It is six o'clock somewhere. Do you know where your artists are? Uh-huh, that's cute. Maybe just me. Was it just me? It's fine. I could be delusional. Anyways, I hope you've all an amazing day. It is today, which is something Thursday, probably Thursday, a little bit Thursday. It's 100% today and it's probably Thursday. And I'm going to Amethyst. If you saw my video yesterday, which let me go get that piece. I did a purple and beach sand marble, which looked fully like Amethyst. And I love it so much. It's just apparently a whole mile away. There it is from the shop. It tilted a little bit more than I wanted it to in curing, but I think it's still pretty bananas, like a whole 10 bananas worth. What? Look at that. Just OK. So every part of it is my favorite. So I'm going to kind of jack this recipe and basically geode it. And if it looks as good as I'm hoping it will, then I'm going to do. I have a 35 inch, like, half geode that I'm going to texture the edge like I did one from forever and ever ago. And I haven't figured out what I wanted to do with it yet. So it probably will be this. What's up, what's up, everyone? Brenda Shelly, Fiona, Sue, Kathy, Pam, Lewis, Sue, is that a mold that can be bought somewhere? So this is actually a free form geode that you can use as a stand or hang on your wall. It is available on my website. It is not a mold. I know I said free form. I just didn't have another word for it being not a square or another recognizable shape. It's kind of just a geode blob. And these are available on my website. Yes, yes, yes, yes. I know the Amethyst Marble I did yesterday is like my new favorite thing. I'm, oh, hi, tape. I'm a fan of purple anyways. If you're new to the channel, then you may not have known that. But this is my new favorite everything. So to dirt, I'm going to try to make it on here. Yeah, you can get it on my website. Hi, Renee Thornton. I really like your last name. It's very similar to mine because it's exactly the same. So if you haven't subscribed, please do so. It really helps my channel. And I mean, you're here watching, so you might as well. It's actually free today to subscribe. So do it. Today only. I am waiting on more glass to come in for a project. So I only have large mirrored glass. I usually don't use mirrored glass, but it's happening today, which is fine. I'll just get a little extra sparkly sparkles. And here on my channel, glitter, sparkles, and all things girly are always an option. So yeah. So I'm just putting some fire glass down. I don't have the mirrored fire glass on my website, but I do have the clear fire glass. Use whichever floats your boat. Also, tink. I went ahead and mixed my resin with this handy dandy. I stow you. I hope I'm saying it right. Mixer. I know they don't have the stand available yet, but the mixer part of it is available. And cool thing about it is it goes both directions. So it swirls up and it swirls it down. And the auto feature right here when the lights are blinking goes for three minutes. So when I mix resin, I know I always end up forgetting what time it is and not wanting to mess with an alarm because I don't want to get everything sticky. I mean, everything's already sticky, but I don't want to get everything else sticky. So this just times it for me. I don't even have to pay attention. And anytime something pays attention for me and I don't have to pay attention, it's one of my favorite things. If I had to have, what is it, Oprah's favorite thing, things of whatever she does, that thing would be on it. I have it linked down in the description box below this video if you are so interested. The only thing is you do have to mix it after it's already mixed. You can see in there those swirls. Looks like fishing line or angel hair. There's little squiggles that are in there. That's from me scraping the sides of my mixing cup because the paddle that comes with it is just not going to scrape the sides. And if you try, you may be able to do it, but it also may rip through your mixing cup. And so to avoid that, just don't hit the sides. And just hand mix what comes off the edges. I think that mixer is like 20 bucks and it takes a few batteries. And I highly recommend. They are not paying me to say that, but they did send me that one to review. But it helps us out if you use our link down in the description to get to Amazon. What is the problem? So now that I have it all incorporated at this point, we can start mixing colors, color colors. All right. All right. Now, let's mix color. I'm going to need a translucent white, a purple. Ooh. No. Yeah. Maybe. So I need a translucent white. I have a translucent purple. I need an opaque purple, a gold, and opaque white. Bam. That's our color palette. Bing, bing, boom. So I have usually, please help me find the geoboard. I guess Clara is not here yet. But I think JJ just gave a link. If that's not a direct link to the geobords, just give me a moment. This one is 18 inch. I also have larger ones. And I have ones that have kind of a rim on the side. Anyways, using Alexa Timer. That's smart. I just always forget. Hi, Christine. I'm so sorry. I just looked up. What was your question? I actually don't see your question, Christine. Are you sure? Oh, help me find the geoboard. JJ is looking for the direct link for you. Just give him two seconds. Also, you're never unimportant. I don't read. While I'm doing this, I have to wait for a second because I have to watch a little bit what I'm doing. But please don't feel unimportant. Everyone's very important. All right, so now I'm going to divvy this resin out into the amount that I need represented in the piece, which I'm not exactly sure how much I want of different things. So I'm just kind of eyeballing it at this point. Actually, I think I need more, I don't know. So since I'm not sure, I'm going to put a little bit aside just in case I need some extra. So, OK. So I need another pipette. Never mind. It's right here. Boom. I'm going to first mix some translucent white. And to get it translucent, I'm just going to use a very minimal amount of paste because all the colors I use are very opaque, typically. They're very pigmented. And so I'm just going to use this much white. The white I'm using is titanium from just resin. And I want it to be like a lactose intolerant shade of milk or skim milk, as Oronda likes to say. So I can just see through it so you can see the color of the star stick through. Lynn, how are you doing? I hope you got your tracking for your package today. And then I'm going to need also an opaque white. So I'm going to use basically the same amount, but in a smaller vessel. And this should make my color opaque for this resin. So I don't want to be able to see through it. Bam. Good to go. See how quickly the paste melts into the resin? It's one of my favorite things about using a paste specifically. You're in research lab today. Well, I know you're doing amazing, wonderful things. So the next color I'm going to use, if I can get this open. Sometimes tools are required on old bottles of color. Y'all, I get asked all the time what the shelf life is. And color obsession doesn't even sell their tints in these glass jars anymore. They're in plastic jars. I've used this for forever. See, it's all still liquid in there. OK, so anyways. OK. So I want this purple to be vibrant and translucent. So I'm not going to put that much in, at least not to start. You can always add more color. You can't take it out to my knowledge. So just add bits at a time. I think I need a little bit darker of a color. And that's kind of the cool thing about the tints is you can add as much color as you want to get the shade lighter or darker, but it will always be translucent no matter how much you add. I think this is almost the color I'm looking for. I don't want it to be too bright. This color is purple topaz by color obsession. It is tint. So that may be good. I just don't want it to be too bright because I don't want it to be distracting from the depth that we're trying to do. OK. What else did I need? I need a darker purple. And so for that, I'm going to use berry, which is what we used yesterday. And I'm not so concerned about it being opaque or not, even though this is an opaque pigment. So I'm going to use about that much, which will probably knock it into opaque. It was outside. So that's a great color, but I feel like I want it to be a little bit darker. I'm going to add a something. What's kind of a cool thing about the colors that we use is they're all able to be used alongside each other, with each other. That is red. That is brown. And none of that is what I'm looking for. OK. So I'm going to add some blue dye to it, darken it some. This made it fully blue. OK. That's not what I wanted. If you guys could have seen my face just then, it was a very lucille ball. Backtrack. I need an actual. I have a dark purple tint.  Hey, just resin. How are you doing today? I don't like this color at all now. I'm going to put a little bit more purple in. If it doesn't do what I want it to, we're going to abort and just make a new color. I'm not so sure about this color. I'm just going to set it aside for now. And I know people are concerned with wasting product. That is definitely always a concern. Wasting product is never good. Well, that just went basically black, but that's OK. It'll lighten up next to just resin titanium. This is kind of a cooler shade than I initially wanted, but it'll be fine. I think maybe everyone said bless you, babe. I think maybe after we add that topaz color, it'll brighten it up. All right. Right, right, right. And the last bit will be gold. And I told you guys yesterday that when I mix the color, oh, Vanda Violet would be good, but I don't have any more resin mixed up. Next one. For my bigger one, I'll do Vanda. Yes, I know it looks like a lot, but I want it to be basically almost half and half. Because if you have not enough gold in your resin, then it'll kind of turn like a brownish color. I'm out of just resin bright gold. I would use that. I sent you a message on Facebook, Natasha, hopefully, and get that other order in super quick. OK, now, unlike how I usually do it, I'm going to try to do a piece that is kind of gradient out. So I want to have dark to light. So I'll have the titanium on the outside edge and, ultimately, I'll put a gold rim on it if it looks how I want it. OK, I know Vanda is one of the best colors. And I don't know why I didn't think about using Vanda in the first place, but I didn't. So let's get started. I think I'm out of Vanda anyways. So I want it to be darker on the inside and then work. It's way out into a lighter color. So I'm just going to kind of smooth everything around with my finger.  But generally, it likes to kind of level off at about an eighth inch. And when you pour resin out, typically, generally, depending on a lot of factors, it comes out at a fourth inch. And so in order to not have all of my resin just kind of run off, I use my finger to kind of blend it, blend it out, and kind of thin it and move it into the shape that I'm looking for. OK, maybe I'll just use this as a mid-tone. It probably won't look like much difference in color. But give me a minute because I'm going to do, hopefully, some neat things. But you never know what resin is going to do. Resin is going to resin. Vant Violet should definitely be a color. OK, now I'm going to take the purple Topaz and this color around. I think I like the look of that kind of undertone to drybrush sketchiness that that created. I'm just going to roll with that. Wait. I'm going to turn my this because my table is not level and everything was shifting that way. And I'm parched.  And I may dirty pour in within this as well. I'm going to put a little bit more of this darker color around so that it rolls down the inside face of my this. If you get any resin on your glass, don't stress about it. It's OK. You can always remove any glass that a fin do. I remove pieces from my artwork all the time. OK, now for my dirty pour, exotic pour. That we did to make the amethyst. I didn't make the beige because I wasn't sure if it would like go. So I don't have that. I'm hoping it won't make that big of a difference. But if it does, we'll just double back and do it on the next round. So we're doing a whole bunch of the translucent white and then very minimally using the other colors. And I think that's going to be enough for us to go all the way around. So I'm going to just give this a swirl because reasons. Because if I were to pour it out now, it would just be kind of a hamburger. It would be a sandwich of colors. So I'm going to give it a swirl to kind of bring colors up and push some color down so that it comes out at a nice. It's got a nice look to it. In theory, we'll see how it goes. I'm going to give myself some space. OK, so close to not making it all the way around. I really like how that looks. That ribbon candy of color. And I think I'm going to put one of those through the deep tones. I thought I just spilled something. I didn't. It's good. We're cool. So I'm not going to push my ribbon line of color. I don't want it to move. It will, but I'm not going to make it move. So I think I'm going to put one of those a thin line of ribbon through the center. And I think I'm going to do white on the outside, I think. I usually create some movement between the colors with the heat gun. But since I'm not going to be able to reach that dark purple color, I'm just kind of skimming over it to create some movement. OK, so I'm going to just roll this same cup that I did my last report in. Let me just a little bit more of that. Some of the gold, more of the translucent white to kind of top it off. Apparently all of the rest of my translucent white. I give it a swirl for good luck and good measure. I wish I did this in a paper cup. So I can't really make this a thinner. Well, I didn't pull up enough because a lot of my fun color is still in here. So I'm going to just pour over some parts of it. I got real wiggly with that one, but I'm OK with it because this is only a proof of concept test piece anyways. So I already know that I have too much resin right here. It's way higher than it should be. So I don't think I'm going to have the room to do a white edge like I wanted to. So I'm just going to help some of this color off right here. And that's going to allow that resin to flow over. And so it's going to flow off right here and right here. And then right here. And so we can balance it in this area. So I'm going to just put some of the opaque whites and some of the opaque whites. Try to find a clean finger.  Now I know that my resin is more likely than not going to push this white that I just added off of the piece. And I'm fully OK with that because no matter how much you like something, resin is going to self level unless I built a dam around it until it got really a lot thicker. But maybe I got time for that. It's so cool for just resin to come in and check on us today. We love them. Hopefully they'll have us in Australia again super soon and we can do another class tour. That would be amazing, I think. I'm just going to put the gold on these edges that are probably going to run off. But just in case they don't, there's a color. And I need to put more gold throughout the whole piece as well. Resin is going to resin. And that is fully, I mean, as resin artists, we all know that resin is going to do whatever it wants to do. Not a whole lot that can be done to change what resin feels like doing. And it will have more ocean coat for you guys soon. I just need to order some more ocean coat. So I feel like I want to add, everything I add now, since it's got a lot of resin down, is going to push the resin to one side or another. It's going to make everything move. So I have to add color now knowing that things are going to move. I know we were planning right before COVID, but now that the world isn't on time out anymore, should make something happen, Captain. Well, let me just show you guys where we're at before I put anything else on this piece. So the ribbons of color look crazy amazing. The depth from using translucent and opaque gives such an awesome color and depth. And then mixing just a little bit of that gold and our dirty pour, our exotic pour, gives just strings of gold that just light up when it hits the, I almost said the sun, but that's not accurate. Right now I'm just tilting in some of this pour on the edge. And everything else is going to just tilt into this center area, which I'm OK with. Because this center area got real squirrely on me. I don't think I've ever tilted a geode. I'm not mad at it. Trying to kind of make it all a little bit even and ugh. OK, I forgot about that part. Won't tilt quite so crazy. As I say that, I almost tilted it crazy and it almost did something crazy.  Like I have extra, but you know what I mean? It's consumed my mind since it was requested. And I'm almost out of ideas. Oh, goodness. Thank you so much. Jeff just cleaned the studio and I don't know where the hype button is. Yes, I do. There it is. Yay. Thank you so much. Megan, how are you doing? Thank you, thank you, thank you. Are any of your colors translucent? Are any of my colors that I'm using right now translucent or any of my colors in general translucent? Yes to both. I actually don't. I have like eight ounce kits of Marcy's resin in stock and that is the only one I have in stock. But I have some on the way. I swear, promise swear. And I'm going to order some more Ocean Coat and Diamond Coat. So many people want us to come to Australia. Makes my heart so happy. And I hope we make it there this year. We got to get planning that if we're going to do that though. OK, so I'm going to add some gold because I want to. There's so much that didn't go like I wanted to on this piece. So it has turned into a piece of experiments. And I think it's important to experiment as often as you can because you never know what kind of magic you can make. Accidents turn into some of the most beautiful pieces. Tell anybody that until my last day. There's always beauty in accidents. So I'm going to use this little shovel spoon to kind of control the flow of the gold I'm about to lay on. So that didn't have much control at the beginning. That's OK. It looks better than the blob it would have made with just a stir stick. I feel like I'm doing like a mini dust pan with just one color, obviously. Ultimately, I definitely would use Vanda on my next one. And I think I'm not going to use something so dark in the center.  Oh yeah, it does. That it definitely does. And I think I still like it. I'm going to put some gold through this area to kind of tie in where this gold is going, where it's been. So walk away. Thank you guys so much. Wonder what glitter makes the gold would look like. So I don't know because the gold is really opaque. And if you want to, that looks so pretty. But I don't have anywhere to put it on a coaster. That looks geody to me. Colors together. It looks crazy. Layed out like that. I'll put that aside. OK. Looks like we should all just plan a trip to Australia, everyone. That's what I'm seeing. I'm going to put a little bit more of the just raw gold, the liquid gold on here. I got some splatters. But I like the splatters. It's probably just me that likes the splatters. But I'm OK with it, fully cool with it. All right. Now for one of my favorite parts, the glitter glass. I'm using the clear because I don't know. It just goes with everything. If you've never used glitter glass before, it is glitter glass. It is tea-tiny, little teeny baby mousse-sized shards of glass. And they are clear. And they are super sharp.  You have to respect the glitter glass.  The reason why it works is because all the little fine shards of glass are laying in different angles. And that's giving the appearance of facets because different areas are catching the light in different ways. I think that's what is happening. That is 1,000% an e-science explanation. Somebody that does mathy things can tell me if I'm right or not. And I just realized I didn't coat all of my fire glass with resin like I usually do. So a lot of the glitter glass I just added kind of fell in. But not all pieces have to be like all of your other pieces, you know? You know what I mean? So let's get you guys down for a close-up. All this out here, I'm loving it.  But I'm here for it. I love this bit of gold that is streaking through because of the exotic pour mix. Need to hit it with some heat and see all these bubbles over here. Just these swirls of color reminds me of the little circle marbles. Why won't someone let me do their countertops as purple marble somebody hire me and let me do that? Reach out to me via the website. So that is not how I wanted it to go. Take one of this. My amethyst geode. I'm going to do another one using Vanda Violet from Just Resin and apply my color in a different way to get a very different result. I think actually I'm going to tilt this one around a bit more just to see because there's so much resin on this. I'm just trying to tilt it and get it kind of a bit more centered, a little bit more even. And I love the gold dots too. It's very on brand for me. I always end up flecking gold, typically on accident. I'm kind of just running this color into the center and giving that outside exotic pour area kind of more real estate on the face of the piece. I love how that gold is just hooked on the rim right there. And since I put that on dry resin, nope, a dry board, that's just going to hold on to that area and stretch out. I'm trying to do that same bit right here. When you're working with something that's kind of marbled anyways, the more you kind of move it around and get it flowing in different directions, I think the better it looks anyways. I just don't want this much purple showing. So I'm going to try to tilt it back to. Hi, just saving. What are you doing? How are you been? How are your everythings going? I haven't seen you in a while. I wish I had more dirty pour. I could just meow, meow, meow, meow, meow. But it's OK. I think I'm good with how we're living right now. It's definitely going to move and relax and shift more. And maybe this will be an instance of just a background painting for something better later on. Who knows? Who's to say? I don't know why I have a dry area over here, but I'm going to put a little bit of resin on it. I'm not mad at it. I'm going to let it live, but it's definitely not what I was going for when I started this project today. But I think every time you do something, whether it works out in your favor or not, it's a positive. Because you can learn what colors you want to use or don't want to use. You can learn what techniques you may want to use or what techniques you definitely do not want to use. So much can be learned from just rolling with the punches when things don't happen the way you want it to. A lot of our favorite techniques were learned when we were doing something that we didn't mean to do in the first place. I still super love how this piece turned out. I think this looks more like a geo than what this area right here. If I gave you just that-ish, I think that looks more like a geo than what we did today. But you know what? Maybe I'll do that.  And maybe that'll be what we do on tomorrow's live. If you guys aren't completely over it with purple, marble, amethyst-looking things, is the DFZ close now? I have questions. Erica sounded close. Clara, it is in the same exact spot it used to be in. For now, I just have a mic on. So winning. A vanity with gold hardware? Yes, yes, yes. If I had to make myself into a marble, it would look very much like this. If you guys give it a shot, post it in our group, ATDs, Poor People. Get all the colors I use today and every day on our website, artisttilldeath.com. Don't forget that we have our Poor With Us class coming up at the end of this month. I'm shipping for those kits this Saturday. And I have in-person classes in Dallas in March and May. The 18th and 13th, respectively. And I'm trying to think of any more announcements, but that's like that's all I got. Thank you guys for watching. If you haven't subscribed yet, please do so. I have orders coming in from all the companies. So hold tight if I'm out of colors that you are looking for. You came to the live because you saw amethyst. Well, I hope I didn't disappoint you, but I'm going to nail it. I'm going to get closer to this. What's up, Melissa? So if no one has any other questions, please subscribe if you haven't already. Leave me your thumbs if you haven't already. And share video if you think it's worth sharing. Comment under the video if you can because it helps with the YouTube algorithm, so it shoots it out to more people. And yeah, you guys are amazing. Thank you so much for watching and being with us today. If you have any questions that I didn't answer, hit me up on email. Vamp helps me answer those. And so yeah, be kind to one another because you never know what someone's going through. I always remember, will you do the test? So you don't have to. Bowie, you beautiful. Are you cutest one? Did you get to eat some presents today? Yeah. Oh, he was on Cadillac commercial yesterday. I'll show you guys as soon as that's out. Anyways, you guys are the best. I'll see you guys tomorrow. Bye. Bowie said bye.


The Lone Ranger! Fiery horse with a speed of light, a cloud of dust, and a hearty hyo silver! The Lone Ranger! Before this exciting adventure, a word from our sponsor. A cloud of dust, a flash of light, and a hearty hyo marita! The Lone Stranger eats again! Stranger, me got riddle! If you lose, you give me marita. Okay, then I want to play pochisi. Why is Lone Stranger like marita, old-fashioned and rich white bread? I give up, Pronto. Why am I like marita, old-fashioned and rich white bread? Because marita, old-fashioned and rich white bread, freshest bread in south, and Lone Stranger fastest draw in west. That's good. Therefore, why is Lone Stranger not like marita, old-fashioned and rich white bread? I give up. Because marita, old-fashioned and rich white bread, very, very soft, and Lone Stranger very, very tough. Now, give me marita. marita sorry pronto I just ate the last slice goodbye that bad way to treat pronto but good way to end commercial do it again for those thrilling days of yesteryear the lone stranger eats again with his faithful Indian companion taughto the daring and resourceful mask rider of the planes let the fight for law and order in the early western United States nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear from out of the past come the thundering hoof beats of the great horse silver the lone ranger rides again L Diablo was a name known and feared throughout the southwest wherever men gathered I was usually someone who could relate an experience with a notorious bandit one morning at the sheriff's office in Pecos the express agent was telling of a recent robbery I was working late last night sure getting a big shipment of cash ready to leave on the morning stage for start and I heard the door open and turn to see who it was great senior I'm gonna go for your gun no no see senior no doubt you've heard of L Diablo hell Diablo oh yes yes I won't move Mr. or you are wise amigo I shall not hesitate to shoo you if you do blacky text me now to say quickly all right when I'm brave here the name L Diablo they shake too much to holy god hurry get the cash from the safe well share after they cleaned out the safe they tied and gagged me and left me behind the counter I was found only a short time ago I'm gonna that means I had all night to make you get away how much did they take around $20,000 that hombre L Diablo is smooth talking but he's plenty dangerous yes it's right he's already wanted from more than one murder well they'll form a party sipping pick up their trail you say they were free of them that's all I saw but it sounded like more than three year old away here come on we'll get that party together that morning in a hideout cabin not far from town the man called L Diablo sat talking to his followers we have done well seniors no sure every lawman in the territory is looking for L Diablo described as a tall Mexican this guy's in myself as a Mexican and using an accent was the best idea I ever had you was rushed you got them all guessing nobody suspects L Diablo is really rust seldom posing as a drifting cowpoke that's right as usual we took great pains to cover our tracks you men stay here for a while until the excitement ties down what are you going to do rest I'm going to town that agent must have been found by this time I might even join the sheriff's posse and help search for L Diablo so long see you later the clever bandit rode to town and joined the posse by subtle suggestion he managed to steer them away from the vicinity of the hideout where his men were waiting later after losing the trail the posse was returning to town they can have it L Diablo was too clever for it I was hoping we'd find him in his gunman this time yes so was I chef the cash shouldn't come in by stage day after tomorrow I'd hate to have them get wind of it I'm most likely by this time that gang is a long way from here is a rick and souce healing they had a big start on this the bandit leader returned to the hideout cabin he told the men about the expected shipment saying they didn't know they were given the information directly to L Diablo I was glad to hear about it figure on grabbing that cash shipment from the stage sure you Texan I can handle the job Blankey the rest of the men will wait for us here and there won't be so many tracks to cover sure good idea when does the stage come through it's due just before sundown day after tomorrow we'll stop it in narrow valley after we pull that job we'll leave this territory and head south the afternoon that the stage was due the bandit leader with black Ian Tex waited in hiding in narrow valley once more Russ Selden wore the disguise of L Diablo he had cleverly used a berry stain to darken his skin in such a way that even careful scrutiny would not betray him Tex was saying you sure are a wizard at putting on that disguise Russ and with the accent you use your pass for a Mexican even below the border hey here comes the stage have your guns ready we'll right out shooting let's go yeah yeah meantime the lone ranger and tato wrote a trail overlooking the valley only at the stage mask man and indian waist down the slope black Ian Tex turned and urged their horses into a gallop up the opposite slope while L Diablo held back to exchange more shots with the oncoming mask man and indian realizing his two companions have left he too turned and headed up the other slope we've got to capture one of them fellow one behind another to get him fleeing bandit leader looked back and saw the mask man and indian moving closer he emptied his gun in their direction but the movements of his galloping horse spoiled his aim and realizing his gun was empty he hosted it and urged his horse to greater speed yeah yeah once more he glanced back just as the little rangers larry at snake down and yet him from the saddle covered time for them why should a mask man want to capture L Diablo so you're L Diablo I see Senor glad to hear it the law wants you in your gun slicks the law but what course a mask man who helps the law time well thought of maybe we find hideout catch other men there are more than the two you saw and when I do not come back he will know something is wrong and leave I know I have an idea it's still not enough for me to study his features in there about the same size and bill now what do you think I've came to something I've done grievous shirt in my saddlebag similar to his I'll put them on disguised my features to look like him and ride his horse of course I'll use an accent why you do that I'll trail the other two men of the hideout and impersonate L Diablo long enough to lead them into a trap abandoned leader's impulse was to speak in his natural voice deriding the mask man's plan then realizing the lone ranger and Indians still thought he was really a Mexican he cleverly decided to keep up the pretense hoping the gang would quickly discover they've been tricked he looked up and spoke you're very clever amigo thanks it risky chemo something it's worth trying to take this man to the sheriff after dark his captures to be kept secret until I go through with my plan me tell Sharon tell him that posing as L Diablo I'll plan with a gang to rob the express office at dawn suggests that he and his men were in hiding then we'll capture the gang a short time later the transformation was complete and the lone ranger stood before tanto saying well let me go do I not look like you'll be a blow you do plenty good job I'll take his horse now and follow the other two men of the hideout tie him on silver and take him to the sheriff if all goes well we'll have the whole gang by morning perhaps and you're the morning will bring you a bigger surprise than you think mounted on the bandit leaders horse the lone ranger picked up the trail of blacky and text though they had taken precautions to cover their tracks the masked man finally managed to find them at the cabin blacky tex and the other three crooks discussed what had happened if Russ got away from the two armies he should have been here by now maybe he's taking time to cover his tracks well I say if he doesn't show up within the next half hour we'd better hit the trail for the border going to those two embrace your spoil things for us I wonder what it sounds like Russ now yeah yeah it is hi Russ man alive are we glad to see you what happened don't raise me right to get rid of amigo right and so but you had us plenty worried you must not worry L Diablo can take care of himself no yeah yeah I have decided to pull a job at dawn Seniors as much cash at the express office we should go and take it hey why do you keep up the act you usually wait a minute sex and Diablo what's happened to your English my English cover a man that's not russian instantly five threatening guns pointed at the lone ranger he realized he had slipped up somewhere but trying to bluff his way through shrugging his shoulders he said what is this little joke omega it's no joke mister you're not L Diablo sure why do you say that do I not look like myself how about you look like him he did a clever job of imitating but the real Diablo doesn't use an accent when he's with us I'm sure now the tone of your voice is different what's his name and his and his well same your yeah you don't know mister and somehow L Diablo fooled you into thinking he's really Mexican that's why you kept up the accent Russell he used it on jobs right couple of you take his guns while we cover him then tie him to a chair we'll continue our lone ranger adventure in just a moment a cloud of dust a flash of light and a hearty pio marita the lone stranger oh me know they best tasting snack cakes but what's so funny there's my old food banana flip and began smiling Mickey Jim Jam and began laughing Mickey devil's delight days of yesteryear the lone stranger to continue the lone ranger realized he was trapped and it was useless to keep up the pretext any longer covered by guns in the hands of three of the men he also realized escape at the moment was out of the question as two of the men tied him to a chair he spoke in his normal voice so L Diablo isn't really a Mexican right and now I know that you aren't either where's Russ in jail watch yes where he belongs he got him yeah and if this Andre found his way here others may do the same thing wait a minute now while posing as L Diablo this army told us we were to hold up the express office at dawn I figure he planned to lead us into a trap hey that's right that case nobody come after him till morning we don't have to worry about that what are we gonna do we'll plug this army later then head for the border don't we plug him right now because I want to make him regret interfering in our business meanwhile under cover of darkness Tato had delivered the bandit leader to the sheriff and outlined the lone rangers plan they send to our friend the mask man sure has courage and brains keep this umbra cover Tato while I am time and put on handcuffs and I'll take him into a cell quickly the sheriff untied L Diablo and as he pushed the man sleeves up to put on the handcuffs he suddenly explained what's his hands and wrists are dyed Tato huh his arms are white rip open his shirt this is no Mexican his chest is as wet as pork fat that's not good to watch him a minute I'll get some water and rub it on his face all right sheriff so you found out I'm not Mexican the sheriff said nothing but came back and washed the dye from the leader's face ready to me this is worth selling me hey he rode with a party the other day when we look for all the oblox gang and now you know everything but let me tell you this the umbra who went to find the gang is in for trouble that's right sheriff him not know L Diablo not Mexican yeah and he doesn't know I never use the accent when I'm with the gang they'll spot him for a fake and take care of him come on you I'll put you where you belong after taking L Diablo into a cell the sheriff rejoin Tato Tato you think they'll really find out the mask man is impersonating their leader me think him in plenty danger what do we do you get posse sheriff me go to narrow valley then wait for moonlight and follow tracks alone ranger you and posse follow me leave clear trail we'll be ready to ride in 10 minutes in that good me go now take lone rangers horse try a fine hideout before it too late later at the hideout cabin blackie left his chair and walked to a window the moon's coming up now we'll wait a while longer then give that hombre what he deserves and leave for the border just who are you mister that matter answer me I weren't tired I'd beat you to a pulp shut up I'll remember that let him alone blackie we're about ready to leave now let me gun him and get it over with how about it mister you ready to take your bullet grab your gun to stand behind him tax I'll count to three and you let him have it I go through all that I like to watch him squirm go ahead all right I'll stand over here ready tax yeah yeah start cutting one as blackie spoke the first number the lone ranger tensed inwardly but he was determined not to show any emotion before the man who stood staring expectantly at him to the mask man had not lost all hope of escape without moving his lips he said a silent prayer that he be spared if it be the Lord's will his clear eyes caught and hell those of the man blackie for a moment the outlaw hesitated then looking away spoke the fatal number three shot came from the outlaws gun but from Tato's the Indian fired from the side window a split second before text to fire that shot came through the side window guns man I'll finish off that umbrae oh get him at that moment the sheriff and his man appeared at all the windows the sheriff called out a moment later the sheriff strolled into the cabin with his men all right we get to lose kill somebody thanks to you were the answer to my prayers this was almost my finish real turner came on ahead of us I'm mighty glad he did so my sheriff are you free now we see your guns on side table we get a thanks to the death these are the followers of L Diablo I don't know how you realize my impersonation had failed when we found out L Diablo isn't Mexican he's rust selling that Mr. Cowpoke Tato and I figured these men would realize you weren't selling this is one time I was caught in my own trap you can spread of that we cut L Diablo on his gang because of you my friend the main thing is that you're safe yes sheriff but there's one thing more I want to do before we leave here you blackie huh you're not so anxious to slap my face now are you stop bluffing if they weren't holding guns on us I'd beat the hide off you these men aren't going to stop you go ahead all right take this that's what I was waiting for I'll kill you yes blackie and balloon rangers to toe-to-toe exchanging hard they were well matched as to size but the mask man supple muscles and superior strength soon gave him the advantage as they fought the skull on blackie's face gradually gave way to a look of surprise then as he was right by the hard well-placed blows blackie showed fear and panic I'll show you I'll break your neck this is for the slaps in the face oh and this for trying to shoot me all right get him to his feet man hand cupping all right champ I reckon he'd think twice before I'd ever stand up to our friend again being such this cabin for the cash these tools from the express office I saw a blackie counting packets of cash a while ago sheriff yeah he put it back into the table drawer until they were ready to leave yep here's the cash for the express company represented we'll take it as evidence a ton of that you bring some of it him outside with scouts good enough we'll leave now sure our job here is done man me and I'll handle these crooks like this with the adios get these coyotes ready to take back the time who is that hombre who posed as Aldiablo the man who usually wears a mask instead of the skies and one who always gets the best of blue down crooks like you and LDR blown no matter how smart you think you are easy lone ranger time sure have changed time was when people saved cookouts and picnics for summer and lazy sunday spent under a big oak tree in the town park well today's family eating habits are much more flexible mom might have forgotten how easy it is to fix a cook in for lunch maybe with hot dogs and baked beans or our casual dinner with cheeseburgers soup and salad and as you're planning your easygoing meals don't forget to invite marita as in marita hot dog and hamburger buns remember marita we're the people who bake while you sleep that's the only way marita can promise you'll find the freshest rolls and bread and cakes the very next day on your grocery shelf but remember we bake our famous hot dog and hamburger rolls all year long so relax a little plan quick and easy meals your family will love and don't forget marita marita enriched hot dog and hamburger rolls we're not just a summertime thing listen to the lone ranger that afternoon the lone ranger and taco finish their meeting with chief thunder cloud and started south toward their camp they had written but a short distance when they saw Dan read approaching Dan was supposed to wait for us in camp tunnel I wonder why he came all this way you may be excited a lot to tell you then what's wrong there may be war between the codows and the Comanches but those are peaceful indeed not peaceful now there's been trouble brewing for the past week each tribe thinks the other is stealing food and other things and both tribes have tried to get the stock of rifles from the trading post they mean did not know how I use rifle wait let me tell you Jake Feeney is living with the Comanches what Feeney with the Comanches yes he told the Indians how to use rifles and there's another white man in the Cato village while I was at the trading post word came in that the Comanches had captured the son of the Cato chief that mean plenty trouble Cato's are holding a council meeting they may start their war dance tonight listen to the Lone Ranger brought to you by special recording at this same time the Lone Ranger a copyrighted feature of the Lone Ranger Incorporated is produced by Trenville Campbell Muir Incorporated the part of the Lone Ranger is played by Bracebeamer your announcer Fred Foy


Acha Maratinas, it's very good to see you. You were the European Union envoy to the Middle East. So you've been dealing with the Middle East peace process for many years. Do you have any optimism? Well, I think the Middle East is never in such a, let's say, conflictual time as today. There has not been, during the last 100 years, a moment where conflict, wars, crises, fragmentation, disintegration are so evident than today.  But isn't it possible that, because the Arab is already Palestinian-Israeli issue has been so intractable and that you have other Middle Eastern problems now with Islamic State, Al Qaeda, you have Iran, you have Saudi Arabia, that it sort of gets put aside? But that's true. People try to forget about the Israeli-Palestination, but he come back every time. And today the paradox could be that the only way to start to build up peace and stability is to start with the main foundation of peace, that is to solve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. So the time has come to convince leadership in the world that instead of looking for some kind of military intervention or some kind of preventive war, the time has come for diplomacy and to get Palestinian-Israeli agreed, reconcilized and reconciled and fighting on the peace. What would give, which country could give that diplomatic impulse, that impetus? Well, I think the magic would be that, of course, the United States could be always, has been the so-called honest broker. But I think today this role maybe should be played by the international community at large, European Union, Russia, the main actors. Turkey, everybody agrees that Israeli-Palestinian issue, the Gulf countries, Saudi Arabia, for instance, is a key actor. And now maybe he's coming to the conclusion that the Arab initiative can be implemented. So I would not rule out that we will be surprised in the next month that what was the main obstacle and the main utopia to reach an agreement between Palestinian and Israeli could be a reality if we, of course, if we really engage ourselves seriously. We will keep our fingers very firmly crossed and, surely, everything will be better, but we'll see. And Gerard Martinez, thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you.


Welcome to 941 Freeport Road in Atrona Heights, Pennsylvania. This house is so super cute, I can't wait to show you. Come on in. So this home has a great location, it's close to the city, and it also has a bonus lot that comes with it. It stretches down to the local park, Silver Lake. It has great hardwood floors with an irregular sized plank to add extra dimension. It also has a gas fireplace. So the kitchen might be small, but it has a great workspace. It has newer maple cabinets, updated laminate countertop, tile flooring, and a built-in picnic bench. What? You say a built-in picnic bench? Yes. Let me show you. So here is your built-in picnic table. All you gotta do is push right here, you have bench number one, push right here, you have the table, and if you need the other bench, it's right there. This home has three bedrooms, one bath, and the thing I like the most about it are all these little details. Like, there's a doorknob here that you're not going to find anywhere else. There's hardwood floors underneath the carpet, you've got amazing little places like this little reading nook, and then you have high-end finishes like plaster and crown molding. Let's talk about efficiency. You have a shower here, laundry chute, Pittsburgh potty, stand-up freezer, you can take dinner out and defrost it, throw a load of laundry in, and then you can go put something in the safe. This home has an amazing little cute screened-in porch, a brick patio, a really long, pretty much flat backyard, and a lot of mature growth. The former owner loved a garden, and there's lots of lilies, ferns, and hostas.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaskiescasebreaks.com. We did it. We knocked out a full case of 2021-22 Panini impeccable basketball three box picker team number six. A lot of great stuff in here. Big thanks to everyone here for making it happen. Thanks to the people who bought their team straight up. I appreciate that. All right. See you. Edward with that last spot mojo before we pulled the teams for number blocks and there are the results of that number block. So it's a serial number break just for those teams and pick your team six, put that there and different set of teams. There are the results there and we did all of those in separate videos. They are uploaded now. All right. Now interesting thing with this case, there's no, there's no Panini sticker on here. So I don't know. Does that mean it's a, it's a special case or just a regular case? We'll find out. No label mojo. Good luck everyone. There's the case hit. All right. And Tommy was mentioning we've got, we've got an NBA final game one in the background here. Excuse me. We got 25-22 Warriors. So early. Tommy was saying Tatum started the game. Two miss free throws. Nerves. Yeah. Shake off with some nerves here. All right. We got two base cards on the bottom, a redemption and a plate. A lot happening here. And we've got Michael Porter Jr. 38 out of 35, no, 30 out of 35. That is for Denver Anthony with that one. Can't be 38 out of 35. All right. Next up is Katie Kevin Durant. That is 32 out of 75. That'll be for Brooklyn too, Brooklyn's part of that Detroit group. And that'll be for Jeffrey. We got Jalen Brown. He's in action right now. 94 out of 99. Rob with the Celtics. We got our first autograph of the case, Maxi Kleber, 75 out of 99 Dallas. Ryan picked up the Mavs straight up. And we've got Avery Johnson extravaganza autograph, 23 out of 25. Spurs, that's going to be for David, picked up the Spurs straight up. We've got Luca Garza for Detroit. Impressions on card autograph, 26 out of 99. Detroit six is going to be for Mark. You did see a prison football card that was 26 out of 25. This is Alvin Sangoon, on plate autograph for the Rockets. Houston is a number block team, part of the Detroit group. Let's check the number on the back. 12 out of 75, it goes to number two. Jeff with two. Let's see what the redemption is going to be, good luck. Impeccable victory signatures. Card 21, V-I-N-C-E, Vince Carter, he's played on almost every single team in the NBA, hasn't he? Let's go to groupbreakchecklist.com, impeccable basketball, group break team checklist, Vince Carter, card number 21, card 38 is someone else. Card 21, victory signatures, Mavericks. Top gun Maverick, let's see Vince Carter right there, card 21 Mavericks. So that's for Dallas, Dallas picked up by Ryan, there you go Ryan, some Vincentity going your way. All right, we'll save the case hit for the end, you have to redeem that card Ryan, tell us what the impeccable victory was, what victory they're highlighting. All right, we've got Cole Anthony to 49, seven out of 49, for Orlando Wayne with Orlando, and we've got Westbrook, 68 out of 75, Lakers hired Darvin Ham as their new head coach, I think they're going to try to work with him, work with Westbrook, I don't know if you could really trade him, who's going to take Westbrook. 87 Lakers goes to Matthew, and the Pistons, Jeremy Grant, 87 out of 99 will go to Detroit 7, that'll be for Mark, Josh Christopher impressions autograph, 25 out of 25, Rockets, number block team, part of the Detroit group, Rockets 5, Chad on the board, there's Oñeka Okongu, illustrious ink autograph, 3 out of 10, nice, David with the Atlanta Hawks, we've got Larry Johnson for the Hornets, an impeccable selection back in 1991, 73 out of 99, Charlotte that's going to be a number block team, part of the OKC group, so that will go to Charlotte 3, and that is, that's for Mark, Mark with Charlotte, Brandon Boston Jr., Elegant, two color patch in auto, 79 out of 99, Clippers, also part of that OKC group, that's Jeffrey with number 9, nice, that's a good one, Mike suggesting that after hiring Darwin Ham, the Lakers should sign Dwayne Bacon, and wow, Steph Curry, 51 out of 62, Steph Curry autograph, Gold State Warriors, Chung picked up the Warriors straight up, wow, 51 out of 62, highlighting the 62 points, back on January the 3rd, 2021, that is nice, he's in action right now, how's he doing so far, and Warriors only up by a point towards the end of the first quarter, Steph Curry, wow, seven for eight, six of seven from, he's easy six for seven from three already, 21 points, having a pretty good day, and there's Davion Mitchell, he's pretty good too, that'll go to the Kings, that's gonna be Yum, picked up the Kings straight up, 26 out of 75, alright, another box, could be a historic day for Steph Curry, alright, Derek Rose, 49 out of 49 for New York, Edward with the Knicks, Paul George, to 75, 51 out of 75, Clippers one, that's part of the other group right, yeah, Clippers one is for Jeff, Jeffrey with that, there's Trey Young, 74 out of 99, David with Atlanta straight up, Taj Gibson, 30 out of 99, indelible ink autograph for last spot mojo Edward, there's Sondro, Mamu Kalashevi, Shevili, 18 out of 25, tried my best, Milwaukee is part of the OKC number block group, so Milwaukee eight, Jeffrey, Quinton Grimes, 48 out of 99, another one for Edward and the Knicks, redemption, and then the last card is Ayo Dasunmu, 55 out of 99, Bulls, also part of that Oklahoma City group, so Bulls five, Chicago five will be for Mark, alright, so the redemption, elegance rookie jersey autographs, card number 127, C-A-M, Cameron, Cameron Thomas, elegance rookie jersey autographs, Cameron Thomas, is he a spur, no he's a net, that's part of the Brooklyn group, so that's going to go to Jeffrey and redemption zero, let's see what we've got from our metal card here, got Trey Young, stainless star, two out of 75, David, and the case hit could be usually silver, could be gold, silver, 75th anniversary stamp on here, and it is, wow, for the Rockets, Jalen Green and Tracy McGrady, the 75th anniversary stamp on some fine, fine silver, 20, it's out of 20, it's 10 out of 20, so Houston is a number block team, so Detroit group, Houston zero, Jeffrey, nice, congrats Jeff, and thanks everybody for getting in, that's a pretty nice highlight right there, that's pretty nice right there, folks we've got a one box break of impeccable basketball in the store right now, if you want to get in on it, let's give it a go, jaspyscasebreaks.com, thanks everyone, bye-bye.


In continuation with the previous lecture, which was primarily dealing with Plato's theory of ideas, we would examine some related concepts, particularly his theory of knowledge. So, in Plato these two things are intimately related, his theory of knowledge is intimately linked with this theory of knowledge. So, we will see those issues related to these two concepts, their interrelationships in today's lecture. So, the topics which we are planning to cover in this lecture are the parable of the cave. This is very interesting because in continuation with what we discussed in the previous lecture about theory of ideas, this theory of ideas can be further clarified with the help of this parable. So, then after that we will see the analogy of vision, which would rather take us to explain his theory of knowledge and which is supplemented by another very important concept, the refutation of perceptual knowledge. Because Plato is one philosopher who never gives importance to perception at all, there is absolutely no room for perception in his theory of knowledge. He would say that whatever you gather gain, whatever knowledge you gain through perception, sense perception is to be refuted. Again in this connection, we have to see if perceptual knowledge is refuted, if knowledge gain from perception is treated as a mistaken knowledge, then how do you get knowledge about reality? How do you understand reality at all? So, here he introduces dialectical method, which is again we can see his refers to Socrates, because it was Socrates was the person who was actually engaged in developing this method. Of course, in Socrates life, probably this method was not developed in the sense in which it is employed by Plato in his dialogues. Socrates would have practiced it with of course, certain intentions in his mind, but Plato further develops it into a very matured philosophical method and in association with all these things, we will see his theory of soul. So, now let us examine this Socrates speaking with Glockon in one of his dialogues. So, Socrates says, I just read it out and now let me show in figure, how far our nature is enlightened or unenlightened. Imagine human beings living in a cave, which has an opening towards the light and reaching all along the den, here they have been from their childhood and here their legs and necks chained, so that they cannot move and can only see before them being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads, above and behind them a fire is blazing at his distance and between the fire and the prisoners, there is a raised way and you will see, if you look a low wall built along the way like the screen which marinate players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets. Then Glockon says, I see and do you see men passing along the wall carrying all sorts of vessels, the statues and figures of animals made of wood and stone and various materials which appear over the wall, some of them are talking other silent and Glockon says, you have shown me a strange image and they are strange prisoners, because they are all chained from the very birth, from the very childhood they are chained and they are not able to turn their neck back and see what is happening behind them and behind them there is fire and in front of them there is a wall, so whatever objects move in between the fire and the wall would be reflected, their images would be reflected in the wall which is their in front of them. Like ourselves and see only, they see only their own shadows, that is what Socrates was trying to assert, they can see only their own shadows or shadows of one another which the fire throws on the opposite wall of the cave and Glockon says, true how could they see anything, but the shadows if they were never allowed to move their heads and of the objects which are being carried in the like manner, they would only see the shadows and if they were able to converse with one another, would they not suppose that they were naming what was actually before them, very true and suppose further that the prison had an echo which came from the other side, would they not be sure of to fancy when one of the pauses by spoke that the voice which they heard came from the passing shadow, no question to them the truth would be literally nothing, but the shadows of the image. So, this is what Socrates was trying to communicate, so this is Plato's famous allegory of the cave.  So, Plato actually tries to tell us that there is a human soul which is pure, which is imperishable, which is eternal, but this human soul is chained within a body and is covered by the senses. So, in one sense it is chained the soul is unable to see the reality and there is a bright light outside of the cave that produces shadows on the wall and the prisoners interpret the shadows as their reality, but what is it this is mere opinion. So, Plato would say that this these prisoners would think that these shadows are the reality, so they would all talk about these shadows and the sound produced by them, so for them that is reality and for Plato this talk about the shadow or all these information they get about these shadows are only opinions, they are not knowledge because they are so confused, my opinion would be different from another person's opinion, ours is all we are all locked inside the prison house of our body and the chains of our sense organs. Those people who are ignorant and live in the inferior world of sense objects are compared to prisoners in a cave. So, Plato ultimately tells us that you know there are most of us who live in this world, who consider this world as real, who treat the objects in this world as ultimate realities are actually having a very inferior kind of an existence. We are ignorant and live in the inferior world of sense objects, they are change and are only able to look in one direction, they are not able to see what exactly reality is because they are change the sense organs will always drag us to the world of particularities particular objects in this world. They have a fire behind them and wall in front between them and the wall there is nothing all that they see are shadows of themselves and objects behind them cast on the wall by the light of the fire. For them these shadows are realities, so they think that they are real, they have no idea about what exactly what actually realities. So, here I have tried to picturize the cave imagery this is the fire which you see behind and these are the people who are change and they are change all over the body. So, you can see the change here and this is the wall which is there in front of them and these are objects. See suppose an object is kept here these people would not be able to see the real object because they cannot turn their heads back instead they could see only the shadows which are reflected on the wall in front of them by means of the fire. And these people consider these shadows as ultimate reality and here the world outside which are the objects which is lighted by the sun is treated as wisdom and the person and change as sense organs as already told you and shadows are the sensible world. So, the light here stands for enlightenment and wisdom then the person and change they represent as I have already mentioned the sense organs in body and shadow the sensible world. So, when we go to the details at least some men see this is the climax of Plato's parable of the cave at least one man or some men succeed in escaping from the cave to the light of the sun. So, what will happen in such an event for the first time he sees the real things and becomes aware that he had either to been deceived by shadows. So, this is the moment of enlightenment the moment of ecstasy he realizes this person who comes out realizes that either to he was been deceived by the shadows he was not living the real life he was not perceiving or understanding the real world. So, now reality comes to him if he thinks that it is his duty to help his fellow prisoners also to escape from the prison house then he is a guardian the ruler of the people.  So, this person will go back and he is now capable of rolling capable of rather helping his fellow prisoners to escape from the cave and this is very interesting because Plato has a new topia a political utopia where the state is ruled by such people who are guardians who have this real vision and wisdom of a philosopher. So, there is a concept of philosopher king those people who have escape from the prison house of body and sense organs and who are now able to see reality face to face they are the rulers. Now, the theory of ideas is connected with the theory of knowledge. So, this is what we are now trying to understand the relationship between metaphysics and epistemology. In one sense these two things are interrelated theory of ideas linked with epistemology or theory of knowledge and when you say that this dichotomy on the one hand we have already seen that there is Plato maintains a very strict dichotomy between reality and appearance. Ideas alone are real for Plato and sensible world is treated as an appearance. So, this is the fundamental dichotomy fundamental metaphysical dichotomy which lies at the bottom at the foundation of Plato's philosophical theory and when it comes to ideas they are we have genuine knowledge when we talk about theory of knowledge. Genuine knowledge is possible only about these ideas it is only it is about these ideas we have real knowledge and when it comes to sensible world of appearance a world which is exposed to us or we have access to by means of sense perception of it is mere opinion it is not knowledge, but mere opinion. The problem with opinion is that number one different people can have different opinions number two the same person may have one opinion today and he might change his opinion tomorrow. So, opinions are not fixed they cannot be dependent upon if at all you depend on something it should be knowledge and knowledge should be on realities which are unchanging and imperishable. And here as far as genuine knowledge is concerned they are absolutely certain and infallible, but opinions are fallible and mistaken they are unreal they are only appearances. This slide gives you a picture about the interrelationship between Plato's metaphysics and his epistemology how this fundamental dichotomy plays a very important role in a scheme of things. Now, let us see here a very interesting observation by one of the important 20th century philosophers, Matan Russell when he writes about Plato's knowledge opinion distinction he brings out a very interesting aspect about this distinction which Plato originally maintains. So, what he says is that if I think it is going to snow then it is an opinion if I later if later I see it is snowing then it is knowledge, but the subject matter is the same on both occasions. So, this is normally what we do I think that it is going to snow and after half an hour it actually snows. So, here the subject matter of my opinion as well as what is happening now after half an hour there is one and the same, but for Plato knowledge and opinion must be concerned with different subject matters. This is very interesting because as in the previous slide as shown knowledge is about realities about ideas opinions are about sensible objects or sense perceptions. So, the object of opinion and knowledge are also different, but in the case of the snow example which Russell had cited it is shown that they are one and the same that is why Plato is a hardcore reductionist a monist in that sense. What can at any time be a matter of opinion can never be a matter of knowledge at all for Plato because they are two different kind of entities. Reality deals with ideas which are imperishable and knowledge deals with ideas which are imperishable and opinions deal with sensible objects which cannot be dependent upon and as far as the question of knowledge is concerned we have to attach it with the ideas and opinion about the particular sensible appearances. So, here again we are trying to move from metaphysics to epistemology from theory of reality to theory of knowledge. Let us see this is another very interesting analogy of vision. So, when we see an object this is what the analogy is when what happens when you see an object and you need an eye the eye is compared as the soul which I have already mentioned which is pure which is which is eternal and imperishable, but which is unfortunately chained in the present house of the body. So, the eye is compared here in this analogy with the soul and sun as a souls of light is nothing but the truth or goodness which we have discussed in the previous lecture which is treated as by Plato as the sum of boredom the ultimate reality. So, republic says I read when the soul is firmly fixed on the domain where truth and reality shine resplendent in it apprehends and knows them and appears to possess reason, but when it inclines to that region which is mingled with darkness the world of becoming and passing away it opines only and it urges blended and it shifts its opinions either and either and again seems as if it lacked reason. So, what is it I will explain this to explain the difference between clear intellectual vision and the confused vision of sense perception this is what Plato was trying to do following the fundamental dichotomy he maintained he has he has actually initiated in his theory of knowledge. So, difference between clear intellectual vision and confused vision of sense perception the eye as I already mentioned is a soul the sun is a souls of light to truth or goodness light is also a symbol of wisdom then again darkness is complete ignorance, but again in twilight there is confused vision. So, there are these are three stages why this analogy of vision has been taken by Plato because sight is different from other senses since it requires not only the eye and the object, but also light. So, that is the reason why he takes up this particular analogy and here the sun this is again from republic the sun not only furnishes to visibles the power of visibility, but it also provides for their generation and growth and nurture through it nurture through it is not itself generation in like manner than the objects of knowledge not only receive from the presence of the good they are being known, but their very existence and essence is derived them from it though the good itself is not essence, but still transcends essence in dignity and surpassing power. So, what is it? So, here clear sunshine where we can see the objects very clearly as I already mentioned the three stages or the three possible ways in which we encounter objects in the world and in twilight what happens is that we are not very sure of what is it? There is something in front of me, but I am not able to distinguish it from I mean what exactly it is? So, there is confused vision and then in pitch darkness I am not able to see anything. So, absolutely nothing is seen here and we have here we can say that we have access to the world of ideas when there is enlightenment. So, only when there is clear sunshine we can see the world clearly similarly only when there is enlightenment only when there is wisdom we have access to the world of ideas and the world of passing things is confused twilight world and there is nothing worthy to be called knowledge to be derived from the senses. So, that is the ultimate conclusion play to derive from this analogy the only real knowledge has to do with concepts we have already mentioned it in the previous lecture it is about ideas or forms or essences. Now, to substantiate to supplement what he has already stated later would refute perceptual knowledge the very legitimacy of perceptual knowledge. It is being stated from the very outset that perceptual world is in a constant flux we all know everything changes in the perceptual world there is no certain knowledge possible about the perceptual world because things which we see today would not be there tomorrow things might change their nature their qualities are going to change. So, everything is uncertain in such a world things appear to us as something now and perception is about such things. So, when I perceive something and say that the rose is red I am talking about the rose which is there in front of me at this moment and it is red after one week what will happen to the rose I do not know I have to come back and see. So, perceptual knowledge is always about appearances and appearances are always momentary they are as it is right now in front of me perception tells us about what something is there is a very interesting aspect to perception also tries to tell us about what something is what is the case, but there are problems perceptual world is a world that is in a process of becoming. So, there is a apparent contradiction between what something is and what something is becoming. So, an object which is under constant process of becoming is under constant change. So, there is no state of is that object does not exist as something more than a moment. So, how can you have knowledge genuine knowledge about that object. So, perception deals with knowledge of what becomes and not knowledge of what is. So, this is the interesting distinction play domains perception deals only with knowledge of what becomes the change and not what is. So, what is the exact essence the unchangeable the imperishable the nonchangeable essence of an object is never revealed in perception. So, here just to animate it when you talk about a perception in traditional epistemology when you talk about perception you have the subject of perception and the object of perception. So, there is some sort of an interaction between the subject and object, but even we can understand that from the very outset this true that both the subject and the object are changing. So, here we are reminded of Heraclitus who famously said one cannot step into the same river twice, because both one cell and the river would be changing. So, here both the subject and the object are subjected to change. Now, as a result of the relationship between the subject and object we get perceptual knowledge and since both subject and object are under constant change the perceptual knowledge also changes. So, in this process what happens to knowledge change in the recipient causes the change in the present. So, nothing is fixed nothing can be certain everything is in a process of constant flux and change. This is where Plato initiates a dialogue between Socrates and Theatratus as student of mathematics the question is what is knowledge and this particular dialogue is or this section in this dialogue is very interesting and it is very crucial in understanding Plato's theory of knowledge. I am not going to the details of it, because there are several stages actually there are four ways in which Theatratus tries to answer Socrates question what is knowledge and each stage Socrates refutes it and ultimately shows that perception is not a valid genuine source of knowledge perception can never take us to the knowledge the domain of knowledge. Socrates ask the question what is knowledge and initially Theatratus gives some examples this is what knowledge in geometry in mathematics this happens. So, he tries to point out refer to actually what happens when man knows, but then Socrates says that this is not what I want what I want is a definition of knowledge what you mean by knowledge you are giving instances of knowledge forget about that you tell me what exactly knowledge is and it is here the classical the dialogue between these people are initiated with this proposals given by Theatratus who comes up with three definitions of knowledge. The first one is knowledge is perception the second one is knowledge is true belief the third one is knowledge is true belief with an account actually the second and third are more or less related the third one is only a supplemented form of the second one, but it is a very important supplementation which all the three definitions are refuted by Socrates Plato's Socrates. So, the problem is that when you take up the first definition the first definition is knowledge is perception what happens is that there are two philosophers two important philosophers who come into picture here the philosophical background of this position is actually as far as Plato is concerned Plato's Socrates is concerned this statement knowledge is perception is being analyzed by analyzing the philosophical positions advocated by Protagoras and Heraclitus. So, Protagoras says man is a measure of all things famous statement by the sophist man is the measure of all things and there are many kinds of perceptions. So, this is what basically Plato says or Socrates says there are many type of many kinds of perceptions and many kinds of perceptions say for example, human beings perceive animals perceive magmen also have perceptions and in dream also we perceive since man is a measure of all things or rather perception is knowledge. Let us not talk about Protagoras here for Protagoras is it is very clear he reduces this to man and to some extent to sensible human beings, but when you take up this identification of perception with knowledge you have to deal with all kinds of perceptions all types of perceptions by every recipient. So, the recipient need not necessarily be a human being it can be animals as well. So, how do you make that distinction how do you distinguish between the perception of a mad man and the perception of a normal man all on equal footing you cannot put all of them you cannot keep all of them on equal footing, but if you once you say perception is knowledge then that is too vague. So, now we come to Heraclitus one cannot step into the same world twice we cannot make any assertion about anything because everything keeps on changing the next moment it is another object to talk about something there must be some point where we can fix its meaning. So, that is the point which later was trying to assert to talk about something when we talk about a man. So, this man is running this man is an athlete. So, when I say that a particular person is an athlete say Sachin Tendulkar is a cricketer. So, this assertion necessitates that I should be able to fix the meaning of some terms say for example, most prominently what I mean by athlete in this example of course, Sachin Tendulkar is a cricketer. So, what I mean by a cricketer there are different cricketers Kabilti Sunil Gavaskar all these people were cricketers once upon a time now they are no longer cricketers they are doing other things now. So, what you mean by a cricketer. So, later would say that there is an ideal cricketer the essence of cricketer to which all these people participate when they play cricket and again this is advanced by Bertrand Russell refutation of perceptual knowledge Bertrand Russell actually describes what Plato does by summarizing Plato's views. So, what he says is that we perceive through eyes and ears rather than with them through them not with them and but some of our knowledge is not connected with any one particular or any sense organ at all. For example, sounds and colors are unlike there is no special organ of for existence and on existence likeness and unlikeness sameness and differences unity and numbers in general honorable and dishonorable and good and bad and the mind contemplates some things through its own instrumentality others through the bodily faculties. So, that is what certain some of these things are through bodily faculties but some of these things are contemplated through its own instrumentality by the mind. We perceive hard and soft through touch but it is in the mind that judges that they exist and that they are contrary hard and soft we perceive by touching yeah this table is hard and a cotton is soft. So, but it is the mind which judges that they exist and that they are contrary only the mind can reach existence and we cannot reach truth if we do not reach existence. So, this is the point this is the point which Plato also makes the point about existence only the mind can reach existence and we cannot reach truth if we do not reach existence we cannot know things through the senses alone through the senses alone we cannot know that that things exist. So, knowledge about things always involves knowledge about their existence as well. So, about their existence we never knew it through senses the things of existence which belong to sense perceptions are not themselves objects of sense perception. So, this is the distinction which Plato maintains things of existence which belong to sense perception and are not themselves objects of sense perception and objects of perception are private to the senses being our existence is the common feature of all things this cannot be perceived by the senses. So, Plato ultimately tells us that what is important is not that information which we derive through senses knowledge consist in reflection not in impressions. So, he ultimately takes us to this point that reflection is very important and reflection is done by the mind and there absolutely no role for sense perception. Perception is not knowledge because it is no part in apprehending truth since it has none in apprehending existence and again senses do not help you they hinder the clear vision of the intellect which is as shown in the cave analogy. Now, the question is if this is the case then how do you know reality which is beyond sense perception. So, Plato was trying to show that you know how do you know reality which we definitely cannot know through sense perception which is beyond the particularities the particular objects in this universe. So, here comprehension of the universal idea from the scattered particulars is what we understand as the formation of concepts. So, only by understanding only by grasping this concepts you can have knowledge about these ideas knowledge about realities and these ideas are true universals classifying concepts. So, that you actually what knowledge consist in knowing this concepts classifying them relating them combining comparing dividing synthesizing and analyzing concepts. So, this philosophical enterprise of Plato aims it understanding concepts and that is the process which is known as the dialectical method which helps you to do that. So, the dialectical method is nothing but a bothered by means of which the human mind is capable of thinking in terms of concepts. It is an art of thinking in terms of concepts nothing else you are absolutely cut off from the sensible world, but you are contemplating. So, that traditional image of a philosopher as a person who thinks who contemplates in darkness probably or in solitude because he has nothing to do with what is happening in the world is no longer living in the world of particular objects. He is actually dwelling in a place along with the universal ideas and concepts and this is actually this method is originally employed by Socrates. So, very interestingly Plato takes a lot from Socrates here and this theory again it presupposes the mortality of this realities the ideas as I already discussed in the previous lecture. Then again the idea that knowledge is about essences, but also very importantly the immortality of the soul the knower because to know the immortal that to know the imperishable and eternal realities you need a soul which is also immortal and imperishable and eternal. So, the immortality of the soul and all knowledge is recollection that is another very interesting theory initiated by Plato and from this we can derive this famous Socrates intellectual midwifery. Socrates always considered him as a midwife as a intellectual midwife philosophy is a search for wisdom. So, what is dialectical method as I already mentioned it is thinking in terms of concepts to capture the essences that is a objective of this dialectical method and Socrates pretends that he does not know anything and ask questions in this process he exposes the confusions and contradictions of his opponent.  So, this is what happens. So, he pretends that he does not know anything or he knows very little about it and as if he is raising very innocent questions what is this what do you mean by exactly can you explain it. So, in this manner Socrates approaches his opponents and in that process what happens is he forces his opponents to come up with exact clear definitions and if there is an element of confusion then they are bound to come up with contradictions. So, Socrates ultimately force his opponents to make contradictions and once they contradict they realize that there is some problem with them and gradually again they realize that Socrates knows better than them. So, here there is an example Trasimachus who says that justice is the interest of the stronger a rich Plato Socrates encounters this view. So, he says that the government rich and powerful can make and change laws ordinary people cannot might is right the single principle of justice is the interest of the stronger. So, now there is an argument with Socrates in defining justice Socrates ask in defining justice you have yourself used the word interest which I would also use yes I just read it out. Now, we have both agreed that justice is interest of some sort for you of the stronger yes you admit that it is just for subjects to obey the rulers you may also agree that rulers of status are not absolutely infallible and they are sometimes liable to earth. Hence in making their laws they may sometimes make them rightly and sometimes not absolutely when they make them rightly this is again Socrates when they make them rightly they make them agreeably to their interest when they are mistaken contrary to their interest yes and the laws which they make must be obeyed by their subjects and that is what you call justice doubtless. Then justice according to your argument is not only obedience to the interest of the stronger, but the reverse. So, from here onwards his opponent is confused what is that you are saying now Socrates explains the rulers may be mistaken about their own interest in what they command and also that to obey them is injustice yes then justice is not to be for the interest of the stronger when the rulers unintentionally command things to be done which are to their own injury now his opponent is a little confused. For if as you say justice is the obedience which the subject renters to their commands in that case the weaker are commanded to do not what is for the interest, but what is for the injury of the stronger again confused. So, Socrates is gradually bringing his opponent to realize his confusion. So, Socrates you acknowledge that rulers may sometimes command what is not for their own interest and that for subjects to obey them is justice yes I did which means for subjects to do what was commanded by the rulers is just yes justice is the interest of the stronger yes while admitting both these propositions you further acknowledge that the stronger may command the weaker who are his subjects to do what is not for his own interest this means justice is the injury quite as much as the interest of the stronger again confused or by the interest of the stronger do you mean what the stronger thought to be his interest certainly not I will not call him who is mistaken the stronger at the time many is mistaken, but you admitted that the ruler was not infallible, but might be sometimes mistaken you argue like an informer Socrates now he is getting irritated his opponent realizing that Socrates is unbeasing him is getting irritated do you mean for example that he who is mistaken about the sick is a physician in that he is mistaken or that he who owes in arithmetic or grammar is an arithmetician or grammarian at the time when he is making the mistake in respect of the mistake true we say that the physician or arithmetician or grammarian has made mistakes, but neither the grammarian nor any other person of skill ever makes a mistake in so far as he is what his name implies none of them are unless their skill fails them and then they cease to be skilled artist, but he is commonly said to her and I adopted the common mode of speaking against Socrates says, but to be perfectly accurate since you are such a lover of accuracy we should say that the ruler in so far as he is a ruler is honoring and being honoring always commands that which is for his own interest and the subjects is required to execute his commands and therefore as I said at first and now repeat justice is the interest of the stronger. To avoid any misunderstanding occurring between us in future let me ask in what sense do you speak of a ruler or stronger whose interest as you were saying he being the superior it is just that the inferior should execute is he a ruler in the popular or in the strict sense of the term in the strictest of all senses is the physician taken in that strict sense of which you are speaking a healer of the sick or a maker of money and remember that I am now speaking of the true physician now Thrasi Marcus says healer of the sick and the pilot that is to say the true pilot is he a captain of sailors or a mere sailor a captain of sailors the circumstances that he sails in the ship is not to be taken into account neither is he to be called a sailor the name pilot by which is distinguished as nothing to do with sailing, but is significant of a skill and of his authority over the scalers sailors very true now every art has an interest for which the art has to consider and provide yes that is the aim of an art and the interest of any art is the perfection of it this had nothing else what do you mean I mean what I may illustrate negatively by the example of the body suppose you were to ask me whether the body is self-sufficing or has wants I should say I should reply certainly the body has wants for the body may be ill and required to be cured and has therefore interest to which the art of medicine ministers and this is the origin and intention of medicine as you will acknowledge am I not right Thrasi Marcus says quite right, but is the art of medicine or any other art faulty or deficient in any quality in the same way that the I may be deficient in sight or the ear fail of hearing and therefore requires another art to provide for the interest of seeing and hearing has art in itself I say any similar liability to fault or defect and does every art require another supplementary art to provide for its interest and what that another and another without end or have the arts to look only after their own interest or have they no need either of themselves or another having no faults or defects they have no need to correct them either by the exercise of their own art or of any other now Thrasi Marcus says they have only to consider the interest of the subject matter for every art remains pure and faultless while remaining true that is to say while perfect and unimpaired yes clearly then medicine does not consider the interest of medicine, but the interest of the body true nor does the art of housemanship consider the interest of the art of housemanship, but the interest of the horse yes neither to any other arts care for themselves for they have no needs they care only for that which is the subject of their art true, but surely the arts are the superiors and rulers of their own subjects oh, but yeah yes this is what Thrasi Marcus now says now is visibly confused then no science or art considers or enjoins the interest of the stronger or superior, but only the interest of the subject and weaker now he is completely confused then no physician in so far as he is a physician considers his own good in what he prescribes, but the good of his patient for the true physician is also a ruler having the human body as a subject and is not a mere money maker that has been admitted yes and the pilot likewise in the strict sense of the term is a ruler of sailors and not a mere sailor correct and such a pilot and ruler will provide and prescribe for the interest of the sailor who is under him and not for his own rulers interest now Thrasi Marcus has to accept it yes then there is no one in any rule who in so far as he is a ruler considers or enjoins what if for his own interest, but always what is for the interest of his subject are suitable to his art to that he looks and that alone he considers in everything which he says and does. So, this is the overall picture I have just read it out because to give a hand to the students about how actually a dialectical a dialogue progresses and when you try to understand the underlying notions of his theory of knowledge as I already mentioned the theory of the immortality of the salt is there knowledge as recollection comes into picture and intellectual mid-bifery comes. So, this picture will give you an idea you know there is Plato's idealism on the top you have appearance and reality here sensible objects are appearances ideas are real perception and reason body and the salt and these things are inferior in reality and these right hand things that is reality ideas reason and soul are superior in reality and goodness in Plato's scheme of thing. So, body and salt salt is more real and true than body philosopher should not be a slave to ordinary pressures this is what Plato says the philosopher must not care for only pressure he must be entirely concerned with the salt and not with the body and philosopher should try to free the salt from communion with the body. So, this is the ultimate objective of philosophy to free the salt from the communion of the body body is a hindrance in that position of knowledge and this thus culminates in a complete rejection of empirical knowledge. So, this picture will summarize it and this is also the tripraterate theory of salt which he advocates. So, in the middle you can see the rational aspect of the self where wisdom and knowledge comes and this particular aspect is dominant among the guardians or the rulers of the state and here on the left hand side you would see spirited valour energy and courage which is dominant among soldiers and this is appetitive aspect of the salt where desire dominates which will find among tradesmen. So, there are three types of human beings in Plato's ideal state the guardians are the rulers the soldiers protect and the tradesmen do other kinds of business trading and agriculture activities to conclude knowledge is recollection. So, that is what ultimately Plato's theory of knowledge says the salt processes absolute knowledge it is forgotten it due to the association with the body and absolute knowledge can be gathered only with clear intellectual vision and this is possible only when the salt is ineffected with the body hence all knowledge is recollection. So, the Plato ultimately condense that the human salt which is pure which is imperishable and eternal knows everything in advance it has a clear knowledge about the ideas which are also imperishable and abstract, but due to its association with the body the soul has forgotten it. Now, with the employment of conceptual the analytical thinking where thinking in terms of concepts the influence of the body and the sense organs can be minimized can be avoided can be bracketed completely and then the soul can graduate to the domain of knowledge and this process is actually it is nothing but a kind of recollection which it already knows which has forgotten now it recollects. So, all knowledge according to Plato is recollection and it is in this context Socrates advocates intellectual midwifery and midwife job is to help a woman to deliver the baby which is already there the baby which is there inside the body. Similarly, a philosopher is an intellectual midwife who helps other human beings to deliver to come up with knowledge and wisdom which is already there in their self to recollect he or she would help ordinary human beings to recollect what they already know. So, these are the references after which this lecture is prepared basically from three sources Bertrand Russell's history of western philosophy, Alfred Poverty's history of philosophy and Stanford's encyclopedia of philosophy it is also referred to many other books which are very minor. Thank you.