Everybody forest here upping 2022 top triple threads baseball hobby 18 bucks full master case number four random divisions You can always find those results of late in sports cards calm. Thanks for joining everybody. Best of luck last group break of the night Move this phone. You can't make me go back to tech talk. I already talking about the The one in the real be the wheel be right back like look commercial thing What the James cook upside down swoosh? Yeah, that was pretty cool, man. All right. Here we go y'all Got to 199 Cori seager Rangers AL West and a 75 Acuna and L East Rookie triple Jersey auto Jake Myers to 50 AL West and jumbo Jersey AL East on Carlos Stanton to 48 Game used on the Stanton Yeah, Brandon. This has been a fun night our backs are hurting though when you'll cruise Tautista 299 out west and a 125 yellow to NL central Triple relic AL central louis robert to 18 117.7 miles per hour Exit view. Oh, it's crazy ridiculous And jersey auto and L central freddy peralta to 75 Biggest hit I can just give you a few We had an avon Rodriguez one of one triple patch auto Tony Gwynn quad game used patch book One of one that was insane the patches were wild The acuña letter book one of one J rod rookie auto to 199 panya rookie auto to 199 Prez to 199 Royals AL West to 50 Ernie banks and L central Mike Schmidt NLE triple relic auto 6 of 18 yo NLE Jersey card trick scubble AL central to 48 And do we pull three wood carts tonight so far brennan? sabathia bregman and prez. I I can't believe we pulled three I don't think I'll pull another one for another month 299 reggie jackson AL west to 150 nl central abert puhols triple jersey yachty malino to 27 nl central And rois louis rookie auto to 75 AL central I'm starting to think that I did it last year, right? It's probably me or brad right those last year It's actually more valuable in gaming them really those are sweet way more valuable. Yeah, like these are probably like $40 Really, and they're usually like five cents. Yeah This deran That's pretty cool though. Yep. So if this is a pokemon card right here, it'd be worth more the one in my hands This deran I just heard I heard it when I was moving the card. I heard like a plastic Uh, yeah, I'm gonna send a box now for the deran. You don't have to top of that. It's damaged So al ease get in the box in a wrapper The abrams as well. So nl east. All right. Is it just all of them? Yeah, it's every single card in this pack al east nl east and al west Sweet At least they're just based all I have to say Those might not be worth getting replaced just because they're just base cards Send in the box because they're damaged Cunha to 150 nl ease. These are fine and satchel page to 99 al east Triple jersey rookie auto Gavin sheets al central to 75 And jumbo jersey jonathan india nl central to 18 To 150 roi campanella nl west and to 199 kelnic al west Kershaw triple jersey nl west 18 And jersey auto brady singer to 75 al central Yeah, I guess personals are full for tonight See you man Change these timers over yet personals are full for tonight Just do this No, it wasn't plastic on the cards. It was peeling from the cards Uh, triple that has has a lot of stickers. Yeah It was like rookie on the card out as well as mostly stickers For uh Like vette heads and stuff I got a redemption coming. Oh, what is that gonna be? Out of 259 to grom for the nl east and a 299 austin riley nl east Jersey first mookie to 48 nl west and redemption triple threads common threads three player triple auto rally card Joe mower yadier melena and buster posi So al central nl central and nl west That is really cool. Does anybody have majority? I know someone has A handful of spots here So nl west posi dany c al central would be rey And nl central jonathan. That's a random at the end. That's a real that'll be a really nice card Mauer yaddy and posi Great catchers there random that at the end Cut it up. We don't even have the physical card It's a 199 max cherzer nl east to 259 piazza nl east triple jersey buckson al central to 36 And rookie out of mckinsey gore on card to 199 for the nl west Is that is that book thick? I don't know if that's book thick or not. I'm getting like Getting confused here. I think that might be a book. I don't know Maybe it's just some thickies. Uh, yes Thank you illegal his his expertise is here. Thank you. Uh to 99 nl sent nl west trade turner into 259 nl central ozzy smith Triple jersey cabrera to 36 for the al central vintage homer Jersey auto al west jared walsh to 99 illegal. How do you feel about the magic beating the Celtics tonight? And are you looking forward to the magic sixers conference final? Yeah magic sweep easy. Oh our fur. You know, it's crazy. We had all these one-on-ones night and no white whale yet And here we go Got a white whale Got gladamere guerrero nl east to 299 And a 125 erin judge al east Well, that would be an on-card the cow rally So like he had the cards resided if it was a sticker there to put a sticker on it, you know, I mean White whale one of one printing plate patch auto zander bogarts One of one. Hmm. That's dings al east Jersey george springer to 36 for the al east But that one makes sense scum if he signed if he had the card in his hand And he signed the dirt like it. You know what I mean? Like he pulled in a keel badoo of that card and it was on the card It's okay, brennan. Is this what this is what it feels like to be a rockies fan Just lose it use lose your players I know it's on the jersey but what i'm saying is If he he deliberately signed a jersey like it's in the card already He's not just signing a big jersey over and over and over again. Like he deliberately signs the jersey It's on purpose for whatever reason whatever either he just wants it to cover up the relic 259 mike schmidt and al east into 299 al east rafael devours rookie triple there weren't stickers in front of him It was that it was the cards in front of him andre jackson ricky triple jersey out of the 50 for the nl west And jersey e and anderson and al east of 48 He did it to you want the You know blink jerseys because a lot. I mean a lot of game users.  Don't don't don't be saying that that's rude. That's not cool at all 75 al tuve to 259 degrom I'm dare you see what he said. Yeah, call the call the bull gray golden bull. What the heck is that about? triple relic trevor story seven of nine al east That's it jersey out of flaherty to 99 nl central Oh, no, I prefer it that way too Believe me Illegal is over here crossing the line.  He's literally like shots fired kicking you in the groin walking up to it to 299 ken griffy jr al west and a 99 reggie jackson al west Goldschmidt triple relic got out of 27 for the nl central sold solid gold. I said sold gold. Although that could be That is sold gold. No, it is No, it is because d is there no solid gold but that I've seen d's like that at triple times before they'll have like the one little blip Solid gold jersey card illoid of 36 al central Yeah, we pulled a couple all-star. We pulled an all-star one of one. Who is the all-star one of one tonight? We had a window to eight, but there was another all-star one of one patch triple patch It's like cedric mullins. I think Think it was mullins. I don't know man. That was a while ago. There's a lot of triple threads cards to go. I'll say Uh say out of 299 rookie nl central and a null and ryan al west to 150 Long time pop to 27 joey vato nl central triple relic And al e tricky jersey auto jaren diran 16 to 50 Sold gold. We had a white whale already. Uh, I don't know if you see any, but we saw it We saw three books in the past two cases. So i'm not sure How many more we can pull tonight we have it in us still As I say that as I say that we we have something thick here. I don't know if it's book thick, but it's thick Abrams Ichiro to 199 um big mac to uh for the al west And 259 ernie banks nl central Triple jersey auto ian anderson nl east the 50 trade turner nl west bat relic to 18 So I don't know if it's is it book thick is it? Yelp show is All right, so it's gonna be a windows into greatness jeter to 125 al east yount to 199 nl central Jersey auto dylan carlson seven of 25 nl central windows into greatness relic book card A vladimir guerrero jr. Number eight out of 10 nice card for the al east Four different colored jersey swatches. You love to see that Go nice vlad eight of 10 windows into greatness relic book card. Look all those uh cider boxes coming handy now Yeah, we use like five of them tonight, huh Don't worry. I'll schedule a case of choice for uh Yeah Or a few days from now Let's do it to replenish the slider boxes to 299 al central carlos kareya And a 99 same division eloy hymen as Triple jersey mic trout ronald ukunia jr. And one soto the one soda is actually not a jersey. It's bat relic So al west matt c with the mic trout nl east dany c with akunia and nls soto dany c So dany c gets his by majority. He has nl east and nl west no random Say two-thirds majority nice card there so just And really nasty patch auto ride mount castle nine out of ten orials Three color o's logo patch or letter letter patches there Yeah, I saw they said that but yeah, it's it's empty words for sure illegal. It's for sure empty words Like I do not care what they say at this point to 150 nl central barry larkin and a 199 hank erin nl east Polar peats triple relic auto 11 of 18 nl east century mark So long so yeah triple is a 27 if I called it wrong out of 27 will you damage jersey card nl central? Trying to get this case done in a reasonable amount of time halfway What are you saying who to? Uh, yeah, I'll sold out tonight. So got group breaks tomorrow. Personals resume sunday bison stotz shane boss the 99 a l east And sandberg to 259 nl central triple relic vlady jr. To 18 a l east And jersey auto went marifield a l central 11 of 99 I'm thinking anyone was saying anything about us And not anything negative anyway.   I don't think anyone's hating on us Not in here.  Yeah, there are a ton of breakers. There's so many breakers You could probably watch breaks for a year straight and I'll watch every single breaker that's out there breaking Uh satchel page of 259 for the a l east st Lewis browns goes baltimore orioles and a 299 cal ripkin a l east same team are those guys an l east triple jersey auto ian anderson to 75 And bat relic Sanchez to 36 a l central gary sanchez They're us got plenty of uh breaks open for the weekend though All scheduled up through tuesday now. So bowman drafts Uh break spots are gonna go up this weekend as well for wednesday If you guys say that someone's thinking it someone's thinking it So 50 rookie on the old cruise nice color match nl central and to 259 nl central sayasizuki The keelwood do triple jersey auto 76 out of 99 for the a l central On card there there. There you go. Javi bayez bat relic to 36 a l central That was forever ago now. It was almost a year ago, right? The lesbreak. I think that was like that was a while ago Yeah, that was uh I don't even know how long ago that was like february or something probably uh, uh to 259 satchel page for the a l east And a 299 a l west here at kilnick. Yeah, because that was the min collective Uh triple jersey a l east sail devour story 36 And a l east kukuchi jersey auto to 75 Yeah, yeah, I could see that illegal. I got two chats going Illegal illegal just trolls us in real life for us Don't mind him. He's he literally is only here to uh To make things difficult And to say outrageous things It's it's it's it's he means well I think actually, no, I don't I don't think he does actually I think he I think he's out here to harm us But biggest hit tonight, um, it's tough to say outright I'll give you a few in a second here start to 259 and le's roll roll, baby Uh, and le's schmidt to 299 Trevor story triple jersey to 36 Hey le southpaw slug And a mariners rookie auto redemption george kirby a l west Dude, it was wild. It was wild germs Outrageous Biggest tonight. We had the gwin quad patch one of one book. We had a few wood cards. We had a One of one triple patch auto pudge rod reges. We had a judge redemption that was to 18 Uh, man j rod auto on card to 199 panya auto on card to 199 wood cards were Salvador Perez cc sabathea and alex bregman Yeah, some pretty good stuff tonight So 150 lindore nle stand at 199 nle's flag agarero triple jersey rookie auto jake burger al central to 99 Yeah, why me triple threads you get is it a one of one per master case or just uh, I think it's per master case Usually it's more than that Ben intended to 36 al central Jersey card. Yeah cap. Well, we've had a lot. We had a lot of practice tonight so far Yeah, the first master case took us like 15 minutes. I've got it down to like 35 since then I can't do my fingers Sean's having a great time. Oh, this is fun He said fun with so much anger Oh my god bobby witt To 199 korea al central to 99 freeman and al west triple jersey bellinger nl west rookie of the year mvp And redemption danz v swanson nle's triple threads autograph single jumbo relic redemption. I'm starved man I think I think dusty's ten minutes brown. I can't help me. He's ten minutes behind You'll cruise to 125 j ram for the um al central freeman nl west to 199 triple jersey auto al east rafael devour zander bogart shady martinez to 18 that also stings Nice hit there jersey card louise severino. It's a 48 at al east I don't know what illegal saying I'm definitely enjoying it. It's just it. I haven't been able to look up Yeah, like my our necks and backs are just not not the best right now. I got a golf tournament Yeah, dude Donny's gonna have to carry you. Oh, he better You gotta beat him up in the parking lot We're gonna beat him in the parking lot Leo was just saying words No illegal illegal easy. We know the rest of 150 nle's taking the drum nl central clementata 199 triple relic seager simian garcia to 18 for the al west And nice hit here nl west alec thomas rookie auto to 199 47 box for case work What 47 box the case what are you talking about? What is that? Oh some of the hobby? Yeah, yeah Yeah, don't don't I don't even want to All right, I'm almost done here. Oh, it's honey the 299 al west J rod to 150. That's a nice color on that one 102 150 al west Kiriloff al central redemption future phenoms auto relic Yeah player worn rookie jersey wonder franco to 48 Oh, yeah, man every time we go live on tiktok and work on like prism Dude people are freaking out about oh you passed the base messy a base ronaldo. I'm like Yeah, I passed the base Of course, I did like if it's like a personal we'll top load some of those base cards But on a full case. Oh my goodness. No way, man. The cards are shipping. I just My goodness Oh my god, the next card. I love the next card Uh bench to 259 nl central and a 299 al central bobby wit jr And two of three triple patch auto rafael devours al east top of the charts, man. That is gorgeous Love that devours Yeah, uh, he's probably gone next year Very pessimistic red sox fan right now We'll mag that for you though al east posie to 27 for the al west or sorry nl west posie nl west They should start devours by offering him the bogarts contract and then go from there, I guess if not more Give them like 13 380 or something Ramirez, what was that a v some some around there man ram to 199 al east garrick to 75 um for the uh al al east So the last time I think they gave out a contract longer than eight years I think was mani ramirez, right or something like that Which is outrageous Triple jersey garrick coal al east to 36 The the red sox do have enough money to redeem town.  That's pretty wild um But they let it get to that point They could have extended him for a lot cheaper than that in the off season No, man, it's not still play Man is very retired for about 10 years now But I think that was the last like long contract the red sox gave out. I think longer than like six or seven years Yeah, I mean if you're devours, why would you why would you accept any deal the red sox offer you? I should be like get me to free agency. That's that's where the all the dough is nl west campanella the 259 And the 299 nl west tony gwin Dude if if if it's 12 years 300 for devours, I do it immediately right now 7 at 27 posey for the nl west triple relic Super versus south ponds And ryan valade rookie auto to 50 nl west Yeah, no reason devour should take a deal unless it's like unless it's like over 35 million aav like Unless you're talking something crazy and it's like 13 years Yeah, yeah Yeah to 50 jeter for the al east and campanella nl west of 259 ricky triple jersey auto josh loaded 25 Yeah, 25 for the al east You don't see a spot for devours and the fillies dude. Yeah, right 17 to 48 jersey ryan mount castle for the al east What a troll Yeah, alec bone. We got alec bone with third can't get can't get devours To 18 arinola a nl east jersey card Yeah, I think I think what was the thing is like there's there was like 3 billion in guaranteed money given out so far in an m lb free agency Yeah, machado is gonna opt out. It's gonna be zander bogarts and raffael devours in san diego Yes, that's exactly what's gonna happen. I will literally I promise you I'm I'm I'm that happens. I'm a padres fan. I'm sorry guys If it happens i'm a padres fan I don't I don't know what to tell you red sox. Not that you care what your fans think anyway I swear I will not be the red sox or dollar sign anymore the 259 um nl east mike schmitz it's 299 clemente nl central They are following don or silo dude. It's san diego. It doesn't want to go to san diego Like oh you can play boss you play san diego. Oh, you mean I can play in the place where it's freezing and windy all the time or Or I can go to san diego Arguably the nicest weather of any place in the in the country year round 36 lewis robert Sunny gray al central jersey auto to 99 Yeah, zan diego i'm a players fan to an extent randy When it comes to baseball and like i'm a fan of a big market team And they have plenty of money And you're not gonna do like What needs to be done to keep the players that you brought up through your system? And yeah, i'm a play i'm a players fan at that point to 75 barry larkin nl uh central into 299 hundred green nl central rookie triple jersey auto you held pozo for the aos to 99 Red sox rakin and money gonna be acting like the oakland a's come on now come on now And jersey for the fillies brice harper two of three nl east Yeah, dude, you want to see you want to see fenway stop selling out like us You don't have any soccer and those people are trying to close clubs and those people come out in droves There's too many other good teams in boston. Yeah Like the celtics and bruins are going to compete for a title this year People go for people gonna skip out on red sox games real quick I usually go to at least one game in tampa bay. I'm not inclined to go to a game in tampa bay this year at all not inclined We got relics buster posie garret coal Andrew ben intendee brice harper louise robert erinola ryan mount castle buster posie wander franco seager semi and garcia louise severino god bellinger story sale devour story uh baez gary sanchez cori seager bobby dollbeck Vladimir guerrero jr. Willi adames trout akunya soto goes to danie see he has the nl east and nl west no random on this card Oh, we do have a random deal. I'll do the random at the end trade turner bat relic to 18 for the nl west I'll do the random in a second here A's highest paid player seven million dollars Oh god I just moved just moved to oh just moved uh vegas already a's come on now uh vato for the uh The reds there triple relic iloy hymen as trevor story tim anderson george springer miguel cabrera biren buxton mookie betz clayton kershaw jonathan india yadier melina Tariq scubble louise robert jon carlo stan socks bullpen is just decent Yeah, dude, and then they were like, yeah, no, we don't need no we don't need young players like dener downs Uh, autos ya help ozo sonny gray josh low ryan valade Ian hap cure-law redemption twins at al central alec thomas devours bogarts and j.d martinez triple relic auto dan's v swanson jake berger george kirby redemption usa kukuchi akil badoo ian anderson jared kelnick posey ramirez, we're gonna get that one mag for the al central Now whit marifield pita lanzo to 18 as well ryan mountcastle dylan carlson ian anderson jaren diran paul gulch mitt jack flaherty andre jackson jaren walsh mckenzie gore brady singer gavin sheets royce louis mike schmitt freddy peralta jake mires he had that devours two of three triple patch auto there's that remeer as magna for you al central i'm about to do it windows into greatness quad jersey book this is vladimir guerrero jr for the al east i would tag this one since you the team isn't showing on it and azander bogarts white whale one of one triple patch auto printing plates the al east all right let's do that random okay so it's a triple redemption here um triple jersey auto mower for the al central um malina for the nl central and posey for the nl west good luck on that one that'll be a nice one whoever gets it six and one seven times whoever's up top after seven gets the card one two three four five six and seven let's go into the nl central the cardinal spot nl central that'll do it thanks again everybody personal is coming up in a few minutes


Welcome back. So, today we will begin the study of probability theory from the basic axiomatic perspective. So, we will start building on the basic probability axioms and work towards building defining probability spaces, probability measures and so on. So, in this mathematical theory of probability. So, it is an axiomatic theory which starts of assuming that there are two entities which are not defined. So, these two so the two entities which are not defined in the beginning are the following. So, the first is the concept of a random experiment. So, this is we do not define what it is. So, just like so we have to be and we have to understand it like just in English. It is an experiment whose out curve is random. So, which brings me to the second undefined concept which is outcome of the random experiment. So, these two concepts are not defined. So, you cannot make a. So, just like in geometry you do not define a point or number theory you do not try to define what a number is. So, you have to start of somewhere you can only define certain things in terms of certain other things you understand you cannot define everything. So, probability begins with two entities which you do not question or try to define. So, there is a random experiments random experiment. So, it is an experiment whose outcome is random just as the English says and it has an outcome. Every time you perform this random experiment there is an outcome. So, that is it. You cannot say anything more about these terminologies that is all there is to it. Now, everything in probability that is defined is in different terms of these entities and we build up from here on. So, the first most important concept most basic concept that is defined is the concept of a samples space. The sample space of a random experiment. So, it is often denoted by the capital Greek letter omega big omega. So, it is defined as the set of all possible outcomes of the random experiment. So, if you see this is a definition of a sample space. So, I have defined a sample space in terms of these two things I have not defined. So, I have defined it in terms of two things which I have not defined. So, that is the way it always progresses. So, you think you understand these two things and you move on and define other things in terms of things you do not divide in the first place. That is how it works. So, this is a sample space. It is just a set. The set containing all possible outcomes of a random experiment. So, whichever outcome is possible everything should be included. You should not leave behind any possible outcome. Now, so you can. So, for example, you can always say. So, if you should give an example. So, let us say toss a coin once. So, here you want to know what the sample space is. So, now the thing I want to emphasize here is what a sample space is corresponding to a random experiment itself depends on what you are interested in. So, it is not. So, if it so happens that I am tossing a coin that is my random experiment. And if I want to know what the face it lands on then the sample space will have two elements in it heads and tails. Assuming that it does not land vertically it will have only two outcomes two heads and tails. However, it is not true that the random experiment of tossing a coin once always have to have this sample space. It depends on what you are interested in. Somebody else may be interested in finding out how many times the coin tumbles in the air. In that case your sample space is not head tail. In that case your sample space will be the number of time all possible number of times it tumbles. So, which is probably positive integers. Student is the definition then the all possible interested outcome. So, which is why the outcome itself depends on what the experiment is interested in. So, I might toss a coin, but you may be interested in counting the number of tumbles and somebody else may be interested in the face it lands in. So, it is not. So, what is an outcome itself depends on what you are interested in which is why the sample space depends on what you are interested in. So, this is something I want to emphasize. So, this is the experiment. So, tossing a coin once. So, if we are interested in the face that shows up the face that shows then your omega will be simply head then tails. It will only have 2 elements only 2 possible outcomes, but for the same random experiment. So, if you are interested in the number of tumbles say. So, in this case it is reasonable to say that your omega will be some subset of natural numbers or the natural numbers themselves. If any number of tumbles are possible then you would want to choose omega equal to n. So, it is not. So, even for a given random experiment it is not as though what is an outcome or what is the set of all possible outcomes is very much a function of what you are interested in looking at. So, it depends on what you are interested in studying or modeling. So, this is something I want to this is a conceptual point. So, I just want to make this very clear. So, you may also you may be interested in the velocity with which the coin strikes the ground. It seems a bit strange may be interested in knowing that. So, in this case probably you should choose R plus or some subset of R plus some positive real numbers. So, you understand what I am trying to say here. So, the sample space capital omega depends on not only on the random experiment, but what you are interested in measuring or knowing. And as you can see just here we have seen that the omega could be finite samples set of all possible outcomes could be finite or infinite actually here it is countably infinite here it is uncountably infinite. So, there are all these possibilities exist you could have an omega which is finite you could have an omega which is countably infinite you could have an omega which is uncountable all this is possible depending on what you are interested in looking at. And so an elementary outcome. So, an outcome of the random experiment. So, let us say you have fixed what you are interested in let us say you have interested in number of tumbles or whatever. Then so an outcome is sometimes known as an elementary outcome. So, this is also a term you know the outcome and elementary outcome are one and the same. So, an outcome or elementary outcome is denoted by little omega this is not a W this is a the Greek letter little omega and this is an element of your sample space omega and big omega. So, now here is. So, this little omega the choosing of the little omega is what is random this is what this is the thing that you have no control over in probability theory this is in fact the source of randomness. So, you can. So, you have a sample space you built a sample space of the set of all possible outcomes depending on what you are interested in. And then this little omega is chosen by some you can think of it as a genie or some goddess of chance who picks it right. You have no control over it and every time you run a random experiment the goddess of chance picks a little omega from this big omega. And that you do not question you have no way of you have no way of controlling that if you can think of it as the weather tomorrow which is like a natural phenomenon or something else right something that you have no control over right or full knowledge of or model ability to model or something like that. So, this is where the randomness is. So, the selection of the. So, you have big sample space this is a set of all possible outcomes and which particular omega realizes when you run the experiment once is in fact the source of randomness you can think of it as being picked by a genie. And it every time you run the experiment it will be a different little omega picked from the sample space. And this is the source of randomness in probability theory one this is the thing that you do not have control this is any questions on this. So, it is an elementary. So, little so an elementary outcome which is why it is called an elementary outcome. So, outcome is a particular point in omega. So, if you can so in this particular case if your omega is this h and t there are only two possible elementary outcomes. So, little omega must be either h or t it could be different at different runs of the random experiment, but it is a single term it is just a one element of capital omega. So, if you are interested in. So, it is really depends on what you are interested in right if you want to measure both you will have an omega big omega correspondingly right no that is fine. So, it is see you have to decide what you are interested in right the you have to see you have to build a sample space after all. So, there is some random experiment going on either you are running it or nature is running it, but what you what you consider the sample space is obviously your function of what you are interested in determining. You may be interested in determining the velocity or number of tumbles or whatever it is that you want to this thing you put that in the sample space, but it should contain all possible elementary outcomes should not leave out any possible outcome that is all right. So, you have to determine that. So, in everything I am going to in. So, in building a probability space we have to it is R responsibility to determine what the sample space is and so on right we will see that it is R responsibility to determine what the probability should be also. So, for another example let us say toss a coin n times and you are interested in determining the phases that show. So, now you are tossing a coin n times the same coin you are talking n times and you are interested in the phases that show. So, now you can either you can look at this experiment as n different repeats of this experiment or you can just say this whole n trials is one random experiment that is also valid way of looking at it right. You toss a coin n times or toss all n coins all at once right and say that string of n outcomes that I see n phases that I see that is really what I am interested in that is elementary outcome I am interested in. So, in that case. So, your omega will be all possible heads and tails all 2 power n possibilities of heads and tails. So, it should be h t power n right. So, each elementary outcome each little omega in the sample space will be like h t t h h h t t some n string of heads and tails and this each of these elementary strings of h t t h is considered an elementary outcome. If you just say that all n tosses corresponds to the random experiment right that is also valid way of looking at it. So, this is what kind of a sample space is this it is a finite sample space that only 2 power n elements right n is fixed n may be 10 or 20 or whatever, but there will be only 2 power n possible elements in the sample space corresponding to the 2 power n possible strings of heads and tails right. Now, you can also now this is let us say n toss a coin infinitely many times and then again you are interested in the all the faces that show. So, now you may get you may well may wonder how do I toss a coin infinitely many times will ever finish and so on right and then will ever finished according may outcomes and so on, but these thing you do not worry about in probability theory again you will just say that you are tossing some coin infinitely many times. So, your omega the set of all possible outcomes is what the set of all possible strings of heads and tails infinite strings of heads and tails right. So, every trial of the random experiment. So, I want emphasize here that one trial of the random experiment is not tossing a coin once right one trial is a particular infinite string of heads and tails. So, in this particular case your. So, this is the infinite strings of heads and tails and your omega for example, may be the string H H T H T H something right some see some string of infinite string of heads and tails this is an elementary outcome I want it is not like that is an elementary outcome. So, now your random experiment itself is tossing it infinitely many times and you do not ask questions like will ever finish will ever be able to count right you do not ask that right that is the experiment and that is a sample space. And what kind of sample space is that is an uncountable sample space because it is like you can say H is 0 T is 1. So, it is like 0 1 power infinity. So, now you are all very familiar with Cantor's argument. So, this guy is an uncountable sample space. So, there many examples you can give right you can take a you can take a line you are throwing dots at the line and the let us say is the 0 1 interval you are throwing dots at the 0 1 interval. And the elementary outcome will be some real number between 0 and 1 and the sample space will be in fact there is interval itself another uncountable sample space right. So, these are some examples. So, in that case our sample space is a set of real numbers. Where is the positive real numbers? It is an uncountable set. No, I am saying it is a continuum of values continuous values we are counting like. Yes ok. So, if you are interested in a particular velocity then the probability that we assume will be 0 always because we are. I have not said that right. So, that is some yeah. So, that is you are getting ahead of me by several lectures right. I am only talking about the sample space now right. What are the set of all possible outcomes? I have not said anything about probability so far have I right. So, sample space everybody with sample space. So, now. So, in probability right. So, we are often interested not in whether a particular elementary outcome has occurred or not. We are often interested in whether a subset of a sample space has occurred or not. So, we may be interested let us say if we toss a coin n times we may not actually say what is the specific string that came up. We may say O is the number of heads even right. So, those are things that are of actually modeling interest so to speak right. So, you may be interested in whether this is your sample space you may not really care the whether this elementary outcome showed up or some other elementary outcome showed up, but you may say O that subset show up right. So, in the case of. So, in the case of this number of temples you can say O that is the number of temples greater than 5 right. So, it is not an elementary outcome in the sense right. So, these kind of subsets of sample space which are of interest to the modeller interest to the person doing this business of mod probability modeling. So, this subsets are called events. So, this is a I just gave a very informal definition because the formal definition requires more build up. So, may be I wonder if I should just write this definition down. So, let us say informally subsets of a subset this informally let me just say subsets of omega which are of interest events. So, I may be so for example, and the so toss a coin thrice and you are interested in the phases. So, your sample space is h t power 3 you may be interested in. So, the event of interest may be this at least 2 heads. So, in this case you are not really asking. So, I toss the coin 3 times I am not really asking if whether a particular string showed up I am asking if at least 2 head showed up right. So, this corresponds to more than one elementary outcome right. So, in particular so what are the outcomes that correspond to this. So, you have say first of all you can have all heads right or you can have t h h right h t h h h t there anything else that is it right. So, these are the elementary outcome when you toss a coin thrice the elementary outcome is a string of 3 string of heads and tails. And the event of interest so you are asking me the question over did at least 2 head showed up that corresponds to these strings which is actually a subset of that of the sample space. So, for all I mean so for all colloquial purposes an event is a subset of the sample space except that is not the entire story that is something you will get to later. For now you can just consider an event as a subset of the sample space, but I put something in the codes here there of interest to us right. So, we will see later that all events are in fact subsets of the sample space events are necessarily subsets of the sample space, but just put a caveat in your mind that not all subsets of the sample space are necessarily considered events. Only those subsets which are of interest which we are interested in assigning probabilities to in particular are called events. So, all events are subsets of omega right. So, you can call this event a for example right this is this event is a subset of omega right. So, all events are subsets of omega, but not all subsets of omega are necessarily considered events and this is not a point that will you will completely appreciate now. So, if you are little bit confused we will get to it right. So, this is something just bear in mind not all subsets of omega are considered events everybody fine. So now, as I said so let us continue on this slightly informal intuitive line. So, events are subsets of sample space which are of interest to me. So, I want to build up a structure of these subsets of omega. So, I want to say that say let say a which is a subset of omega is an event it is of interest to me. So, it is an event. So, I want to say that not a is also of interest to me right when an occurrence of something is of interest to me it is very reasonable to say that it is non occurrence is also interesting to me it is after all one determines the other right if a is of interest to me I should say that a compliment is also of interest to me. So, I want to be able to say that if a is an event an a compliment is an event. So, remember a compliment is a subset of omega right, but since I am only saying that events are subsets which are of interest I want to impose a certain constraint that if a is of interest a compliment should be of interest to me right it is makes perfect sense right. So, that is one thing I want right in this intuitive notion of interesting subsets of sample space. Another structure I want to impose is that if there are let say two events a and b the both subsets of omega of course, a and b I want to know whether a or b a union b is of interest right. So, if a and b are of interest I want to say that at least one of them occur is of interest to me right these are things that I want to impose right. Finally, I want to also say that omega itself which is a subset of itself the sample space that is sure it occur right. So, if any time I run a random experiment the omega itself will occur right after all the omega contains all possible outcomes of the random experiment. So, you may say that omega itself should be an interesting event right the sample space itself as a as considered a subset of itself must be an interesting event right. So, this is the structure we are building up towards this these three things right that omega itself should be an interesting when a is interesting a compliment should be interesting and when a and b are interesting then a union b should be interesting. So, that is what I am building up towards by the way there is just one little definition I forgot. So, maybe I should put that here definition an event is said to occur if omega is in a. So, that is a fairly simple definition I am just saying that. So, I am considering some subset of the sample space I say that let us say that is an event and I say that that event occurs if my elementary outcome lands in that set right. So, this goddess of chance picks a little omega right that little omega may be in this set may be somewhere else right if that little omega. So, happens to be in this a then I say that the event a has occurred right. So, in this particular case if the elementary outcome is any of these guys then I say that the event corresponding to this guy you know at least two heads has occurred that is just a question of terminology it is just a name. So, far so going back to what I was just saying I want to impose certain structure to these events right I want to say that a is of interest a complement is of interest if a and b are of interest there are events then a union b should be of interest and omega itself should be of interest. So, this structure leads to what is known as an algebra this concept is mathematically known as an algebra. So, let us put definition. So, as usual omega is a sample space a collection f naught of subsets of omega is called an algebra following three properties should be satisfied. So, the null set should be in the algebra if a in f naught then a complement is in f naught and three if a. So, a is a set and b is a set in f naught then a union b is in. So, this is scripted f. So, there is one question of notation I want to clarify right away. So, when I am talking about sets. So, when I am talking about sets I will use capital English letters and when we are talking about not necessarily English letters actually even omega this is a capital letter this omega is in the Greek letter after all and when you are talking about elements of a set you will use small letters small omega or small x you know small letters. So, we should write a statement like that should this is an element of a set right and similarly. So, when I write some something scripted right it is a collection of sets right. So, you this is a set right and you collect many of the sets a collection of sets is indicated with a scripted letter. So, this is a convention we will follow we will stick to as much as possible. So, I will have x belongs to a, but when I write when I write the let us say some subset sign these two must be of the same type right this they must be both sets in this case. Here they are this is an element that is a set right and for example, I can write a is an element of f naught f naught is a collection of sets. So, here is an element here is a collection of sets. So, here it is this is an element this is a set this is a set this is a collection of sets.  So, this is like a hierarchy this is something you have to get used to. So, capital letters sets small letters elements and scripted letters are collections of sets and of course, you can also talk about collections of collections of sets right and so on right this is whole hierarchy. So, in that spirit so I have denoted f naught as a collection of subsets of big omega right. So, big omega is sample space and it has many subsets right possibly finite possibly infinite possibly even uncountable right. So, this has many subsets and that is a collection of subsets of omega is said to be an algebra if these three constraints are satisfied. So, you should have that the null set should always be an element of the algebra all right and when a is an element of the algebra a complement is always an element of the algebra. Some people write omega here right it does not if you have this then 5 complement of that is omega right. So, you can either write omega or phi here. Here you are saying that if a is an element of f naught and b is an element of f naught then a union b is an element of f naught this is like this is the structure that I was talking about. So, any collection so what is an algebra after all. So, an algebra is a collection of subsets of my sample space which has certain properties it must be closed under complementation and if I take two elements it must be closed under union and after all then the null set should be contained in it. So, from these from this structure you can easily prove that if you have n elements of the algebra a 1 a 2 a n let us say they are all in f naught then a 1 the union of all these guys will be in f naught right. So, this may be should do it as a homework. So, exercise let a 1 a 2 a n see these are all subsets of omega let us say all of these are elements of the algebra you can show that union a i is in f naught and intersection. So, n is a fixed number here any fixed finite number and you are considering n subsets of the sample space which are all elements of the algebra using these are called axioms of algebra using these axioms of the algebra you can prove that all these finite unions and finite intersections are in fact elements of the algebra can someone indicate to me how one would do this let us say union first. So, for 3 elements you can say well if you have a b and c a 1 a 2 a 3 let us say you know that a 1 union a 2 is element of f naught. So, if you union that with a 3 which is also an element of f naught you should get another element of f naught. So, we want to just prove it for any n you will use induction you can use induction very trivial. So, this you can prove easily how do you prove that you can use de Morgan's law after all this intersection this can be written as union i equals 1 through n a i compliment the whole compliment right this is by de Morgan's law right. So, after all a compliment or events whenever a a r even a compliment or events and union of all that is sorry I am sorry. So, a i what did I say a i is all elements of the algebra a i then a compliments are elements of the algebra. So, union is an element of the algebra and a compliment same right. So, this is an element of. So, this is very clearly an element of f naught. So, you get done right. So, this is the structure you this is the structure you want to impose on these events right and that leads to this mathematical structure called algebra algebra of subsets everybody ok. So, if you want to say it in words an algebra of subsets simply the collection of subsets which contains null set and it should be closed under finite union finite intersections compliments finite unions. And therefore, under finite intersections it comes out as a consequence of de Morgan's law right it is a collection of subsets closed under complimentation and finite unions not unions finite unions I want to make this very very clear finite unions. And therefore, also finite intersections because of de Morgan's law ok. So, this is the structure you want to impose for these events ideally right. So, events we have still not defined what it is right we only said it is some interesting subset of the sample space right. So, is this enough right. So, let us take an example I have only made this statement that an algebra is I only defined what an algebra is right. An algebra I have said is a collection of subsets which is closed under complimentation and finite unions right this n is finite remember right it can be anything but it has to be finite right. And finite intersections by de Morgan's law that is all I have said. . Which one yeah. So, you can actually jolly well define it like this also right in this case some people define algebra as oh if a 1 a 2 a n is an f naught then the union of a 1 to a n must be in f naught right there both if you define it for 2 elements you get the n element version or you can just define it as the n element union right for all n right it must be closed under finite unions. And this is something you do not put in the axiom because it automatically follows from union and this compliment axiom right you apply both together with de Morgan's law you get this you never put in the axiom because you can prove it right. No it is just a collection of subsets of yeah this f naught can have infinitely many no problem right it can have infinitely many subsets of omega right. But all I am saying is it is an algebra it is called an algebra if it is closed under complimentation and finite unions and finite intersections. No de Morgan's law is valid always for all unions and intersections it is always valid. But I am saying that an algebra is only closed under finite unions ok I am defining an algebra as a structure among subsets which has the property that a null set is contained in it compliments it is closed under complimentation and it is closed under finite unions that finite is very very important ok that is what a algebra is. So it turns out so it is a so you so it seems like intuitively this is enough right because after all you are closed under any finite unions. So it turns out though that in order to make in see in order to actually study events of interest in day to day this modeling of probability actually this closure under finite unions is actually a little bit short of what you actually need ok in order to make this proper interesting probability theory this closure under finite unions is a little bit short of what you need ok you need a little more structure than an algebra ok. So that is what there are some examples you can use to motivate it.  So this is your experiment ok so you may have the first thing may be a head you are done you will stop right the first time you see a head you will stop or may be you will have a head and then a tail and then you will stop right and or you may have two tails and a head then you may stop and so on right you may have t t h dot dot dot right. But you will toss until you see the first head ok that is your experiment. So this is the set of all possible outcomes right the string of faces that show. See you may be interested let us say so you may be interested in some event like this let us say the event is the total number of tosses even. So this is the question I want to answer and this is what I want to be considered an interesting event let us say this is what I am interested in studying. Now we are so let us say this is my sample space let me say that let say I build my let say I take each of these elementary outcomes and I will let say I try to build an algebra from it. So let if I take all these elementary outcomes so I will take this is an elementary outcome so I have to include it is compliment right then I have to include then I have to take that and include it is compliment and so on and then I will also have to go on and include all these finite unions and I have to include that union that that union that compliment and so on right. So that is how I build my algebra right correct. So according to my F naught now the problem is this guy this event let us say this this may let me call this A right this this A is actually consists of the following elements what does it have T H T T T H and so on I hope this is right. So what is the argument I want to make now so this is all these guys that I am interested in. So this is the subset of the sample space I am interested in. However if I try to just build so if I take elementary outcomes here little so each of these elementary outcomes include them in the F naught and then I have to include their compliments and then I have to include all these finite unions. But if you do that you will notice something like this it will never be contained in your algebra because this as this what kind of this is a countably infinite set right this is also a countably infinite subset of this set right. So this set you can never build by just taking these elementary outcomes taking their compliments and taking finite unions. You can actually verify that this A is now you can never build this A by just taking these elementary outcomes and taking compliments and finite unions after all this is an infinite countably infinite union of elementary outcomes right this is see this is that union that union that but it is a countably infinite union right. So a perfectly reasonable sounding event this is something I may be very much interested in in modeling right what is the what is the event is the event of total number of heads being even just occur right that is a perfectly reasonable event one would think and one would want to make it an interesting event. But the structure we have just imposed namely the structure of an algebra is does not seem to be enough to build this from the elementary outcomes just think about it right. So which is why I said that this structure of an algebra it falls a little bit short of what is actually needed to make probability theory interesting right. So that leads us to a slightly stronger notion a slightly stronger structure among subsets known as sigma algebra that is something you will cover next class. So we have defined algebra today. So we will we motivated why we need not just finite unions but we are going to say that I need closer under complimentation and countably infinite unions and that structure is called a sigma algebra and that is what gives you a very rich probability theory that is what gives you the ability to model even fairly elementary events like this right. So fairly simple events like this which algebra is not able to capture right. So probability theory operates with a sigma algebra of subsets that we will see next class. Thanks.


Good morning. Good afternoon and good evening to those joining us from all parts of the globe. Thank you for joining this Java container Optimization for the cloud webinar. My name is Danny Bauer And I'm a member of the red hat partner connect team that is hosting this event before we begin Go over a few housekeeping items the webinar is being recorded So after the webinar you'll receive the recorded link that you can forward along to your co-workers If you have any questions during the presentation, please submit them in the bright talk question field Then we'll try to answer them at the end or during the presentation as they come available as well There will be three separate poll questions displayed during the webinar for you to submit your responses They will be displayed one at a time and you can find the presentation slides and other resources available For downloading see the attachments tab underneath the window So now I'd like to introduce introduce you to today's speaker Severin a gay wolf Severin wolf is going to be taking over now. He's a red hat principal software engineer. I'll leave it with you Thanks so much Severin Thank you, Danny Hi, and welcome to this talk on Java container optimization for the cloud I am sibling give all the principal software engineer at red hat I work on red hats JDK team working on upstream open JDK and mandrel a Gralium distribution specifically for carcass use So Deploying to containers in the cloud. Is it actually different in our experience It is why when you're deploying to containers in the cloud the application runs as pit one and You usually have one application per container That usually means that you have smaller JVMs overall by small we mean to less than two cores and less than two gigabytes of memory and It the environment is also more dynamic. You are deploying to the cloud you're deploying with a resource limit in place and your resource limits might change during the deployment lifecycle and The nodes underneath that actually run your containers might be different throughout the deployment lifecycle of your containers as well So overall a more dynamic environment than the usual on-premise deployment scenario then when it comes to GC tuning you might want to optimize for a different metric for example in the public cloud you have to pay attention to the cost associated with it when you're you're paying for memory use and CPU use and that means you probably want to tune your Garbage collector in a way that saves as much memory as you want as he as he yes He can then you have to think about the base image which you are operating system. Are you running the container? Includes part of the operating system. How do you get updates for those? Dependencies part in part in the container. What JDK am I running? Does the JDK that I'm I'm running get security updates? to some extent you also need to think about your host or nodes in your Cloud cluster that you deploy to for example the underlying Linux kernel might make a difference as we'll we'll see later the Linux pseudo file system for example might be different on the on different nodes the scheduler Besides based on the resources that you give your containers on which nodes to schedule your containers on So overall we think it's different and the goal of this talk today Should be for you to be aware of the common gotchas when deploying to the cloud And to containers in the cloud Java containers in the cloud and make informed decisions So how am I going to structure this talk first? We will talk about red heads open JDK images and Then we'll move on to open JDK container awareness. What it means why it's useful then we'll conclude with deploying to runtime images and Compiling your cork is based applications to native and what benefits that has So red hats open JDK containers You don't use the default open JDK image on Docker hub to you If you are you might be running an unsupported Upwarding system and unsupported JDK build. It's a different build per tag So you might get a different vendor depending on the tag overall that image is deprecated Please be mindful of that several Communities upstream have run into that problem. It's a deprecated image the image is only Available still because it facilitates testing of early access builds of the latest JDK version development version Currently to JDK 21 The full details are linked in this blog post by Tim Ellison if we want to have a look So this brings us to our to the red hat open JDK containers They're not yet on Docker hub, but they're available on the on the red hat wretches 3 available and the the UBI Eula and that's you can freely read or distribute those and If you want to have the full support for them you can so you can use them for your upstream communities if you want and There those containers are built With the open shift cloud deployment in mind Those are builder images where you which you can use to deploy your source Your application source code to the cloud using that image without even touching a Docker file right now UBI 8 and UBI 9 are supported the version listed and And those images also include certain Optimizations already done that help you prevent certain gotchas that we will show in in the later demos So how do you tune our containers? There are very many Environment variables that you can use to that you can set in For those containers which affect build time or runtime for example, we will show the Java opts append environment variable in a demo later on which is useful to Set additional property something something else you need to set for your application and if you want to switch your garbage collector then to see container options is a useful environment variable to use for for our containers and the full documentation is linked here and You can the those link to JDK 11 To the to the JDK 11 documentation, but the JDK 17 documentation is forthcoming and very similar that brings us to the next section of This talk which is open JDK container awareness What does it mean? By open JDK container awareness We mean that the upstream open JDK has code in it that when deployed to a container with resource limits it detects it and then runs as if It was deployed on a physical system with those constraints So in in a way the code upstream is modeled around that concept It got modeled around the Kubernetes use case where you have a container Image that has the JDK inside that container image gets a resource resource limit applied to By using a deployment config for example in open shift that in turn results in specific settings on the Linux C Groups pseudophiles system and Those settings will are then being used by the open JDK runtime to figure out what its limits are they're turned on by default and you can turn it off using the presented switch using xx minus use container support and When you're deploying to open shift for example as mentioned before the the Open JDK reads the Linux pseudophiles system and that file system tells it what the quota is and What's what's ahead is it first figures out what Linux C Group version is in use actually So for rel 8 the default C Groups version is version 1 for rel 9 the default version is C Groups version 2 and the open JDK code handles that and figures it out and looks at the files and then that results in Open JDK resizing its internal structures as if it has the physical memory as specified by the zero quota So how would you be able to observe what open JDK thinks? That the its limits are as we'll see in a in an upcoming demo There is a VM info J command That's very handy to to use and inspect on your live deployments And it shows the C Groups in the init C Groups section what the container limits are And it's basically the same information as presented in its Aero log when you get crashes and on the JDK side There is a launch switch called X show setting system which shows the container limits as well And when you're deploying in a container the operating system MX beam is has been made container aware And will present the container limits as well instead of the physical host it runs on So what do you do when container detection goes wrong? For example your your deployment config is has a bug and the the The resources get not do not populate to open JDK You can turn on tracing for debugging your deployments And there are version specific switches that you can use to see a variable both output which files it looks at what uh underlying C Groups version it detects and um and so on those switches are unlock diagnostic VM options print container info And for JDK 11 It's xlog os plus container Equals trace those are very handy Should you really run into trouble on on your container deployments using open JDK? so we'll also see It's useful for your containers to turn on basic very unintrusive tracing for the garbage collector our algorithm in your In your deployment logs. It's useful to know what GC algorithm open JDK actually selects Why we will see that later in a in a demo as well because it's not given that that The the default collector gets selected That brings us to the first demo Where we look Build everything together. It's using the open JDK Builder image based on ubi 9. It deploys the sample application that's hosted on github Deploys it to open shift without touching a docker file. And then uh, we'll see a common gotcha for When when uh deploying it Throughout our demo, we will be showing the same corpus based application deployed to open shift It's using the ubi 9 based open JDK 17 image The main piece of source code of the sample application is shown here It's using rest and points and the hello greeting and point Serializes the response as json Taking a single path parameter When rendered in a browser the application looks like this When given an input it'll render the response from the api endpoint that got taken from the json response Moving on to the first demo will show a memory config which isn't lending itself nicely to change container resource limits The application got deployed as source build from the memory config bad branch of the git repository Where our application sources are hosted the configuration uses The sy environment capability which sets environment variables on the deployed pod after the build This configuration sets minimum heap size and equal to maximum heap size and uses some other flags pasted application at startup via java opts append Looking at the deployed pod on open shift We see the same java opts append environment variable showing up as we'd expect Now let's look at the configured container resource limits We see cpu requests limits being set as well as memory requests limits Open JDK container awareness code takes cpu limits and memory limits into account When inspecting the running jvm with vm info j command We see in the cgroup section of the output its version of what it thinks the container limits are As expected cpu quota and period recognized as specified Similarly the hard memory limit recognized as one gigabyte Let's look at the memory footprint of this deployed pod It shows current rss size as well as currently configured memory requests orange dotted line and currently configured hard limit blue dotted line We see the pod uses just above 560 megabytes of memory Now what will happen if we decreased the hard memory limit to 512 megabytes of memory Once the pod tries to get redeployed we immediately see it being killed due to an out of memory condition So how could we correct such a situation? As shown next we see the same app deployed again from the source build branch of memory config good Comparing to the previous configuration we see that nothing changed but our java opt to pen values In this case we'll opt for a more elastic memory configuration Removing hard coded maximum and minimum heap sizes values and avoiding always pre-touch Setting max RAM fraction instead knowing that the builder image sets max RAM fraction to 80 percent for us Looking at the resource limits config of this deployment We see that we start out with a one gigabyte hard memory limit With 512 megabytes requests as before Limits are again being recognized at the pod deployment level of open JDK Now if we change the memory limit of this deployment to 256 megabyte The deployment succeeds and we no longer see out of memory kills Looking at the deployed container we see the updated memory limit detected at 256 megabytes Nice we've just decreased the net RSS footprint of this app from more than 500 megabytes To less than 100 megabyte of memory by adjusting some deployment parameters To verify the application still works as expected So what are our key takeaways? For this application we've seen that it it actually matters what jvm flags you pass on for your deployments It's actually fairly common for some older deployments to set The maximum heap size equals to the minimal heap size But it might not be what you want when deploying to the cloud also be aware of the always pre-touch flag and I also recommend using elastic memory configurations for your heap size instead of hard coding it using absolute values because you can have Container awareness take care of figuring out what the total Container memory is and then base your heap size on that limit and that adjusts As you adjust your container resource limits Hey Severin, I want to jump in there's a question that came in that I think is appropriate to talk about now You talked about how to edit and configure some of the resource limits If someone had asked a question Specifically about if you have any guidance around cpu resource limits They had an example scenario where maybe there's issues with cpu detection And and being single threaded when set to under a thousand core Could you talk about that? Yeah, I think we'll we'll touch on on that on the on an upcoming demo So for example, well, I don't want to give away too much from the demo, but it depends on the resource limits that you set to what What the what open JDK like if you're going For your cpu quotas like millicores if you're going below A thousand millicores then then that's that's one core you the jvm will will use A single thread and think it can only use a single thread. There is no way around that If you if you want to turn it off you can turn it off but it would then run as if you Run on the host system and you might want to configure Active processor count, which is a jvm flag that can that you can use For explicitly setting the values that you want to so Let's let's get back to this question after after the talk and and see if there are still some some Questions with regards to the cpu limit specification if that sounds all right Sounds good. Thanks Okay, that brings us to the next section of this Talk, let's talk about uh deploying to runtime images and compiling your Quarkus based application to native So so far we have seen the builder image and working its magic to go from source code application source code to a deployed container on open shift So it clearly targets developer experience by getting Fast feedback cycle just to push to your git repository and get it deployed on open shift automatically And how would you be able to use that? Using the open jdk runtime image So the builder images can are full fat. They contain maven. They have a java compiler as part of it They contain sy build scripts to do the magic to to deploy the container without touching a docker file and The builder the runtime images only includes java and and the run javascript and the the The convention we use for the runtime images is to have the minus runtime suffix appended to the builder images and The the goal here is to have smaller or slimmer deployments Slimmer in size less dependencies installed less attack surface And that's what customers have asked for and and we'll show how to use the builder image Because it's not clear how to go from your application source code to a deployment based on the runtime image with an automatic setup If you want to recreate that setup, there is a link here and also in the attachment sections of this webinar First it also uses the builder image and the application source code and compiles that and produces an intermediate image And that includes maven and the the secondary step is a multi-stage docker build that Transplants the the binaries produced by the builder image from from the intermediate image to a Open jdk runtime based image that is used at deploy time Which we will now show in the next demo In the next demo, we show two things One deploying the application from source and then using an inline docker build to deploy to the ubi 9 runtime image two when doing so we show that Garbage collection algorithm selection is an aspect that one should take into account Looking at the open shift build configuration We see the two stage builds as well as the docker file of the inline docker build Since in this scenario we deploy using the runtime image We don't expect maven to be present on the deploying container Which was in fact available when the application was built Looking at the resource config of this deployment We have arranged for two full cores and two gigabytes of memory Being available to the deploying container Looking at the locks of the deploying pod. We see Via xlack gc config that g1 gc is being used This deployment meets open jdk's internal server class requirement Now what happens if we decreased our resource allocations for deploying containers again In this example, we decrease the memory allocation from two gigabytes to one gigabyte the pod deploy successfully Though interestingly Serial gc gets selected This is due to heuristics and open jdk which uses g1 the default for jdk 11 plus deployments Only for server class machines This precondition no longer holds with the updated deployment Finally, if we change the deployment config to no longer override the dev opts environment variable Which we've artificially used for this demo to show gc algorithm behavior We get the default specified in the inline docker file of our run runtime image deployment That inline docker file configuration specifies parallel gc and thus we see it being used At redhat we've had good experience for small jdms with the provided config in this inline docker file It gives good memory footprint behavior by not having too adverse effects on cpu consumption Okay, so i'm not sure Going back to the previous question We've seen that open jdk internally has this concept of a server class machine And depending how you you if you're running a plain open jdk image or our image or Whatever you're specifying it might depend on the resource limits what what garbage collector it selects by default the rule of thumb is is if if greater than Two cpu cores and greater than two gigabytes of memory then the default garbage collector gets selected That's g1 for jdk 11 plus and parallel for jdk eight otherwise you get zero collector and The way to get around this is to explicitly specify the garbage collector that you want and We've seen as part of this demo that you can Deploy to the runtime image using an automatic setup Going from source code to deploying on a runtime image-based Deployment a small caveat might be that you depending on your inline docker file that you might have to do some some Manual juggling with the cl cli options of of your java command depending on if you're using the run script or not Okay, that brings us to the final section, which is quarkus quarkus is a quarkus's mission. It's a java framework right with developer joy in mind and quarkus has has the mission of Making java again the preferred framework for kubernetes native Deployments and it brings a lot of extensions with it if you want to talk to a database or serialize json or Do rest endpoints all that good stuff is all included with parkers But the but the great thing about it is that you can run it in jvm mode and also aot compile your java quarkus based java application to native mode And why would you want that because it gives superior startup time as we'll we'll see in the this final demo The final demo demonstrates the difference in application startup time between jvm mode versus aot compile to native mode Looking at the pod logs for jvm mode deployment We see that the application is ready in about 1.3 seconds In jvm mode the deploying pod has java installed Comparing this to a pod that deploys the application to aot compiled native mode java is not there Only the native binary running the application is Looking at the pod logs for native mode We see that the application boots up in about three milliseconds very nice If we inspect the memory footprint of the native app We get we are still at less than a hundred megabyte memory consumption with a current limit of one gigabyte decreasing the hard memory limit to 256 megabytes Similar to our good memory config in the first demo we see the application still deploying fine The app booting up in milliseconds and the application is still working as we'd expect So this is a demo which basically shows yeah When using quarkus and java you can actually have comparable startup time again To go applications you can have very fast startup time ideal for newly developed microservices that yet you might have and Going native is included when using the quarkus framework the extensions that the quarkus comes with are tested with it and You can flip you can flip a switch and compile to native when you're ready Okay, that brings us to the end of this talk and we are we have been talking about the red hats open JDK containers and why you shouldn't be just using any random open JDK image and Consider the security update cycle for example for open JDK. There are at least four security updates a year you Might want to have a rolling update for your containers on the cloud And that's all possible using the shift and source build approach. Then we have talked about Open JDK container awareness and why it's important. It's important because you want to have Open JDK kind of take care of its limits and and operate within those limits as specified in your container deployments and don't go beyond those limits and get them out of memory killed or Starved and the final final part of this talk was going to runtime images what There are common gotchas using the garbage collector There is quarkus a great framework for newly developed apps and with superior startup time and the The key takeaways that I would like to have for you to take away is That you should think about the base image that you're using It's part basically you're shipping part of an operating system for every up you app you're shipping and don't randomly use any base image Do specify container resource limits requests and limits first it helps the scheduler for placing your containers on on a certain note and second it Basically is the the root of your good Java container-based deployment for container detection doing its its thing and figuring out what its actual physical memory should be And and sizing its internal structures accordingly Don't rely on default container resource limit configuration and open shift. There might not be any Use elastic memory configurations, which is such as max ramp percentage in your java containers for example when deploying To a container or when running open JDK on a physical system the default for open JDK is to use about 25% of the available Memory for for its own operation for its heap size So when you're when you're deploying to a container and you have only have a single application in there You probably don't want to have it only have 25 of the container limit used for Heap size you probably want to want to use it 50 percent or 80 percent and the rest for a native memory So use the max ramp percentage the the red heads open JDK images have those optimizations built in and Don't set the the heap sizes in absolute terms try to refrain from Setting maximum heap size equal minimal heap size if you're deploying to a public cloud and and actually want to spend less memory You might be surprised what's possible To run your application sufficiently using fewer bytes of memory then Don't use many applications in the same container The containers are usually optimized for a single application and otherwise they would compete with each other which with each other and To employ limit ranges on open shift projects, for example, the limit ranges is a default for uh specifying container resource limits and deploy Container resource limits. So if you specify a limit range you get Automatically a container resource limit applied if if you don't do that Then consider using quarkus for a new application. It it can have a very fast startup time if compiled to native We've we've also had Good experience with just running in jvm mode many customers use it Just for jvm mode because parkers using quarkus alone Makes their applications boot up faster Okay, that concludes this talk there's a slide with all the references if you want to have a look and this brings us to the Question and answer section of this webinar and I hope you thank you Yep Thanks so much severin. Um Well, thanks.  Jeff Sorry about that. My audio is a little slow One of the questions I thought was pertinent to the last topic was How does cryostat or java flight recorder work for? I think it was talking about the native images. I'm assuming Oh There is work being done by our team that actually Like there is support in in brawl vm for flight recording in events and it's it's being Expanded so expect that to for for you to work in an upcoming release of Of brawl vm and cryostat All right, another one is how often our red hat open jdk container images updated. Is there a specific update schedule? Yes, uh, basically upstream open jdk does batched security updates. There are quarterly every Every january july april july and october there is a security update And you can expect for the red hat packages or the images to get updates on at least those times of the year and You there there might be features or other updates Based on the base os So you can expect at least four updates, but they're they may be more frequent all right another question is What things can customers do to test the validity of their java workloads that are deployed in the containers? And would the migration toolkit play a part of this? That's a good question. I'm not very familiar with what you mean by validity It's uh, I might have to defer that question to the to the uh migrate mta team that's not part of our group but uh, there is there are containers for EAP and um There should be the same the same tooling available for Running your EAP workloads in the cloud and the basic the basic underneath open jdk workings are the same you need to be careful of um that the container Is running with a resource limit You might not run with with with it and it might run on a host depending on the on a big host small host um Your application behaves different so That's all I can say. I'm sorry. Not not super familiar with The EAP workloads and mta. Okay Um next one. This is interesting. How would you manage your memory limits in the case of a multi pod deployment? Uh, if you're if you're doing multi pod deployment the same the same optimizations apply so you're you're you optimize your pod Like you have multiple pods deployed in that that comprise your full application and they talk together say using open shift services and But each single container or pod should have Its resources specified as as it needs it. So You can have the you need to figure out what what your specific pod does What the what your needs are for for for each specific pod and then specify the limits for them and and together You can specify those limits as as your multi multi pod deployment Using for example a preconfigured Open shift template that that's that that boots up your whole application. You're all your pods Take a look at the demo That should work for many pods. You can scale that up as you like Um One thing is someone had asked is is there a way to recreate the demo that you did uh in open shift? Yes, there is uh, I think I have Uh, they're in the attachment sections of this webinar There are links to the to the demo sources And that those have instructions How if if you have a open shift cluster You run those commands and you should be able to recreate Those demos on your cluster and play with it All right, and last one this is might be a tough one to to finish on What advice would you give to a customer who? loves the stability that EAP and VMs has but is unsure what that would look like as you move to containerize Running containers on the AP i'm assuming that means running Containers on the AP on open shift is I'm kind of reading between the lines there Um, that's a tough one. Yeah, you got any ideas on that? Yeah, it's a good question. The the first question I would have is Why would you think that an EAP deployment on on on the cloud or in a container is not stable? So that that would be the first thing I would look into um Theoretically if you if you take your on-premise deployment and have an equivalent Uh deployment in in your cloud it should behave the same if you're if you're uh EAP pot is is configured correctly Uh, sometimes it's it's small things that make a huge difference But overall I that's where I'd start Okay, I think that's pretty much it for the questions that I can see Severin Quick comments from my end. I'm going to be closing the last poll Also appreciate if you could vote and submit your feedback for any other ideas that we can Maybe perhaps talk on for future webinars Other than that, um, I wanted to thank everybody for joining today Thank you so much, uh Severin for your presentation. I really appreciate your time And thank you to all of our partners who joined here today. We look forward to seeing you again Thank you. Bye. Bye


Cwm ydy'r toffi TV, ydych chi'n gweithio ar gyfer Everton Start. Mae'n gweithio eich bwysig, ac mae'n gweithio ar gyfer Everton's new eraill yng Nghymru. Mae'n gweithio ar gyfer Cameron, ac mae'n gweithio ar gyfer Disgustus. Rwy'n gweithio ar gyfer Everton Start yng Nghymru. Mae'n gweithio. Mae'n gweithio ar gyfer Everton Start. Efallai, mae i wnaeth i gwrth gyda Siarad am arddangos i gnaeth rihon gapo a rwy'n rai cael eu galaf. tribe. Rydyn yn ei ffordd ar ddim y lle, a roi ei bod yn annoydd. Qwm roi'r command bydd agfentum ffans yn iawn. Rysyn, mae'n rhiad ni'n angen ddel� dissebyddol y brifer ni a'r t捲 gydydd deallu o drafundert. If people thought he was going to come in in the first game of the season we were going to bladder wolves and then bladder consents and bollmouth then they had another thing coming because it was never going to happen so I think in terms of starts we don't usually start seasons well anyway so I don't think you can complain I think it's been, it could be better don't get me wrong but anything could be better if you're not winning every game then it could always be better but I think it's been good enough. Jo, ar gyllun sy'n hynny? Ffarn bo'r frustraton as well. I think we all would have took a drawer at wolves and it took a drawer at a bollmouth but the way that plays out the bollmouth game we were all frustrated at the end of it. We should be beating Huddersfield and say a home game but apart from that it's looking positive going forward we're brilliant zone of mark and that's been discussed already. Yeah we're looking fine, we're doing okay. I'm a little bit disappointed just with the Huddersfield game. I think if we'd have been sat here on 8 points out of 12 I think we'd all be going, that's like a really positive start. You know we're in the next round of the cup, we're on beating in five games but it's just, I think it rolls on to the... It's isolation isn't it? It's evidence in isolation. If we'd have beaten bollmouth, if we'd have on gone at bollmouth and won 2-1 then it's wrong with Huddersfield. Huddersfield we'd have gone, you know frustrating but at least we've got to win a bollmouth or vice versa. You know the bollmouth games, Huddersfield we'd have been sat here going, you know the two away games we've got 10 then in the first half that we haven't lost. And we've been sad as well exactly. I mean the big thing I suppose is the goals, I mean we spent the last, the second half of last season just watching. Pint slide, that's what I felt like it was terrible on it. Everyone, you didn't even really want to talk about it did you? This season obviously we scored in every game. At the weekend it was the first time we'd been behind in a game and we'd respond very quickly so. As the attack and threat, has that made you feel confident for the season of the way we've put in the bollmouth in it? Definitely I think it's a massive improvement from last season. You've got last season it's a big talking point with Totten as well. We made the video about Sengtoson and it started the season and I think last season when he came in he was the goals. We were looking at him for goals. He scored about five, six goals and he was who we were looking at every game to get goals. And I think fans are stuck in that mind of you're looking at Totten to get goals and not realising that everyone around him is getting goals with Charleston. He's getting goals, Phil Warthott's getting goals, you know Sigarton can get goals as well. As long as the team are getting goals collectively you don't particularly have to look at Totten for goals because he's doing his job and if he's not scoring goals, he's making goals, he's dragging players out. And I think that attacking it's just been so much better. If you can't deny that last season it was just Route 1 and until Totten coming we were bad. We couldn't get the band on with the full band job. So I think now that other players are getting involved and other players are putting the ball in the back of the net, there's no need to worry. I think you can see quite clearly when we went to Wondan against Southampton and they didn't score that goal. Last season under Allardice, there'd been a fifth defender in and they'd gone five at the back and gone, we're not losing this game. He brought me Assie on after we scored, after they scored sorry, the goal. He brought me Assie on and he said alright, well the best way to defend this is we're going to attack them even more. And if Niasie doesn't get a goal at least he's going to be a brute. And we kept on attacking and I think that's early positive, that's what you want to see. If you got a goal behind you want to see a attack on play. You don't want to be just trying to defend an old non because that's when it goes. I mean defensively, obviously we haven't had a clean sheet yet in any game so we played the five games. We've conceded I think four goals off set pieces. I mean that's quite clearly an area that I haven't got a shot at. Of course it is, I don't like speaking about Liverpool too much but look at Jürgen Klopp's first year. Every ball I come into the box from a set piece was a goal batterly. You're looking at Marcus Silver in the long term solving that now. The defensive issue is fine. I'm happy for this to land on the go as we go along. The attack on play is brilliant so I'm happy with that and I'm hoping the defence will solve itself out. And I think Gary Mina quality as well could solve that issue that we've got at the moment. We've seen Zuma coming through his first Premier League start at the weekend off three play against Roderham Eileen. I'm happy with him. Positive, brilliant. Shooting from 60 yards, brilliant. Solid, yeah. It's just the zone of mark on issues at the moment. That'll come with time I think. What about you Kammer? I mean obviously we've got to you Mirren. Michael Keynes obviously going to be mission fit. I'd say in under six weeks at least with that injury. Jack's obviously injured so you know we've got Hallgate there. Is it a case of going up and getting Gary Mina fit as well? I'll definitely do us good to have Mina fit in the team next to Zuma. I think before I was quite against Michael Keynes last season. I thought he had a poor season and I didn't think he had a future at everything whatsoever. This season the games he's played he's been brilliant defensively. He leaked a goal against their Wolves obviously but other than that he's had everything out and he's done well. You can see there's a clear difference in the instructions being given and that's apparent in the fact that he's brought Zuma in. He was a centre half just as it out and there's no messing about at all. If you've got a defender like that and then a defender like Mina who can play a little bit more intricate and have the ball at his feet a little bit more then you've got to go partnership there. You don't want two ball playing centre half because it only goes wrong. If you've got two brutes then you're just hitting a ball anywhere and it's not going to anyone. It's definitely been an improvement. Obviously people are going to look at the fact that we've leaked goals. We've conceded every game and the majority of them have been from balls into the box but that'll only come with time. It's not just a zonal marking thing. You've got to play that zonal marking and then you've got to learn how to play it and learn where your zone is, where your position is. If you can come out of that to mark him and that's not marked that's a learning curve and that'll come with time. We'll make mistakes as long as we improve on them and make sure we never make them again and that's a positive. But it's definitely been better than last season was defensively on attacking. He's played his own zonal marking as well. That's the thing, isn't it? Everything's in stages. I think we've looked at much better side this year. OK, Saturday's performance was the worst of the four. But the manager said the same. The manager said exactly the same. He hasn't tried to dress it up. He said it was too slow, which we all would have said watching it, but too slow, it wasn't as attacking as we should have been. We need to make better choices. We need to play quicker. But you've also got a factor into that, the amount of plays you were missing for us and we lost well-got. With half an hour left, who does make a difference, let's be honest about it. What do you think very quickly with going forward, who are you looking forward to seeing the most? Bernard, all day. He's got been an incredible player for us. Almost like a Catania, in a way, that kind of player who, in that moment of magic, can create something. You look at others field the other day, they were defending quite deep. I think Bernard's that type of player, I can unlock that. Obviously with Charles in this as well, but we all know what he's about. Exciting to see what Bernard can do for everything. What about you, Cam? My answer would be, I'd like to see Bernard, but just to spice it up a little bit and go for someone different. I'm going to go, Andrea Gomez. I think he's a midfield player that's going to be looking forward. He's not going to do the snarling 360 turns. He's just going to be getting the ball and pushing forward and running with it and looking to play that ball to Sigerton and play that ball to the wide man. I'd say Bernard usually, but for the sake of the video, because Joseph Bernard, I'm going to say Gomez, because I think he's more of an attack in midfield and attack a man in midfielder than the midfielder that we've got. And I think he's obviously got the class to pull it off because he don't get snarling, if he don't have that class. And if he loves it, nor does he. It's like he wants to have a go to it. I'm going to say Mina then, so the sake of the video. Listen, all of them, we want them all fit. Everybody fit in our squad. So that the manager's got headaches of you to pick. So if you keep your shape, that means you're playing better. It's healthy to have competition. Every player then, if you perform, you keep the shape. You win games, don't you? I think it, like you say, we all think it's been a decent start without a bit. Ped, has it been a decent start? You're not right. All right from Ped, there you go. So there you go. So what you think in the comment section below, as it being a decent start, you're happy with it, disappointed on what are you looking forward to seeing as we go from this international break shortly up to the next international break in October. If you haven't subscribed, please do so when we take the set. If you want more videos, join us on Patreon. Once again, big thanks to Cameron. Check out Cameron's YouTube channel, the Mighty Blues. Check out Joe's amazing graphics work and his heated aftermath reactions. Thanks for watching. See you soon on Toffy TV.