders told Senator Klobuchar just how far they've come over the last 10 years. When we got started, we figured that there had to be another model out there somewhere where a tribe in the state were working together and we found out that we were the model. Those looking at drug or alcohol-related charges can elect to go into the program to receive a lighter sentence, get out of jail, and start working towards sobriety. The Wellness Court just gave me a kind of foundation of the bill of blocks I needed to control my addiction as well as I could. Right now, 17 people are in the five-step program. Melissa Wilson is looking forward to graduation in June. It's meaningful, you know, when somebody graduates.  The model hit home for the senator, whose father is an alcoholic. So I saw the effect that had when he went to treatment and his finally got his act together and it really made a difference. Now the representatives look for the senator to carry their message to D.C. to continue funding for this and similar programs. There were cynivism rates at one time. We went from around 60% of cynivism, I believe it was, down to less than 7%. The one thing we know for sure is the way we were doing it before, traditionally, it was not really working. In Walker, I'm Mal Meyer, Lakeland News. Senator Klobuchar recently introduced legislation that would impose a fee on opioid prescriptions to be used for misuse treatment programs like the Wellness Court. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


So I want to speak today about what I think will be the broad architecture of the decentralized worldwide web and how we will get there. And to give away the punchline, the critical element is you, you, the developers. Today's Web 2 world consists of siloed walled gardens. There really isn't much of an open web anymore. Google's front end serves and monetizes everyone else's content.  It didn't start that way. The internet started with the promise of a certain style of decentralization. It was about building robust network architecture such that damage to one part of the network would not render other parts unusable. The socially aware technologists soon framed this characteristic of decentralization in the context of political control. John Gilmore, an early famous cipherpunk, stated that the net interpret censorship was damage and routes around it. These early cipherpunks were the godparents of all of us here today. In today's Web 2.0, we give away our personal information and our power in order to exist on the internet. For most cybercitizens, it would be debilitating to be deprived of Gmail, Google search, Twitter, Amazon's and Apple's ecosystems, and the various Facebook properties. The web is broken or incomplete. Because it has no native constructs for identity or money. Without a native construct for money, the web turned to advertising as its core business model. Without a native construct for secure and private identity, the web grew exploitative before we could recognize that an advertising technology cancer was growing and killing the patient. With deep learning techniques applied to monetizing our personal information and our attention and addicting us to clicking and scrolling incessantly on social media, the technology that should be purely empowering us has also become harmful to many individuals and a weapon of mass manipulation targeted at our societies and nation states. Having identified some nasty problems in the command and control architecture of the web, many of us at this conference and elsewhere have come up with some promising solutions. These solutions are not yet mature, but they point the way to a web and societal future that I think we can all be optimistic about. This is why 4,000 of us flew to the kitchen of Japan to celebrate and extend the current capabilities of Ethereum. The promising solutions involve decentralized protocol technology. These solutions will soon employ zero knowledge techniques pervasively and systematically. So only what must be disclosed in a given situation will be shared. Whether you are demonstrating that you are of legal age to walk into a bar without also having to reveal your home address or demonstrating that you are capable of shipping a certain quantity of grain without revealing your company's name. These solutions involve tokenized, incentivized collaboration mechanisms. Instead of a world of companies that serve customers in a somewhat adversarial relationship, we will soon conduct our lives on networks for commerce and leisure. These networks will bring together many actors in diverse roles and motivate activity with tokenized mechanism design such that the collective collaborative behavior that emerges on each platform serves all the people who operate on and jointly own and govern the platform. As the platform appreciates in value, all the owners playing different roles on the platform benefit as well. These solutions will see us establish our own self-sovereign identities where we control the roots of our IDs through DIDs, decentralized identities, as specified by the Decentralized Identity Foundation, and realized in the form of U-Port, Civil ID, and other products. Verifiable claims, as specified by the W3C, will enable us to lodge cryptographic attestations from our DIDs onto DIDs representing other people regarding characteristics like their age, actions like the fact that they paid their utility bill, achievements as in educational attainment, and performance as with credit scores or developer proficiency. DIDs can also represent organizations or things like content, for instance. Perhaps most importantly, Web3 will be more user-centric than any previous internet platform, putting the user finally at the center of user experience. People must be in control of the root of their identities so that their identity can't be stolen. And in control of their own personal information so it can't be exploited, even in the extreme circumstance where a refugee is de-platformed from their country and not able to take any physical possessions with them to their new home, they should be able to easily access their decentralized identity and reclaim their personal portable history and reputation in the form of verifiable claims linked to that DID. Under the Web3 paradigm, all users will have real agency, social, political, and economic, on the many collaboration networks on which we will all soon work and live. This will be the new fabric of society, and this fabric will support far broader participation in governance and broader wealth distribution. Removing rapidly, though it seems agonizingly slowly at times, towards realizing the Web3 world. It seems slowly to those looking in because they hear about the potential and they expect it to materialize instantly. As though the web and internet, mobile phones and cars were all birthed as mature products with fully formed infrastructure by their original inventors. As though the global electrical grid was spun by Edison and 787s and F35s were waiting in the wings for testing on the runways at the International Airport at Kitty Hawk. Realizing a well-formed Web3 world will involve us achieving improvements in three major dimensions, privacy and confidentiality, scalability, and usability. Privacy and confidentiality is moving fast with various explorations of zero-knowledge techniques, state channel mechanisms, and layer two private chain architectures. We've all seen and will continue to see massive improvements in scalability. This is all moving very fast with various kinds of layer two solutions being built, launched, and anchored into a theorem layer one for additional security. Scale networks is one exciting example. Again, lots of use here of off-chain computation using interactive computation games and zero-knowledge techniques, state channels, and layer two public and private chain architectures. We're seeing tens of thousands of decentralized transactions per second, DTPS, added to a theorem layer two this year already and very soon we will see millions. And probably before the end of 2020, we will see all of this multiplied 1,000-fold as the theorem phase zero will be delivered in Q1 and phases one and two will likely arrive together before the end of the year. Usability is also seeing much improvement. Few people recall how agonizing it was to access the internet via dial-up on a 9,600 or 14, four-bod modem. The apps and web pages were simple back then, but it wasn't uncommon to wait 30 seconds for a page to load. And often, you weren't sure if you were still connected or just loading. In the morning, you'd get to your workstation, start your email client downloading, and go for coffee to give it time to sync with the pop or IMAP server before you could read and respond to your email. This was 93, 94. We see similar issues with early implementations of the Web 3 technology. For Web 3, many projects are exploring the progressive onboarding technique that enables instant onboarding of the user to adapt, followed by a gradual handover of responsibility from the DAP to the user as investment of attention and money in that DAP grows. New wallet architectures are taking the multi-signature tooling pioneered by Gnosis Wallet and Safe and adding social recovery pioneered by U-Port and social acceptance or rejection of intended user actions to ensure that early adopters don't get nicked by the still sharp edges of this new technology. And systems like ENS are gaining traction so soon we won't have to look at long strings of hexadecimal addresses anymore, just as we rarely look at the four octets of IP addresses in dot decimal notation. The architecture of the Web doesn't merely represent identity risk for people and political risk for nation states. It also represents different kinds of platform risk. There's platform risks to artists and others who find themselves de-platformed from a system they rely on for their livelihood. Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube now have enormous ability to shape narratives, debate, and broad morality. And there's platform risk to startups and other companies who find the rules of a platform can change from underneath them as that platform grows and evolves and finds itself cannibalizing the companies that it drew in as partners a few years earlier. The incessant drive to grow revenue once at the top of its adoption curve yields such anti-competitive behavior. Google, Amazon, Facebook, LinkedIn, Apple, and Microsoft are all large platforms that have engaged in dining on their dependence. As a cyber citizen, I love and need Google and Amazon but the unfair advantages that accrue to Amazon in its e-commerce activities and to the AWS cloud are staggering as are those that are available to Google. A new and insidious kind of platform risk has emerged more recently. Just as platforms like LinkedIn, like Facebook, LinkedIn, and others have eaten the lunch of some startups over the years, clouds are now cannibalizing the profits of companies built around open source projects. AWS and some Asian cloud providers have been accused for a while of rewriting, reusing, and rebranding products without supporting the underlying open source and often eliminating economic benefits to the for-profit companies that have commercialized those open source projects. Many would argue that this sort of behavior is perfectly acceptable under open source licensing. Others would argue that there's an implicit social contract and that companies like Amazon are not giving back when they capture value from the open source community. This kind of anti-competitive behavior is enabled by vertical integration. I believe the Web3 world will be largely horizontally layered with explicit interface promises between layers or between synergistic components at each layer. Is this likely to be a problem for our space given that our space is composed of largely open source projects? I would argue that we have an opportunity unique to the technology to construct things differently. Applications running on blockchain networks are likely to be subject to different economics, cyber economics or crypto economics of course. The best blockchain systems are explicit about what these costs are and these costs should be paid by the appropriate actor. In some cases it will be the end user, in some cases it will be the app publisher, perhaps via the gas station network or other meta-transaction mechanism. Blockchain networks will better account for possible negative externalities and bring them inside the tent while benefiting naturally and massively from positive externalities like network effects. All participants on these networks will be doing so from a position of personal or corporate agency. Many will be compensated themselves for the roles they play on these networks as they in turn compensate other people, orgs or dApps for the value they provide. Platform risk will be reduced by decentralized governance and the ability to fork open source code bases to launch competing platforms or even to fork operating platforms when they cease to serve their entire constituency. We will all come to understand that forks are a very healthy and powerful economic tool. Eventually the more advanced platforms will make it easy to fork themselves, copying over the entire state or just building stateless systems that make forking easy to ensure that those in governance of the system are incentivized to be and remain good stewards of the system. Forks effectively keep those exiting within the broader tent enabling the extended community to define itself in broader and more varied terms. John Gilmore would be a huge fan of the forking mechanism. I am powerfully focused on maximal decentralization, permissionless, the base trust layer that is Ethereum and its potential to be a global settlement layer largely devoid of platform risk for natively digital assets or digitized real world assets. But I think it is short-sighted when some people believe that all blockchain systems must be fully permissionless and maximally decentralized. When you are issuing valuable assets or anchoring into a base trust layer, that layer must be maximally decentralized and that requires it to be completely permissionless but adding some decentralization to use cases that are enacted among a small set of counter parties is enormously valuable and this is best done on a private permission system for now. A commodity trade finance platform for instance linking banks and commodity traders does not need radical decentralization and permissionless in 2019 in order to be an order of magnitude or more better platform for conducting trade amongst those parties. Come 2020, it may make sense to link that commodity trade finance platform laterally into a commodities trading platform and into a payments platform and into a corporate identity platform and into an insurance platform, et cetera. These networks can be linked to one another laterally using bridges or using the LeQuality technology which can enable unintermediated trustless atomic swaps or message passing across network boundaries. LeQuality already links Ethereum and Bitcoin trustlessly. And by 2021, it may make sense to anchor all those platforms down into the Ethereum based trust layer for increased security without sacrificing scalability and also so that the base layer can serve as a trustworthy message and transaction bus between a wide variety of applications. This suggests that the architecture of the decentralized worldwide web will look like a patchwork of blockchains, some possibly private and permissioned, linked to one another and anchored down into the permissionless and maximally decentralized based trust layer using a variety of techniques. Ethereum 2.0 is currently the only candidate to be that base trust layer as it is the only blockchain project that is assiduously focused on maximizing decentralization in all of its dimensions.  And finally, our planet will have an automated objective trust foundation to replace the subjective trust infrastructure we've built on for millennia. To continually address scalability concerns, we must practice minimum viable decentralization as we stand up new permissioned Ethereum networks. Going forward, we will always have scalability concerns and there is no need to over secure every use case. We will get used to designing systems with appropriate levels of decentralization. We should start to think of layer two blockchain networks as logical constructs because in time we will want to lift these and set them back down on more capable physical architectures. We need to start designing for such upgrades. Eventually most of the world's private permission systems will run on public permissionless infrastructure just as corporate and government IT infrastructures today run largely on cloud. Just because it will be the best substrate on which to run these systems. It is critical that this base layer be permissionless and maximally decentralized because that is where we derive trust and that trust layer must be global so that we can build international financial and trade systems that all countries can collaborate on. What makes Ethereum the current best or only option to be a base trust layer for the planet? On a recent into the Ether podcast, Mateo Liebowitz, who might be out there right now indicated that he felt that Bitcoin had a divine distribution and that Ethereum had a divine token launch for Ether. He outlined what he called the distribution quadrilema. His argument was that regulators have woken up and any post 2015 protocol that wishes to achieve widespread adoption has to succeed with respect to the following four pillars. We're talking about layer one protocols here. The first pillar is the token must be issued broadly and equitably. Number two, the community must remain engaged, vibrant and grow large over time. One way to achieve this is by enabling the tokens held by the community to appreciate and value. Number three, the project must bring in sufficient capital so that it can be delivered, maintained and continuously improved. And finally, and this is the new wrinkle, the project must be regulatory compliant. Among all the competitors, the Ethereum killers, who have emerged in the past few years after Bitcoin and Ethereum were launched, none show convincing signs of meeting all four requirements of the quadrilema. The best way to build and grow a strong community is to sell them a token and promise that it will appreciate and then work to make it so. This is the definition of a security. Since you are now selling a security, your token won't be issued broadly and widely and your community won't be robust. There may be novel mechanisms tried over time, but so far no projects have gained great traction. And it is hard to imagine building the world's trust foundation and global settlement layer on a VC coin project. The SEC recently gave the EOS project a slap on the wrist for their token sale, but this does not mean a project structured like EOS could have a successful raise at this point. The SEC is tooled up now and very aware. Today it would shut down a sale structured like the EOS sale before it was able to turn on its first billboard in Times Square. So instead of the vertical walled gardens of Web 2.0, we will have horizontal decentralized collaboration layers. At the base we will have Ethereum for trusted transactions and guaranteed execution of agreements, linked to protocols for decentralized storage, bandwidth, heavy compute, identity, proof of location and others. On top of that we will have the open decentralized financial plumbing layer for the emerging global economy. This will consist of price stable tokens, borrowing and lending networks, decentralized exchanges for liquidity, tokenized assets in all forms, other financial instruments like derivatives and synthetics, payment systems, subscription systems and staking and validation systems. Even governance systems will partially lie in this financial plumbing layer for certain kinds of networks and tokens. Much of the blockchain systems we will build going forward will be enabled by and enhanced by an increasingly capable and sophisticated financial layer. For instance, the IT industry is becoming more granular and commoditized. Trusted compute, heavy compute, storage and bandwidth will all be distributed on cloud and fog infrastructure. We will negotiate, provision and pay for these services through smart contracts with tokens in real time. Providers and users will need natively digital financial instruments to hedge their pricing and other risks. The base trust layer enables the financial layer and upon that financial plumbing layer, the rest of the emerging global digital economy will be built. It is an amazing time to be active in the technology space and great to be a developer at a time when the nerds are about to inherit the earth to a far greater extent than in previous technological years. There will be a bit of a tug of war over the next few years. Web two anti-patterns won't die rapidly and easily and many web, many valuable web two constructs should be evolved to benefit web three. And of course there will be web two wolves and web threes, sheep's clothing. To achieve rapid technological evolution and societal advancement, we simply need more web three developers. We need the best and the brightest from the web two worlds to understand what is now possible under this new paradigm. There's somewhat north of 30 million software developers globally. That number includes as rough estimates, but 600,000 open source developers, 12 million Java developers, eight million Python developers, 20 million Apple iOS developers, three million Microsoft developers, 15,000 Linux developers. So here's my ask or rather a challenge to all of us for next year. Let's get one million of those developers building with Ethereum technology. We can currently estimate based on truffle downloads and other metrics that there are as many as 500,000 developers engaging with Ethereum somewhat regularly in some capacity and probably 200,000 of those or more have full-time Ethereum developer jobs or are otherwise fully engaged. At first a million Ethereum devs might sound overly ambitious, but I think that the concerted effort we can get there in a year or so. We have an incredibly talented range of people and teams contributing their time and efforts to improving tools and resources. We've all dedicated, decided to redirect our careers, our days, nights and weekends to building this technology together. And we've come all this way in just a few short years. From the start of the Ethereum project, this has all seemed inevitable to me, though it is astonishing how fast it has moved. But for all of those looking in and waiting on us, let's get this thing in a higher gear. This is my challenge to all of us, one million Ethereum developers. By DevCon 6 perhaps, maybe that's a little too ambitious, but we will give it a shot. Over the next days and weeks, please reach out to your developer friends who are not yet in the Ethereum space. We are putting together several projects to support this thrust. The website, onemilliondevs.com will house multiple ways to introduce your developer friends to many of the holy shit moments that blew your minds when you learned about the space. Kevin Awake and the Gitcoin team have put together a game that will be available extremely soon to highlight many of these insights.  And there will be badges, kudos, and a scoring system. If you bring in 20 devs, and they start racking up kudos and points, you'll find yourself rising on the leaderboard as they will all represent members of your team. By the way, staking out a position in the top 10 on that leaderboard will make you super hireable in a developer relations, dev rel role in our ecosystem. Consensus and others find people with those skills to be enormously valuable. The onemilliondevs.com site will reveal much more fun mechanism over the next few days, and we will grow it over time. Please check it out and send your friends. Thank you.


It was 11, maybe 12. He can go from smiling with you to becoming an animal in about 10 seconds. There were 86 calls to police in a week for assaults, sexual abuse, runaways, drug use, and other problems. Every day I went to work, I was thinking, what will finally be the breaking point? It was very dangerous. It was a bad place. I could not even act in self-defense. I couldn't even protect myself.


Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy. In this video we are going to look at the Cosmic Distance Ladder Simulator and the lab that we will be doing involving that. Now, there are a number of different sections of content here and there are four different simulators that you will be using looking at different ways of measuring distances. Don't forget to look at the other sections as well as those may be important for some of the work on your lab, so don't skip the sections just because they don't have a simulator. So let's go ahead and look first at these simulators and we'll start off with the parallax simulator. And as we open that up, what we'll see is a number of different windows as we do. In this case we see the lake on this side with the observer would actually see the person standing at the position of the X here and then various different presets that you're going to be asked to use. This adjusts the amount of error in the measurements and then you can take the measurements and finally there's a way to show a ruler for making additional measurements. So let's go ahead and take a look at doing an example here because what you're going to do with the first one is take some measurements and you can move the observer around as it directs you and what they will do is take a measurement. So we will see that with perfect measurements we know that the boat is somewhere along this line. We don't know the exact distance and parallax is measuring from two different positions. So if we move it to the other side and now take a measurement we have now triangulated the distance precisely. We know right where the boat is because we know it has to be along this line and it has to be along this line and those two intersect at only one point and we could then use that to determine the distances. Now you can also use in some cases here a ruler and the map scale to get this as well and it will ask you to do the ruler and you can take the ruler and drag it over there to measure that this is seven and a half map units away and we know that each map unit is 20 meters so that can actually tell you what the distance is. You can use that then to actually determine the distance and there are a couple of other presets and let me just look at one real quick here as we clear these. So let's clear our measurements. If we look at one of the other presets it's going to have some errors in the measurement. So you can see an example if we take a measurement here we now know that our object is somewhere in this shaded region. Well that doesn't help us a lot so let's take it from the other side and now we've narrowed it down so now we have narrowed down that our object is somewhere in this region. However that still gives us a little bit and we can find that if we take a third measurement you can even find it more accurately. So if you pick another section here take a measurement you have now narrowed it down a little bit more so the more measurements you can take the better you can isolate your object. So let's go ahead back and take a look at some of the other, one of the other ones that we're going to look at here and next we'll look at the spectroscopic parallax simulator. We can open that up and what we'll see is a number of different windows. This shows the intensity of the absorption lines which tells us really the spectral type or the temperature. So very cool stars over here, very hot stars over here. We can see what the spectrum might look like. You'll need this section here where it does the distance modulus calculation for you. So that's the distance that we're looking for in this case. And then you can adjust the apparent magnitude and the luminosity class of the object. Right now it is set for a star like the sun, a g2 star with a temperature much like our own sun. So that would then tell us for this star if that star has this apparent magnitude that number gets plugged in over here that's done automatically for you and then the distance is calculated automatically as well. So we can look a little bit about what you can what you'll be able to do here. Again you can adjust the magnitudes so you can change your magnitude of your object, you can change its luminosity class, you can take it as a luminosity class say five is a main sequence star, three as a giant star for example, and those are going to give you very different distances. If you notice the main sequence star has a distance of only three parsecs. The giant star has a distance of 34 parsecs and a super giant star is over a thousand parsecs away. And that's because a super giant star is really intrinsically very bright. It's way up here at a high luminosity so in order for it to appear this faint it has to be at a tremendous distance. Now the other thing that we can change is that we can move this along, we can move our spectral class along this way so we can look at cooler stars. Note that it's still as you can see the dot moving along the track for the super giant star since that's what we're in and that will change the distance as well as you go cross back and forth you can figure out the distances. So if you wanted to figure out that a b0 or sorry an 09 now super giant star with these properties and this apparent magnitude would be located at a distance of 362 parsecs. If it was fainter then it's going to be further away and if it was brighter then it would be much much closer to us. So that allows us to be able to determine the distances by looking at two things and we can look at in this case we look at the temperature and we look at the we look at the temperature and the luminosity if we can find its location on the HR diagram we can then use the distance modulus formula here to give us the distance. So let's look at our next simulator and what we have here is let's go back to our simulators and we were going to look at the cluster fitting explorer another way of getting distances and this is again fitting things to a main sequence but using an entire cluster of stars. So what you would find is we select our cluster here and let's look at in this case let's look at NGC 3293 and you'll see the stars and it plots the stars for them and we see that it doesn't match the main sequence very well at all but you can take this and drag it up and down to get your best fit to the main sequence. So where do you find it to be the best fit and maybe somewhere in here? So what you might have are stars evolving off the main sequence and some stars perhaps even evolving to the main sequence. So you can have a variety of different stars there but you try to get the best fit you can for the main sequence itself and once you do that then all you need to do is figure out the apparent magnitude and the absolute magnitude of one individual star to do this. Now the best way to do that is just to put a horizontal bar on and that will tell you that at this location the apparent magnitude we can read on the right of 13.2 and the absolute magnitude on the left is 3.5 and that will then give us the distance is calculated for us at 871 parsecs. So again you don't have to do the calculation you just have to put your two numbers in here using that horizontal bar. So that's all you do to determine the distances on this one and then we have one more simulator to look at briefly and that would be the supernova light curve fitting simulator. This is important because this is for very distant objects so each of these will work for different objects parallax works for very close objects supernovae can be seen across the universe so we can actually do this for much larger much more distant galaxies. So if we select a supernova and let's select 1999 AA there and you see there's a few points down in here and what we want to do is bring those up and try to match them to see how we can best fit the supernova. So this is the the red is the theoretical curve and the blue are the observations and now we use the same formula we did last time let's show our horizontal bar we have an absolute magnitude of negative 16 that's capital M so negative 16 goes there we have an apparent magnitude of 18.4 that goes here and that once we determine those two objects so once we've actually fitted properly that gives us a distance of 75.9 mega parsecs this is millions of parsecs away so you just have to fit everything as best you can and then put your two numbers in and the distance calculation will be done for you automatically so this is the way we can find the distances to some of the most distant objects in the universe so that concludes this video working with the various simulators of the cosmic distance ladder simulations. We'll be be back again next time to look at another one of these simulations so until then have a great day everyone and I will see you in class


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The orange-bellied parrot's a beautiful little parrot that's found in the southwest of Tasmania.  It's found in the open grasslands down there and it nest in areas that have a few eucalyptus trees right next to an open-button grass plane. It's a beautiful little bird. Breeds in Tasmania and then it flies up to the mainland each year each winter and then it goes returns to the southwest of Tasmania. This year it's become a real crisis. Only three females have returned to breed. There's a few more males hovering around but there are only three breeding females. This bird is going to go extinct within the next couple of years unless we do something very dramatic to help save it. But the one trump card we have to play is that a few years ago they've established a small breeding population in captivity. Now those birds when you release them into the wild they don't do very well. They're not very fit or healthy and they can't make the migration very well. But they are there and they are sort of insurance population. And we're hoping to use the young that they produce in captivity and to use those young to supplement the young of the wild birds, put eggs under wild breeding birds, put nestlings under wild breeding birds and do whatever we can to increase the reproductive success of those wild birds so that there are more of them surviving each season and ready to make that difficult migration. We've had wonderful success with another endangered species the Swift Parrot and we've been able to help them recently by providing them with a lot of nest boxes in the habitat where they do best. And we're going to use a lot of the similar techniques at Malaluca with these remaining orange-bellied parrots. Also use these additional techniques whereby we get in there very very carefully manipulate the clutches and really make sure that they produce the maximum number of young for each breeding attempt that they make.


Addendum 1730.6 Received Audio Transmission The following audio transmission was picked up on monitoring equipment on the morning of February 1, 2016. The transmission, both speech and an encrypted signal that followed, has been repeating on a continuous loop since it was first detected. The contents of the transmission are accessible below. Begin transmission. Hello. My name is Dr. Mohammed Scott, and I am a researcher within the SCP Foundation's Site 13 Temporal Studies Division. Myself and my team were abandoned within Site 13 during a recent catastrophic event, the full details of which we do not know. We are currently surrounded by hostile entities and other hazardous anomalies. Of the original 30 members of my team, only 12 remain. To any Foundation operatives listening on this channel, we are asking for assistance. Our supplies are Danish yellow, as is our ammunition. Without aid, it is unlikely that we will last more than another month. Following this message will be an encrypted, adjusted CMS transmission. The cipheral boat was standard 1980s Foundation technology. The information within that transmission will contain our location as well as we can describe it. The transmission is wired by dead men's switch to myself and will be played on a continuous loop until such time that I die. Please help us. Thank you. Encrypted information. Addendum 1730.7 Updated Exploration and Memorandum In light of recent information gathered by Foundation surveillance teams, it has been deemed pertinent to once again send exploration and recovery teams into Site 13. By order of Overwatch Command, SCP-1730's containment procedures have been updated. Details to follow.


When I woke up early in the morning, I started singing the song, singing the song. I was thinking to God about the world life he gave us. I made this song when I got into this job of conservation of world life. I was the one who rushed to apply for being a resource monitor. The SWM program took us to train in Shantake College of World Life Management. This job opened my mind for the conservation of world life and it gives me the direction where I'm going. I want to conserve our natural resources from exploitation and to reduce human and world conflict. How? By educating the community, how to live with their animals, how to live with their trees. I'm going to tell them no poaching, no illegal activities. Let's go together, no one left behind in the conservation of our life for our benefits. The world life can help us in so many ways. It can bring foreign currency to the community as tourism comes to watch even photographing and also for the future generations so that they can see the animals existing and more existing. There are some signs which we use when we are doing patrols. My call sign is like whee. Meaning there's something which is happening where you are calling. If we found a snail, we started by removing then we take some coordinates writing down on our incident book. We'll be looking for mortalities, recording human and world life conflict, world life population, bed population. This job was recorded for me as you are looking right now. I'm fitting the strong. Girls must engage into these programs in the conservation of world life. Girls can do as I am doing. My name is Chippo. In English meaning gift. My gift is for conservation of world life.


All right, I think I'm on there. Hello everyone and thank you for coming and joining us for today's NASA Science Town Hall with Sandra Connolly, who is the Acting Associate Administrator for Science at NASA Headquarters in Washington. We have members of the science leadership team with us today as well to share updates and highlights and to answer your questions. In addition to Sandra, our speakers today include Shannon Fitzpatrick, the Assistant Deputy Associate Administrator for Programs, Pegg Luce, the Heliophysics Deputy Division Director. Division Deputy Director, that's probably how I say it. Diane Mallorick, Biological and Physical Sciences. No, I take it back. That is not correct. We have Craig today. Craig Kundra, apologies. Biological and Physical Sciences Division Director. We have Mark Clampett, the Astrophysics Division Director, Julie Robinson, Earth. I did it again. Karen St. Germain. I'm sorry. We have a list from before. Apologies. Karen St. Germain, Earth Science Division Director. Lori Glaze, Planetary Science Division Director. And Joel Kearns, the Deputy Associate Administrator for Exploration Science Strategy and Integration Office. Today's Town Hall is being recorded, and the recording and slides will be made available later today at science.nasa.gov. We just shared the link to the Q&A in the chat. And go ahead and put your questions in there. We will attempt to answer those that we have time for at the end. And with that, I will hand it off to Sandra Connolly. All right. Thank you, Karen. And good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to the first community town hall of the year. Looking forward to the conversation today and the Q&A at the end. For those of you who may not know me, I am Sandra Connolly. I am currently the Acting Associate Administrator for our Science Mission Directorate. And as we get started, I first want to take a moment. Well, let me tell you what we're going to be doing. First, I'm going to give you a few news and updates. And then we'll provide the division highlights, like always, and then have the questions and answers at the end. But before we get started, I'd like to recognize Dr. Zupruko. We all hold near and dear to our heart. I hope many of you realize that he did resign on December 31st to first take some time to do some skiing and take some time for himself before he's moving on to his next great adventure. But we really appreciate the leadership he provided to us here at NASA. It truly has been exceptional. His passion and love for science and for us and for the community at large was very evident. And he will be missed. But we are looking forward to moving forward in our next steps. I remain committed to you as the Acting Associate Administrator to continue with promoting our portfolio, as well as our focuses on DEIA, diversity, inclusion, equity, and accessibility, as well as our open science initiatives. And I'm just looking forward to partnering with you, whether I'm in this role as Acting AA or whether I revert to my Deputy Associate Administrator role. Now I want to highlight some faces that you probably know, but have transitioned roles as well as some new faces. So I want to start off with Eric Ianson here to my right. Eric is going to be acting as a Deputy Associate Administrator while I'm acting as Associate Administrator until we have a new AA in place. Eric has a long history with NASA. Great experience at Goddard Space Flight Center and has been in a number of different divisions here at headquarters, including most recently serving as a Deputy Division Director for Planetary Science. We welcome Ms. Shannon Fitzpatrick to our team. She is Assistant Deputy Associate Administrator for programs. She has been with NASA for over 12 years. Again, brings a wealth of experience. Dr. Wanda Peters has selected us her as her Deputy. So we call this role the ADAP or the Deputy DAP. But anyway, we welcome Shannon to our team as well. Next, I'd like to highlight Dr. Travis Blake. We're excited to have Travis join our senior leadership team. He brings to us a wealth of experience and as an expert in space situational and domain awareness for space traffic coordination. He is going to be serving as a Space Traffic Coordination Program Officer for the agency, bringing to bear NASA's expertise in space flight, program management and acquisition management, and support to commerce and NOAA as they develop the space traffic management system moving forward. And then finally, Dr. Lori Newman, or Ms. Lori Newman, has been with us for a long time as well. Many of you know her. She is a renowned expert in conjunction assessment. We saw the need to actually elevate this to a headquarters level role and provide focus for the agency. So Lori joins SMD to serve as that conjunction assessment program officer, which, as you all know, is super important as we're dealing with more and more congestion in space. Next chart. All right. Before we move into the division highlights, I want to just take a minute and look back at last year and just share a highlight from each of our divisions because we had a really amazing year in 2022. And I think it's worth spending a moment just to reflect. And in this case, this is an image taken by SOHO. It shows a very active sun, which we saw in 2022. It actually exceeded predictions for the level of activity as we're moving towards solar max. I think this whole community is very familiar with the importance of space weather, both here on Earth and throughout our solar system to our other spacecraft and humans who are in space. So this is really important to us. And it's exciting because we're, as we move into next year, we're looking at kicking off the heliophysics big year. And I know Peg Luce is going to be chatting about that when we hit her section. Next chart. All right. Isn't James Webb Space Telescope fabulous? The images never cease to amaze us. This is an example or this is an image of that cluster called Able's 2744. And bottom line is there's two cutouts in the middle of this image, which have the numbers 1 and 2 in them. And those are actually galaxies that are not inside the cluster. But there are many billions of light years farther behind it. And what's amazing about these is when these were discovered, they were the oldest galaxies discovered to date. They'll let us be in 350 million years after the Big Bang. And bottom line with James Webb, we're going to keep learning new and new things about science, about our universe. And so can't wait to see what's next. Next chart. All right. Moving on to Earth Science. We have our image telescope, excuse me, image instrument that's on the space station. This instrument was originally designed to study dust flow through the atmosphere and how it affects heating and cooling of the atmosphere. And one of the side benefits that was not designed, it was not designed to do this, but it actually identifies methane gases. So it supports our greenhouse gas initiatives. And this is an example of an emitter from a large oil field in New Mexico. And this is really important because if we can identify the sources, then mitigation steps can be taken. Next chart. All right. Who doesn't love our beautiful planet? This is an image from the GOES-18 spacecraft. It recently has overtaken or has taken the place of GOES-17 as GOES-West, basically taking the images of our Western hemisphere. This is a beautiful image from our advanced baseline imager. I love these images. GOES is really, really important for supporting our weather forecasting for our country and for the world. Go ahead. Start. OK. Here we go with planetary and dart. If you guys did not see dart impact dimorphis, I highly, highly recommend you watch this video. It's an amazing video. It's an amazing scientific achievement. And it's a first step towards planetary defense. It's a test towards planetary defense. So with that, it's a great, great achievement from our planetary science community. Next chart. All right. Moving on to biological and physical sciences. So over 50 years ago, we collected regular from the Apollo program. And what this image is, is actually successfully growing plants in that regolith. And on the left, I believe that was from volcanic ash. And on the right, it's more from soil. And you can see there's probably a difference between the two. I'm not going to give you the scientific analysis there. That's just my visual observation. But this is really exciting also, because it shows that it's an important step towards being able to sustain life on the moon and moving on. So with that next chart, please, it's time to turn it back over to Karen so that we can move on to our division highlights. Fantastic. Thank you so much. We will move on to our various leads from around the science mission directorate, who will be providing highlights from their division or office. And after that, we will get to that Q&A portion. But for now, handing it off, I do believe Shannon Fitzpatrick is up first, yes? Well, good afternoon, everyone. Thank you so much, Sandra, for the introduction to everyone. Sandra said, I'm Shannon Fitzpatrick. I'm the new ADAP, the deputy under Wanda Peters. And so this afternoon, I'd like to give you a brief status of our SMD programs and just give you a little bit of idea of what we've been working on in the DAP office recently. So I am happy to report that the state and health of our SMD flight portfolio is green and good. We currently have a total of 144 missions, 19 in formulation, 43 are in implementation, and the remainder are in either primary or extended operations. And as Sandra said, we have some successes that we've been celebrating. Of course, this highly successful dart impact back at the end of September. And then going into the fall, we also had a successful launch of JPSS-2 in November, which is really just a pillar of the Earth Observing System. And then also SWAT, the Surface Water and Ocean Topography mission, launched this past December out of Vandenberg. So big kudos to all of those teams for all those successes. Within the DAP office, we've also been doing some updates of documentation for our portfolio management. And we did publish a new directorate program management council charter or DPMC charter and an ops directive to help clarify expectations for those types of milestone reviews. And in the DAP office, we're also taking a look at areas of concern across the portfolio, many of which are areas that many of you have probably experienced with your projects and programs, such as workforce concerns, supply chain issues, inflation rates, just to name a few. And so what we're trying to do is we're really trying to look at some actions that we can take to better the health of our portfolio across the board. We are seeing a lot of challenges from electronics all the way to parts being machined. So we're keeping an eye on these things very carefully. And we're also using the skills of our friends in the OCE office, chief engineer's office. They're also seeing an increase in lead times across some of our high reliability electronic components. So again, we're looking closely at some of these areas of concern and trying to develop some actions. We've also most recently completed some special studies, COVID-19 impact study, where we are seeing biggest impacts were most commonly related to vendors or supply chains. But we also saw some really innovative workarounds that were developed that we think are really beneficial that should be maintained as we go forward. And then we also did a study on our SMD assessment performance, where we looked at the accuracy of our estimating for cost and schedule that help support our project milestone reviews. And again, both of these studies we're taking a hard look at, we'll be presenting the results of these here in the coming weeks. Really just doing these studies to try to determine how can we better help the health and status of the portfolio across the board. So with that, I'll turn it back over to Karen. Thank you. All right, and we are moving on now to the division highlights. Sorry. Hello and happy new year from Helio Physics. We do indeed have a big year ahead of us that we're very excited about that is ramping up to even bigger things beyond. As a first important thing I wanted to mention, all five of the GDC Geospase Dynamic Constellation instruments have been selected. We announced the selection of numbers four and five. Just after the new year, they are TPS, the Thermal Plasma Sensor, with PI Philip Anderson from the University of Texas Dallas, and Nemesis, the Near Earth Magnetometer instrument in a small integrated system. The PI is Mark Muldwin from the University of Michigan. So we are very excited. Congratulations to them and excited to have them joining the GDC payload. In the spirit of these town halls, Helio Physics hosted its first community town hall last fall. And we intend to continue with those and plan the first of 2023 in February. Coming up, I am very excited that the Atmospheric Wave Experiment is still on track to launch to the ISS in December of 2023. And I want to thank my Earth Science colleagues and the ISS and the AWA project because the investigation that Sandra highlighted, EMIT, is in the location that AWA was scheduled to go to. And the EMIT is providing such wonderful data that we definitely want to keep it on the ISS for a longer period of time. So we were able to find another location that AWA is compatible with and without slipping its launch. So very much looking forward to that mission. The Helio Physics big year is a global celebration of solar science and the sun's influence on Earth and the entire solar system. It is a big year because it's actually from October of 2023 through December of 2024. A big year is a term from citizen science in the birding community where people attempt in the course of a year to identify and study as many species of birds as possible. We are inviting folks to do the same with the sun as it ramps up to solar maximum and gets more and more active. So for starters, there's an annular eclipse that will be visible in North America on October 14th, 2023. There also will be very exciting. If any of you remember the total solar eclipse in 2017, we are treated to another one in North America on April 4th. 4th, checking April 8th, sorry, 2024. In addition to that, we will have the AWA launch in the midst of that. And then ending the big year with Parker Solar Probe doing its final Venus flyby and coming to its closest position in the solar corona. So it'll be closest to the sun as of December 24. And it will stay in that location for the rest of its orbit, the rest of its mission. So again, as the sun ramps up and is more active, we expect many more opportunities to view solar jets and comets, which people will be able to view from their computers, observe night sky phenomena like aurora and sprites, and ham radio operators can actually make valuable measurements of the influence of space weather on the atmosphere. So those are just a few of the kinds of things that citizen scientists will be able to participate in. So moving on from that, of course, space weather is a big part of our program. And we've actually this year created a new NASA space weather program within our budget. And its goal is to drive space weather research to inform space weather operational capabilities. And in the spirit of the Helio big year, we have an initiative, a space weather grand challenge, that will be solicited in roses 23 or 24 coming up. But we've identified a need to solicit investigations that will identify really, really important data that if it was available in near real time could make a big difference in our ability to predict space weather. So look forward to that, anyone who's interested in that opportunity coming up in the roses calls. That, I will turn this over to Craig Kundra. Thank you, Peg. And good afternoon, everyone, and happy new year. Since we last met, we received our appropriations for FY23, which were less than the president's budget request, so two major changes of note to share with you today is our commercial initiative to work with industry to increase the pace of research 10 to 100 fold in low-worth orbit is dialing back to just do analysis and planning this year. We will not be releasing calls for contracts or grants, but we will be planning for the future. Also, awards for new investigations in quantum science and thriving in deep space will be making those awards by pushing their award date to physical year 24. On the personnel front, I will be retiring at the end of the month, and as we speak, the job announcement is open in USA Jobs, so I strongly encourage you to consider applying and or considering who you would like to encourage to apply. Again, that's in USA Jobs applications do March 3rd, and if you've not used USA Jobs before, you will want to start early. I'll just put it that way. In the meantime, BPS will be very capable guided by Diane Malerick in the acting division director role assisted by Devon Griffin as the acting deputy. So they will start in those roles February one. Also, since we last met, we had three launches. I'll just highlight one. That's Artemis one, which launched in mid-November carrying BPS's bio experiment one. So four separate investigations with different biological systems on board in the Orion spacecraft that landed successfully. And an initial look at all four experiments is very favorable, but now those samples are in the laboratories and will be analyzed over the coming months. Lastly, a number of solicitations are out right now and you can read that list. The roses, of course, you know to get an inspires. We actually have two RFIs out that close on March 31st, both related to the Cirrus Initiative. One, really targeting industry and their commercial capabilities. The other, the scientific community and their utilization needs and desires. So that's the highlights from BPS. And with that, let's go to Mark now for the latest in astrophysics. So actually before we turn it over to Mark, I do want to just take a minute since you will have transitioned by the time we have our next town hall and just thank you for the tremendous work and support to the agency through many roles. But we're here for science and for SMD today. And I just want to thank you for the transition from SLPSRA, standing up the biological and physical sciences part of SMD. Your leadership has been critically important to the success and continued growth of that organization and that division and you know, you have led the foundation for the Decadal Survey, which we're looking forward to this summer. So I just want to take a moment and applaud you for your leadership over the years. Thank you so much. Well, thank you very much, Sandra. It's a pleasure to have moved in SMD and thank you for being so welcoming and supportive. You personally and the mission director as a whole. And I'm looking forward to great things coming out of our Decadal and the future of VPS. So thank you very much. And now over to Mark. Okay, thank you, Craig. Good afternoon everybody and happy new year. So let's talk about astrophysics. We have a couple of upcoming meetings but probably the most prominent in the new future is the Astrophysics Advisory Committee which will have their spring meeting at NASA headquarters on March 29th and 30th. We have a number of upcoming activities and I wanted to highlight two. One is the release of our probe announcement of opportunity and this will come out sometime in July and this is an announcement of opportunity for a new mission line recommended by the Astro 2020 Decadal Survey. This is a billion dollar class mission very similar to the new Frontiers class in the Planetary Science Division. We are also in the process of procuring a launch vehicle for one of our international partnerships. UltraSat is a UV wide field imager that's being built by the Israeli Space Agency and the Weizmann Institute in Israel and NASA is partnering with Israel and we will launch this mission and also work on the science data and this mission is very much important to our response to the Astro 2020 Decadal Review which also highlighted the importance of time domain astrophysics and multi-messenger astrophysics and UltraSat will make major contributions in that field. We have a really busy year coming up so we have a number of upcoming launches. So starting in spring we will be doing a spectroscopy mission known as CRISM from Japan and this again is a partnership with JAXA, the Japanese Space Agency. NASA is providing the instrument resolve and we're really looking forward to seeing the first science from that instrument. At the end of the year we will be conducting a balloon launch in the Antarctic. It connects to galactic ultra long duration balloon experiment which is known as Gusto which is a spectroscopic terahertz observatory. So we're really looking forward to that and on that subject of Antarctic balloon launches we just completed this last winter in December the launch of the spider balloon payload which was designed to look for polarization in cosmic microwave background and we were able to successfully launch that and fly it around two thirds of the Antarctic before we bought it down at the end of its mission. So that was a real success and points to a lot of excitement for Gusto as we prepared a launch here this December. We're also preparing to launch on another one of our partnerships. This one is the partnership of the European Space Agency which is the Euclid mission that will conduct deep invisible near infrared surveys looking for the sources of dark energy and that will launch no earlier than summer 2023. And then finally we have a host of small cube sat and apriclass missions launching through the year first cube then a rocket launch from white sands and finally another cube sat right at the end of the year to study star planet activity. And Sandra already mentioned a JWST result. That was the high reach of galaxies from the glass program. I just wanna emphasize how excited we are by this data. That image that Sandra showed really highlights that JWST is reaching down to the very earliest galaxies that formed in the universe and is actually able to do the science that we built it to do. So we're really excited. On the bottom right you can see a James Webb Space Telescope image of Titan and there are two different near cam images taken at different wavelengths. One highlights the lower atmosphere and clouds in Titan and the other one is focused on the atmosphere and also surface features. So it also demonstrates that JWST is able to do great work on moving targets as well. And we're really looking forward to some of the forthcoming solar system science that it will do. Stop there, thank you. Right, so from Earth Science, we had a very exciting SWAT launch last December. We're working our way through the activation of the instrument and it's all going beautifully so far. This is a really exciting mission because it will give us the first effort survey of nearly all of Earth's surface water. That's everything from the detailed currents and eddies in the oceans to inland water bodies that we've never been able to observe from space before. From our Earth Science Technology Office, I'll highlight HARP2. It's a mission preparing to fly next January as part of the NASA PACE mission that's the Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud and Ocean Ecosystem mission. HARP2 is a 3U cube SAT, it's about the size of a shoebox, carrying a wide field of view polarimeter. And this is a technology that we validated earlier on the HARP demonstration mission. As part of PACE, HARP2 will improve our more than 20-year record of satellite observations of global ocean biology, aerosols and clouds. We also launched EMIT to the International Space Station last year and of course that's a mission tracking dust particles and measuring their impact on atmospheric temperature. As Sandra mentioned, an unplanned but really welcome development we discovered is the ability of EMIT to pinpoint methane super emitters and that's, and you see another image of a couple of super emitters over on the right here and that's really important because methane is 80 times more impactful in warming the climate than carbon dioxide but it doesn't last as long in the atmosphere. So actually identifying and mitigating these super emitters is a very important near term action that we can take in mitigating climate change. So, and also we always seek to apply our earth science to literally put our data in the hands of people making critical decisions and our initiative with the US Agency for International Development or USAID through a program called Sevier does that all over the world especially in developing nations where that have fewer resources to take on climate driven issues like natural disasters and food and water scarcity. Our most recent example of this work is in the southeastern African nation of Malawi. Government leaders there tell us that severe backed flood warnings saved the nation untold lives and millions of dollars in damages from back to back cyclones. Later this week I'll be traveling to Bangkok for the launch of Sevier's Southeast Asia hub which is an expansion of Sevier's work in the lower Mekong region. NASA's earth science research highlights include identifying and measuring soil moisture anomalies that drive large scale flooding particularly in the northwest United States where atmospheric rivers are dumping record amounts of precipitation. Our scientists are combining GPM and SMAP data to measure these anomalies which will help us build predictive models which is information of course that's crucial for emergency managers and others on the ground. On another side note, some of you may have seen the temperature update that NASA released jointly with NOAA. We recorded 2022 as the fifth hottest year on record tying with 2015 and noting that nine of the last 10 years we're in the top 10 hottest on record. So we know the earth is changing and we know why but we're working every day to understand what those changes will be and how they'll impact humanity. The Earth System Observatory of course is our response to the Decadal Survey and it is intended to deliver that kind of capability greater and better understanding of our earth as a system and how changes in land, ice, oceans and atmosphere affect one another. We're moving through our first key decision point with all of those missions but for those of you who have seen this year's appropriation you know that we're facing some stiff budget headwinds and I mention this because you know the earth science community is all in this together. And we will be working through the coming year to both plan for that mission and also convey the importance of the science that it delivers and the impact and urgency for decision makers. And with that I will hand off to Planetary Science, Laurie. Great, thank you Karen and happy New Year's to everybody. A few highlights in Planetary Science. We are giving a great big thank you to the INSIGHT mission and kudos to all of the great work that they did on the surface of Mars measuring seismic activity, magnetic fields and weather on the surface of Mars. We had to bid farewell to INSIGHT in December after the solar powered batteries ran out of energy due to dust accumulation on the solar cells. But what a great mission. We're looking forward to wrapping that up in the coming months. We announced in November an update to the Veritas mission to Venus, a delay in that mission, a three year launch delay that was announced in November of last year. An update on perseverance quickly. The Perseverance rover continuing to explore the Jezero crater on the surface of Mars. We're now in the process of preparing a collection of 10 samples that are gonna be dropped onto the surface of Mars to basically serve as a cache, a cache depot of samples that in a backup situation of perseverance we're not able to directly bring samples back to the Mars sample return lander. Those samples will be preserved on the surface of Mars and could be picked up by a sample retrieval helicopter that's gonna be carried on the sample return lander. So up to this point, like I said, we're gonna deposit 10 of these samples. As of this morning, we're waiting confirmation of the eighth sample, eighth of those 10 being dropped onto the surface and we expect the last two to be dropped in the coming week or so. So great progress and a really important milestone towards preparing for Mars sample return. I also wanted to just mention here, I don't have on this slide that we actually have a position that's being advertised for science mission directorate for the senior scientist for astrobiology. This is an individual that would be a senior advisor to the associate administrator, but the position would actually be housed within planetary science division. It's being advertised on LinkedIn. And sadly, I don't have the link on this slide, but I may see if we can't get it added to the slide before it gets posted publicly so that you can have that link available. But it is posted on LinkedIn for senior scientist for astrobiology at NASA. I have a couple of highlights on here for 23 that I'm not gonna go through in detail, but just to make sure everyone knows there's a lot of exciting stuff coming up. European space agency's juice mission to explore the Jupiter system is going to launch in April and they are on track getting prepared for that launch. We also announced late in the year last year that Psyche has been shifted to a launch in October of 2023. So we're looking forward to that launch. Osiris-Rex will be bringing back samples from Bennu in September, be landing up the Utah test and training range on September 24th. And we're also gonna be celebrating in the coming year 30 years of the discovery program. Really what a fantastic program that has been. Veritas, Psyche and Insight, all important missions in that program as well as many, many others and looking forward to celebrating that program. So stay tuned for more information there. And with that, I'm gonna pass things over to Joel Kearns from SEO. Thank you, Maury. Happy 2023. I was gonna start to say 2023 will be a year of the moon. But then again, since the last town hall, you probably saw that 2022 at the end was a year at the moon. Craig Akundro talked about the greatly successful mission of Artemis-1 where the Orion spacecraft uncrewed, flew its test mission through distant retrograde orbit and successfully came back to Earth. In addition to that, around the same time, space technology is capstone, position of navigation and timing, small sets successfully entered near rectilinear halo orbit around the moon, the same orbit that'll be used by NASA's gateway station in the future. You also might have noticed the launch of multinational corporation iSpace's lunar lander called Hukuta-R Mission-1, which is now on its way to the moon and is progressing to an April landing date on a low energy trajectory. And along with that, NASA space technologies, lunar flashlight cubes that was launched and is on its way to the moon. What I'll highlight also is that the first image was released last week from the shadow cam instrument on the Korean Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter. Shadow cam was sponsored by our exploration systems development mission directorate. The instrument was developed by Mark Robinson's group at Arizona State University and they showed an image which gives you topography of a permanently shadowed region at the base of Shackleton crater, the first time it's been seen with that type of imaging. So all of these have been great, a first on the moon. What's coming up in the short term, things carried over from 2022. Well, we are currently going through proposals for our prism three step twos that were given the end of December. Our Artemis III geology team call will go out this month. We've had two clips deliveries get rescheduled, our first two initial ones from one from Intuitive Machine and one from Astrobotic from the end of 22 to the first quarter of the calendar 23. The first Intuitive Machines lander is deep into integration and testing. The Astrobotic lander called Peregrine Mission 1 is almost finished testing and getting ready to go to the launch site. PM1 from Astrobotic has a new landing site and the landing site was officially named by the IAU. The feature is now called Sinus viscocetatus or the Bay of Stickiness as a homage to the viscous magmas that form the nearby grid hides and domes in the area. More recently, we also presented the outline and scope of the Artemis Integrated Science Plan to the Planetary Advisory Committee in December. Now, looking ahead to 2023, where we'll have NASA payloads delivered to the lunar surface on the first three clips missions, two of them from Intuitive Machines and again one from Astrobotic. We have upcoming solicitations such as the Artemis III deployed instruments call, the instruments for the lunar terrain vehicle that will transport astronauts on the moon as well as the next prism call. And we plan to work with the community to define in detail the science objectives via Endurance A mission the South Pole Akin Basin sample retrieval mission that was defined by the Planetary Science and Astrobiology decadal survey. And on the right, you can see an image of the new area that was identified by the IAP at the landing site and we'll say Astrobotic's lander that just went at the teabag, it is about to come out of teabag. That's it for the moon for now and now I'm gonna turn it back over to Karen Fox for Q and A. All right, thank you so much, Joel. Thank you so much to everybody who gave their talk for all the information. We are going to move on to the question and answer portion. We have about 20 minutes. We will certainly try to get to as many of them as we can. That link to where you can put in questions was posted in the chat if you wanna scroll up. And with that, we will start with our top most question, which is what is the status of the Artemis-1 CubeSats and what are the lessons learned from their success or failures? Or I think we're gonna kick that off with Sandra. Yeah, so bottom line, so we're doing the CubeSats. Yes. So bottom line is CubeSats are super important as part of our balance portfolio. I mean, it provides us a low cost but allows us to accept higher risk method of achieving science and technology advancements. So we do plan to continue to invest in them. As part of this effort, we recognize that not all of them will work as planned. I mean, that's by design by accepting the risk. So we're gonna have successes and failures and we can expect that. It's a great opportunity to also develop, our workforce so that we're developing PIs as well as engineers, system engineers and project managers so that they can take on bigger missions in the future. So I just wanted to kind of provide an overarching context of why CubeSats are important and we will continue to invest in them. And I'm gonna ask our division directors to kind of share a quick status update of where we are. I'll start with Peg. Sorry, twice. Heliophysics had the CUSP CubeSat on board Artemis-1. It's a CubeSat to study solar particles and we are currently not able to contact it. We have quite a bit of information about what may have happened though and are still troubleshooting and trying to see if it's possible to contact the spacecraft. It did operate for about two hours after it was deployed and we received enough data to know that we had temperature increases and we believe that it may have been related to a problem with their sequence, their startup sequence. So that would be a software problem so lesson learned there is to look at how we do software VNV if that is the case. So I'll pass it on to Lori. Great, thanks Peg. So for Planetary, we also had one CubeSat that launched on Artemis-1. It was called LunaMap. It was a mission to map out hydrogen on the lunar surface. We have had good communication with the spacecraft which is great, very positive but unfortunately the propulsion system did not ignite prior to the lunar flyby on November 21 and so by missing that propulsive maneuver it did not achieve lunar orbit. That said, there have been other opportunities to try and do some propulsive burns if we could get the propulsion system to ignite that might allow us to still recover some or maybe even all of LunaMap's original science mission. As of now, with the exception of the likely the stuck propulsion system valve that's keeping us from igniting the propulsion system spacecraft is mostly healthy with all subsystems nominal. The neutron spectrometer is working nominally collected data as it flew by the moon and the battery charge is functioning. So all of that's going well. The team are actually looking at other opportunities to try and fire the engines. I think they still have a little bit of time left to see if they can't do that and they're also looking at other potential targets in the case that we're not able to get it back to the moon. So that's kind of the status where we are on LunaMap. And I did wanna add that in addition to our CubeSat missions that flew along as rideshares, we also had the four payloads from BPS and I understand that those all went well but I'll ask Greg to share an update. Sure, yeah, so BPS took a different strategy to take advantage of Artemis-1. We used the Stowaway strategy and put our payload in the Orion capsule. So they were basically CubeSat size but enjoyed the comforts of the Orion capsule because we had four biological systems where we really wanna use the full power of our analytical capabilities on the ground what we can do remotely is much more limited. So we flew an algae, yeast, another fungus, and plant seeds. And so the plan is to look at the gene expression, the robustness of different strains with different genetic backgrounds, see the protection of different metabolites and the like. And so those experiments, those analyses will take several months but the initial look after splashdown and retrieval of the samples is they look great and we're really looking forward to those analyses and consequent results. Thank you so much. We will move on to the next question. Well, there were a couple of questions about technology and so we have invited Carolyn Mercer, the chief technologist for the science mission directorate to weigh in here. The first question is much science would be enabled or lower cost by new technology? Will the science mission directorate have a program to test technology relevant to science? And the other question is about the relationship between the science mission directorate, the science technology mission directorate, how we're working together and to what degree tech missions can have a science component? So I'll pass to Carolyn. Yeah, thank you. So I agree with whoever wrote this question that technology has the ability to radically transform the way we do our science missions by getting as the opportunity for very exciting science. As far as technology programs, to demonstrate new technologies, SMD actually has several. So there's the Heliophysics Flight Opportunities for Research and Technology or HFORT in the Heliophysics Division. There's the in-space validation of earth science technologies or invest. Then there's the Astrophysics Research and Analysis program or AFRA. All of those programs take new technologies and demonstrate them in flight, either in spacecraft or in suborbital missions. In addition to that, we have technology demonstration opportunities. We have the deep space optical comm system flying with Psyche. And we have a technology demonstration of coronagraph instruments, a coronagraph instrument on the Nancy Grace Roman Telescope. And don't forget the Space Technology Mission Directorate. They have an entire program called the Technology Demonstration Missions Program. And they are absolutely testing and demonstrating technologies that are relevant to SMD, in particular to planetary science. So most recently, they flew the Lofted Mission, which was a flight demonstration of an inflatable heat shield, which we can infuse into future missions, perhaps to Mars. They developed the Terrain Relative Navigation System and demonstrated that. And we, of course, in SMD, used that technology very successfully for our Mars landers. And again, they developed deep space optical comm, deep space atomic clock. So there are lots of opportunities and programs available to demonstrate and with flight demonstrations, new technologies. And we are working our best to infuse those onto new missions. As far as working with STMD, I think we have a really great relationship with STMD. We provide inputs to them for their star process, which is the new architecture for envisioning the future. You know, the question talked about doing science on STMD missions. We haven't had that conversation, but you know, it's really difficult to fund all the technology that we'd like to see funded as it is. And so I'm not sure that it would be the best thing to have science going on over there and to divert those resources. But it's an interesting idea. So that's it for me. Thank you so much, Carolyn. I appreciate your joining us. The next question is going to be one for our Earth Division Director, Karen St. Germain. With Geocarb canceled, how will NASA fulfill its goal of creating a greenhouse gas monitoring system and addressing the climate crisis? Yeah, thanks, Karen. As many folks know, we did cancel the Geocarb mission and that was largely driven by technical and programmatic challenges. But I want to be very clear that doesn't represent any change in NASA's commitment to observing greenhouse gases and their role in climate change. So there are a number of things that we are continuing and initiating. So I'll first mention, of course, extending the OCO missions two and three. Moving forward, we touched on the new capabilities with EMIT. So we'll be bringing those observations into the fold. There's also new commercial sources of data that are coming online. We're bringing those in and beginning our work with those observations. Of course, there's also a plethora of international data that we make use of from our partners around the world. And another new initiative this year is actually the Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Center, the point of which we'll be bringing all of these data sources together, synthesizing the data and actually working with our interagency partners to bring in other in situ sources of data and reconciling what we see from satellites with what we understand from the bottom up greenhouse gas inventories. So we have a lot of work going on in greenhouse gases. Oh, and I should mention one more in there that we are moving out on the first call for Earth Explorers. And the idea there is to, that's a two-step process. We'll select four concepts initially to down select up to two to implement. And we will emphasize greenhouse gases as one of those first observables. And of course, that complete list of seven observables that are in the running for those missions comes directly from the Decadal Survey. So just a quick summary of everything we've got going on with greenhouse gases. Thanks, Karen. Thank you. Hoping to get in one or two more questions with about seven minutes left. The next question is, will there be more involvement by science mission directorate scientists in citizen and community science? The examples are in analyzing the data, using the data. We have asked Kristin Erickson to join us, science engagement and partnerships division director as she is deeply involved with our citizen science. And so we will start there. Thank you so much, Karen. And thank you whoever asked that question, it's so timely. Hopefully everyone is aware that last week, the beginning of the 2023 year of open science started with NASA and about nine other agencies and I think over 80 different academic institutions. And so what does that mean? That means that we are trying in every way we can to reduce the barriers to entry for not only SMD scientists, but everyone to help us in this really noble quest of looking at the data. And so what we've done is we have, you know, what over 140 missions. And so all that data coming back is now available in new ways for everyone to participate with those SMD scientists. So here next month, the annual roses call, we have opportunities that will provide funding for SMD scientists, that's one way. We also have a new policy that the administrator signed last year that said, hey, civil servants can work on these projects on company time. All they need is a supervisor approval, but this is encouraged, this is our way of working with the community and giving back. And then finally, please pass the word to all of your friends and family for these volunteer opportunities. We call them citizen science projects. If you go to science.nasa.gov slash citizen science, there's over 32 projects that anybody can participate in. Everything from ice to penguins, Pegloose mentioned the big year, you can track solar flares, exoplanets, everything is available. And thanks to James Webb Space Telescope, it's a whole new era of investigating and discovering new worlds and beyond. So this is a very exciting time. Thank you for your question. And we look forward to seeing what everyone will discover for all of us. Thank you, Karen. Thanks, Kristen. And then we also wanted to pass to Karen St. Germain to quickly jump in about the Earth Information Center, which is relevant here as well. Yeah, Kristen did a great job of talking about the broader landscape. I'll just add a couple of specifics here. This year, we will be rolling out the Earth Information Center. This will have both a physical and virtual presence. And the whole idea here is to make our data, our analysis, our models more readily understandable, usable by a much broader range of users, a broader audience. So stay tuned for that. I think that'll just be, that's just a couple of months away. The first instantiation of that. And then I'll also quickly mention Space Apps, which is of course one of, it is the biggest global hackathon using space-based data to address a wide range of scientific questions, as well as applications right here on Earth. So we're all in on citizen science. Thanks. Great, thanks. It's probably just one more question here. As we expand in space, we run the risk of carrying diseases, causing germs. I'm gonna do a quick summary here. But generally we are worried about what we are taking up into space and what actions are being taken to adopt antimicrobial solutions. So I'm passing to Laurie Glades. Great, thank you, Karen. So this is in the topical area of planetary protection. Of course, planetary protection is really important. Part of what we do when we send our space missions out that we wanna make sure we keep things clean as we can. Planetary science and planetary protection techniques have really changed rapidly in recent years. And we know that that's gonna continue to accelerate. The context for planetary protection is also rapidly changing with upcoming NASA sample return missions, interests from commercial and international entities and missions to Mars and other destinations and human missions to Mars on the horizon. So within NASA's Planetary Protection Research Portfolio, we're supporting mission enabling and capability-driven research that's required to improve our understanding of the potential for both forward contamination and backward contamination, and also improve our methods and technologies for accurate, efficient, and effective minimization of that biological contamination for outbound spacecraft, as well as return samples. So one of the many solutions, the Planetary Protection Research Program supports is researching to meet planetary protection requirements by using materials with properties that mitigate that microbial colonization and that are compatible with sterilization and contamination removal procedures. So thank you for the question. Thank you so much, Lori. With that, we are winding up. We have sort of reached the end of our timeframe. So thank you so much for being here today. We will be posting this at science.nasa.gov. Your original announcement will have a direct link if you want to look there, but otherwise you can navigate just from science.nasa.gov and we will be posting this very shortly for any more details. And we look forward to having you again at our next town hall. Thank you so much.


is about to go back to your earlier question like I think it is about vulnerability connection safety you know communication experimenting openness and then in that container in that safe container you can explore and play and have fun for days like there's just like a workout there's so many different ways you can get the abs right on a million different ways to do the exercise you can get the result like if the result is you want is connected satisfying joyful sex there's a lot of different ways to get there there's a few elements that you need but as long as you agree like that's where we're going we want to have that there's like all these places to play inside of it Emily you're always fun to talk we can do this for another time I love this this is so you guys are fantastic this is great everybody you've got a great podcast definitely get her book she's amazing she's our two person for the stuff so thanks for coming on the show thanks for having me guys it's so fun thank you today we're going to teach you everything you need to know to build a strong well developed chest when I think of weak points and areas that I struggled with developing for a really long time chest was up there with the yeah it was for me it was for me for sure I got more caught up in the weight I could lift versus how I was developing my body I think it's one of the most challenging muscles to develop for most people because the form and technique