Corporate support for HBCUs has really galvanized over the last several months in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and racial unrest throughout the United States. Luckily, some of these corporations have stepped up in major ways, in major financial ways to support historic Black College and universities and their students. Dominion Energy, based out of Virginia is one of those companies with one of the largest gifts to HBCUs this year, more than $25 million in corporate support for campus expansion and scholarship for students. Also a $10 million scholarship fund that HBCU students will be available to apply for in pursuit of their academic dreams. Joining us today to talk about this programming are executives from Dominion Energy, Ed Bain, the president of Dominion Energy in Virginia and Carlos Brown, the senior vice president, general counsel and chief compliance officer for the company. Good morning, gentlemen. I appreciate your time so much this morning. Hey, good morning. Good morning. $25 million to 11 HBCUs in your service area. I think the major question is, well, we know it's a big deal. We know that the students in the campuses appreciate it in great measure. I think that a lot of folks would want to know how does this kind of initiative get started? What is the conversation like in the executive brain trust in working with the community in identifying ways, specific ways that the money or the financial support can be best used to help. And we'll start with you Ed on that conversation because we know it's a top level conversation but it takes a lot of influence from folks throughout the company, throughout the organization, throughout the community to say this is how you best make it work. Yeah, so I'll touch on a couple of points and then of course Carlos can add to it as well. But we've been on a diversity journey for I would say at least 15 years. I've been with the company over 25 years. I've been an executive with the company the past 11. And so we have senior leaders who understand why diversity and inclusion are important from a business perspective, from a community perspective. And the benefit, one of the great benefits of that is on the senior leadership team to have folks like Carlos and I to be involved in those conversations and the decision making. And so as we saw the things that were happening in the community and across the nation this late spring and summer, we just felt like that we needed to do more. We needed to take action. And our CEO and others were very supportive of that. And so that's how this support for HBCUs and the significant contribution started. I started with conversations with our CEO and Carlos and various and I and some others. So we're very proud. We've been supporting HBCUs for the past 40 years. But this is definitely the most significant contribution that we've made. Yeah, I'll just add, I mean, it really is, it sounds like a colloquialism, but it starts at the top. And the weekend, I believe it was the weekend after George Floyd's death, you know, our CEO, Tom Farrell, text it. I mean, I remember I was walking through Home Depot and I got a text and it was Tom just checking it. And I think, you know, it's likewise. It had similar communications and we all knew that this was different and we need to do something different. And I believe it was maybe that Monday morning, Tom asked for Ed and Darius and myself to gather with him and he just said, look, I want to do something transformational, something that is significant. And all the folks on HBCU Promise, what we have to recognize is that we, our first commitment this summer was a $5 billion to support social justice initiatives at large. That was our first move, but what Tom came to us and said after we made that, we said, look, I want to do more. There's something, I wanted something that's going to be transformation, that's going to be game changing because these struggles have persisted too long. And we can do more as a leader in our community, especially a company of our nature where we are a public service entity. We have to do more to take a stand to try to change this dynamic. And he put the three of us together to say, look, let's come up with something. But I will say, Tom was initially the one who said, let's focus on HBCUs. We had a long standing relationship with Virginia Union uniquely, but it goes, but Hampton as well, Virginia State. But we had a long standing relationship where the Virginia Union president had been on our board of directors going back into the early 80s, I think maybe even the early 70s, a series of them. And Tom was very aware of that. And we have maintained that our Chief Operating Officer, Diane Leopold, currently serves on their board. Their former board chair was our lead director at that point. And so we had this long relationship. Tom said, look, I'm taking HBCUs, but I want you guys to work on this. And it was one of the greatest privileges of my career to be able to work on this initiative with Ed and Darius and several others. We were able to pull them folks across the footprint and across the company to really hone in on what schools we want to focus on and have a rationale, right? Why these 11 versus others? I know that there are a lot of great HBCUs all across the country that are doing great work and that we admire and appreciate, but we want it there to be a nexus between our company and those institutions either because of our alumni base, I mean, I mean, our employee base, we're the alumnus of those schools, but where have we recruited? And or where do we want to recruit, right? Where do we want to go and get talent to improve our workforce diversity and just to make us the most competitive and sustainable energy company in the country? So all those things were factors. I'm glad you said that because it brings up a point I want to talk about. The energy industry has really, really tight connections with a variety of workforce development initiatives. You can be a lineman and that's technical training. You can get great training for that at a community college or you can go and become a senior vice president and general counsel or president of an energy company and that requires more of the traditional liberal arts education. When you think about the ways that you guys looked at the institutions with whom you wanted to partner, are there specific, I know you mentioned alumni, so obviously there are people involved, but what are some of the, I guess, the programmatic things that you look for in an educational partner that presented themselves as ideal for this particular initiative for HBCUs? Yeah, so I mean, you're exactly right. There's a very diverse set of skills and educational needs that an energy company has and that's continuing to evolve as we move to a cleaner energy grid and more modern energy grid. Those skills that we need continue to evolve from what they may have been 25 years ago to what they are now. Now, do we still need linemen? Do we still need engineers? Do we still need accountants? All those things are absolutely right. And so, as Carlos mentioned, as we thought about the relationships that we had on a number of different spectrums, we wanted to make sure that we deepen those. And so, to give a few examples, Carlos talked about the Virginia Union relationship, but we also have Virginia State who sits right down the road from us and we've worked very closely with their business school and we've worked very closely with their engineering school and so very targeted in those areas. North Carolina A&T, they were the only school that we included from North Carolina. We have a smaller service territory footprint there and employee base, but North Carolina A&T is a place that we've historically had a very strong relationship with and quite a few employees that are there. And I mean, let's face it, you wanna go get minority engineers, North Carolina A&T is one of the best places to go in the country. And so, our investment there is very targeted to the engineering school. And so, if you look at the states that we donated to in the schools, it was based on where do we operate and strengthening those relationships from a workforce perspective and alumni perspective. When you guys personally think about the investment of HBCUs and you guys were both educated in Virginia, Virginia Tech, University of Virginia respectively, but like a lot of folks there, they have at least a passing knowledge of HBCUs. Some of us even who didn't graduate from HBCUs have family friends who graduated from HBCUs. Can you guys talk about your personal investment and your personal knowledge base? Carlos, I'll start with you. That makes it that much more of a palatable partnership to you and more passionate for you. Well, yeah, that's a great question. So, I was able to share one of the things we did is we actually did a panel and we met with each of the universities and their leadership and talked about the grant program. One of the things I was able to share with when we talked to Norfolk State was that in my family, I'm from Southeast Virginia, Chesapeake, every person in my family that had gone to college with the exception of my one aunt who went to the University of Virginia in the late 70s, had gone to Norfolk State. And so essentially I am the product of an HBCU. My aunts and uncles, cousins, the reason I knew about college, the people that came home and talked to me about some of the things they don't teach you in grade school were my aunts and uncles that went to Norfolk State. And so I clearly stand on the shoulders of that HBCU legacy. And again, it was a great pride for me to be involved in an effort to support those schools that were so instrumental in creating an educational and social economic opportunity for people like me and Ed who were able to go to other institutions. The other thing I'll add is that, we do have the additional $10 million that is a scholarship one. Part of the rationale for that was that for generations, because of Missouri discrimination, African-American students were not able to attend PWIs. And when we looked at our alumni base, what we discovered was that right now, we are recruiting the majority of our African-American employees at Dominion actually have come to attend non-HBCUs. And so we said, we wanna make sure we're providing some resource for those African-American students underrepresented minority populations to gain access to the techs and UVAs and the Harvards and the VCUs and the University of South Carolina as well. And so that's part of why we did that separate scholarship form was because we recognize that there's a large population of our students or our employees who attend those other institutions. And that's okay because that's part of what our interest is for, right? Is that opportunity to have equal access to all the opportunities? And so if you're blessed to attend an HPCU, and that's great, but if you don't attend an HPCU, we wanna support you in that effort too. The issue was how do we help provide an educational opportunity ladder for diverse students, especially African-Americans? Hey, Jared, let me add to that. Not all get into trouble. So, you know, I was first-generation, my sister and I are first-generation college kids and our family, so I'm not really any legacy there. But my wife went to St. Paul. So, you know, I got to live that HPCU experience through my wife, but also through her family, her dad went to St. Paul's, her uncles went to Virginia State. And so on my in-laws, very deep roots from HPCU perspective, and just having the conversations and going and having those experiences, just know the rich history there, the product that HPCU has put out and it's how it's so critical to our communities and to our company going forward. And that's a critical point, man, because actually what you guys are doing in no small measure is making sure that another HPCU in Virginia doesn't wind up like St. Paul. They aren't disappearing. It's particularly with funds that go to expand the campus that support tuition, which powers a lot of these campuses. So it's an amazing thing. And I will give you guys out of here on this last question. You had a 40-year relationship with Black colleges in the state, 40 years of relationship with HPCUs in your service territory, 40 years of relationship with customers all throughout this region. Are there ways that you think about this expands? How do we do more? As Carlos said, we think about how do we do something more? The keyword transformational, how do you even get more transformational than this? Because this is a pretty substantive thing. Or is it that you maintain at a very high level? Yeah, I'll just speak briefly, like Carlos finishes out. I believe that through these investments, HPCUs and the students will demonstrate how you leverage these things for the good of not only HPCUs and students, but the companies and the communities as we go forward. And so I think not only for us, but other companies who've chosen to do the same thing, they will see tremendous value, exponential returns, and they will want to do more. I firmly believe that. And so I don't believe it's a maintain or this is over or go back to what you're doing. I believe folks will see, our company will see, we will see that these investments are truly critical for our success, our community success, our nation's success going forward. Yeah, I'll just echo that. And one of the things that we looked at when we did this, because when we went in with our ass, and because Tom didn't give us room, so we shopped for the moon. And we thought, well, hey, baby, he gives us half. But we show the economic impact. That's right. I mean, HBCUs are typically some of the largest employers of African-Americans. HBCUs not only help lift their students out of poverty or low wealth communities, but it also helps lift communities because it provides jobs and other educations. And so, and then they become customers, right? Of Dominion Energy, of Dominion Energy Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, what have you. So we believe this is just, we are doing well by doing good and that this will yield benefits for us from a workforce development perspective and diversified our workforce from creating economic activity within our regions, creating centers of excellence. One of the things we're looking at doing is partnering with Norfolk State and Hampton and Virginia State to develop a Clean Energy Sustainability Center as we look at, you know, greening our business and so forth and leveraging all those talents. So we're thrilled, and I think that it was one of the universities, I think A&T that quickly realized that there's opportunities for us to deepen this relationship, right? That, you know, we were fortunate that it was announced that we're gonna be the name sponsor of their, in their air building of their laboratory floor. But they're like, you know, the building's available, right? So they gave great opportunity for us to come back and we're excited. I mean, the entire company is excited about this. We've had employees who've been employees for 40, 50 years. We've had alumni retirees call back and say that this was one of their proudest moments in the company's history. And so I think everyone believes that this is something that we want to grow and go deeper into. Well, brothers, I gotta say, this is an amazing, you know, I've been doing this for more than 10 years and this is one of the first conversations where I've had where executives have really drilled down to the elements of HBCU support where you're talking about engagement with employees who are alumni, where you're talking about educational access and you guys get it. And I think that people nationwide, when they watch this, they will see that Dominion Energy truly is a corporate example, not just how you can provide support for HBCUs, but how to get it, how to think about it. And so I appreciate your time this morning. Thank you so much. If people wanted to support Dominion Energy's efforts on behalf of HBCUs and your other philanthropic support measures, because you do more than just education, you do more than just HBCUs, how can folks learn more about that, learn more about Dominion Energy and a lot of its corporate outreach effort? Well, we have our sustainability report that we have published on our website that has more information than anyone could ever want on what we do in this space. And so checking that out, we spend over $40 million a year, where I said we invest more than $40 million a year in our communities through various philanthropic efforts. And this is over and above that, by the way, just so you know, this is not a part of that. This is over and above that bad initiative at this point. And if they wanna support, what I would say, just send them a note or a letter to call the contact center and just say, I just want to pass along how much we appreciate what Dominion Energy's doing. We share that information with our board, we share it with our shareholders. And it encourages, it supports the initiative, the work that folks like Tom and Carter and Jim Chapman and Ed and others are doing to help us be transformative in this effort. So that's how they support Dominion Energy. They wanna support HBCUs, go give the HBCUs and encourage their companies to do the same. Yes, sir. Yes, sir. We appreciate you gentlemen. Thank you so much. Thank you.


Hi everyone, Joe for jazby's casebreaks.com. We did it. We knocked out this bowman draft jumbo pack random team number 10 Which unlocks bowman's best baseball, which is going to be in the next video so 13 spot team giveaway there were three different dice rolls a start over three different dice rolls happening here first of all We're gonna give away eight spots within the pack break So we only sold 22 spots outright then we're gonna do the break itself second dice roll third and final dice roll We'll match it with team and bowman's best baseball. So very big. Thank you to this group for making it happen From Adam down to Chad Thanks, everybody who got in I'm gonna give away those eight spots right there first dice roll top eight after ten six and a four ten times two seven eight nine and ten After ten we've got Adam Adam Kevin David Adam Adam Oliver Chad top eight After ten and we'll put little rooftops next to your name So you know you won that spot Gary got a rooftop next to one of his spots because there was a buy one get one free Promo just to get things kick started and you know what it did kick start things All right now. I've got all of your names now. Let's do the break itself. There's all 30 teams are in Let's get everybody's names in here and let's roll and randomize it six into two eight times each one two three four five six seven and eight After eight times we got Chad down to Adam six into two eight times for the teams two three four five six seven and eighth and final time After eight we got st. Louis all the way down to the Cincinnati Red Lakes No trade windows here, but I'll show you the first half of the list right there and the second half of the list right over here Now let's just print and rip Then after this pack break we'll do our third and final dice roll now We've got five packs to choose from so we'll just roll the die We'll just go one two three four five from top to bottom if I roll the six we'll roll again and It's It's five one two three four and five bottom pack and that case will be We'll be in the next video. So here's the final print out on a Sunday Well, let's be honest rex. I feel like that that GM plan in Detroit is gonna probably be unproductive either way, right? Got a Paul Skeens pirates Omar He's pretty good And then we got Albert Rios 221 out of 499 that'll be for Gary in the halos got a match up bowman chrome first And an autograph nice for the pirates Omar with the pirates Omar not bad third round pick. All right, not too shabby Matt Shaw big Cubs prospect going to Gary Albert Alberto Rios once again for Gary and Then a bowman first paper Paul Skeens number one overall pick Not too shabby. All right now. Let's flip back over here Let's gather everybody's names for the third and final dice roll one through 30 You dice new list and we'll match you up with a team So it's gonna be the top 13 It's gonna be the top 13 getting teams top 13 after Three in a one four times fingers crossed. Good luck one two three and Oh one fourth and final time so Sorry chat very close, but just not quite 14 through 30. Thank you for trying Appreciate it Top 13 you've got teams Adam's got a team. So just Gary David Adam again Kevin and Kevin again David Chad Chad you're in Adam Chad Chad Oliver and Adam those extra spots coming in handy So that's the top 13 after four We'll match up with a team right here There you go. So Adam with the angels Oliver with the brew crew Chad last spot mojo Mets and the Cubs Adam with the Reds Chad with the Guardians David with the twins Kevin Philly and Toronto Adam with lodging and David with Houston Gary with Kansas City and Adam with Miami So we'll put Jumbo 10 next to your name. So, you know, that's where you won These teams Bowman's best coming up in the next video. We'll see you for that. Jasper's case breaks calm


Great to have you back on the breakfast here on Bloss TV Africa. Our next conversation moves to talk about Nigeria's economy in 2022 and, of course, the prospects that it might have as the National Assembly has passed the 2022 budget of 17.126 trillion Naira. I was speaking this morning with an economic analyst, Mr. Mukta Mohamed. Good morning, Mr. Mohamed. Thanks for joining us. It's always my pleasure to be here. Good morning. Compliments on the same to you. I saw something that I was just going to quickly share, you know, just a line that I want you to respond to. It says an expansionary budget should stimulate growth, create jobs, increase output, reduce poverty, and, of course, also push infrastructural growth. When you hear these things, do you have these same expectations, you know, for the 2022 budget? Definitely not. I may have had those expectations when I saw the budget as was released by the presidency, where they tried to make sure that the oil benchmark was put as low because of the poor activity. And also they tried to look at how to reduce debt servicing. I think I agree with all those points, but they nearly went to the National Assembly, the budget had been jacked up. And most jacked up of the project we don't know. We talk about constancy project, we talk about giving money for agricultural expansion. And so you just wonder, I think I was thinking for the first time, because the government was very conservative in their project projection, especially in the oil benchmark. I thought for the first time, the legislators and the executive would be on the same page, but unfortunately they have done what they normally do, and which is normally to jack up the price, put in a project that we don't know, put in a project that they won't tell us. And sometimes they go as far as putting in a state project into a federal project. So it's shocking, but that is what it has always been when it comes to budgetary in Nigeria. Well, it doesn't really change much, you know, between the 16 trillion Nair and the 17 trillion Nair. So let's look at what the president at first had sent to the National Assembly, just a little above 16 trillion Naira. Would that have been more exciting? And why do you think that maybe would have made more sense without the additions from the National Assembly? You're talking about 16 trillion, you're talking about 17 trillion, that's almost 1 trillion added to it, that's not small when it comes to economic terms. That is, do you know what 1 trillion would have done, and being in the savings of the Nigerian Coffins, which are the result, what would have happened to us if we had 1 trillion that is saved for the future generation? Sure. Even if it's to pay the debts that this government is already incurring for the future generation, do you know what that would do for Nigeria? No, it's not about strategy, it's all about what are your programs, what are your vision? Budget is the roadmap towards actualizing your electoral promises or your vision. So once budget becomes a subject of controversy where we have to go back and forth and it's not meeting the required targets any longer, and you need to look at budget in Nigeria has never made expectation where you're talking like you're talking about in terms of job creation, infrastructure development, let's look at the area of job creation. It has never made it, even last this present year, it was about 70% Nigerians, huge, huge, we're talking about 70% unemployed, about 40% undiemployed. So you see that as a time bomb and the status are not looking at point this money into area that will create jobs, they are looking at point this money into area that will benefit them in the long run to say during this time at the National Assembly was able to achieve this. Remember, this is going to be the last budget that they are going to have, that we're going to hold in full year for them to come 2023, we'll have an abridged budget or may not even have the budget pending what the administration decided. This is what I'm trying to clarify, because from your earlier statements you said that you may have had some hope until you saw the additions that were made and how they weren't necessarily put in the right direction. So did the initial budget seem like it was going to achieve much for Nigeria, the initial one that was sent to the National Assembly? Yes, yes, yes, especially in the area of depth servicing and oil benchmark, that was what excites me, the oil benchmark was very conservative. At $57 a barrel? $57 for a barrel and at the time they did this, the oil benchmark at that time was almost 70 something dollars for a barrel. I remember that for the previous two budgets that we passed into law, at the time the presidency was putting the oil benchmark at $60 for a barrel and when the president was making the budget, the oil benchmark was even $58 for a barrel. This is the first time we have been very conservative and no, now listen, the difference between $67 for a barrel would have been going into our SS code account, which would have been something that we could use to generate to the sovereign wealth fund for development of key infrastructure projects, like they are involved in the development of the second Niger bridge. You know what that would have done? That would have reduced the depth in terms of depth servicing to the Nigerian government. So that was what really excites me about the budget. I remember that in terms of depth servicing, in previous budget we were doing like for every one Nigerian N, we used an 80 copper to service debt, but in this budget we're looking at, for every one Nigerian N, we're looking at using 60 copper to service debt. Those were just, those were things that were exciting me about the budget going forward, but like I said, the legislators have always done what they know how to do best. Okay, so let's also look at some other issue. The Center for Promotion of Private Enterprise is saying that the 2022 budget will be very difficult to fund and that's for them. They are saying that the budget is very ambitious. It does not reflect the current realities of our country and looking at the fact that depth servicing, we're looking at 3.61 trillion N. I want you to share your thoughts on this. Do you agree with this group of persons? I agree with them. I remember that they didn't say this when the president passed the budget. I mean read the budget to the National Assembly. They are saying it now after the last budget. Because if you look at the budget that was passed by the president, it was very conservative. It was realistic, especially like I said in the terms of benchmark, oil price and other indices. It was very realistic and even in depth servicing. But what we've seen the legislators do is to jack it up and make it very, very unrealistic over ambitious. I agree with them too. So do you think it's difficult to fund the budget? Even the previous budget that was going to be passed that was, I said it was going to be difficult to fund. We're already thinking of borrowing to fund those budgets in other areas. When in terms of borrowing, we're looking to borrow to fund the budget in terms of infrastructure, talk less of now that we're, I mean it's going to be most difficult because they've jacked it up. So it's going to be more difficult. I don't expect what, I don't know. Like we said, it's the ruling government. I don't expect the presidency to sign this budget into law. But if it does, you know, they always have an agreement or sign it or sell it to supplementary budget like that. Maybe that is what will happen. But looking at the budget as it stands now, I don't think it's implementable at all. All right. Speak a little bit more.  President Mahmoud Bahra, of course, you know, and the current administration and their plans to generate or to grow revenue to fund the budget are talking about tax waivers here and there. They're also talking about enhancing taxes, improving custom revenue through tech and, you know, and some other things. Do you look at all of, do you hear any of these?  No, no, no. You see, what government is doing? Government is just thinking of revenue, revenue, revenue, revenue, revenue. I've said it on your program before. I mean, using taxes as a way of raising revenue is ancient these days. What every reasonable economy does is this is looking at using tax as a revenue to grow the economy. If you look at this current budget, realistically, projects, whatever they call it, it's all about revenue. It's all about customs, it's all about FRRS, it's all about income tax, revenue raise. It's all about capital acquisition, revenue. It's all about revenue. And what when you talk about revenue, revenue, you're just thinking of raising funds to do your own project. Nobody's looking at the businesses that are going to bring this revenue. How can we have this business? When you're talking about tax waivers, how many really, really SMEs have really gotten tax waivers? Most of the tax waivers you see are actually those that are close to government that are able to pull their way through government to get the tax waivers. We are not seeing developing companies. We are not seeing companies that are creating jobs coming into this country and you're giving them tax waivers, tax holiday from the next three to four years. All we see is that businesses that are there, you are putting more taxes on them. You are just thinking of that. Look, in a move to your economy, what we think about is job, using your tax revenue as a means to create job. And how do you do that? When you give them tax bracket, they are able to employ more people. Remember, people they are employing from are not exempted from paying tax. So you have a snowball. If the more of your citizens that are employed, the more tax you collect. But it's unfortunate that this government, since its inception, has never thought of looking at tax as a means to grow the economy. All they see about its tax as a means of revenue to fund their own project that they think Nigeria needs, not really how to grow these businesses that will in turn be able to bring taxes and those projects will be formed realistically. Okay, so this is also another part of, you know, budgeting that always consents a lot of economic expats. We're lucky to share your thoughts on that just yesterday, while we're just talking about it on the side. Again, the capital expenditure is pegged at 4.89 trillion, and you have the real current capital or expenditure at 6.8 trillion era. And you can actually see that we're going to pay more attention in real current expenditure, rather than capital. But some people are saying that this is actually an increase after four years, 60% increase. I'd like you to share your thoughts on that as well. When you look at that, a part of the government that was telling us they're going to reduce expenditure, remember they went to even sometime, the president was saying that we don't need six private jets that I'll be taking you know about, we may be sending some of those jets to make sure we get revenue. To reduce the current expenditure has always been the talk of this government. When you talk about the current expenditure, you begin to ask yourself, who are those people that are doing this current expenditure? Why is it always jacking up? You look at this all from the presidency to the legislators. It's not even the civil servant because you cannot say they have employed more civil servants. Remember, there's an embargo on employment. So it's all about debt, sir, because when you talk about how it's like making a scenario. Why does the president of the federal public manager need to sue media advisors? Why does he have a senior special advisor? Does he have a senior special advisor on media? Does he have a senior special advisor on media? Does senior special advisor will have his own TV? Does he have his own secretary? Look, it's all about using the current expenditure as a means of social investment. Or I mean, whatever you call it, we call it like they call it a local palace to market infrastructure because all they think about is how many of the people that helped me come to power, can I give political appointment and in turn they are going to be paid. So it's not about the people. You're looking at the current expenditure being jacked up for almost two trillion. It is not done anywhere. And how many migrants are going to benefit from this? So it's surprising that the government that are proud to be one of the government that will come the most prudent in the history of Nigeria have turned out to be the government that every year we keep seeing an increase in current expenditure. Yeah, but you know, in fairness, you know, and maybe you could also advise on this one, you know, you would expect, you know, before an economy that wants to grow that there would be more interest in capital expenditure instead of a current. But can we afford to increase the figures, you know, for our capital expenditure without borrowing more? We cannot. Other than the capital expenditure, we cannot. And you have seen that. But the other thing I always say that we should do the public private partnership where PPP, whereby the government in turn provides their own, they bring their own project as their own capital into this project. And you tell the private sector, look, you're going to build this project, you're going to build and maintain for the next five years. And after that 25 years, the government will take it over. So what government is doing is using their project as like a warranty or like a guarantor that you can take it, you give a look, we don't have to spend so that government can use this money also in developing or in meeting other social investments for the people. That's what I expect to be, especially during the, during the work we suffered all over the world because of the pandemic. So you, but I'm surprised that we're not looking at that, even when we are looking at that, it's even the private sector that in turn going to government to ask for that, which you see in terms of the Enubu, Enubu, Enubu in the road in the south is that MTN might be sited, the Dangute also have taken over some roads. So I expect that government should have been reaching out. And that is what we talk about, we develop these roads, we're going to give you a bracket for social security, you take care of this power project, this is what you're going to enjoy from us. That is what PPP, that's the new model of Porando in terms of every development economy, even the developing economy. If you look at the American infrastructure, that is what they are trying to achieve also using the PPP. So for me, I think that is the only way that we'll get more projects done and then not also involving us taking more loans for the financing of this project. Okay, so just still on that, what would be the implication of this on the economy come 2022? I mean the fact that we're going to be paying more attention to a recurrent expenditure rather than capital expenditure, would there be an implication for that? Big implication, not to forget that 2022 is an election year. You should have that in the back of your mind. And governments take the back seat. I don't expect them to see governments after the first three to four months of this year.  And also you must forget that even the government have seen that, maybe the governor read that, that's why they are saying that they want to extend their life span of the 2021 budget to March because they know that governments will take the back seat. So what are we going to expect? I don't think there will be anything. Rather we will see more recurrent expenditure. There are more political appointees for those that are going to leave government are trying to also see how they can pacify those that they didn't pacify for the past eight or four years. And also for those that want to come back, they'll also be using that as a use stick also to make people vote for them to get some people back to the political center state. So governments is going to take the back seat. But the only thing about we talked about is economy. That is why we say the CBN that is supposed to be the monetary policy have become both the monetary and physical policy. So that is where you see the CBN begin to function. In both what the physical should be doing, they will do both the monetary and the fiscal policy because they know governments will take the back seat. That is the only positivity that can come up in 2022. Maybe the CBN will begin to do more direct intervention even if we have a reservation on product is better than not. One thing that we don't speak about enough is implementation of each year's budget. You know, we're not sure how much 2020 budget was implemented. And of course, you know, pretty much the same thing will happen in 2021. Mr. Mahmoud, do you think that if we can truly pump in 4.89 trillion Naira of our capital expenditure into Nigeria's infrastructure every year, we will actually see a difference? Definitely, if we do that completely, if we do that holistically, if we do that without quality point of tune, if we do that without any corruption invited in it, we could, we would have been seeing that. And you need to give it to this institution that keeps saying in terms of infrastructure, they don't very well. Even if they borrow today, you could see that some of this infrastructure, you could see that with your physical eye compared to before when you get some money. But we should always remember the slogan that was once said by one of the former minister and also a politician that said, budget approved is not money released. So money release is always a problem because sometimes this budget approved, but like you said, there's no capital to pack up the implementation of this budget. And also not to forget that sometimes, especially when it comes to infrastructure, it's only Nigeria that you see the government would have given the project before they begin to ask for the visibility study, the design for this project. Although in a developed country, you know that you're going to pass a budget for a project. You need to call the companies that want to beat for this project. You need to negotiate with them. After the negotiation, you need to approve their plan and everything. That's why you take it to the national assembly for approval. But our own is the other way around. You approve before you ask people to come and be. And that's why the challenge is that we normally have. So what would be the high point for you of the 2022 budget? And if we have to go back in time, if you know, probably correct one or two, what would be the area that you want us to pay attention to? Number one, the area I want to pay attention to is let's reduce our benchmark on oil. Let's make it as low as possible so that we can have money to save for the future generation. That's how great economies are grown. That's why that's how the economy in Dubai has grown. That's why the economy in Qatar has grown. That's how most developed economy, especially oil-driven economy, have been able to grow. They use those benchmark, use those revenue that are saved in terms of their benchmark to begin to develop other stream of income, which in turn, when there's volatility in this sector, those are the stream that comes in to help them. Unfortunately, we are not with that. That is what I want the government to do. Then I want to see the PPP more private sector coming in the area of infrastructure development, why governments save their revenue for social investment that will reduce the rate of poverty in the land. For me, who can do these kids, these two key things, I can tell you, it won't be long. Prosperity will be in the land. How would you rate our or the current administrations moves towards diversifying our economy? It was one of the things that was said a lot in 2015 and also in 2019. We have just a little above a year before the next elections. Do you think that they've done well enough with diversifying our economy or still where we were? You said 2015, say 2019. Remember, 2015, why did they say that the price of oil crude was about $40, $35 when they came? They were shorting diversification. 2019, why did they say that the price of crude came down? The pandemic was there. They started shorting diversification. Once the price of crude has gone to $70,000 to $80,000, how much noise did we have about diversification? So, diversification has become a deep services. The only place that we see diversification work is those diversification that we see direct intervention by the CDN, especially the anchor borrowing scheme that has to do with the rice production. You also will see diversification in the area wheat production that they are trying to do. This is diversification in order that you need to give it that in terms of the non-oil revenue, it has been one of the best so far thus far because we've seen that oil in the last report that we're given by NBC, oil was even contributing more. I mean, non-oil sector was contributing more in positive to the negativity that we saw in the oil sector. So, when you look at that, but you need to say that those things, those interventions have come from the monetary policy instead of the fiscal policy. You could imagine if the fiscal and monetary policy are on the same page, the same synergy in terms of implementation of crude, whether monetary or fiscal, then would have seen astronaut cargo. Have they done well? I think they've done the best they can in terms of in the non-oil sector. I think they tried in that way. But would they have done better? They would have done better if they really have matched their words with action, especially times when the price of crude was at its lowest level. But again, you must realize that what we need to know is that it's just like you're working in an establishment and you are earning revenue. Your key revenue is where you are working. So, the salary they pay you in the month. What you do with your salary in the month is to diversify into other states of income so that it will augment your salary. So, our key revenue is still oil. So, we cannot run away from that. But what do we do? We use that oil to begin to develop other sector. That is what we have not done thus far. So, why has that been a major concern for us and an issue? Because we, of course, this morning we hear that the government is making plans to launch the national new development plan and what have you. And the talk for diversifying the economy would always come with development plans. So, that has been ongoing with successive governments. You've had from 1966, there about shortly after trying to recover from the Civil War up until this point. So, you have different agendas, the different development plans. And why have we been able to you know, have a handle on diversification? All the infrastructure, the political way to implement, all the structure to implement some of this, of this document. Now, you're talking about a five-year development plan that the government is trying to launch. Remember that we have the economic recovery group plan that was supposed to be one of the pillar of this ambitious, it was supposed to be like a 10-year plan. That plan has its depth, it has its depth, but even until it took the war richest man, then they'll get to pick a hole in that economic recovery group and before the government took it up and say they're taking it to the laboratory. And now we're coming from the laboratory, we are playing five-year developmental plan. And what we keep saying is that in terms of plan, plan is not the problem. What are the structures that you're putting in play that these plans are implementing? That is the major challenge.  So in terms of that, I think it's lack of political will. And again, it's lack of government-ready to do the work. Government is not ready to do the work. Remember that it takes, it doesn't take them so much. You just take our food outside, you get the revenue. But when you're talking about diversification in the non-OEA cycle, you know you need to do the work. You need to do the work. You need to meet the people. You need to begin to think out of the box. And that is one area that you know. Governance is not good at thinking out of the box. All they think about is what is the easier way out of the problem. So that's why we have had those programs because we've not had a government that begin to think out of the box and begin to see how we can group this non-OEA sector. And when you want to build a non-OEA sector, then you need to look at the informal sector. When you are looking at the informal sector, you need to look at infrastructure. So that is why it has been a big challenge for us. Well, Mokhtar Mohamed, like you've projected and like you've said, let's enjoy the first three, four months of 2022 before politics can start. And hopefully, you know, there would be some benefits from the budget that we would enjoy before we are all, you know, put on the back seat for politics. Thank you very much for your time this morning. And compliments of the season once again have a very interesting Christmas. I like your Christmas party. I wish you a good one. Thank you. You can. Good one and once again. All right. All right. And this is where we end the conversation this morning. A couple of days to Christmas, we're wishing you a very, very interesting celebration in the next week plus all the way to the new year. But of course, remember to stay with us every day. And if you missed out on any part of our conversation, it's simply a plus to the Africa on Facebook and Instagram. Same with our YouTube channel. Yes, a Class C, the Africa lifestyle. And do not forget to always protect yourself, wear your nose mags, respect the social distancing and be paranoid with washing your hands. I am messy hopeful. I am Osaogi O'Born.


Thank you. Good morning. It's a pleasure to be here to discuss the findings from the Endometrial Disease Working Group. I always loved coming to Washington. Last time I was here I walked past the Government Accountability Office. Talk about an oxymoron. This time I was walking out of the subway and I walked out of the metro. I saw the VRE trains, so all the doctors in the audience will know that I took an immediate right turn and went the opposite direction. So endometrial cancer begins here on the lining of the uterus. It invades into the muscle of the uterus and then will spread to lymph nodes or to the omentum within the abdomen. There's two main types of endometrial cancer. There is low grade, glandular forming, endometrioid cancer, which has a low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, and preserved architecture. And there's a high grade serous type, which is more solid and as much more atypical nuclei. And these are essentially two different diseases. Now the complicating part is that it's very difficult for pathologists to differentiate these two types of tumors when they are high grade. And an article impressed here where three different pathologists from three different academic centers try to look at inter-observer variability. And in fact more than a third of the cases was a major disagreement when trying to classify high grade endometrial carcinoma. Type 1 cancers are endometrioid. They have a favorable outcome and often they're treated with radiation therapy when appropriate. The type 2 serous cancers, which are more aggressive and often metastatic, are treated with chemotherapy. So these two types have different treatment paradigms, which is somewhat schizophrenic among the professional community as far as who gets which type of treatment. But classification is the first important step to determining what treatment a patient receives. There's no mutations in endometrial cancer. P10 mutations, P353 mutations, and the ones you see on this slide are previously known and have varying frequencies between type 1 and type 2 cancers. And the outcomes are different, of course, like any other cancer early stage tumors do well. And for a disease that's spread beyond the uterus, the recurrence at about one year, 50% of patients will recur at about one year. But interesting to note is in the advanced recurrent cases, about 25% are serous or high grade. And in the early diagnostic cases, at the time of diagnosis, only about 15% of cases are serous or high grade. So when we started the TCGA project, we didn't want to collect all the tumors that were available because the ones that are commonly available are low grade, good prognostic tumors that do not result in death. And so that would not be the best cohort to study. And so we tried to skew the accrual towards the more aggressive cases that would lead to death and tried to accrue cases based on what we see in the recurrent disease setting, as shown here on this slide. And we did pretty good. We've collected 373 cases for the data freeze. The average age is about what you'd expect for endometrial cancer. We have 20% of patients that have recurred. And here you can see we have about 100 cases of each, including the grade 3 high grade endometrioid cases. And we have 50 of the serous cases. And we want to make sure we get to 50 cases. And so we reached our accrual goal here before doing the analysis. And as with most endometrial cancer, there's only a few deaths.  And so we're powering most of our outcomes on recurrence rather than death, which doesn't occur as frequently in endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancer being the fourth most common cancer among women leads to 8,000 deaths per year in the United States. To date, we have 400 and I'm sorry, 248 exome payers, just over 100 low-pass hole genomes. And you can see the other numbers here for the other platforms that have been used in this analysis, including almost 300 samples on the reverse phase protein arrays. So the first thing we'll look at is a copy number. And this is just organized based on histologic subtype. And you can see that as the histology becomes more aggressive, the copy number profiles become more complex. Now, if you do unsupervised clustering, as Andy Cherniak did, you can find four copy number groups here. And interestingly, the first copy number group is essentially diploid with no somatic copy number alterations. There's two predominantly endometrioid groups here in the middle that have few copy number alterations. And then this very complex group four here. And if you look at the second bar below the figure, the blue here are all the cirrus subtype cases. But mixed in here are a few other lighter colors. And in fact, one quarter of the high-grade endometrioid cases cluster with the cirrus tumors. And we refer to these as cirrus-like cases. If you look at progression-free survival, as you would expect, the cirrus group does much worse. But in fact, copy number three, which is essentially defined by this one-q broad amplification, and it is endometrioid in histology, also does significantly worse than the other two groups up here. If you look at the focal logistic peaks, again, you can see a copy number one right here. Copy number two has very few alterations. Copy number three, again, cluster three has this broad one-q amplicon. And then cluster four has extensive copy number alterations, like you would see in ovarian cirrus carcinoma, probably lung squamous, and in basal-like breast cancer. If you want to move to mutations, just the common mutations, just to sort of lay the landscape here, P10 mutations are most common in low-grade endometrioid tumors. P53 mutations are obviously common in the high-grade cirrus and in a portion of the high-grade endometrioids. And just for reference, the PIC3CA mutations are essentially equally distributed across these different histologic subtypes. So now we get more into the exome data, and this part of the figure, I'll take a few minutes to go through it. On the top here, you're seeing mutation rate, and there's a group of samples here that have a very high mutation rate, probably 100 times higher than most solid tumors on the order of 100 per megabase or more. This group is defined here by microsatellite instability and also has a high mutation rate, and these two groups over here have low mutation rates and are split up specifically based on copy number alterations, which you see in this row over here. This is again the cirrus cases are all over here, as I'll show you later, and the cirrus-like cases are here. But this is how we initially divided up the cohort, again based on mutation rate, microsatellite instability, and copy number alteration. Now moving on a little further, if we highlight this subgroup over here, these 17 cases which have very high mutation rates are all defined by universal mutations in polymerase E, which plays a role in transcription-coupled repair, and the very interesting thing we discovered in this study is that 75 percent or 13 of the 17 cases here actually have one of two hotspot mutations in pole E, and this results in a different mutation spectrum with a significantly greater frequency of transversions rather than transition mutations. And so this was quite exciting when this was discovered, and similar findings have been seen in colorectal. In particular, in the marker paper, they had a small group that had these ultramutator cases, and since that time they've also identified these hotspot mutations in colorectal. And this afternoon, David Wheeler will talk about this. If we take these four mutation spectrum groups and look at their outcome, we see two interesting things. As expected, again, the cirrus cases and the high-grade frequent copy number cases have a worse outcome. The two middle groups, which includes the microsatellite-stable and instable groups, have about the same progression-free survival, keeping in mind that the follow-up data in this particular study is somewhat limited compared to other studies in literature and clinical trials. It's controversial in endometrial cancer whether patients who have microsatellite instability do better or worse in colon cancer. It's almost uniformly agreed that those patients do better. And again, in endometrial cancer, we see here that they do the same. And in the subgroup of pole E mutations, although it's only 17 patients, it may be hard to draw conclusions, but so far, and some of these, despite the access right now being in days, some of these sensorines do get out to three to five years, there's not a single event in the pole E group. So it's possible this is a good prognostic subgroup and further data, further study will be required and this is under way by both David Wheeler and collaborators. So now if we add a few other rows to this figure, we can add in just P10 and P53 mutations. Again, you see all of the P53 mutations are here. Virtually all the P10 mutations lie in the other groups. And now we add on histology and grade. And again, these purple bars are cirrus cases. The dark gray here are the high grade cases. And so again, these are all the cirrus cases plus about 25% of the high grade and nemitrioid cases, which still are behaving like cirrus tumors and called cirrus like. Now, you always find interesting cases here. And this is really where the molecular data can certainly be value added on to what you otherwise would get without ever doing this. And here, before we get into that, we'll look at some of the significantly mutated genes is about 50 SMGs that are different, have differential frequencies between these groups. Some of the more attractive ones are highlighted here. Again, you can see PIC3CA mutations are fairly evenly distributed. Certainly, the ultramutator group has more mutations in every gene. ARID1A is not found in cirrus cases. KRES is not found in cirrus cases. Beta-catenin is interesting here because there's a very high frequency peak among the cases that have low mutation rate. And in fact, the hypermutator micro-satellite cases do not have a higher frequency, as you see in every other gene, suggesting that beta-catenin is really playing a role here in the nemitrioid low grade, low mutation rate cohort, and a few other genes are here. Now, getting to an interesting case here, this is zoomed in on one part of the figure. And you'll see at the bottom, this is a cirrus case, but in fact, it does not have a P53 mutation. There's no copy number alterations, and it has a very high mutation rate. This seemed odd, so we went into the patient portal, which you heard about yesterday, from the C-bio group at MSK. And if we pull up this patient's profile, you can see, in fact, there's a KRAS mutation, again, not what you'd expect in a cirrus case. And there's an ARID1A mutation, which is also less common in the cirrus cases. So then we went back to the histologic section, which now, gratefully, is fully available for all the TCGA cases. And we had one of our specialty pathologists look at this case, and he said definitively, this is an nemitrioid case, not a cirrus case, but in fact, it has some micropapillary architecture, which can be confusing to differentiate this from cirrus and nemitrioid. And he looked at the morphology, and based on some other studies he had done, suggested this case may actually have an MSH6 mutation. I did tell him that it had a high mutation rate, and CERIAC, we know CERIAC, Candle from WashU, just last night went back to look at the traces, and there may be an MSH6 insertion in a homopolymer tract, so it's not clear if that's a true mutation or not. But nonetheless, this is what would be a misclassified cirrus case that really only could be identified from doing these types of studies. We've done, the Vancouver group has done a microRNA sequencing and clustering, we found six microRNA subgroups. In addition, methylation was done both in this project on the 27 and 450k arrays. They developed some approaches to integrate that data. Again, like many other tumor types, there's four methylation subgroups. This group here is a hypermethylator group that has a simp-like phenotype that's seen in some of the other diseases, and again here are all the cirrus cases that have very low levels of DNA promoter methylation. The MD Anderson, Wei Zhang, and Yuzhan Lu have done expression clustering, identifying three gene expression clusters, giving them names of mitotic, hormonal, and immunoresponsive based on the components and members of these clusters. The hormonal group has increased expression both at the gene and protein level of the hormonal receptors, and looking at the progression for survival according to gene expression clusters. Again, the mitotic group which contains all the cirrus and cirrus-like cases, again does worse than the other two groups do about the same. Now, in this, and again you can see that confirmed by all the p53 mutations over here, and the p10 mutations over here, which really is the hallmark for differentiating these two subtypes. Now, I think for the first time in TCGA, we actually took the RPPA data and used it in a supervised manner to see if we could understand and validate the biology from the gene expression clusters here, and doing this on this heat map with 36 proteins. In fact, you can see that the mitotic cluster has increased expression of DNA and proliferative genes. Again, the hormonal cluster at the protein level we see the hormone receptors being active here, and in the immunoreactive cluster we see stat 3, as well as LKB1. Again, confirming what we think is a proper labeling of this cluster of immunoreactive. And now looking at the full RPPA data courtesy of Gordon Mills, that was a supervised RPPA analysis. This is the unsupervised RPPA clustering. Here there are five RPPA clusters. I'll give you one second to look over that slide. The first cluster in pink here has basically signaling on. The second cluster contains most of the serous cases. The third cluster is basically signaling pathways that are off. The fourth cluster has reactive proteins, as well as map kinase pathway, and the small fifth cluster, I believe, is a stromal signature here. The paradigm folks did the paradigm analysis, looking at the expression and copy number data, and I also identified five clusters, which you can see at the bottom, but two of them are quite small. The third cluster in the middle contains all the serous and serous-like cases, which has mick activation and interest. And here we see the p53 pathway is suppressed due to the p53 inactivating mutations. Cluster five has mick activity and hormonal activity, which is consistent with certainly this disease process. And here's interesting, in cluster one we see low mixed signaling, but very high wind signaling, which again one confirms the high frequency beta-catenin mutations, and I'll also show you some of the specific mutations on the next few slides. This is the, speaking of the next slides, this is the, from the C-bio group, I think names are on the next slide. This is the Ras-beta-catenin pathway, which is the most significant module that came up in their mutually exclusive mutation analysis. And what we have here, in these three different boxes throughout the whole figure, we have the hypermutator micro-satellite unstable cases. We have the micro- satellite stable and nemitrioid cases and the serous-like cases here. The serous-like cases have amplification of ERB-2, which may or may not be associated with sensitivity to herceptin, a trial previously done by the gynecological college group was negative, using mostly immunohistochemistry. The hypermutator samples have frequent KRAS mutations, and then again we see the frequent beta-catenin mutations here. Now this is a different mechanism of activation in which KRAS can stabilize beta- catenin as opposed to APC- associated degradation, which is seen in colon cancer. And the reason that this comes up is because the beta-catenin and the KRAS here are mutually exclusive that you see in multiple of the subgroups. Also identified were SOC-17 mutations with two hotspots shown on the bottom part of the figure. Looking back to one of our favorite pathways, PI3 kinase-AKT, this is certainly the disease where we see the most activity in the pathway. Again, the mutations are evenly distributed across the various subtypes. P10 mutations are more common, of course, in the end demitrioids. And here we see mutual exclusivity between PIC3R1 and PIC3CA. This is not a new finding. It was reported about two years ago by Gordon Mills and has also been reported by others. But what's interesting here is if you look at the PIC3CA mutations, we see the common exon 9 and exon 20 hotspots. But we also see frequent mutations here in exon 2, which is the P85 binding domain. And then if we look at P85 or PIC3R1, we see many mutations with one hotspot here in the SH2 domain, which is the domain that binds over here to the P85 domain of PIC3CA. And so, in fact, these mutations here are likely functionally related to interactions over here with these mutations. And for that reason, you see almost perfect exclusivity here between the two genes. And I would imagine these cases are just due to the hyper mutation status of these samples. And of course, a few of these samples in this group do have a high mutation rates, but do not have micro-satellite instability. Another interesting finding is that there's a very high frequency in P10 of the codon 130 hotspot mutations, more than a third of the endometrial cases. And in other diseases that have P10 mutations, this particular hotspot is mutated at a much lower rate. Looking at PIC3CA, again, we went over this just in the past couple of slides, but again, this is also different than you see in other diseases, particularly breast cancer, which has a lot of PIC3CA mutations and has targeted trials going on, but the spectrum is very different than we see here in endometrial cancer, which has clear implications. Superclusters were done, which you've seen before. Again, this is sort of summarizing all the various platforms. There were four different clusters identified. Again, the cluster that contained all the cirrus cases does worse, a common theme, of course, and the rest of the clusters show no difference in outcome based on this analysis. Finally, the question is whether uterine cirrus cases share similarities with ovarian cirrus and basal-like breast. In the breast cancer paper, they showed similarities with ovarian cirrus as far as cyclone amplifications, amic amplification, and BRCA mutations, as well as correlation of expression profiles between the ovarian cirrus and the basal-like breast subgroup. So we asked the question, well, does uterine cirrus also share the features because histologically and clinically they share many features. And so here is a multi-platform approach looking at copy number. Again, expression correlations between the uterine cirrus, ovarian cirrus, and basal group here. And again, now the methylation plots are here with the uterine cirrus, ovary cirrus, and basal-like breast looking very similar. And from the paradigm group, you can see the consensus clustering here with the uterine cirrus, basal-like breast, and all the ovarian cases based on the silhouette widths here. Unfortunately, not unfortunately, but when we look at the mutations, we do find the differences here. So they're very similar looking at multiple platforms. But when you do add in the various mutations, you see quite a few differences. Certainly ovarian cirrus and basal-like breast have a generally lower mutation rate, particularly PIC-3CA, Irby-2 amplifications, PIC-3R1-P10, and some of the other genes here are highly mutated in uterine cirrus cancer, which is again not a hypermutator subtype, but there are frequent mutations here, which you did not see an ovarian cancer, which generally has very few mutations overall, and you don't see them as commonly in basal-like breast. So there's many similarities. They share many genomic similarities, probably related to the shared high frequency of P53 mutations. And some of the GYN specialists and biologists ask the question, well, do all these cases come from the same place? Are these all tumors that begin in the fallopian tube and some of them fall down onto the endometrium and some of them fall out onto the ovary, giving you endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer? The mutation data would suggest that's not the case, but you easily could make the argument that they come from the same original site, but the microenvironment then induces them to become differentiated tumors. So to summarize, again, we've identified recurrent polymutations that are associated with the altered mutation spectrum and very high mutation rate, very active PI-3KT pathway, which certainly has ramifications for targeted inhibition. But again, one of the main points is that this genomic stratification can really complement or supplant histologic subtyping, particularly where there's poor inter-observer concordance. And this may have very important effects in whether a patient receives a completely different modality of treatment, radiotherapy versus chemotherapy after having a hysterectomy. And so in this era of precision medicine, these types of findings will help to design clinical trials and bring the targeted agents to the clinic in a rational manner. Just a few announcements before I finish. TCGA is doing a lot to combat cancer. I think we can do better with cigarette smoking. This is back to the government accountability office where they're helping you figure out where to smoke. And in the elevators of this building, you can have a $25 fine if you actually smoke in the elevators. I think the fine should be a little higher for smoking in the elevator. The endometrial group will meet tonight at five o'clock in salon two to discuss the manuscript and go over our punch list for the manuscript. What else do I have? There's many people to thank. I tried to include the key players on this slide.  Elaine is the co-chair of the analysis working group with me and has been wonderful to work with. JJ Gao is our data wrangler. And Nikki Schultz has been coordinating all the figures for the manuscript. And so we're grateful to all those people. And I have 35 seconds.  My last slide went away. Can I have my slides back? The last slide will show you that the AACR is having a special conference on ovarian cancer next May. And the reason I put this up is not to advertise the conference because people are studying ovarian cancer here. But they really came and said because of TCGA ovarian project, which was finished about a year or two ago, we now think it's time to have a special conference. And so now the work that's being done here is really, as we all know, being spread to the broader community. The subtitle should be from TCGA to clinic, but it's from concept to clinic. So if you're interested in this disease, come next September to sunny Miami. And thank you for your attention. Actually, I got a quick question. So I noticed the high degree of overlapping p10 loss and PI3 kinase mutation. Is that second? P10 loss or p10 mutation and PI3 kinase mutation co-occurred. Yes. Almost all of the p10 mutations have either picked three or picked three or one mutations in this cancer, but not others. And when you look at the protein, there is some correlations as to which dual mutation you have and what that functional effect is. I think basically in all these clinical trials, which you're involved with and I'm involved with, we have to basically look at the outcomes of the responses in light of these types of co-mutations and see what the significance is. So does the RPPA data show activation of markers downstream of PI3 kinase in all these samples? Gordon has previously published that there's more functional activity if you have a co-occurrence of loss of p10 protein with one of these, as opposed to just the mutation of the loss of protein. All right. Thank you, Doug.


paraumili nama tsutikiavenia paraumili nama tsutiki Bili nama tsutiki paraumili nama tsutiki paraumili nama tsutiki kwa duhaya Maathu 11 Maathu 11 Naibat 28 Naibat 30 Matthew 11, verse 28, down to verse 30. Bible says, come to me, O you who labor in a heavy laden, I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am gentle and lowly in heart, and you go find rest for your souls. I will read one more time, come to me, O you who labor in a heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am gentle and lowly in heart, and you go find rest for your souls. Vasdati, for my yoke is easy, my burden is light. Let's pray. Gracious Father in heaven, hallowed be the name thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in this place and for this message as it is in heaven. For thine is a kingdom, is a power and glory.  Lord this morning I pray that may I not be seen, may I not be heard. But may you be seen and heard as you speak to us all. My request, Father, is that you may put your words into my mouth and order my lips and my vault to your glory in Jesus' name I pray, amen. Give them all. Now today is the first Sabbath of the new year, and of course it is prayer and fasting Sabbath. This is to Asha in the 10 days of prayer. I will be starting this coming Wednesday. But as I was thinking through, why do we dedicate ourselves to prayer? Why do we as a church have to set apart time and season to call everyone to come in for prayer? I discover that friends as you also know that life has its feel of conflict, sorrows, pain, suffering, troubles piled upon troubles. I know even as we've closed into the new year, most struggle to find meaning in this meaningless world. In fact many people perish without hope. Many are giving up even as I'm talking right now. But we are glad to be here today, the first Sabbath of the new year 2024. We are excited, we are greeting each other, happy new year. But I know that somebody is asking what is new in the new year? To me or just a change of date in the calendar, nothing seem to have changed. I have just transitioned to the new year with the baggage that I bought in 2023. I feel no change, no relief, my heart is pained. And so somebody is wondering what is the excitement for, what is the celebration for, for my bills and all paid? And somebody is asking is there hope in this world? Is there hope for the way we saw? I invite you friends this morning to reason with the words of Jesus, who spoke, gave a very special invite. He says, come unto me. You see Jesus over time has mastered art of ministering to our needs. He knows us more than we do. He is acquainted with our situations. And he meet us at our very point of needs in different situations of life. There are different invitation that Jesus has given. You know, to they who are dying or dead heart, Jesus would say, come forth like he spoke to Lazarus when he was dead. To the wanting heart, Jesus says, come down. He looked at Zekias on the tree. Zekias need and salvation. And Jesus speaks to him and tells him, Zekias, come down. He understands what to say when you need him for salvation. To the seeking curious heart, like that of John, the disciple of Jesus. When Jesus was with him and they met Jesus for the first time and they decided to be with him. And they asked Jesus, Jesus, where do you stay? Jesus answered them and told them, come and see. To the seeking heart, Jesus says, come and see. But I find also to the weary heart, to the heart that abounded, Jesus has a special call, a special invite. He says, come unto me. Can you say amen or bear?  For he, the only one, back out, deal with your pain, can deal with your frustration, with your disappointment. So he speaks to the world and says, come unto me. Or ye, o labor, that I have laid, and I will give you rest. Take my yoga upon you and learn of me, for I am meek and lowling heart. Yet you shall find rest for your soul. I find that the reason why many are struggling, many are disappointed, many are down with the depression, many are frustrated is because they have no peace in their souls. This morning I speak to you and I invest in you here. I know there is somebody here today who's heart is so troubled. But I want the next few minutes to invite you to walk with Jesus and look at his beautiful invite this morning. He says, come unto me. Now let me consider this phrase, come unto me. You say, Jesus is always inviting. Can you say amen? Jesus will never send you away. Jesus is always inviting. And he says, come not to the pastor. Come not to the church, but come to me. You know, he calls people to himself. This in fact is the favorite word of Jesus. He left the glorious of heaven just to speak one path word. Come, he came to seek that we may go to him. He came, those who were desperate, they may have hope not to Jesus. Those who come to him, he makes them what they were yearning to hear. Gives them a personal relationship with him. Coming to Jesus, I declare today as the fastest step in getting peace for your soul. You will never have peace in your soul. Your soul shall not rest until you come to Jesus. You see, the Bible says, men are trusted in chariots and horses, but they will never have peace. Deven says, I looked up them, he was where so may help come from until you come to Jesus. This morning Jesus is inviting everyone who has the privilege to be in 2024. The invite is come unto me. May I inform you friends this morning that the Lord has instructed me prayerfully to announce to my church that in this new year, 2024, this is the year of come back to the Lord. The new year is inviting us if there is anything you need to celebrate for if this new year is not the food you ate or the phrase who took you out but the new and kind invite from Jesus come back to me. 2024, he is a new year to come back to the Lord. Is a come back year, come back to your senses, come back from your wandering, come back from the vanities of life, come back from your disobedience to obedience, come back from your brokenness, come back from all your frustrations, come back from your slavery to freedom, come back from bad health to good health, come back from loss to gain, come back from lost jobs to new opportunities in 2024, come back from your failed marriage or to enduring thriving relationship, come back from your drunkenness to sovereignness. Jesus is inviting you in 2024. He declares the year of come back and you come trust him and come back to him says come and to me. Can you say man? You see friends, when Jesus spoke these words, he studied the souls of men and women. He looked at situations of people, the tribulations of his people had in new, there was no bomb in Giviat apart from coming and to him. Best morning. I just came by to spek you to let you know we have been privileged to be given a year of come back. He says you will labor and I have a laden. You are my target in 2024. Come and to me. You will labor and have a laden. You see, in this statement friends, Jesus speaks to those who labor for vanities of life. But what Solomon calls chasing after the weed. He calls those people who are twiling every day, had twilers in this life, but people who will never be satisfied even as they worked early in the morning. They seem not to touch what they were chasing after. They are so worried, they are so troubled. They are so broken in life and Jesus looks at them as they step in the new here and they are asking what is new in 2024? The Lord says come and to me. I have seen you labor, I have seen your vanities, I have seen your struggle, come and to me. Jesus, this morning is speaking to all men that have tried and tried in vain to satisfy their conscience and to obey the law of God just like the woman of the world who was seeking for things that cannot satisfy. Many this morning have been seeking, are seeking, share their heart and are satisfied. Jesus is inviting, he says come and to me.  You say seize your efforts for you can do nothing without me, to me. Let me speak about labor. I find there are two or more than two types of labor that Jesus or badm brother that Jesus is talking about here. You see those who labor and have learned it. And I was asking myself why was the difference between their statement those who labor and have learned it? Do they mean the same thing? And I have discovered that Jesus is very careful. You see there are two types of badm's. There are badm's that we labor for. Badm's that we take upon ourselves. Badm's that we cause for our own self. Badm's that are not caused by people. We are the ones who labor and work very hard to get those badm's. Have you seen people who caught trouble? I mean everything is okay. Every being seem to be going well until you do something and help break loose. People who work hard to create trouble for themselves. You wanted maybe a quick money. You wanted quick money and you got yourself into questionable business deals. You thought no one would find out and now you are in trouble with the laws of the land. Now you have sank all the savings of your family. You are struggling. You worked hard to get yourself in that space. You bearing a burden. Jesus has come unto me. Even you worked for your pain. Even you worked for your badm's. Come unto me. Could be a young man, a young woman who has worked themselves through addiction.  You put yourself in that space. Friends were telling you that is not right. Your parents were warning you that is not right. You worked very hard. You kept it a secret. You would do everything to assure your parent you not find out what you are doing. You did it in secret but today it is troubling you in public. You are carrying a huge burden.  You can't function without appeal. You can't function without sex. You can't function without washing that material. You put yourself there. You are addicted. You in prison. You levered for your parents. Even so, Jesus is inviting you this morning. Can you say, man, my grace is sufficient. Bring your burden unto me. Your soul is troubled. Come unto me that I may give you rest. I see you love me. You are struggling.  I also give you rest or maybe it's a young man or young woman who was raped by his relative or relative and though it appears that you care for my outset, he said you're broken, you're horrible, you do not appreciate life, you wonder why you were born, you're working and working, you're troubled, your heart is so sick. And wonder what is new? Either new here, Jesus says, I recognize your trouble, come. I don't know who I'm talking to this morning but I just signed.  But also, friends, there are some people whose burdens they never worked for. You see, the statement or the phrase heavy laden, air means you may have hit on yourself the burdens or somebody else may have hit the burdens on you. Somebody loaded on you the burdens. Now Jesus recognizes, there are some people in their sanctuary this morning, those online watching and following this program. Jesus recognizes, there are some innocent burden bearers, people who never did anything wrong for the misery, for the trouble, for the tribulations and afflictions and the pain. They are simply innocent burden bearers. They don't know what to do. Jesus is sympathizing severe. He reaches out to you this morning. He says, I recognize your situation. Come unto me. You see, friends, indeed there are many people sitting here this morning who are victims of circumstance. And you know yourselves. The pain you bearing today, the situation you find yourself in then fortunate situation in your life. You never expectant. You never want to fall. It just came your way and you hear trouble. Your heart has no peace. Jesus assigned me to you this morning. Maybe you lost a job not because of any wrong you did but because somebody somewhere was simply uncomfortable with your success. They worked very hard to frustrate you. They worked very hard to make you be removed from your job. You have taken too long maybe to graduate from your college. Maybe because your professor are sat on your grade because you turned down a seduction, moves and because of that he said she will never graduate just struggling in college. You are pure standing upright with the Lord but yet you are living in pain. Jesus as I understand you are here in Vesniosabab of the new year 2024. I invite you to come unto me. And I am here this morning friends, let you know there is hope for the way I saw. There is hope. There is hope for the way I saw through Jesus Christ. You see he says come unto me and I will give you rest. The promise, the assurance is that as you come to me you are not coming for stories. You are not coming to be shamed. You are not coming for anything else. You are coming to receive rest for your soul. You receive rest for your heart. Jesus is inviting this morning that you may be at peace. I don't know what I'm talking to this morning but I am feeling somebody needing this message this morning. He says I will give you rest. And so friends this morning I just came to let you know you can trust Jesus with your parents. Not one, not two all of your parents bring to Jesus. Bring to Jesus. Give them all to him because he has been made the burden bearer of the universe. He carries your burdens. He carries your burden. You don't have to struggle carrying your burdens once you believe in Jesus. Lay them at the feet of Jesus. He is a qualified burden bearer. You can trust him this morning. I came this morning to let you know friends that in a troubled world like this one we are living in you need rest for your soul. I stopped by this morning to let you know that in a world where wickedness seem to be thriving and about taking righteousness you need rest for your soul. I just came this morning to remind you that when you discover that your enemy is actually your closest friend and your heart is so troubled you need rest for your soul. I came this morning to let you know when you feel troubled, tired and tired in the inner part of you you need rest of your soul. This is found in Jesus. So Jesus is inviting us this morning come and give your burdens to him. I rend a song somewhere. The writer of the song says oh soul are you weary and troubled? No light in the darkness as you say.


Thank you, James, for kind introduction and welcome back from lunch. How many of you guys know what Zhiyunki has been doing for living before he decided to dedicate his life to make science more open? So do you know that Zhiyunki is a doctor, but what kind of doctor is he? And what he's been doing for a long time? I'll show you a short video. It's two minutes. Can you put sound on, please? Oh, hold on. It's volume off. Where these arteries are, what these arteries should look like, and where there should be blood flow. And when there's interruption in that blood flow, it sends off an alert. So the goal now is to get the clot out of the brain as quickly as we can. If we cannot get this clot out of the brain, that this whole area of brain that you see here in green, the whole area will be dead most likely. So what we did in this case is use a smaller bore catheter to grab the clot. This is actually the culprit for all his symptoms, and now we have it outside the body and we have full restoration of flow. Hello, Dr. Devlin. How are you doing there, sir? Pretty good. How are you? Good to see you. So, Zyonka is a radiologist. 15 years ago, I was brought into the Irish hospital with severe headache.  Then he called neurosurgeon, named Mr. Ravlak, and they looked at the pictures and they declared two things. First, they said there is not much brain, the Irish, and second, they said that what there is a mess. Couple of hours later, I had to bring back to the radiology room for another angiogram, and shortly later I was given two options.  And like in the situation like this, you really want to make the best informed decision as possible. But I was bound to the bed and the internet was still, the mobile internet was still quite poor then, so I asked three of my friends to do as much research as they can. And all of them, all three of them came back with the first thing they said that they hit the paywall. So I'm here to, I'm very grateful to Duzionki's colleague to introduce me to the problem of access to information. And second, I think we should all be very grateful to Duzionki for organizing this event. So I think he deserves another round of applause. I was very lucky to be born in the Soviet Union as a look back where all school books were free, education was free and medical care was free. But what I'm trying to say here is that I do not remember the moment when I consciously decided when, where and by whom I was going to be conceived. And that's, I think, true to anybody here. We don't choose our gender, our skin color, and we don't choose how prosperous our parents are. So I think that I have Soviet idealistic views that each life should be equally valuable. And I believe that anybody anywhere in the world should have access to the vital information when it's needed, like researchers, patients, doctors. We live in the world which is driven by algorithms today. So for example, in China there is a social scoring system on trial at this particular moment. And that system allows Chinese government to combine academic records with medical records, with criminal records, with social media records, with financial transaction records, and with shopping habits, and to assign to each and every citizen a score.  If you are buying a pack of beer, you should expect that your health insurance premium could go up. And if you are disagreeing with your government, it's very possible that you won't be able to buy a train ticket. And if you are on the train, you should expect that, to hear an announcement that if you don't have a valid ticket, or if you misbehave yourself, this will be recorded on individual credit information system. This picture was taken a couple of weeks ago by one of my Twitter buddies on Shanghai Benjit Train. So it's all reality today. And if you think that any kind of legislation or your government will protect you from this kind of algorithms, you are dreaming, you are not real, because algorithms have no borders. And companies which provide governments with algorithms, they are at that moment refocusing from making money, from utilizing consumer data, to providing and selling information to your government, to your bank, and to insurance company. So on one hand, algorithms can be used to help people, to help patients and doctors to make life-saving decisions. On the other hand, it's just a tool that can be used against us. And when it comes to research data, publicly funded, how is this stored? Well, it now lives on over 3,000 institutional repositories around the world. And then it advertised in one out of 30,000 academic journals. And as we've learned from John Tennant early on in the morning, only 25% of them are open access. This map, approximately, of institutional repositories, all of them have at least three things in common. First, institutions which built them, invested lots of money, resources, to help them. Secondly, it takes at least 300,000 dollars at the very minimum to run each of them. And each institutional repository has a single point of, is a single point of failure. And I believe that we should move from infrastructure for preservation of research outcomes with science do not turn off into the system which cannot be turned off. And how the system should look like. I'd like to compare it with the road network. The first sophisticated road network was built by the Romans during the Roman Empire times. And they didn't invent the roads, obviously. But they were the first to decide that the roads have to be as straight as possible. And the roads basically helped the empire to exist for 500 years, and it became, roads became arteries connecting the vast network, like the melting pot of cultures, religions and institutions. They served the purpose. They allowed to move troops from Portugal to Constantinople as quick as possible. Goose delivered people were moving. So many of us here, I believe, want to build applications, some kind which will improve or which will make the science more open. I see applications as vehicles which go on the road. And if you like, and each piece of gravel on each stone which goes into the road can be seen as a research object. But before we're building this vehicle which will be using the road, I think we should have some kind of idea in what kind of condition. If this vehicle will be used, will it be, like, will, like, because unless we know for what kind of environment the vehicle is built, we may end up driving tractors, Belarus, on German autobahns, and drive from Barginis on Russian-Siberian roads. There is nothing wrong with tractors of Belarus, I have to say. They're probably the most unhackable tractors, which still remain. But let's stick with Lambos. How many of you want to build killer apps? Yeah. You? Yeah? No. No. No. We don't need killer apps. We need Lambo apps. In the Lambo apps, I mean applications, which Lambert Heller, who is on the back, who is Lambert Heller, he left, he has just left, all right. Lambert Heller and his colleagues, academic librarians, can advise their researchers to use when they come and ask him what they should do to comply with increasing demands from funders, from European Union, to comply with data preservation policies, and to make their research outcome findable, discoverable, and reusable for generations to come. Yes. Actually, Truchel Lamborghini, when he started from building tractors, and then he moved to supercars, and those lambors which I built now, they're still able to pass each other on the roads, because Romans, when they built their road network, decided that each road needs to be at least 4.2 meters wide, and we're still building around the walls, which are as wide as this. And if you look at the cross section of each road, it will create embankment, and you fill up with gravel and different sources of material put on top, and then it's maintained and lasts for many years. So in the same way, we should see digital infrastructure for preservation of scientific data, and vehicles which will be used, will go on top of it, and they will be using it. So there is a couple of people here in the audience, James and Carmen was participating in our events and junkies, and we've been thinking for what cross section of infrastructure for preservation of scientific data should look like, and it all starts from protocols. We need to decide what works and needs to be preserved. So we need to know what is data object and what kind of metadata we want to be preserved. We want to use peer-to-peer, openly licensed protocol, which allow to address each and every research object based content. Now there is a number of groups working in this space at this moment, like PFS has been mentioned already, which is Interplanetary File Sharing System, SafeMate is working on developing something similar or that project, for example. And we know for sure that the system, which is washed to be created, needs to be decentralized. Because, otherwise, we come back to the system which has a single point of failure, which can be switched off, intentional or not. And we need to reuse what's already useful, such as Digital Object Identifier or Orchid ID. Services go on top of it and applications. So, yeah, let's reiterate on it. There is a number of groups now deciding what research object is, and we need more academic librarians, like Lambert, to be included in the conversations like we are having here. Distributed, like, openly licensed hyper-media protocols, which allow to address those digital object based content. IPFS needs to be, like, we see it as a solution for creating this distributed system. And it has to be governed so in the way that we can audit and verify on what kind of system. And surely, you need to find stuff so, like, those objects need to be made discoverable. So, I'm inviting you here to help us to develop and to participate in designing the system, which, like, to design governance is very important. Because people who are using the system have to have a stake in it, and they have to be able to influence decisions which will affect it. So, if we want to use, if we want algorithms to benefit not only governments, corporations, and banks, but them to be employed to help researchers, doctors, and patients to make important decisions, we need to create a distributed system which allows us to make this data findable, accessible, interoperable, and usable. Yeah, so there is a number of groups trying to resolve it, to look at it on different levels. There is, for example, Freya Project, which is funded by the European Union. It's three years long. There is, like, a protocol labs working on IPFS, which created IPFS, and they're trying to resolve the problem with, like, those identifiers needs to be persistent and immutable, which is still an unresolved problem. The European Union has the European Open Science Cloud, which needs to be included into conversation. And then it's intercontinental, because in Europe, for example, there is research data alliance, very active in this space. And in the United States, there is data together, and I don't think that both talking to each other. All of them have to be included in conversation somehow, before, like, in order for us to create this infrastructure where we can drive Lambos. Thank you, Dennis. So we're now open for questions. If you put your hand up, Mike will come to you. I'll just maybe ask a quick one. Dennis, you do a weekly discussion forum, and you've done events. Where's the best place to find out about where you meet up? Yeah, we have a weekly call every Tuesday at one o'clock. You can find information on Gitter, probably, about it. And yeah, Tuesday call it will be the best way to contact us individually, and we'll let you know what's going on. Okay, thank you very much.