We had seen that we had seen that we can make use of the surplus amount of water which is available as runoff by extending the length, it was one way or by reducing the intake, the stream size. We had gone through the various possible options available for extending the length and we had seen the relationships also, how we how we decide on the extension. We had we had to see the other case where the case 2 border cannot be extended, in some situations it might it might not be feasible for the farmer to extend the length of the border to accommodate that surplus runoff which is which was available. So in that situation you can use the other option of reducing the stream size and accommodating that within the same border length ensuring that there is no runoff. When you have to do that the relationship which is used to find out the unit size, the unit stream size which is the the chained unit stream size, the relationship involves r i, there is a relationship where we had seen last time that r i and r n, r i is dependent on the intake family of the soil characteristics, the r n is the factor which is used to account for the effect of roughness coefficient. So there is a relationship between r n and the n and r n that is what we had seen in the last class. Now in this case only one assumption has been made. We are making assumption that when you are changing the stream size the lag time will also be reduced. If you reduce the stream size the lag time will be affected. So that lag time is not incorporated in this equation. We are making assumption that when you will reduce the stream size due to the reduction in the stream size the lag time is not highly variable. It is not appreciably chained. We are using the same lag time and with that assumption we are finding out what is the reduced stream size which you which you can use to account for the surplus runoff which was earlier available and you are trying to accommodate that. You are trying to save that. For this I have taken into consideration how we have looked at all the various design parameters which are required to design a border irrigation system under both the situations where whether you are using the n blocks or in the previous case when you are not using the n block you can design your border strips. This is only one aspect which is the aspect of design and even the design considerations, all these design principles or the design equations which you have made use of they are derived from the evaluation of the borders. Now we will look at how we evaluate the border irrigation system. By evaluation what we are what we are meaning is that we are trying to observe these various parameters or various quantities in the field in situ and having observed those things we are trying to evaluate how good the system is working in that situation. Are there any bottlenecks? This evaluation is very useful even if you have designed suppose the one thing is that one aspect is that while using the or while formulating those design criteria you have used these actual experimentation to arrive at those things to arrive at those procedures but even having done those things having done the evaluation procedures having perfected those procedures have been designed or those procedures have been formulated making use of some conditions which might be quite different. For example suppose let us talk in terms of the laying of the grade. You have given some slope to the field. In the present case where you have designed the system, you have designed the length of the border, you have designed the steam size, you are not certain how well how good your the slope which is desired slope has been laid on to the field. So all those design principles which you are implementing while arriving at those different quantities whether they are the dimensions or whether they are the steam sizes, you are not knowing a priori that what will be the level of management which will be prevalent in your situation. So the evaluation in that situation will be important to find out are there any problems in implementation of a design? Are there any bottlenecks and in the management which you are doing? Are there any bottlenecks in terms of providing the steam sizes which you have arrived at? All those problems you can sort out. This can also be used as the problem solving or diagnostic to find out are there any situations under which the actual performance of your system is not as as good or even closely related to what you have designed the system for. So the evaluation of any system, we are looking at the border irrigation system for that matter evaluation of any system is a part and parcel of the actual operations of the system. And these objectives whether it is for looking at the procedures, the basic procedures which have been which we have recommended for the design or whether it is to find out what is the level of achievement in terms of the management or the operational aspect evaluation is a must. So let us try to think of what are the various usual parameters which you would like to in the case of border irrigation system? What are the various parameters which can be evaluated through this evaluation procedure or which you will be as a user you might be interested in? These parameters can arrange, there is a range of these parameters you might be interested in the stream size. You might be interested in that how the different stream sizes behave for in the field which you are irrigating as a farmer, how in that field, how the various stream sizes can behave in terms of maybe the advanced curve or in the form of a recession curve. Thereby you can even check what are the designs, all those design quantities which we have arrived at, are they relevant to what you are obtaining in the field? So stream size can be one aspect, length of the border in other aspect that the length which you have arrived at, how satisfactory results are being produced by those lengths? You can check for some other lengths also. Then time of cut off, this will be related to for how long you should supply water, when the supply should be cut off and how it is influencing the various other related parameters like the time of cut off will also be deciding how much will be the lag time or how much or how long the water which is which has accumulated over the surface, how long it will take to recede or to deplete. What is the variation with this loop? This you might not be in a position, unless you specifically prepare the fields with different slopes. So this is one factor which might not be that easy to accomplish because in most of the cases when you go in for the evaluation, you try to use the prevailing fields and those fields which you are using for your normal cultivation, the existing fields. So your experimentation might be on those slopes which are existing slopes, you might not lay a separate field unless you are in a situation where you are doing this experimentation only from the point of view of revising your procedures or your design methodologies which might be done in the situation of agricultural universities or some research labs. So this slope is sometime you might be interested in this variation but normally once the slopes are set you will try to retain those slopes or if in the situation where you are laying new areas, in that case the slope is also under your control and you might think of providing the slopes which are desirable slopes. So at that time you might be interested in looking at how the various quantities varies with the variation in slope. Then you will also like to experiment with what happens, irrigate at different levels of moisture content. So the management allowed deficit we had called it as MAD. Since the irrigation when to irrigate is entirely dependent on decision which can be made by the management whether it is the farmer or whether it is the irrigation department if it is dependent on the supplies. So how the irrigation, how these are different parameters, how the advance and recession curves they will vary when you decide to irrigate at different moisture content levels that can also be evaluated. So these are some of the parameters which you might be interested in looking at or and looking at how these different quantities influence the or influence by the various factors prevailing in the actual area. To achieve this you normally what you do is that you are for example if this is your point you might be having these different strips these are the borders. So you will have to for the experimentation you will have to involve in some procedure which will look at what are the various things involved. But what your intention is that to do some experimentation on some of these strips this can be one strip which is selected another strip which is selected is always better to take at least three strips if possible and is much better to have the strips which are adjoining strips but sometime it becomes problem because most of the time when you are taking the observations you will require to take the observations along the strip at different locations at some stations which we have installed we will come to that. So from that angle if you are having the water flowing in all the adjacent strips it might become difficult to move into these areas. So in practice you take the strips which are alternate strips so that they are not slushy they are the water is not available in all the strips. So for experimentation purpose you can indulge in that and the lens can be such that there is no restriction you are taking more than the lens which are actually to be used or which are the proper lens. As far as the stream sizes are concerned there also you try to vary the stream size and see the impact. So all those things are part of the evaluation procedure. Let us try to look at these items one by one where if you have to indulge in the evaluation procedure first of all what is the information available which is required information or data requirement and most of these things you might be able to visualize because we have been discussing this for quite some time now. And we also know that what are the various items which we are interested in what are the various quantities which we are interested in terms of the observations. Let us go through them quickly. You will like to for any analysis any subsequent analysis which we have to perform the type of data or the type of information which will be required you will require the rate of or the stream size the duration also for how long that stream size was made available on the head end of the field. You will also require to know the rate of advance. We have seen that the rate of advance give you information which is desirable information which giving information to find out how much is the infiltration or how much is the water which has infiltrated into the soil at that location. So the rate of advance will be you will be interested in the information which you will like to have similarly the rate of recession how the water recedes past length of the field that also is equally important because that is what decide the time of opportunity. You will also like to know the width of wretched portion on the strip to find out whether the width is uniform or not. So that will also be required. You will also require the soil moisture before irrigation that will give you the starting conditions that will be essential. You will also require the soil moisture after the irrigation and when you say after you do not take the soil moisture immediately after the irrigation you will let the water which can drain out of the soil drain out and you normally take the soil moisture after a day after the end of the irrigation. So that will give you what is the final moisture which you have achieved in the soil. You will also like to have the ground surface profile it will give you what is the grade which is prevailing grade or the slope and any cross-loop and the cross-loop also. In some cases you might be slight cross-loop across the border length. That slope has to be you must know because then you can take account of that what will be the impact of that slope. You will require to know what is the rate of runoff at the downstream end and there will be the surface runoff, runoff which is going on of the border strip that will be that should also be known or it has to be recorded. All these quantities which we are looking at will have to make observations about those things. We are trying to look at what is the requirement in terms of various quantities which might be required for our analysis. We should also find out what is the stage of growth, stage of growth because we had mentioned in the previous portions. We have seen that how the stage of crop can influence the requirement as well as requirement is one aspect because the requirements will decide how much deficit has been established in the soil. But right now at this stage while we are looking at the stage of the crop because we can find out what is the appropriate end value which should be used or what will move and the stage of crop and the type of crop we can say the stage of crop as well as the which crop is being used that is what is going to decide the roughness coefficient. Other quantities which are the information or the data which will be required is about infiltration characteristics, infiltration characteristics of the soil. That is very important if you want to use the relationships which are known relationships you might like to because the infiltration which is taking place is dependent on the soil type and if you can evaluate the infiltration characteristics then you can use those characteristics in your formulations. Then let us look at equipment needs, what type of equipment you will be requiring. We will look at the measures, there will be some which will be needed I might not be including them but you have to have some measuring tip because you will have to find out what is the width at different locations in some cases if the ridges are not parallel to each other you might you can only check by using the measuring tape so you should have some measuring tape may be 30 meter tape can be sufficient. You will require stakes, these stakes are required to mark the stations if this is the border strip you will require some stations to be installed all along the length of the border and may be on both the sides or the stakes are installed marking that these are the stations at which the observations will be made. The spacing between these stakes can vary you can have something between 10 meters to 30 meters depending on how accurate the data you want and how much labour you have at your disposal so it can be something like 30 meters or 20 meters or 25 meters some approximate some comfortable distance so that you can look at the variation how the various variables vary along the length of the border. Then you have some, you have to have some mechanism by which you can keep track of the time the elapsed time and for that some watch is required which has the availability of seconds the second hand should be available either is a stopwatch or ordinary watch which has the seconds facility. Then you will need the flow measuring devices and the flow measuring devices which are common in the agricultural fields you either use we have earlier discussed that some cases you use the siphon tubes especially in the case of border irrigation you use the siphon tubes so that your waterfront is quite uniform since the width of the border is quite appreciable so if you supply the water from only one if you take this, if you have only one opening your waterfront might not be, it might not be uniform it might be having a waterfront which is something like this in this portion the water will be moving faster and in the sides the water won't be moving at the same rate so there will be some delay and your intention is to have the waterfront which is somewhat parallel to this edge of the field so for that you can use the series of the siphon pipes which will ensure this type of waterfront you can also use partial trumps whereas for finding out what is the stream size this can be used either on the upstream end and for the surface runoff also you will have to install something at the downstream end to find out how much is the wastage of water or the water which is going out of the border then you will require equipment for the infiltration and we have seen that the cylinder infiltrometer used for that purpose so you can have one set or two sets because you like to observe the infiltration characteristics at some different locations of the field so that you can take the average it might vary from one place to another place or sometimes you might make some errors so if you want to take an average value which is taking care of all these different possible errors you will have to take observations at some reasonable number of points maybe 3 or 4 points in the field you will require some equipment for taking the moisture content and that can be in the form of soil probe or if you are using the laboratory method you might need auger and some soil sampler some form of the sampler where you can take the sample and then go and test it in the laboratory by ongoing it and finding out the moisture content so you can have the moisture content by directly installing the probes in the field itself you will also require a dumpy level or some other level so that you can find out if you want to know what is the grade what is the prevailing grade in the field at these installed stations you can find out what is the elevation and then check whether the grade which is supposed to be there whether it is there or not or are there any locations where you have a depression or an elevated area which will influence your different efficiencies a lot this is in general the various types of equipment which will be needed to try to see what is the field procedure which has to be adopted so that you are taking all the observations which are desirable observations and nothing is missed in the process the various steps items in the same hierarchy we will try to identify the first will be that you might not be interested in taking observations in the total field it is possible in some situations that you might take a segment of the field but if in case you have the possible labour available because in this process the way you have seen that and we will also look at the field procedure you will find that you will require quite a good amount of labour to take all these observations at these number of stations which we have installed so first decision will be that which segment of the field you would like to take it should be a representative segment and having selected the representative segment you will like to take at least 3 strips as we have discussed before so that you can have you can vary the parameters in those 3 strips to certain extent and try to look at the impact of those variations the next step is that you install stations at some interval let us say 30 meters interval or may be less if you can afford these stations are installed at these regular intervals and then you may add the width also the next step will be to set the flow measuring device in cases the siphon tubes then you will have to set the siphon tubes after selecting the number of siphon tubes because each siphon tube will have its own capacity so since in all the 3 strips you are using different stream sizes the number of siphon tubes will be accordingly set and you can install those tubes you can also install the flow measuring device at the downstream end which is required to find out how much will be the surplus or the surface runoff going out of the field having done this you will you can estimate soil moisture deficit finding out how much is the moisture content and you can compare with compare this soil moisture deficit with the management allowed deficit if your management allowed deficit is some level some normal level let us say at 50% level of the available moisture content and if you are making this evaluation at a moisture content which is much different from that then there would not be any comparison so you should be at least you should ensure that you are closer to the management allowed deficit so that the relationships can be compared conduct infiltration test at least 3 or 4 places in each strip having done this these are the initial settings are the initial steps which you will have to take care of before you set the the inflow rate having done that you set a constant at upstream end this inflow rate is set in one of the strip this is the desired inflow rate you have a feeling that what is the under the prevailing circumstances what is the inflow rate or if you have used the designs that inflow rate which is the design inflow rate you have selected that rate supply that in one of the strip and in the other two strips take one rate which is slightly lower than this and take another rate which is slightly higher than this so that you are covering a range you are covering it covering a range which is closer to your design inflow rate or the design stream size record the started this time is very important to be noted what is the time when the flow starts into the strip you will also have to record at the waterfront at the front the same thing reaches those stations which you have installed when the water reaches at each of those stations that observation has to be made that time has to be noted down basically what happens is that there are performers available which are standard performer which can be filled when you are evaluating a border strip you can keep on filling those values in those standard performer I will show you a sample performer in the next class these performers reduce the the discrepancy which can come which can arise out of a wrong voting or in some case if you are giving a free hand to the individuals because there might be many people there who are helping you in making these records so there can be some discrepancy and it might be found later on that you cannot make make out what observation belongs where so is this procedure is a long procedure is a time taken procedure it has to be done in a very systematic manner this is also why we record the time when the water reaches each individual station because we want to find out what is the advance curve so the advance curve will be drawn from this data which we are recording similarly to get the recession curve you will have to record the time before that you will have to record the time when the flow is shut off that time is also very important you must record that what is the time when you stop supplying the water from the upstream end then you record the time when waters recede past each station this information will give you the recession curve okay so the very first very first station when the water recedes past that station the difference between the time when it is shut off and the time when the water passes the very first station that is the lag time after that all these timings when the water reaches each of the successive stations that will give you the recession curve in many situations if the slopes are not very steep the slopes are flat you will find that this is a very difficult situation you might not be in a position there might be the water is not there but still because of some local depressions you might find that the water so making these observations of the recession is much more difficult than the observations of the advance in many situations the water is taking some time there is some local depression and it is just standing there and you might feel that is standing because of the the that storage which has build up so that is not exactly so in those situations where the flat slopes are prevailing the recession curve might be a problem to certain extent but then with experience you will know that how how this has to be recorded and then it can also be slightly later on when you will draw the data because all this data which you are recording will be drawn and then you can do the analysis properly so at that time you will find that if there is error in one particular station that can be rectified because of the the drawing when you draw it you will see that if the other stations have been noted properly there is a problem on particular station that can be taken into that can be rectified and is not that big a problem but in general is quite difficult especially in those cases when the flat slopes are prevailing. Then lastly you will have to take the soil moisture content after the irrigation is over and that is after interval of at least a day and you can also use find out the elevations various stations this will give you the prevailing grade these are the various various data which are to be recorded which can be further reutilized for the analysis purpose let us have a look field data which you have all it has to be made use of what I will do is that I will take actual data the actual field data which has been absorbed and we will make use of that and demonstrating that how the various things can be analyzed or various items which you are interested in they can be derived using the data which has been collected. First of all the data on the infiltration served that we had seen earlier that you are interested in deriving a relationship between the accumulative infiltration and the time. So the relationship which we had used was of this nature where t is the elapsed time the time for which the infiltration opportunity is there and why is the accumulative infiltration. So in practice what we do is that the observations which we have made we plot them on a log log paper and on a log log paper this should represent other state line is not it provided in some cases you might find that there is slight change of slope so in that case c can be evaluated in such a way you can have a relationship between y minus c versus a t to the power b. So this will plot as a state line so the c can be evaluated and that can be incorporated. This is the very first job which we like to do because on at any particular location we will find the opportunity time and that opportunity time will decide what will be the value of infiltration. So from that angle this this relationship is very very important because all your computations all your subsequent computations are based on this relationship. If you have incurred some error at this level you might keep on aggravating the error in the remaining computations and that is the reason precisely why we need to take this observation at many locations in the field. We will stop here today. Any questions?