I joined the Air Force because I wanted to just kind of get out of my little small hometown, explore, see what the world had for me. I'm a senior airman and I've been in a little bit over three and a half years. So the AFSC is OneCharlie3X1 and it is command and control operations. Previously it was known as command post. I got this job while I was in Denver. I didn't really know much about the job and sounded cool so I put it on my list and wasn't really what I was expecting it to be. I was interested in boom operator, load master, and special missions aviator. I signed a six-year contract, that way I could get an A1C when everybody left tech school. My tech school was Kiesler Air Force Base in Bluxy, Mississippi, right on the coast. My tech school was approximately six weeks. Tech school was a little rough. They gave a lot to you to study, then sometimes you couldn't study what you were learning. But it was fun because there was a lot to do around the area. You can really be stationed at any base, plus some NATO bases overseas. On average, you work about 50 hours a week, most of the time there are 12-hour shifts. With this job, there's a lot that you can do with FEMA and other organizations like that. So at deployment tempo, we're one in four, but with how small all the offices are, you don't really deploy that much. I've been in for three and a half years and still haven't deployed. I'm not sure yet if I'm planning on making it a career. I still have a little bit of time to decide. I'm kind of keeping all my options up and making sure I don't shut in doors. So typical shift, you get in approximately 20 minutes before your shift is supposed to start and you do all your checks and shift change over to include checking what aircraft you're following that day because we flight follow all inbound and outbound aircrafts. With flight following the aircraft, it's just making sure that they're leaving on time, getting what they need and making sure that there's no issues. And throughout the day, there really is no, this is what's going to happen at this time, this is what's going to happen at this time. It's based on what's going on. So how there was the gate runner that happened in the UK, our job would immediately be, or command control operations would immediately be notified and we would talk to the commander to find out what he wants to do and disseminate the word of what he would like to do. So you guys would be the ones to kind of like disseminate the message that like the base is going on lockdown or something. So we are the, we run the Giant Voice and we also run APOC and then with our job there is actually a checklist for every single item that is on there. We have 800 different, or 700 different series of checklists and each series is a different thing. Then a CVC, which is your daily stuff. I was at Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam for the missile inbound that we were supposed to be hit with by North Korea that was inadvertently sent. So my job we fielded 450 phone calls within 30 minutes to find out what was going on and at the same time communicating with the Wing Commander and all of our group commanders because we didn't know if it was really yet or an inverted message. So even some crazy thing like that we had a checklist that kind of covered what we should do, who we should call. Each series is a different type of checklist. They're not all like 1 through 100. Like a 500 series checklist is whether you normally have about 7 checklists right there. 700 is kind of miscellaneous checklist that can cover multiple different things. 200 is just everything involving flight following from aircraft is 30 minutes late so we have to start kind of looking for the aircraft and seeing where they are, seeing if they're just running late, departed, their previous station late, diverted or in worst case scenario did have to ditch the aircraft somewhere. So you guys are kind of like the brains of the Air Force, like base in a way. Yes. You're kind of like the nervous system I guess, is like the commander kind of says the word and you're kind of relaying that to everyone else and then vice versa. Other things happen, it comes to you and you relay that to the commanders. Yes, we get notified of every little thing if security forces gets called to somebody's house for noise complaint, domestic violence or like the largest thing that you would see a missile inbound, gate runners, normal things like that. For new people coming in, I would just say be prepared for long 12-hour shifts. We have to have two controllers on shifts at all times. So if you're working a 12-hour shift and it's you and one other person you cannot leave to go get food, they can't leave to go get food you can step out for five minutes to go to the bathroom but that's really it. So just showing up to work every single day and prepared for really anything. I come with two small meals and a bunch of snacks every day because you never know you can put your food in the microwave but not give back to it for another three hours so you just snack on really small things. And then just for new people just be smart with your time, be smart with your money.  So you can reach out to me at my Instagram it's Eric but with 2e so ee, r-i-c, 821 or at my Facebook just Eric Savage and my wife does have a YouTube channel that we've been kind of trying to work on. My YouTube channel is Moblisha I'm just like military spouse with vlogs and thanks vlogging the PCS We've been trying but there's an issue with her camera and she can't figure out how to change something on the screen Gotcha but it's actually a camera you guys used to use it I'll look at it, I'll fix it for you guys and then you can get back to document it Yes So she hasn't posted in a little bit but we are looking at it posting just in order to get to Langley just new things for us to do we did do quite a few


Okay, we continue our slow upward march from sense on our way to human political organization with Hobbes. So just to remind you we started by dividing human faculties into bodily and mental ones and then we started talking about mental ones beginning with sense and imagination and memory and then all kinds of mental discourse names reasoning knowledge opinion belief and then last time we started talking about pleasure and pain and good and evil and we saw this really radical thesis pleasures and pains are just continuations of the conceptions formed in our minds on the basis of sense and these give rise to appetites and aversions or pursuit and avoidance and we call good and evil those things which we pursue and thus are pleasant and thus are those conceptions which enhance our vitality and we call evil or bad those conceptions which we have an aversion to or an avoidance of because they're painful because they are things we sense that inhibit our vital motions okay and there are you know other theories of good and evil this is a fairly reductive one to tie it to something so immediately evident as pleasure and pain which are themselves reducible to sensations which are themselves reducible to the effects of some kinds of emotions occurring outside of us we ended rather pasteurately talking about whether because it's there's a long philosophical tradition that says that good and bad can somehow ultimately be related in our life and we can sum these or connect them together into an overall concept of a final end or final condition that we want to be in this is sometimes called happiness or prosperity or eudaimonia or living well and so forth and here again Hobbes has a very reductive account of this it's no more he says than continual enjoyment of pleasures so he actually objects to the traditional way of talking about this is being an end it's not an end people are who are happy aren't at the end of living they're in the middle of their lives and they still necessarily have desires all the time and desires are can be painful so so-called happy people can still be thirsty they can still be hungry they can still want to have sex they can still want to warm up or cool down and so there is no end to this and there if there's any point in coming up with the general term for the end it can only mean enjoying more or a more continual succession of pleasures or less pains in his view okay so I'm gonna go on to go into a little more detail of what he says about passions of the body and then passions of the mind but are there any questions or discussion or comments on what we've covered so far since since we had to so rapidly go through it last time yes so this is I mean this is a classic form of hedonism so hedonism is the thesis that the purpose of life the end of human life the aim that we have in life is pleasure okay and that comes from a Greek term hidden a which means pleasure so hedonism is pleasurism as an ethical thesis and hogs is definitely a hedonist because that's our only end it's our only everything we pursue is on the basis of it causing us pleasure or pains yeah so he has an entire theory of virtue that is based on this okay and they are we'll see a little bit of this in what we're talking about today but to make a long story short the things we cause we call virtues are powers that we have to produce or enjoy pleasures and what we call vices are weaknesses that expose us to that that that that indicate lack of power and weakness because of which we experience pain so again a reductive account virtue and vice these high-minded terms like justice and temperance and courage and so forth wisdom are all going to be reduced to powers or abilities to experience pleasure and again pleasure we can reduce to an effect of conceptions and conceptions to sense so it is an impurisist materialist and hedonist theory all there are material objects and anomalous theory all there are particular material objects out there all we can know about them is what enters through our senses and all we can say about what we should do or how we should be is having those sensations that we enjoy and avoiding those that we doubt okay so a little bit more on passions of the body because he distinguishes these from passions of the soul this gets treated in human nature 8 he says motion and agitation of the brain which is called conception again it continues to the heart when it gets to the heart then we start calling it passion and he here distinguishes three kinds of conceptions we can have first one is very familiar to us sense that's a conception we have things that are present to us remembrance that's conceptions we have of things that are past or rather of sensations that we had in the past and expectation is of what's in the future now obviously we can't sense what's in the future and we can't remember what's in the future so there must be some tie between expectation and the present so he says that all conceptions of future are based on remembrance of the past okay so the reason why I think that I'll have ice with my drink is because I think that getting ice with my drink will mean that my drink is cold why do I think that because I've had ice in my drinks before and I thought it was cold or somebody who did have ice in their drinks and said it was cold that I trust reported that much to me so all of our conceptions about the future based on conceptions that have been formed in the present and that are remembered having occurred in the past okay and they relate to powers that we have whosoever he says expects pleasure to come okay hope you all are expecting pleasures to come like even the small pleasure of getting out of this class and we're going on to have lunch later today or going on to drink at a party later tonight all of that must relate to some power you have within yourself thinking that you'll be able to attain a pleasure by analogy to something you have experienced in the past like you've experienced having the enjoyment of eating lunch or the enjoyment of listening to music or the enjoyment of hanging out with friends or the enjoyment of having sex or whatever it is is again cannot be based on anything but relating it to what happened already in sense as I see a hand okay good now the most basic oh yeah I did thank you yes so he has to bite the bullet on that and say that you know babies experience pain they are fed the the feeding gives us a demo sensation of pleasure so then they expect that pleasure in the future by feeding again but until the babies fed there is no way that it has an appetite for feeding again or and or or can have an aversion to the pain there is there is there's no reason so babies are taught to eat and they're taught to drink in his view they they have to be they have to be coaxing to do this they're brought to the breast of their mother and their mouth is put on the breast of the mother so as to to eat and if that resulted in a painful thing then they would have an aversion to it and wouldn't do it it's only because it's causing a sensation of pleasure presumably because the hunger is being sated that they do it the next time and they do it habitually and that you always and and that as you go on to eat solid food drink whatever you that has to relate to a sensation that you had in the past so it's not as if a babies are born within innate mental module that says okay I've got to eat or I've got a drink and that they're already able to act on that they actually have to learn that behavior like everything else well I don't know what binary means it's in two everything in the mind originates in sense okay everything there's no other basis for anything in the mind other than sensations okay and there's no other basis for any kind of action or movement okay moving the limbs is basically what how we distinguish between being alive and being dead and there's no basis for moving the limbs except aversion I'm trying to avoid something or desire I'm trying to get something I move either towards or away for something from something okay so I think I think instead of binary the term you're looking for is reductive he takes he takes something very it seems very small like sensation pleasure pain appetite and he reduces all activities to those causes and says that they actually are nothing but those causes and they don't have any other causes and and in theory everything can be explained by those simple causes and remember his goal is to explain everything on the basis of what nobody could disagree with of what everybody has experiences of because the goal is ultimately to eliminate controversy where it exists in the political sphere and try to bring our politics to into a greater resemblance to mathematics where we don't have these controversies so in mathematics what we have is agreement about the principles and the starting points we all agree about what a point is and what a line is and what a triangle is and therefore we all agree that the interior angles of a triangle add up to the sum of two right angles but we don't all necessarily agree on what's good and evil okay but and so we have we have conflicts about this and not just conflicts we have wars about this okay so if we want to eliminate those wars and those conflicts we're going to have to find a concept of good and evil that we can agree on and that's going to require tying it to something that we all experience and that means reducing it essentially to sense because that is the only thing that we all definitely have in common or can say that we have in common it's the only starting point we can we can be sure of in his view so it's really a reductive account okay it's binary in the sense that he recognizes pursuit and avoidance or desire and aversion or pleasure and pain those are binary concepts so there there isn't something that's both pleasant and painful at the same time or something that you both desire and have an aversion to or use well okay so I mean we can we can go through these counter examples in his view if you like spice then you're actually getting an enjoyment out of it yes it's an intense thing but you're getting an enjoyment out of it if you don't like spice so that's me for example I really like spice I asked for extra hot salsa and things like that my girlfriend who cannot ever have spice in anything it's a nightmare when we're ordering together in Indian restaurants and so forth because I'm saying add extra spice and she's saying take all of the spice out of it because it causes pain for her and she has an aversion to it and doesn't want it same objects but for her it's evil for me it's good okay so but it's not the case that for me it's both pleasant and painful okay now he does recognize that you can have a series of things that are painful and that you undertake on the assumption that it's going to result in a greater pleasure or a less lesser pain later so it's very painful I know for you to be in here right now listening to this lecture instead of outside where it's nice and sunny and with your friends and doing drugs or drinking or whatever be a lot more pleasant so why are you here doing this apparently painful thing because it's in a train with things that are leading up to something you think is going to be very pleasant like the glory of getting an A in this class or the glory of getting a degree from UCSD or the glory of getting a good job because you had this degree and so overall we say that that entire series of events is pleasant is pleasurable but that's just because it has a preponderance of pleasant things in it even if it even if it includes painful things along the way but the case the case you're giving is interesting because could it be simultaneous you know could something be simultaneously pleasant and painful and that's where masochism becomes a problem because supposedly there's people who enjoy pain right who who get pleasure from pain now there's another analysis of what's going on there and it has to do with the pleasure is not the actual sensation they're getting but they they have fantasies of domination or something like that and so they undertake they undertake these smaller pains because they give them this greater pleasure of being dominated or being in this power relationship or causing pleasure to this other person or whatever but if there really is a phenomenon of people experiencing pleasure and pain from the same object at the same time then Hobbes theory has a problem but it's not at all clear that there is any such such phenomenon okay that can't be given his analysis of it okay that yes we're taking on some pleasures because we have a conception that that causes greater pleasure and that must be based on some analogy to something we experienced before like experiencing graduating from high school and that required actually showing up to class and doing the work and you remember the great glories of graduating from high school and you essentially want to repeat that and so you're willing to take on these pains in the meantime just as you took on pains doing it then and then why did you do it in high school because it was an analogy to what you were doing in in junior high or even in grade school and before that there were little things that were that were analogies to those set up like parents rewarding you for reading a book or something like that okay and as you you you you get inculcated with these pleasures and pains and then you think back to those full chains of them but if there if there isn't anything that you can draw an analogy to then you wouldn't be acting in that way I only wouldn't we be able to explain your action it's it's not clear that your action would be possible so there aren't zombies things that can't experience pleasure or pain that nevertheless walk around and do things there's no such thing in Hobbes view and I think he's got a pretty good point it's hard to explain how something they can't experience pleasure or pain could move or have any kind of action okay and plants don't move themselves around in space and that's because they don't pursue or avoid anything why because they can't move themselves around in space and they can't sense anything but animals they pursue and avoid things and our own account of our behavior is essentially that of an animal after all again I hate to break this news to you but we're all animals and so just like your cat comes pursues its food and avoids predators all it's doing is trying to get those pleasant sensations and avoid those painful ones now please don't interpret my harsh grading and the irritating didactic tone here is saying I'm acting like this is all obvious and this is all clear and this is how it has to be I'm taking on the persona of Hobbes here there's a lot of problems almost at every stage of what I'm saying here but this is this is his theory this is this is what he would say and and if you can present me some psychological evidence about masochism that says no it's clear that they've got pain and pleasure at the same time I'm not you know you have to come up with definitions of pleasure and pain and though and I'd have to agree to those and then we'd have to agree that there's actually somebody that pursues that activity that results in both of those but then you would have some kind of empirical evidence against this view and that's exactly the kind of evidence Hobbes is interested in hearing about this theory and that would count against it yeah because you can't the explanation of behavior and action why actions are undertaken wouldn't wouldn't wouldn't work if they could be simultaneous or if I guess the problem is if somebody would pursue if there's some sense in which somebody pursues something painful or avoid something pleasant his bedrock assumption about explaining behavior of animals and humans is that we is that all of this movement of our limbs pursuing things has to do with pleasure and all of this movement of our limbs avoiding things has to do with pain so if they could exist simultaneously either we would we move towards that object or not Hobbes would Hobbes would have to say that we both move towards that object and don't move towards that object that we have both a desire and aversion for it okay and so then then then there would be big problems for the theory yeah that's where that's where people yes so that's that's that's the explanation of it they fall in love with that person so they think that that's a pleasant thing and they want to avoid they want to pursue the things that that person tells them to pursue because they think it will bring them the pleasures of of required love of them and so and so then then it's a case where there's where there's mixed pains and pleasures which I've said how he tries to explain those that the agent must must think must have some experience and relate it to some idea of undergoing pain in order to get a greater pleasure later okay like Stockholm syndrome is explained exactly the same way as you're being here in this class right now is explained okay yes it's mixed in with pain but there are much greater pleasures to be had if you stay with it and complete this course well yes except that consequentialism does look at the ends and the effects of things whereas this is coming from the direction of the motivation of why the activities are taken and it assumes that that I'm thinking about the consequences when I'm deciding whether to act whether those painful things are worth undertaking to get this greater amount of pleasure so in that sense yes it is consequentialist but there's altogether less emphasis put on on these these ends and purposes and remote aims and more focus put on and I think Hobbes thinks this is more important to what are really basic motivations of doing things are okay well the there is the biological it's already tied in with the theory of biological instinct okay because the things that are pleasant what are those those are just conceptions whose continuation affects helps or augments vital capabilities like nutrition reproduction self-motion survival things like that so the very things that we experience as pleasant are things tied to the good functioning of our bodies and of our of our biological reality and the things that we call evil that is the things that are pains are the things that we have an instinctual reaction against because they damage those vital capabilities so it is tied into a notion it is we can relate it to an idea of instinct and biological in fact in the case of animals where we don't have very advanced conceptions we just have these sensations and pursuit and avoidance behaviors and maybe a little bit of memory it's all depends on that okay they have an instinct for eating this kind of food and avoiding that other kind of food turns out the ones that they pursue are the ones that actually are nutritious for them and the ones that aren't are the ones that actually inhibit those vital so he they either have to learn it as in the human case or if there are analogies to that elsewhere in the animal kingdom or they do it by trial and error and experience and so they actually do start out just eating something and it might be harmful for them and and there might be a kind of survival of the fittest that the ones that survive the ones that find pleasant those things that are truly conducive to their to their vital capabilities but yes it can't heat what he can't imagine is that there's some animal born with no senses and nothing in their cognition and that it somehow automatically starts pursuing the right doing eating the right kind of food or something okay that that has to be something learned in his view or it has to be learned and that could either be by trial and error or instruction from parents or whatever and so if you can find evidence out there empirical evidence that there are animals without any kind of sensation that that do that that invariably the first thing that they eat is is beneficial to them turtles that are born they know to go to the ocean but like there's no adult turtle there telling them you have to go to the ocean or you're going to die yes so so there must be some there must be some pleasant thing that they that they're experiencing they find it pleasant the light of the moon or whatever which is in the direction of the of the ocean that they're going for today or the water feels more pleasant to them than the air and they from an experience they have so he has to tell stories like that but if you could but maybe that's maybe that could be a counter example maybe you could say no there's some kind of there's there must be some innate mental structure that tells turtles to walk towards the sea once they're born that would that would be that would contradict this theory and it would be empirical evidence against this theory okay so notice that he reduces honor and dishonor just to these to these pleasant these good and bad things which are just pleasant and painful things so further further reducing these high-minded terms we have like honor and glory just to down just getting down to the sensations of pleasure and pain and then he has a theory of passions of the mind again passions the term passion just means affection or emotion or to put it simply things that we just have that happen to us and that we feel we've already talked about passions the body the passions of the mind that he talks about are things like glory humility shame curiosity admiration etc and all of these get defined in terms of awareness of one's power and the power again relates to the power for experiencing pleasant things and avoiding painful things which is tied into the vital capabilities and and you could scrutinize each of those definitions and see you know for example love gets reduced to lust okay now depending on the kind of person you are that's either a totally ridiculous theory or that's actually a completely accurate and clear-eyed view of the matter okay but in his view that's there's no difference there love means you think that person's causing you pleasure and so you desire to be with them and so on and that it has a power for bringing you pleasure yeah so with pleasure and pain nobody really teaches you the senses and what they feel like and what they mean so with that the kind of the example more of an instinctual thing because you kind of determine or more of a subjective thing because you determine for yourself what is pleasurable and what is painful to you and these and these differ right some people in my view the correct people prefer chocolate to vanilla but there's these crazy people out there that think vanilla is really great that must be due to their experience and the difference must be due to the difference of our constitutions such that and and those are the only differences that could explain that now we aren't taught what's pleasant and painful we experience that okay and so we pursue those things that we experience is pleasant so if somebody tries to instruct you and tell you that something you feel is really painful is actually really pleasant that cuts no ice whatsoever because it doesn't occur to your senses and your senses are the only things that are going to convince you that anything is true okay so now often we do things taking taking on somebody else's an authority oh no this is really great this new flavor of ice cream you've never tried I tried it before and it's really great so you might trust them and then try this weird blue colored ice cream to see if it really is good but then if you're either going to experience it as pleasant or painful and there's no amount of teaching that that changes that for you I mean there is an issue of acquired taste and things like that those those would complicate the picture but you're right nobody teaches pleasure and pain these are things that we sense and we experience and so the things that we in fact pursue are those things that are pleasant to us or that we're convinced are pleasant and we stop pursuing them if our senses give us some kind of different experience of it right so if you experience continual failure in in grade school and junior high and high school and so forth you're probably not going to be able it's going to be very difficult to convince you that you should go on and try to have the glories of college and don't worry it's a lot more fun than that sort of thing it's just not in your experience and really difficult to convince you about that yeah well the six senses because remember he said that there's also this internal sense of remembrance but yes sensation comes down to the to the five senses plus recollection of them yeah yes yes sure and because what our thoughts thoughts or conceptions what are conceptions decayed senses okay so like thinking about a human being is some kind of decayed impression of actually seeing and sensing human beings yeah yeah so I maybe this is a good time to move on because he I mean he did the reading for today right no okay so you're asking a dumb question because the people who did the reading know that yes he talks about religion in fact he offers a proof for God in the bit that we read for today okay so let's talk about that starting in chapter 10 of the differences between people and their discerning faculty and the cause you might think since we're all the same we're all human and we all experience the same objects these things that are out there in the world why are people so different well in one sense they aren't very different they seem different because we're on the ground but they're all actually pretty much the same and if you were looking at us from a telescope from Mars you'd say those are just masses of people like ants or something and there is no difference between them in fact that's how we think when we look at ants if you actually were an ant on the ground it would seem like there were big huge differences between all of these things that were that were going on so what he's really interested is why are some people stupid and dull and why are other people more quick-witted and smarter than things like that and he says that the difference has to do and this this seems to be very implausible so this is a case where I might myself find evidence against what's hogs is claiming difference of wits has its origin from different passions in the ends to which the appetite leads them so the intellectual vice of dullness supposedly comes from or proceeds from somebody whose appetites are focused on mere sensual or bodily delight so somebody who feel their focus for some reason they're obsessed with the pleasure that you get from drinking and alcohol that is a pleasant thing but it's gonna inhibit their ability to wake up in time for class and study and do all those other things that are pleasant in some in some other sense and produce effects that we consider to be intelligent or something like that but it's as if this is all voluntary so here he doesn't think there's just a genetic difference between people some people are just born stupid and some people are born very intelligent there's no notion of innate talent or ability or anything like that it all depends on what ends you you pursue and people end up pursuing different ends why do they end up pursuing different ends because different things seem pleasant to them why do different things seem pleasant to them because they have different constitutions and different things that they actually sense and so then he explains all of these other virtues and vices of the mind as relating to the different kinds of passions and the objects that are pursued by the people to which we assign those virtues and vices now chapter 11 is where he deals with religion and the way he deals with it is by saying what imaginations and passions people have at the names of things supernatural so you can see even that title a very skeptical approach to all of this and Hobbes is very often in the literature called an atheist and he was accused of being an atheist and atheists is somebody who denies that God exists but that doesn't sit well with what he does in the second section of this chapter where he actually offers a proof for the existence of God okay so he begins by saying God Almighty is this incomprehensible thing we don't have any conception of course we don't have any sense of God now there's an issue of religious experience and epiphanies and things like that we'll have to see if he can handle that kind of experience but has anybody in here had religious epiphanies or had a direct vision or illumination of God or something like that I mean in which case these arguments might not be as convincing to you but if you haven't then you're in the condition of most people that he says most of us we don't have any sense of God and all of the attributes that we give to him like ineffability and immortality and so forth are essentially negative characteristics that express our inability to know anything about God's nature but he says we can prove that God exists because there has to be a first cause for everything okay if we chase if we trace the chain of causes back and back and back it can't go on infinitely because then it never as it were could have got started there has to be something that initiated the whole chain of causation that results in there being these external objects that are moving somehow and thus producing effects on my senses and so what I really mean by God is whatever the initial cause of the existence of those motions external to me okay and so remember Hobbes is not a solipsist he doesn't believe that Monty Johnson is the only object that exists in the universe okay he thinks there really are objects external to us and those objects have to have a cause for their existence and we don't know what their cause is because everything we know has to do with the effects that they have on us and so whatever their cause is our name for that cause is God yeah God caused God okay so God is the name of the primary cause of the of our existence of the objects that exist and produce effects on our senses so it doesn't solve the problem it just gives a name to it but he's not he's not only trying to solve that problem the problem he's addressed here is what are people talking about when they're talking about God right lots of people talk about God what the hell are they talking about what sensation can this be tied to it can be tied to a sensation that one thing causes another this is a fundamental thing that we sense that some things cause other things to happen fire causes things to warm up ice causes things to cool down but what caused the objects they cause any sensations whatsoever again we can't have access to those we can't take a shortcut from our mind directly to those objects all we have is what comes into us through our senses and so whatever cause those things is gone we have a sense of that because we have a sense of causality okay but so this solves the problem of how people generated a conception of what God is and why that why you hear that term being thrown around all the time okay and that's the problem he's trying to address here but if you have some other problem like how did God create that world or how did God create those objects there he says we just have we have nothing to say everything is all of our terms for that are essentially negative now I was actually calling on somebody behind you no that's okay so so he's basically the same argument as Thomas Aquinas like Persian mover and teleological argument well you should have said it's actually like Aristotle's argument because that's where Thomas Aquinas got it okay and if you were taking my course on Aristotle right now you would have learned that already but so the it is it is that widespread proof proof of the first cause or whatever and Aristotle makes that argument in a metaphysics book 12 and Aquinas comments on that book and then developed his own set of proofs for the existence of God this is the main one this is the one that that most people who believe in God agree is the most important of these arguments and so he accepts that and he puts that here and the result is that he's not an atheist so if you don't like atheists you don't necessarily have a problem with Hobbes because he doesn't just say that God exists he's got a he's got a proof for God's existence here okay but he doesn't comment on God's nature and he doesn't think anybody else can comment on it because where are we where are they getting those conceptions they're getting them through through sense and nobody has any direct sense of God so that's don't like an organized church that has conceptions of God well and yes and it very much does but also remember his motive in writing this whole thing to eliminate political chaos and civil war what is the cause of this political chaos and civil war it's essentially religious disagreements disagreements between Catholics and Protestants and so forth so disagreements about religion are a big cause of civil strife and so he'd like to eliminate those by getting us to agree on this more minimal conception of God and then agreeing that that that the differences we have about him are not things we can actually resolve scientifically because they can't be tied to senses and so they certainly should not be incorporated into a conception of government that were that were building and he has other strange views that don't have time to spend on but if incorporeal spirits is an idea that doesn't make any sense to him so he says if there are spirits out there if there are ghosts or if there's the holy ghost or if God is some kind of spirit then it must actually be a physical body and so he's got these weird views about how maybe these things are actually just very rarefied bodies okay the next chapter is how we deliberate from passions and these produce our actions and this is really important because this is Hobbes theory of action okay how it is that we act and to make a long story short and I've given an example here there's some external object for example a chocolate cake and this causes conceptions in me like mmm that would be a tasty thing to eat and that conception causes appetite or fear for example it causes an appetite of wanting to eat the cake because I want to have that sweet sensation or as in my case it causes a fear that this is going to undermine my diet and thus undermine my health and these are the so-called unperceived beginnings of our actions now how do we what do we actually act on he says either we act on the first appetite we have but when we act all of a sudden there's a cake there and I just say oh great eat that cake or if the appetite itself is succeeded by the fear like oh god this would undermine my diet which would undermine my health then we withhold from the action now but it's possible that we can have a continual sort of succession of this appetite and fear so and this is what often happens when somebody offers us a piece of cake or a cigarette or a joint or something right you you you think oh that would be pleasant but actually that would be painful because it would undermine my diet or make me not able to study or whatever but yet you know there's always other time I can study and so it would be worth enjoying that now etc and all there is is just an alternation of these and the last one is what we call our will so yes it's gonna ruin my diet and so forth but it's just so tasty and you know this person has gone to the trouble to bake this cake so I'll eat it and so I do so my will is that last piece of deliberation or given my incredible and legendary strength of will be reframing from eating the cake and sticking nobly to my diet is my will because I refrain from that pleasure because of fear okay and so voluntary actions he say he says are those that have their beginning in will now I've just reduced will to the last stage of deliberation about any kind of object and appetites fears hopes all the other passions are not called voluntary because they don't proceed from but to the will they lead up to the will so so when I'm just considering I don't know if I'm gonna eat that or not because it might be pleasant or it might be painful that's not that's not will and that's not voluntary that's just a succession of imaginings and conceptions going on


I think one day it wasn't too long ago, Svaba said there's this movie, The Great Hack, on Netflix and I said okay, let's watch it and I was like, I would consider showing this to my beloveds because some of you have heard, what was the name of that 1984 book about Big Brother? 1984, about 1984 book, you know about Big Brother and Big Brother's watching you and so forth and then some of us said Jason's dad was a great conspiracy theorist so he grew up hearing all the great conspiracy theories about what's happening and what's being done to human beings and how human beings are being manipulated and so on and so forth and now we've got all these great movies including The Matrix, we've got these great metaphysics of the Course where Jesus is saying well, like I said earlier, as long as you believe in the ego then the ego is distracting you from who you really are and you're having a difficult experience with this alternate self that God didn't create so this movie is a documentary and it's kind of interesting because I think one of the main characters his name is David and he's got some children and he wants to love them and protect them and he wants them to have a wonderful future and he just wants to give all of his love to them and he starts discovering a little bit about the information age and even with his daughter wanting to download all these apps dad there's a cool app, another app, another app and he kind of takes a look at the apps to kind of read the policy, the fine print of the apps like what is the app really doing, is it recording your messages, what is it taking from you and he's concerned to protect his daughters and so his daughter, he checks it out he reads the small print but anyway this will lead to a documentary about data, the collection of data and it's kind of interesting when you think about data even in this information age it's really all about again that small self, that personality self all the shopping preferences and the political preferences and the decisions and choices that human beings seem to make every day that seems to make them unique and individual and different from the other 7 billion it's like you might call the data is almost like your preference configuration and imagine if somebody was watching or recording or capturing that they would just have a good snapshot of what you believe to be in this world and then when we talk about what's the purpose of that data what is that data being used for and so on and so forth then we start to get deeper into what we talked about this morning really purpose is the most important thing everything in the world is actually neutral but it's the purpose to which it's put forth it's important am I letting the Holy Spirit use what the ego made to help me unwind me from the ego which would be a helpful use or am I allowing the ego to use what the ego made these symbols and images to keep me trapped in a small identity that's really this small identity is really fake news the very identity is but to the mind that believes the body is real, the person is real then there's all kinds of emotions that are going to keep coming up and coming up because of this investment in this false reality so I may pause the movie a little bit sometimes I am with a group of people and we go into a movie and it requires a lot of Holy Spirit commentary even to stay with the movie because there's so much there but you have to be primed to what to look for this movie is more one of those mind watchers where I just want you to just watch your emotions as this movie plays that will start to give you an inroad into some of the beliefs and thoughts that you're still holding onto so you can see from that perspective is very valuable it's anything that you watch, anything that you perceive and you start to feel a little uneasy or a little uncomfortable with then that's actually helpful not the feeling of the discomfort but it's like the beginning of the tip of the iceberg into what's underneath these uncomfortable feelings I want peace of God, I want joy, I want consistent happiness I don't want to feel uncomfortable I don't want to feel like I'm at the mercy of a world I want to see that I'm the dreamer of the dream and then I can change the purpose of this dream to a happy dream by not judging it that to me was the most powerful teaching that Jesus offered us was judge not lest you be judged because he knew that when the mind is attempting to judge it's attempting something that's very unnatural and it also keeps you stuck in a misidentification it keeps you stuck in a concept of yourself that is not the real you and just like the ancient Greeks said know thyself really know the truth of who you really are that's what the ancient Greeks were teaching that's what Jesus was teaching Buddha, all the great masters are teaching self-realization so tonight is like let those emotions up don't censor them and try to get core students smile your way through the movie let those emotions up and then we'll work on processing and preparing and then Francis is taking home movie is going to be a great experience too because it's so pointed at healing at really directing yourself toward that healing and allowing yourself to be given over let your mind be given over to the healing process letting those emotions up and then you'll have tonight to pray, go to sleep let it percolate and then we'll have a whole day tomorrow to dive in deeper with Jesus' help to get underneath those emotions so that you can as Morpheus said free your mind you know that's the whole point


Were you ever scared that it wouldn't work out? Yes, I was very scared too many times. America has always been associated with making it, but is this opportunity accessible to all? I'm Scott Shigeoka, GoDaddy's Entrepreneur in Residence, and I'm on a journey across the country meeting the people who are building it. They're defying the odds, and their stories show us what it means to be made in America. So today we're meeting Consuelo. We're going to go to her house. We're going to talk more about her story. Hey, Consuelo. Good to see you again. Good to see you again. Thanks for having me in your home. I really appreciate that. Do you want to hug? Yeah. She is an owner of a cleaning business. She is an immigrant. She is an incredible person, and you'll come to find that she has this deep resilience to overcome the circumstances that she's in. I'm so happy to have this conversation with you. Thank you. What was your journey to today like? I was a housekeeper for probably 13 years, and one day I decided to start a business to be the owner. Can you talk a little bit more about that? Two years ago, I was married in a no-good situation, no-good marriage, and I was in a beautiful relationship, and this business helped me to get out. And when I get my first clients, I feel like I can do it by myself. Me and it's okay? You know, Consuelo is a survivor of domestic violence, and unfortunately that's a story that rings true for a lot of people, and she's, you know, entrepreneurship to gain independence and get out of that relationship and create a safer and a better life for herself and for her kids. Like, what was going through your mind and how did you actually make the leap? She wakes up at 5 a.m., she schleps all of her stuff, her kids, and she cleans these houses in these commercial spaces, and she used to do that every day, but now as a business owner, what is happening is she's doing that less and less. You're kind of shifting roles right now, right? Like, you used to go and clean, but now you've hired other people. Yes, I was working probably 13 hours and a date by myself, and now I'm probably clean just two hours or four hours, depends, so I'm starting to work less physical, but more business work. Welcome. When you have stereotypes placed against your industry, that's opportunity for you to grow, because that means other people are not paying attention to where the openings are and so this is really smart for people that are thinking about getting into an industry where they think the stereotype is going to be low or you're worried about how people are going to perceive you. Don't worry about that. Go in full on because you see something that others don't and you're going to excel because of that. What are some of the things you want to do with your business? So I have to find a name for the business. I want to create my website that I'm realized that it's very important to create a website especially for commercials and industry. They're going to see me more professional and I can show to more people my work. I think I can reach more people with this. When people come to our website I want to feel like they can trust us. I am trying to get more commercial clients and I think a website can help me. I'm a little bit nervous to do it by myself. Because we're talking about that I don't have a high education. I was about to finish high school but I didn't finish it. We're talking about that my English is not that wide. I don't know how to manage a business. I don't know how to talk about business so I really need this. What are the kinds of struggles or hardships? English not only for the business for for for help my kids for do the life but I'm working on it. Consuelo we're doing a little activity this morning. Today is my second class. My goal is to get my GD and working more in my English in one year but if it takes me longer than one year I'm going to stay. For my knowledge I need it and I want to prove even if we are older even if we pass for a hard situation. Even if we think we don't need it for just cleaning we don't know what's going on never in the future. Being an immigrant and trying to find opportunity can be tough. You start looking for well how will I create an income and what am I passionate about what can I do. When you don't have opportunity readily available to you you have to start inventing and you have to start becoming innovative and so I think that more people that are coming to this country or more people that are starting in this country that have language barriers they have to really think through what are the options that I have in order to create an income. They always come back to entrepreneurship. As an immigrant nobody told me that I can do something else besides cleaning a restaurant. That's only two options when I come here.   Were you ever scared that it wouldn't work out? Yes I was very scared too many times because when you are divorced you think you're going to fall and if you fall it's another mistake in your life and now I think in a feeling I'm pretty sure each mistake that I'm going to go through I'm going to learn on that and do better next time. This is the house that I still live when I have to live my husband my ex-husband was I was living in there per year. We are sleeping in one matrix meametric kits. All of you on one single matrix. The reason because I showed you this house is you can see the progress that I have that I made by myself after the hard situation and it started the business. Yeah that's beautiful right so this is a reminder to you when you pass by it of how far you've come. It was really hard because I don't realize on that moment that I can do things. I don't realize that I'm good for something. I just have to take the only thing that I think I'm good for and work around that and now I'm discovering this business process I'm discovering that I'm good for many things that surprise myself. You started to realize actually I am really good. I'm really good yes and I can teach them with my example. As a woman survivor domestic violence I have the responsibility to teach my sons the woman can be a powerful too. I always wish to have a better life but I never think I can do my own business. And now you're proving that you can. Yes. Yeah. I have now. Yeah. I'm like really I'm proud and impressed and just so excited for you. Thank you. I'm not scared anymore to get more clients. I'm so excited to get more clients. I'm ready for that. The way that her life is evolving now looks so much closer to what she wants for herself and for her family and that's what entrepreneurship is. That's what it's about. It's about moving towards a life that you and I can swallow wants to grow bigger. She wants to scale and right now she's doing a lot of learning. I think she's in a trial by fire and so I'm excited to come back in a couple of weeks and see how that evolves. Across America sharing the stories of communities who don't have the same access that others do and I hope to share and contribute in the ways that I can and I know that I'll learn a lot along the way too. Getting a business going doesn't happen in a day and that's why I'm going back to check in on Consuelo and Sequoia. Sequoia has got a big day at Memphis Pride and Consuelo is getting more established in her business. I hope you'll join me.


Governments at all levels have been charged to take the lead in the quest to ameliorate the level of damage being done to our environment by fossil fuel and other activities that tend to cause damage to our well-being as a people. Stakeholders Middlest Charge are a two-door environmental program themed propelling the energy transition organized by health of Mother Earth Foundation HOMEF Edo State. In the deliberation they argued that until the government affects the switch to green energy as well as pay attention to the activities of the multinational oil corporations the crisis from our environmental degradation will continue. The crisis cannot end so long as government depends on oil as a veritable means of raising revenue. So in doing that they don't care whether their environmental dispolation and all that that is the situation. So I think that what we are doing when we are young and when we are in the university that's how we founded the protest movement that was a founder member of the future council to begin to engage this multinational oil corporations and engage in those facilities. We can't keep on depending on the system that has failed us. We produce oil and gas for more than six decades and billions of years dollars from these resources yet Nigerians don't have access to electricity. It's time to think and to act beyond a system that will not help us and alternative energy is a solution. It will not only give us access to electricity Hello hope you enjoyed the news please do subscribe to our youtube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Hello everyone. We have just spent two productive days here in Bruxelles, where we have done great work with the leaders across the world and around the world. We came here to continue to do our part to ensure that all leaders stand strong and united to support Ukraine against Russia and that our resolve continues to stay strong for as long as it takes. Putin needs to know that there will be no erosion of our determination and that the catastrophic costs of our sanctions will only grow over time as they punish him and his friends. Yesterday I sat down with President von der Leyen of the European Commission and President Metzola of the European Parliament, as well as Prime Minister Sanamarin of Finland. Today I got to sit down with fellow NATO leaders, fellow G7 leaders, and had direct conversations with President Michel of the European Council, a direct conversation with Prime Minister of Japan Fumio Kishida, and we got to hear twice from President Zelensky as he continues to demonstrate extraordinary leadership in the face of incredibly difficult situations. The illegal invasion of Vladimir Putin in Ukraine threatens the security of Europe and the world, as well as democracy. NATO allies continue to be united in their concerted response and in our support for Ukraine and its people. Today we reaffirmed Canada's steadfast commitment to NATO. Canada leads the NATO Enhanced Forward Presence Battle Group in Latvia, which includes 10 NATO countries, and we've pledged up to 3,400 troops to NATO's response force, including air, land and maritime capabilities. Earlier this month we renewed our commitment to Operation Reassurance, the Canadian Armed Forces' support to NATO's assurance and deterrence measures in Central and Eastern Europe. In addition, since 2015, Canadian Armed Forces mission Operation Unifier has trained over 30,000 of Ukrainian security forces, which means that as we see the Ukrainian military standing strong against the Russian invasion, the brave women and men of the Canadian Armed Forces can take pride in knowing they contributed directly to that. European security is important to Canadian security, and so we are always grateful to the brave women and men of CAF who've deployed thousands of kilometres from home to help protect Euro-Atlantic security and stand up strongly for the values we cherish at home and around the world. The world has come together to impose unprecedented and punishing sanctions on Putin and his enablers. Today Canada will be increasing pressure by sanctioning 160 members of the Russian Federation Council who've facilitated and enabled this unjustified invasion, which brings the total of individuals connected to Putin who've been sanctioned by Canada to 964. We will also impose new measures to ban exports, which aim to weaken Russian military capacities in areas such as electronics, computers, telecommunications, sensors, lasers, navigation, avionics, marines, aerospace and transport. Putin has and is continuing to commit war crimes and create a devastating humanitarian crisis. We'll be announcing the allocation of $50 million from our humanitarian aid contribution to the World Food Programme, the World Health Organization, the UN Refugee Agency, the Organization People in Need, and the Canadian Red Cross. Bombings and attacks threaten the cultural and patrimonial areas, which are important for the Ukrainian culture, so we'll be investing $4.8 million in entities like UNESCO to protect them. Putin has made serious mistakes. One was underestimating the fortitude and courage of the Ukrainian people who are demonstrating how they can fight to protect their heritage, but he also made the mistake of thinking that we were divided. What we saw and what we continue to see in days like today, we have exceptional experience. It is that time remains united, and it makes a bad calculation. We are strong and united, and we will remain united. Canada and its partners and allies will continue to work in lockstep to hold Putin and Russian leadership accountable and always be there to support Ukraine and its people. Thank you very much.


Good morning folks. Steve Rhodes coming to you live from the shores of sunny. Well, mostly sunny Delray Beach, Florida. This year, 11 am update. We got a mixed bag out there. The mix goes like this. The Dow's up 63. The S&P's up three. The Nasdaq 100 down 41. Russell's up two. Semi's up 15. Trendy's down 31. You've got gold off three bucks. Silver's up 21 cents. Lights we crude is up a buck 40. We're looking at the October contract. Switch the October contract for natural gas. That's up four pennies. Trading out a $2.77 to 30-year treasury down 19 ticks. Trading out a $1.18.25. Let's go figure out what all that means by looking at that nine panel. Mark it up, HR. We begin the upper left-hand side, the ESPIN. What do we know about it? Well, it negated its TD9 count bottom immediately. Price is trading right now with inside its bullish-structured weekly profile. I'm just showing you the bullish-structured profile supporter. That's between 43.77 and 44.34. Spot follow-tutics is still trading above its 50-day exponents moving average. It's trading above yesterday's high. That's not a real positive for the S&P 500. If we take a look at the NQ, it also negated its TD9 count bottom. Price is sitting at a real key level of support. You want to note this down in your pad of paper. That's at 14.865.  U.S. Dollar Index yesterday and today still tempting to form that new daily profile. Right now, you've got a bullish-structured profile with resistance at 103.49 and the support range between 101.97 and 102.35. We take a look at Goldilocks. It negated its TD9 count bottom pattern. There's a large A to B equal CD to the downside. This is the price target, which would be about 18.38. That is in play out there. It's in play. If we take a look at Silver, Silver is still holding its TD9 count bottom, having a nice rally intraday, but running right into resistance. That is at the top of its daily profile that is attempting to form. I won't know until 6.01 this evening whether it's going to take hold or not, but 22.95 is the resistance and support at 22.56. Lights be accrued. Again, we're looking at the October contract. Price making as well. It did close below the bottom of its daily profile. This could be day number two. So the level to watch there is going to be 80.66. We're trading right now at 80.43. The high of the day, 80.61. Your price closes below that. We could be signaling to us a move all the way back to 72.44. Price did find support at the center of its weekly profile, and that's at the 79.14 area, at least it has as of now. Natural gas. Again, we're looking at the October contract. A second close here below that low. That low is 278. That could suggest to move all the way back to 262. The 30-year treasury negated its buy the D point pattern yesterday. It's next A to B equal CD target to the downside about 117.13. Folks, day two for the Trader Z show, but if you have to start your Thursday, please have a terrific one. Take care now.


Is video really necessary, if you're trying to build a business these days? If your business is already doing very well, you have all the clients and customers you ever need, and word of mouth is spreading just naturally, then no, you don't have to do video. But, if you would like to have more people know about your business, and start to believe in your business's brand and mission and products and services, then I highly recommend that you put video as part of your marketing as soon as possible. The reason is because more and more consumers are getting used to seeing some video before they decide to work with a particular company or person. In the past couple of years, just about all of my clients, before they started working with me, or in the discussion about working with me, almost all of my clients said they first had watched a couple or a bunch of my videos and then decided, yes, George is going to be my marketing mentor, etc. And I've seen as a dramatic growth in my business over the past couple of years because of my doing videos. Another interesting tidbit is a vice president at Facebook was quoted as saying that she would not be surprised if in just a few years Facebook could be all video, literally she said all video. Now, that might be a bit of an exaggeration, but if you look at Facebook already, if you scroll through Facebook, you already see a lot of video these days, and if you use Facebook on the mobile phone, you'll notice that video is one of the tabs at the bottom of the mobile app, very prominently right next to newsfeed. So it's that important already to Facebook. And because Facebook is in touch with the mindset of everyday internet users and know that internet users really appreciate being able to see video. So here's the thing about video. It takes practice. It takes getting used to. Don't expect that you're going to make your first video or first five or first 10 videos and have it go viral and have it be amazing. If you think that way, it's kind of like you telling yourself, well, I've never done any public speaking before, but my first public speech is going to be a TED talk. You can't expect that. That's putting too much pressure on yourself. And I hope that from my example, you know, my humble and casual example of doing video, that I could be an encouragement to you to start getting used to seeing yourself on video. And I'll tell you this, the first dozen times you see yourself on video and hear yourself, it's probably not going to be a pleasant experience for you because that's normal for everybody to criticize themselves. My first online video was in 2009, okay? And after I watched that video, I couldn't stand to see myself on video.  And so I quit doing video, after that first video in 2009, I quit video until 2013. It took me four years to get over myself, to finally start doing video again. I hope, I hope that I can save you four years. I hope that you won't take that long to get over yourself and realize that your ideal clients, your ideal audience, the people that are most meant to work with you really actually enjoy seeing you on video. By definition, your ideal clients like your personality. They like your style. And of course, they would be so grateful to be able to see you on video. So just know that when you first do video, it's natural to not like to see yourself on video, to keep criticizing yourself, to think, oh, that's not good enough. But remember that good enough for content is not for you to judge. It's for you to simply put out into the world and let the ones who are meant to find you, find it and appreciate your content.  You can publish on YouTube as an unlisted, unlisted video, meaning only people who have the link that you give to them will be able to see it. So send that link to just a few of your most supportive and kind friends and say that you would love some encouragement to do more video and that you know that you're going to you're going to have to get a lot better over time, but that this is your first couple of tries, you know, and don't expect that to watch all of your initial videos. Just even if they watch the first, you know, 30 seconds, it's fine. And just let them encourage you. And then over time, you're going to get better at it. You're going to get better as you get more used to doing it. You will first have to get used to doing it, that it becomes normal for you to do video. And then you can start gradually improving upon it as you watch your videos back and say, oh, I can improve on this or I can improve on that. I hope this is encouraging for you. I'll put a link in the notes of this video to more tips for you that I've learned from doing a bunch of videos. But know that it's going to be beneficial for your business and for your marketing for you to show up as yourself. You don't have to try to be like me or don't try to be like anybody else. Be your most be the maximum form of who you truly are as you can on video. Because that's what your ideal clients and your ideal audience wants to see.


My name is Dr. Irma McLaurin. I am currently a faculty member at the Federal Executive Institute in Charlottesville, Virginia. I teach leadership to federal executive employees, senior level federal executives. Why anthropology? One of the things that I thought about when I went back to get a PhD was that there was no perfect western intellectual tradition. And I chose anthropology for two reasons. One is that many of the people that I had encountered along my journey were people who were able to put their politics and their ideas about helping people in social justice issues together, were people who were in anthropology. I've chosen anthropology because I enjoy learning about different cultures. I enjoy the comparative aspect which allows me to look at the lives of people in the African diaspora, whether it's in the United States, whether it's in Belize Central America or whether it is in Suriname, South America. But more importantly, part of what attracted me to anthropology is the fact that it is a discipline that has undergone a tremendous amount of cultural critique. That it is one of the few intellectual disciplines where the scholars inside of it, the people working in anthropology are constantly interrogating its history. They're constantly asking questions about its ethics and we do have an ethical code. They're constantly asking about the ways in which anthropology can be deployed in order to change the human condition. So why anthropology? My question is why not?


Four ways how to design an ESL syllabus. In the existing literature on language education, the terms curriculum and syllabus are sometimes used interchangeably, sometimes differentiated, and sometimes misused and misunderstood. Roger makes a distinction between a syllabus and curriculum. According to Rogers syllabi or syllabuses, which prescribe the content to be covered by a given course, form only a small part of the total school program. The curriculum is a far broader concept. The curriculum is all those activities in which children engage under the auspices of the school. This includes not only what students learn, but how they learn it, how teachers help them learn, using what supporting materials, styles, and methods of assessment, and in what kind of facilities. Actually syllabus and curriculum are differentiated based on the distinctions outlined above. A syllabus is a specification of what takes place in the classroom which usually contains the aims and contents of teaching, and sometimes contains suggestions of methodology. In some sense the syllabus is part of a curriculum. According to the data of current trends in syllabus design, we found four types of the syllabus from it. Structural Syllabus. Influenced by structuralist linguistics, the structural syllabus is a grammar oriented syllabus based on a selection of language items and structures. The underlying assumption behind grammatical syllabus is that language is a system which consists of a set of grammatical rules. Learning a language means learning these rules and then applying them to practical language use. The structural syllabus has been used for many years, and still dominate some language programs including most of the foreign language courses in China. I used my real experiences to compare the difference of school syllabus design between China and Sweden. These experiences are persuasive as an observation method because it is what I have experienced. Here I would state my two experiences, one is in China, the other one is in Sweden. In China our students should keep quiet and focus on listening to the teacher in class, and we usually sit alone. In Sweden the teacher only leads a class and would like to hear students free talking, and they usually sit around a few people like a small team. In Sweden the curriculum provided students with an introduction to the essential knowledge that they need to be educated citizens. It introduced students to the best that has been thought and said, and helped engender an appreciation of human creativity and achievement. That's why their class environment is much free. In contrast to our style when I was middle school students, I didn't understand our core syllabus that why do I have to know all of the geometry, and aim to try to get the highest score. Through the two cases that I experienced, I found the teachers set the aims for the students were different which caused those lots of different phenomenon. In China teachers got their target from the government education department, and that might match their salary and bonus. The examination is a way to test students and report both students' study results and teachers' education result. So they aim to make the students getting a higher score and big progress. However, most of the Chinese school teacher forgot main their responsibility was to teach students how to set study as their fun and obligation. Here it's as same as all the rules need to be changed. On the other hand, this is why we all feel it's so boring to learn grammar that makes a lot of students lose interest in learning a second language. Situational syllabus. The situational syllabus does not have a strong linguistic basis, it can be assumed that the situationist accept the view that language is used for communication. The aim of the situational syllabus is specifying the situations in which the target language is used. Grammatical forms and sentence patterns are introduced in practice, but they are knitted in dialogues entitled at the airport, at the supermarket, at the bank and so on. The mother tongue teaching method is based on situational syllabus design. And it is the same as the example shows above, it will attract and motivate students to use language. This syllabus has a strong benefit of language use and communication. However, as L2 teachers it's an extremely hard job to hold a certain situation for over 20 minutes with over five students, meanwhile target to finish the teaching goals. The situational syllabus has certain advantages over the structural syllabus, for it sets out to meet the learner's direct communicative needs. However, since the situational syllabus relies on whatever linguistic description is available, and at its time this meant structuralist grammar, such a syllabus is essentially grammatical. Some people regard it as pseudo-functional. The situations described in a textbook cannot be truly authentic. Moreover the arrangement of the situations is not systematic. Communicative syllabus. A communicative syllabus aims at the learner's communicative competence. Based on a notional functional syllabus, it teaches the language needed to express and understand different kinds of functions, and emphasize the process of communication. It has a similar part of the situational syllabus that they both are good at training students' communication skills. Task-based syllabus. Task-based syllabuses are more concerned with the classroom processes which stimulate learning, than with the language knowledge or skills that students are supposed to master. These syllabuses consist of a list of specifications of the tasks and activities, that the learners will engage in in class in the target language. Do you want to teach English abroad? Take a TEFL course today. All-in-all syllabus design is not only a teaching field but also a learning field. It is synthesis writing. This writing skill using in syllabus design will help to set up concepts of teaching targets. The syllabus design will be attractive to students to start to read the class, and also remind teacher teaching steps clearly. Syllabus design helps not only teachers teaching, but also helps students learning. It should be a guide to lead students to be able to self-study. Obviously it is playing an important role in the teaching field.


Unreal Engine 5 has been revealed and in this video I'm going to show you how to get the early access today. That's right, so they announced it about a year ago and in the last week Epic have come out and made the early access of Unreal Engine 5 available to download.  So I want to show you how to get it so that you can be ahead of the curve, start learning it today, and then when it properly releases, when they get a stable version out, you will already be able to use it. So let's jump in. So if we go to my desktop, there it is, and my screen's over here, what we're going to do is, so if you've already got the Epic Games Launcher, so if you've used Unreal Engine 4 or if you just happen to play Fortnite or anything like that, you'll have the Epic Games Launcher, so let's open that up. Here we go, so it brings you to this, this is a fairly familiar tab if you've used the Launcher before. Now you can see there's an Unreal Engine 4 tab, which is where you would find all the Unreal Engine 4 stuff, but over here there's now an Unreal Engine 5 tab, oh my God, so let's go there. It loads up and here is what we need. So Unreal Engine 5, early access, that means you can get it right now, and it is a very, very simple process.  This is just so that you can start working with it and if you are determined to release the game in Unreal Engine 5, get that development happening sooner rather than later. So it gives you your warning, we're just going to say, yeah, install it, we're not scared, we're just going to go for it. Install, boss. Okay, now the problem is that it's a big old download, so what we're going to have to do now is wait, I guess, so I'm going to, I'll meet you on the other side. When this is downloaded, we'll get it open, shall we? Okay then, so the download has just finished, it took about 90 minutes to two hours, I've been waiting there for a long time, which was boring. Anyway, what we need to do now is we can just launch it like any version of the engine, so you can see I've got 4.26 installed but here is version 5 early access, it tells us that it's the first early access and we can just click on launch to launch it. Oh, and we get this nice new splash screen, it's all glowy and stuff, which I'm a big fan of, to be honest. I like it when things just look new. And here she is, so we've got our nice new kind of project browser here. I think basically they've given it a nice spruce up across the entire application, everything just looks nicer. So if we were going to do game and we'll just do the standard third person template, you see everything just looks much nicer. Oh, it's good. We'll just create a new project, in fact let's turn off. Can we turn off? Where's starter content? Whatever. And here it is, this is Unreal Engine 5, as you can see, it does look a little bit different but also very familiar. And that's all I wanted to cover, so it's not a particularly difficult process but it's one that I wanted to make sure you were aware of so you could jump on Unreal Engine 5 as quickly as possible. And if I didn't show you, I just wouldn't have been able to sleep. So now I feel much better. And that's it then, a quick video but an important one I think. Now you have got Unreal Engine 5 and you're ready to start learning and developing. If you do want to learn Unreal Engine 5, make sure you subscribe to the channel because over the coming weeks and months I'm going to be putting out lots of information, tutorials about Unreal Engine 5 so that we can all learn it together. I'm very much looking forward to it. Over the next few videos I'll be looking at Lumen, I'll be looking at Nanite, I'll also be going over my top new features of the engine. So make sure you are subscribed for all of that goodness. Okay, thanks for watching and I will see you in a future video. Bye! I'm able to continue making these videos thanks to the ongoing support of my amazing Patreon community. If you'd also like to support Game Dev Academy via Patreon, then check out the link in the description below. Thank you.