So thanks for the introduction. Hello, I'm Rasheb.  All right, let's start by talking about Trader Tracing. So what is Trader Tracing? Consider the following scenario. Suppose we have N users in the system. Each user have their own private secret key. And we have one common public key. You can use the public key to encrypt any information of our choice. The property is that any of these N user keys could be used to decrypt the un-corresponding self-textual on the message. Now suppose an adversary in a system is able to corrupt some of these users, some of these users in the system. And using the corrupted information, these corrupted secret keys, the adversary could potentially create some special decoding device or a decoder box such that this decoder box can also receive a self-text encrypted on the public key and output the corresponding messages. Now a Trader Tracing system allows the following capability. It says that if we can just get a hold of some of these decoding devices, then we can basically trace. We can figure out which parties have been coerced by the adversary. That's the problem of Trader Tracing. Now why is this problem interesting or why is this problem even, I mean, why is this problem hard? The hardness of the problem stems from the fact that the adversary in the system, it could potentially collude. Basically, it could corrupt multiple users and it could use different of these secret keys to create just one decoding device. Additionally, the adversary could be using obfuscation, hardware, or any other technique. And we can't rely that we can basically look inside this decoding device and figure out which keys have been used. Next, let me try to formalize the problem of Trader Tracing. So in Trader Tracing systems, we have four algorithms. The first three algorithms are pretty straightforward. They're just corresponding to the regular public key encryption algorithms. Except, given the setup algorithm, we output these all end user keys at once. The special algorithm in Trader Tracing system is the tracing algorithm. It takes us to input this master secret key, some parameter y, and two messages mj and m1. And additionally, this algorithm gets oracle access to some decoding device t. And it basically outputs a set t. This set t will correspond to the traitors that the tracing algorithm points to. Now, the interesting properties are so basically if you don't have any secret keys, we require NCP security from a Trader Tracing system that you cannot learn the underlying message. And for correctness, we require that any of these N users could decrypt the sci-fi text using their private secret keys. The more interesting security property that we require from a Trader Tracing system is called a secure tracing property. It's formalized by a game between an adversary and a challenger. And the game starts when the adversary sends the number of users to the challenger, it sets up the system, sends the public key over to the adversary, the adversary says, then okay, I want to cut up the following set s of users, give me the corresponding secret keys, I'm then going to output a decoded device t and two messages mj and m1. Finally, the challenger, it runs the tracing algorithm honestly on all these inputs and let t be the output of the tracing algorithm. We say a Trader Tracing system is a secure tracing system if it satisfies the following two properties. The first property sort of like a sound miscondition. It says that irrespective of what users the adversary corrupts, the tracing algorithm should never point to any user who was not corrupted by the adversary. Basically should not falsely accuse anyone of cheating. The other condition is sort of like a completeness condition. It says that if the decoding device that the adversary outputs, it can really distinguish between encryptions of mj and m1 with some non-negotiable probability, then the output of the tracing algorithm should be non-empty. You should find at least someone in the set. Now, before this work appeared, there were three main pathways to build Trader Tracing system which were from public-key encryption, from bi-linear maps and from function encryption and indistinguishability obfuscation. The difference between all these approaches were the efficiency that they led to. So if you just use public-regular public-key encryption, it had a pretty bad efficiency. The size of the septex is to grow linearly with the number of users n. With bi-linear maps, we could improve it slightly, but with function encryption and indistinguishability obfuscation, unsurprisingly, you can get optimal sci-fi tech size. Now, the question that we pose in this work is that, okay, maybe just getting Trader Tracing a full Trader Tracing system is hard, but what if we try to relax the tracing requirements slightly then can we build efficient systems from standard assumptions? To that end, we relax the tracing requirements as follows. So in standard Trader Tracing, we say that, okay, you should not falsely accuse anyone and you should catch someone if you get a decoding device. What we do is that, we define something that we call Riscated Tracing or F-Riscated Tracing. So this function or this parameter F, it's basically multiplied on the right side of this second constraint. What we are trying to say is that, now suppose this function F is one half for simplicity, we are trying to say, if the decoding device is a good decoding device, that the adversary outputs, then the tracing algorithm needs to just find someone with at least one half probability. F could be any function of lambda n and we just relax this completeness requirement slightly. Now, formally in this work, we show that on the simple assumptions of our binary groups, we can build some F-Riscated Tracing schemes with following parameters. So just choose any parameter k of your choice. The F-Risky parameter that we can target is k over n, where n is the number of users and that leads to the scheme, which has secret, in which the psychotech size grows linearly with the parameter k. For example, if the parameter k is just two, that means the probability of finding someone is two over n at least and then the psychotech size is basically constant, it just depends upon the security parameter. Additionally, we also show that, okay, that Riscated Tracing can also lead to some differential privacy negative results, just like standard Traded Tracing. Now, I'm only going to focus on Riscated Tracing in the next part of the talk and I'll hand it over to Luke to tell you more about differential privacy. Now, before moving on to how to actually really build Traded Tracing, how to build Riscated Tracing, let's see what are some standalone applications of Riscated Tracing. Now, recall in a Traded Tracing system, when we deploy it, there could be any users and each have their own secret keys. Suppose that the key manager or the person who gives you a secret keys, it tries to refresh the secret keys after some time. It refreshes, there is a key differential cycle, you get a new secret key each time. So in such settings, what we can do is that, we can only use Riscated Tracing to actually just give very strong guarantees of tracing. We can amplify the probability of catching someone because if we ask the decoding device, should work across different key cycles, different key difference cycles, then we can just switch around this probability, we can just divide this out. Now, other possible applications could be if you want to deploy a Traded Tracing system in a resource constrained setting or if you want to guarantee security against very risk-averse attackers who really don't want to get caught because if you get caught, then there are pretty bad scenarios that could happen. All right, so now in the rest of the talk, what I'll do is that, I'll quickly tell you more about how to build Riscated Tracing schemes. To that end, we propose a new framework that we call Mixed Bitmatching Encryption Systems. A Mixed Bitmatching Encryption Systems consists of five algorithms, which I'm going to describe next. So the setup algorithm, it takes us and put a security parameter and some length parameter L. It outputs a public key and a master secret key. Then we have a public key encryption algorithm. It takes us and put a public key, and some message gives you the ciphertext. Additionally, we have a secret key encryption algorithm. It takes us and put a master secret key, a message, and an attribute string Y, which is basically a length L bit string. And it gets you a ciphertext. We also have a key generation algorithm.  And again, we have a decryption algorithm, just takes us and put a secret key and a ciphertext and gives you a message. So what are the correct net requirements from such a system? The first requirement is for a public key encryption and a ciphertext, which says that if you try to decrypt any public key ciphertext using the secret keys generated by the key generation algorithm, then the output should always be the message that was encrypted. That's good. But now for our secret key encryption, we require that if you try to decrypt the secret key ciphertext using secret key, then the output should be the message M if the predicate G is satisfied on these attribute strings X and Y. And the attribute, and the policy that we want on these attribute strings is that, at least that in each bit position of both these bit strings, at least one of them should be one. One of them should allow decryption in a sense. It's just basically an end of all these, on these two attribute strings. All right. So let's see that, or actually, I should also tell you something about what are the security properties that we require from mixed bit matching encryption? The three security properties, and basically these are three different flavors of security properties. The first property is trying to say that you should not be able to distinguish between two modes of encryption. So we have a secret key mode of encryption, we have a public key mode of encryption. If you don't have some distinguishing keys, then you should not be able to tell, okay, whether you get a public key ciphertext or a secret key ciphertext. The second property is sort of a ciphertext hiring property. It says that you should not be able to distinguish between two secret key ciphertext if you don't get any distinguishing keys. Basically, there will exist some distinguishing keys which can decrypt one ciphertext and not the other one. In that case, you should not get those secret keys. The last security property is called the key hiring property. It says that you should not be able to distinguish again between two secret keys for two different attribute vectors, X and zero and X1. Again, if you're not giving some distinguishing ciphertext. I'm not going to formalize exactly what these distinguishing ciphertext and distinguishing keys means, but these can be just some natural motions that you can imagine, all right. So next let's see how we can use a mixed bit matching encryption system to build to realize a risky TT system. What we do is that we have to do a set up algorithm and we have to produce these n secret keys for all these users. Now, let K be the parameter, the risky parameter that was defined in the theorem before. And what we are trying to say is that, we're trying to say if we choose this parameter K, then we can catch at least K of the users. If the adversity uses some of these K users, then we can catch them. If that doesn't make sense, I'll try to elaborate more on it. So what we do is that we run the MBME setup with the length parameter to be K plus one. K is that risky parameter. We get the public and master secret key. Now we have to sample these n secret keys for the Trader Tracing System. So what we do is that, we choose a random window of size K out of all these n users. What we're trying to say here is that, if the adversity corrupts one of these users in this window, then basically we can catch one of these users if they are being used to create a decoding device. If you use something outside it, maybe we can't catch it. This is our target window. What we do is that we select the target window and then we set the attribute vectors as follows. We say if your index lies before the start, the window start location, the target window start location, then your attribute vector will be all zero string. If you're inside the window, then the attribute vector will have one more one than the previous index that you have. So the first attribute vector in the window has one in the last, the next one has two ones, and the last one has ones in all the position, but except the first one. And if you're outside the window on the other side, then it's going to be the all-ones attribute vector. We set the attribute vectors this way. We run the MBME key generation algorithm. We get the corresponding secret keys, and that's how we sample the n-user secret keys in the system. Basically the functionality of just distinguishing is captured in this window that we select. Now how to do encryption and decryption? Now that's pretty straightforward. You just run the MBME, public encryption and the corresponding decryption algorithm just to give you the encryption and decryption. And you can just clearly check if the underlying MBME system gives you correctness in the public key setting, and this gives you correctness in the trader tracing setting. All right? But let's move on to the more interesting case, which is how to build trader tracing, how to build the tracing algorithm with this framework. So the idea is that we have this master secret key and two messages, and we want to trace it. What we'll do is that we will choose a random message M out of these two messages, MJ and M1, let the random message be MB, and we'll compute the following SYF text. We will compute the secret key version of the SYF text for different attribute vectors, where the first attribute vector is all once, the second attribute vector is all once, except the last bit is zero, and so on. Now what we are trying to do is that the first SYF text can be decrypted by all the parties. The second SYF text can be decrypted by all the parties that whose index is larger than the window start location. The second one will be whose index is larger than the window start location plus one, and so on. Basically, all these SYF text, they kill the functionality of one user in the window one by one from the left side. So what we do is that we create such SYF text, we run the decoding device on it, on these SYF text, and then we basically check whether the decoder works correctly on these type of SYF text or not. Finally, we do this check multiple times, basically to come up with some estimate of successful decryption probability. Suppose we get the exact successful decryption probability, then what we are trying to gain here is that whether the decoding device can distinguish if we kill out the functionality of one of the users in that particular window. If the decoding device can distinguish between the functionality for these two SYF texts, then that means, okay, you have that particular secret key. If you don't have the secret key, you should not be able to distinguish between these two steps. So what we just see is that if there are any two adjacent probabilities, PIN, PI plus one, which are sufficiently or noticeably far, then we add the corresponding index to the set of traders. And since I do not have much time, I won't go into security proof, but I'll just briefly say that the proof techniques that we use to prove security of a risky trader-tracing scheme they significantly depart from the techniques used in the trader-tracing literature because we have to include this parameter of K by N in the inequalities and that causes some problems. So it's a pretty nice proof and maybe you want to look at it in the paper. Also, I didn't have enough time to tell you more about how to build mixed mid-matching encryption from binding in maps. I'd like you to look at the paper for that as well. And we also give some genetic risk amplification so how to combine two different risky trader-tracing schemes to amplify the success probability. All right, with that I'll hand it over to Luke and he'll tell you more about differential privacy negative results. Thank you. Close the song, okay. Hope everyone has their iClicker set to AA. That's gonna be important. All right, so I'm gonna switch gears here a little bit and talk about hardest results for answering statistical queries with differential privacy. And so what's the connection to the previous talk? Why are we soft-merged here? In 2009, Dwork et al showed that any trader-tracing scheme immediately implies a differential privacy hardness result where the quality of the result depends on the size of the secret keys and cybertext for the trader-tracing scheme. So kind of the state of the art for trader-tracing schemes with small cybertext and secret keys up until now is Boney and Jandri's trader-tracing scheme which is built using one-way functions and indistinguishability obfuscation. So this gives a good lower bound for differential privacy but we'd like to get our lower bounds to depend on kind of the most conservative assumptions possible. And so the previous work of Rishabh et al showed that it's sufficient to consider a weaker version of trader-tracing, their risky trader-tracing scheme that'll get the same lower bound for differential privacy. And since they're considering a weaker notion of trader-tracing, they're able to build this using just bilinear groups. In our work, we consider a trader-tracing scheme and build one that's even worse than all these other trader-tracing schemes. It's still sufficient to prove the differential privacy lower bound though. And since we consider such a weak version of trader-tracing, we're able to build it just using one-way functions. So we've reduced the assumptions faced to just that. So what exactly is the hardness result that we're going to talk about? Like what does it mean to answer statistical queries with differential privacy? So we're in a setting where we have some database that has n elements and each element is somebody's data and each individual's data comes from this data universe that I'll denote by x. And we want to answer statistical queries on this data set and these are queries of the form what fraction of individuals in this data set satisfies some predicate p and the collection of all these predicates will be called the query set capital Q. And we want to do this task with differential privacy, which means that we do it in a way that such that no one individual's data has significant influence on our answers. So a little bit more formally, we're in this non-interactive differential privacy setting where from some database, I want to be able to create a summary S that can be interacted with by any algorithm to ask to receive answers to queries for all the queries in the query set. And the guarantee for differential privacy says that for any two adjacent data sets, so adjacent means that they differ in exactly one element, so here D star is adjacent because it differs in the second element, so it changed x2 to y2. So for any two adjacent data sets, then if we use the other data set to construct the same summary, then the behavior of the adversary interacting with the summary shouldn't change up to some small statistical difference. So that's the task and so the question is, can we do this? Can we efficiently answer statistical queries with differential privacy? Kind of how hard it is to do this depends on how large of the query set and how large of the data universe you want to be able to support. So Blum et al and Dvorak et al show that if both of these sets are polynomially large in the size of the database, then it is possible to answer specific queries with differential privacy in an efficient manner. And like I said before, the trader-facing scheme of Bonaigendri combined with the Dvorak et al lower bound show that there is a set of queries and data universe that is super polynomially large in the data set size for which this task is impossible efficiently. And in 2016, we showed that it's actually okay for either of the two sets to be super polynomially large to show that this is not possible. And so this is good and it kind of gives us a nearly complete picture of the complexity of this problem, except for the problem that all these lower bounds assume indistinguishability obfuscation and we'd like to get rid of that. And this prompts Salil Vadan in 2016 in his survey on differential privacy to pose as an open problem if any of these hardest results can be replicated under quote, a more standard and widely believed complexity assumption. And so you can kind of view the work of Reshabaral and our paper as a partial answer of yes to this question where we replicate the lower bound of Bonan Jandri's trader tracing scheme without having to assume bilinear maps. So in Reshabaral's paper, they assume just bilinear map machinery and in our paper, we just assume one way functions. And our result actually goes a little bit further past this bottom right box in the key direction to achieve a slightly better super polynomial bound. So I'll talk a little bit about the techniques that we use. Basically both papers use a modified version of the lower bound argument of the original Vork et al paper. And so I'll explain that first. So we're gonna construct a setting that we show is impossible to answer statistical queries with differential privacy. And so consider a database where each of the elements is a secret key in a trader tracing scheme. And we're going to consider answering the statistical queries of the following form which are parameterized by ciphertexts in the trader tracing scheme. So the query for ciphertext C asks what fraction of the database decrypts the ciphertext C to one. And so this gives us a query set of size two to the size of each ciphertext and the data universe of size two to the size of each secret key because we have one query for every ciphertext and one. And so the key observation in this argument to show that this particular situation is impossible is that in this setting any summary S that answers these queries is itself a pirate decoder. And you can see this because every element in the database is a secret key. And so if we have the ciphertext then either all the secret keys in this database decrypt the ciphertext to one. Say the ciphertext is either an encryption of one or zero. So either all the secret keys decrypt it to one or all the secret keys don't decrypt it to one they decrypt it to zero. So the answer to the statistical query is either going to be one or zero which is the decryption of that ciphertext. So any summary of this database is going to be a pirate decoder and therefore by the property of the trader tracing scheme we know that we can run this trace algorithm on it to identify an index of one of the secret keys that was used to create the pirate decoder. There are n secret keys here that are used to create the summary. So just by a pigeonhole principle there's some index that this algorithm is going to output with probability more than one over n. Let's call it, let's say that index is i. So that's fine but the problem comes into when we use the differential privacy guarantee now to change the database. So we know we can switch this database that we use to generate the summary to any adjacent database without changing the behavior of any algorithm interacting with the summary. So if we change the database to not use secret key i anymore and instead substitute it say with secret key two then we know by differential privacy that the trace algorithm won't change its behavior and so it will continue to output index i with this somewhat high probability except now it's going to be an incorrect designation of because we know that secret key i was not used to create the summary. And so this is the contradiction that it violates the tracing property and gives us our lower bound in the original work at all paper. So the paper of Rishabh at all basically say they look at the same lower bound and they notice that it kind of still goes through even if the trace algorithm doesn't succeed with 100% probability. And so instead they're able to substitute their risky trader tracing scheme and get a lower bound that matches the Vonage-Andree result with a query set and data universe of exponential size of the security parameter due to the size of their cyber text and secret keys with only using their risky trader tracing scheme which only needs bilinear maps. In our paper we kind of take the same analysis again and we make some additional observations about it. The first and kind of the main idea is that we notice that the trader tracing scheme in this argument doesn't really even have to be public key. Like there's nothing in the argument that needed the fact that cyber text can be generated in a public key fashion. So that's one weakening that we can get. And the second thing is that we can notice that the summary in this argument is created before without any knowledge of the cyber text. So the differentially private algorithm that's creating the summary here, which is the pirate decoder, it only ever sees secret keys. It doesn't have to know anything about the cyber text. So we can consider a weakened version of trader tracing where the security of the trace algorithm doesn't have to, only has to work on pirate decoders that were created without knowledge of the cyber text. They don't need any kind of like CPA security. So to create this kind of private key, weakened trader tracing, security trader tracing scheme, we show how you can do this from functional encryption for comparison functions. And we use a modified construction of the Gorbinov et al. Public key functional encryption scheme for bounded collusion. Basically we make it turn it into a private key variant that lets us do some modifications on it to get the weak trader tracing scheme that we need. And we can do this just using one way functions. So that's kind of all I have time for. Just to recap, what we're doing here in both of these papers is replicating a lower bound for answering statistical queries differential privacy and removing the dependence on indistinguishability obfuscation and replacing it just with bilinear maps in the Rashad al paper and one way functions for our paper. And there's a lot of future work to be done here. Like obviously we'd like to kind of expand this and remove all the red dependence on indistinguishability obfuscation. And also there's a work on maybe reducing the complexity of the queries that are allowed because the complexities in this case are kind of complex cryptographic decryption operations. And it would be nice to have lower bounds that are dependent on the kind of more simple queries showing that simpler queries are impossible to answer. All right, that's it. Thank you.


The fitness part I think going hard is easy for a lot of athletes but understanding when to take a step back is maybe not as difficult or intuitive because you don't see that progress as easily or directly as you see the progress you get when you've put in some work and you're sweating or your muscles burn. So knowing and continuing to learn when those times to take a step back are. On off days I enjoy getting a chance to hang out with my friends. They're all soldiers too so our schedules are super busy but the times where we can all sync up and manage to hang out and play some FIFA or just in general spend some time together and talk. Those occasions are pretty special to me and I'm really happy when those happen. I think consistency is the name of the game for getting really good at anything. It's maybe more difficult depending on where you are in life when you have other requirements when the family comes in or your job becomes more serious. It's definitely more difficult to focus on fitness as someone in the workforce versus as how it was as a college athlete but if you stay consistent the gains might not be as rapid as you would like them to be but over time you will continue to get better and as long as you're getting closer to your goal that's really all you can ask for given whatever situation in life is so just know that if you're consistent you'll get closer to where it is that you're trying to go.


Hey folks. So I wanted to talk about something that I think we all know, but maybe isn't talked about enough. And as we get into 2023, and I just did a video earlier this week where I talked about how, hey, based on sales figures and the way the charts are lining up and, you know, how Switch has been declining year over year for two straight years, that it kind of feels like we're heading into this moment where we should get some new upgraded hardware. Now, I didn't talk about game performance. Really, I didn't go into, hey, Bayonetta 3 might have some frame rate issues or, you know, this other Switch exclusive might have a problem here or there. You know, like Kirby in the Forgotten Land running at 15 frames per second in the background. But that's because if we're completely honest, what matters most are the games. And as long as we're getting amazing games, new hardware, no new hardware we're still going to play, whether or not there's a Switch Pro or Switch 2 by May 12th of next year doesn't really change the fact that I'm going to be playing Tears of the Kingdom and probably sinking hundreds of hours into that game. So that's kind of the big caveat here is that, obviously, what matters most are the games and what doesn't get talked about enough. And I think this has become more prevalent as we look at the lineup of the competition this year in PlayStation 5 and Xbox. Heck, even even through a valve steam deck in the mix is that when it comes to reasons to buy a system in terms of exclusives, Nintendo is so far ahead of everyone else that it makes all the debates about things like the Activision Blizzard acquisition and Bethesda acquisition kind of seem silly. I mean, just look at the things that we got this year that we that we already have and that we're still going to get, right? Yes, Pokemon, Scarlet and Violet still coming. So we know that, but we started the year with a major Pokemon game and Pokemon Legends Arceus like insane. We got maybe the best Kirby game of all time, exclusively Kirby and the Forgotten Land, Mario Strikers coming back, right? We got that as well. Nintendo Switch Sports. I know those might not be the most exciting titles of the year, but they're still exclusives, which give some people a reason to buy the system, Splatoon 3 massive game. Mario Plus Rabbids, Sparks of Hope. Again, another pretty massive game, Bayonetta 3. Again, another pretty massive game, at least in terms of quality experiences. And just looking at that, if you go look at the exclusive titles dropping on everyone else's platforms this year in 2022, there ain't much. The big calling card for PlayStation 5 as an example is God of War Ragnarok, which, yes, God of War Ragnarok hasn't come out yet, but it does look fantastic and it's probably going to be a game of the year contender, but that's really it. Xbox, there really wasn't anything, nothing noteworthy anyways. Now that's going to change. Obviously, you're going to have years where Sony has, you know, two, three, maybe even four big titles drop.  That it's much, by the way, we got to stop holding this. It's Microsoft that all their games go to PC. It doesn't count as an exclusive. Are you kidding me? Microsoft Windows dominates the PC space. So can we just stop pretending that that doesn't matter? That being said, Microsoft is going to end up having a year where they've got four or five exclusives dropping, I'm sure. But the thing is, Nintendo seems to do this every single year. And they really were doing this every single year before. It was just split between two platforms, the Game Boy and Nintendo entertainment system and SNES, and then obviously Game Boy Advance and N64 and DS, GameCube, Wii, 3DS, Wii U, blah, blah. But now we're sitting here in the Switch era and we're getting all of these games on a single platform. And yeah, it's bearing out that Nintendo just releases a lot of exclusive content every single year. Not all of them are Game of the Year contenders, of course, but they are big titles, titles that perform very, very well. So it's interesting to me that I don't know if if it's something that we take for granted as Nintendo fans, because we're always, well, I'm not interested in this game.  And I don't even know that people are giving that Nintendo enough credit for that or, hey, yeah, we have a remake, a remaster of Kirby dropping in February, but then we don't even have to wait that long till Zelda. Like in the first six months of next year, we've got Zelda, a massive Zelda game and Fire Emblem.  The I think we have reached a point where maybe even as Nintendo fans, we're not as appreciative of how good we really have it. Nintendo is not as big of a company as Microsoft. So they're not going to be making the acquisitions that they that that Microsoft makes. They're not going to be able to provide a Game Pass competitor the way that Microsoft does it anyways, because that involves having to sink and lose money. They're not as big as Sony even. Like they're just not. Sony has more money, more capital, they're a bigger company. Both of those companies obviously do more than video games. Nintendo starting to even expand in the movies and merchandise and Legos. But reality is they're bread and butter as games. And we've got a good. I don't know if we appreciate how good we have it. We often get in debates whether Nintendo needs new hardware or what do they need this or what's the next Mario game coming? Because hey, we haven't had a brand new Mario game since 2017. We haven't had a brand new Mario Kart since 2014. And this is all true. It's all true. But we've also gotten two new Splatoon games in that time, right? Two brand new Splatoon games, a brand new Animal Crossing took eight years, by the way, to get that new Animal Crossing. That's amazing. That's amazing. Oh, we haven't had a new Zelo. We did get a link. So we're getting remastered. We did get some Zelda spin-offs like Age of Calamity. So it's not like we weren't getting anything Zelda. Just like it's not like we're not getting anything Mario. We just had Sparks of Hope. Literally, it's called Mario plus Rabbids. Mario is the first part of the title. Still, still deals with Mario, does it not? Let alone the paper Mario drops and everything like, man, we have it so good. So I just wanted to take a moment to appreciate how good we really have it. This Switch generation in particular, now that everything's on one system, you can complain about the resolutions, the frame rates. You can complain that, you know, the franchises you care most about aren't just being shoved out the door like, oh, my gosh, we're not getting 17 brand new Zelda games. Oh, let's get angry because Metroid Prime remaster doesn't come out. Or Metroid Prime 4 had its development rebooted. So let's get mad. It's not here. Or, man, oh, man, oh, man, let's take it even longer for Tears of the Kingdom than it did rather a little while. What's wrong with you, Nintendo? Oh, forget that. The Wind Waker, Twilight Princess HD. Oh, people have been telling us this is coming forever. Let's get angry. Let's get upset. Let's yell at Jeff Grubb and everyone else who's been saying these games are coming, Nate, you are part of the problem. But what problem are we really talking about? The problem of too many games? Raise your hand. Put a hand emoji up and down in the comment section. If you have a back catalogue of Switch exclusives, you haven't even played yet. Haven't even beat, haven't even started, but you have them. They're on your system digitally. You own a physical copy. How many of you have a back catalog of Switch exclusives? I mean, we have them all across the spectrum. Cadence of Hyrule, Switch exclusive, right? Indies, we got exclusive indie games. Sports story is supposed to come at some point. We had golf story before. And when we say, oh, you're well, yeah, well, I care more about third party games.  Nintendo has not been a haven for third party, triple A, multi-platform games in forever. And despite that, we still got some goods coming. We are less than two weeks away from Sonic Frontiers dropping on Switch. Is it going to be a good version of the game? I don't know. Is the game going to be any good? Again, I don't know. Haven't gone hands on with it. But it's a major third party game. It's going to be natively on the system. It's not cloud based. Heck, even cloud gaming that gets sort of some flack on Switch. I was actually a cloud version of a game that came out recently that sort of proved, hey, this can be done right. Resident Evil Village Cloud. I know you guys don't want to hear this, but Resident Evil Village Cloud version on Switch. Actually runs pretty well. It might be the best cloud game on Switch. It runs well. It looks fantastic. I don't know what they did. I don't know what server, internet, ISP, magic, Capcom pulled. But Resident Evil Village Cloud. Maybe it's because of the experience they had Resident Evil 7 out in Japan because they had a cloud version in Japan back in 2017. So maybe because they've already had experience with it on Switch, they were able to do it even better this time around. But Resident Evil Village Cloud that people gave a lot of flack in that last Nintendo Direct, you know what? It actually runs pretty well and you don't have to believe me. You don't even have to believe you. There's reviews of it out there now. And the reviews state actually is kind of a kind of impressive. Why can't why can't the Kingdom Hearts games run this way? Why can't all the cloud games run like this? What is Capcom doing that the others are not?  Not that I see that as a future that I'm highly interested in. But the point is that we have it good. We have it better than most.  We're not going to get the next, you know, Elder Scrolls game most likely. They'll keep that exclusive to Xbox and PC.  We may or may not get called due to you in the future. I have no idea.  But what we do get is more exclusive content year over year over year over year. Then basically any other system. Nintendo is living proof. Now that they have everything on one system, that they have so many games, whether it's partnered, self-developed, whatever, so many games, so many. We got Pick Before coming next year. So many games and IPs. That I think we take it for granted. I understand you might only like Mario, you might only like Pokemon, you might only like Zelda. So I understand that there are likes and dislikes and different things you're interested in. But as someone that's grown up with Nintendo and enjoys almost every game they put out, I even had fun with Nintendo Switch sports, believe it or not. I find myself pretty cheery almost all the time. Every time I grab my switch, there's something for me to play that's new this year that I haven't beat yet. There's something exciting going on. And right as I start getting excited about diving back into Splatoon 3 today, all of a sudden I remember we have Pokemon, Scarlet, Violet coming and Sonic Frontiers and Band of the Three just dropped today, too. Whoa. Beat Sparks of Hope, cool, but I didn't 100% of yet. So I'll eventually go back into that as well. Man, we got it good. So I want to take this moment to say thank you, Nintendo. And to see what you guys think about this, do you agree with me? Do you disagree with me? Let me know down in the comments. I am Nathaniel Robeljans from Nintendo Prime. Thank you so much for tuning in and I'll catch you in the next video.


All right, let's get started with our second talk. Emerald ash borer was found in Moorhead, Minnesota about a year ago. Tonight, let's get updated on its current status and be prepared for when this devastating insect pest is detected in North Dakota. And here to share his expertise with us is Dr. Joe Zalesnik. Joe has been with NDSU Extension since 2002 as our forestry specialist. He works throughout North Dakota and in the intersection of prairie and forest in Western Minnesota. Joe focuses on tree species diversity in communities as well as pest management and tree ring analysis. Joe, welcome to the forums. Okay, thank you for having me, Tom. Thank you for everybody for being here. Okay, give an update, as Tom said, Emerald ash borer was found a little over a year ago in Dilworth, Minnesota. Sorry, in Moorhead, Minnesota. These are the photos I got from the city forester on February 10th, 2023, as I was standing in line waiting for lunch. And I said, oh shoot. This is not what he found. He did not find any adults. He found a larvae. And usually what we see is the larvae. I've seen one Emerald ash borer adult in the last 21 years, and it was dead on my car up in Dilworth. So a year ago, I would have said this. EAB is here over in Moorhead, Minnesota. And specifically right there, right next to the golf course, and just down the street from the high school. And this was the neighborhood it was found in. So I'm gonna give you a little background here. And I kind of scratched my head at this. The city forestry crew was out pruning and they happened to prune the right branch from the right tree and they found it. And these two trees had Emerald ash borer in them. And could you identify these trees as being infested? I sure couldn't. It was really, really subtle. And these look at least like they had healthy crowns, at least as far as we could tell during the winter. So later that month, we found it over in Dilworth, Minnesota, about a mile away by the rail yard. And that's where things were at for most of the year. Later on, the question was, well, okay, we found it in these two little spots. How far has it spread? So in April, early April, there was a delimiting survey done by Minnesota Department of Agriculture, Moorhead Forestry. Their crew joined the folks from Minnesota Department of Ag. And then on our side of the river, the North Dakota Department of Ag, along with Fargo City Forestry, Extension, North Dakota Forest Service, and a few others, we did a delimiting survey on the Fargo side of the river. And here's what was found. One more tree in Moorhead, one more tree in Dilworth. And there were 27 suspect trees in Fargo. And following up on those suspect trees over the following month, City Forestry found nothing, nothing, in terms of Emerald ash borer. And so far, a year later, we still haven't found it in North Dakota. And it's kind of funny. You asked me for an update and thinking, well, you'd asked me about a month and a half ago, I would say, well, this talk will take about two minutes. There's nothing new. No, there's, but there is something new. But it still hasn't been found in North Dakota. Every City Forestry Department is looking for it. And a lot of the tree care workers, the folks who are just in the industry are looking for it. North Dakota Forest Service, North Dakota Department of Ag, they're looking for it. All of our extension folks all over the state are looking for it, and many others. And we still haven't found it. Okay, that's great. That's great. I'm not complaining, but I wanna point out, we're looking, we're looking. Okay, after that big Christmas ice storm, colleague and I went out around Eastern North Dakota. There were a lot of branches down. We stopped at the Oriska rest area where there was just damage upon damage, nothing. Went up to Lake Ashtabula, stopped in several of the campgrounds. No EAB, went over to Jamestown. City Forestry had a few trees he wanted us to look at. Couldn't find it. So that's the short answer is that there's no EAB in North Dakota, nothing new. But there is, there's a few things. Okay, a year ago in the Minnesota side of the river, where was EAB found in Minnesota? It was there. As of, well, today, there's a lot more places up in kind of North Central, or well, Central Minnesota, but further North. If you drew a line from Duluth all the way to Fargo, kind of a straight line there where we're finding it, or where it is being found. Okay, I'll use my laser pointer here. And I think it's just a matter of time before we will find it is just a matter of time before these start to fill in. So as of early 2024, yes, these yellow were the first two finds in Moorhead and Dilworth. And as of, well, a couple of weeks ago, this area in Southeast part of Dilworth and over by Minnesota State University Moorhead is where we found it on the east side of the river there. And that said, I'm just gonna show you a few trees over by MSUM, Minnesota State University Moorhead. This is kind of the classic example what you look for of the sprouts along the stem and go in a little closer. This is kind of the classic trees dying back. It's sending out these epicormic branches. And we think that is a sign of emerald ash borer, or excuse me, a symptom of emerald ash borer. And really it's a symptom of crown dieback, although this tree did have EAB. How about this tree? You think it's infested? It actually is. Okay, in the winter it's harder to tell because boy, that crown does look full.  How about there? Okay, that very specific woodpecker damage is what we're looking for. And it's really interesting. I'm still struggling with this one. I'm struggling with it because it's a very specific type of damage from the woodpeckers that helps us diagnose or identify which trees have EAB. It's in the upper third to half of the crown and we find roughly dime-sized holes that aren't very deep into the wood, just under the bark. And often it's on the south side of the tree. It was very interesting in Dilworth. There were some trees on either side of the street. The ones on the one side clearly infested. They had woodpecker damage. Other side of the street, no woodpecker damage. So we're scratching our heads at that one. But this is what we're looking for. If you see a tree that is from top to bottom, individual holes, it might not be EAB. We've got a lot of native ash bores. It might be, but it might not be. So over at MSUM, I stopped by there this morning on my way to work. And this is one of their dorms. And every one of those trees is marked with an X. It's not a yellow X. It's a nice orange or red X. They're all loaded with EAB, just loaded. And I tried to get some close-up photos, but the lighting wasn't very good. And these are all marked for removal. And this was just one little point on campus. I didn't really explore very much. So where it is over in Minnesota in Moorhead and Dilworth, it's expanding. And I think it'll be a matter of time before we find it on the North Dakota side of the river. Okay, so who's doing what? On the state level, the state of Minnesota, they put a quarantine or established quarantine around Clay County or not supposed to move firewood in and out or logs out of that quarantine area and nor brush or debris. And basically, where are people dumping their cut ash trees? Where are they supposed to? The compost site in Moorhead. And there's some advantages to that. They're also not trying to have people not move wood waste or not cut the trees during the EAB flight season, which is roughly Memorial Day till about the end of October. Okay. On the North Dakota side of the river, the North Dakota Department of Ag, if you go to this website, they have report a suspect ash tree, which is a nice little tool. And you can scan that code, that QR code, or click the link, report a suspect tree. And it goes to the survey form and you fill out a little survey. What's the date? What's your name? Where did you find it? And they'll send somebody out to check it out. And sometimes North Dakota Department of Ag, it'll be their personnel. Sometimes they'll ask extension to check up on it. Sometimes they'll ask North Dakota Forest Service, but somebody will follow up. And they haven't had a ton of requests yet, but every time they've looked, still haven't found the AB. Okay. We're off, we're still recommending, buy it where you burn it. Don't move firewood. There's a lot of people moving firewood and they're going to continue moving firewood, unfortunately, but we strongly recommend people don't move firewood because moving firewood is a great way to move this pest. And I really expect that's how it's gonna spread throughout much of North Dakota. That said, until we find it, we won't know who's moving it where. All right. That's at the state level. That's what the states are doing at individual city level. Okay. What are the cities doing? There's some combination of removals, replacements, and treatments. And I thought about this afterwards, thought this should really be a Venn diagram where things are overlapping. And like I said, some, there's some level of this. Okay. Removals can be very costly.  It's just gonna drop in the forest and you don't need to worry about the other trees so much. You take down a tree like this.  That's gonna take a while. It's gonna be very costly. If you have an ash tree that's in a backyard or is big enough to be over your house, they might have to bring in a crane. And that could be very, very costly. And not sure, oh yeah, not sure why I had this one in here. That tree was finally down. That was an elm tree that they were moving on campus. I wanna point out that cutting down elm trees or letting elm trees die from, in this case, Dutch elm disease and letting them stand. Well, ecologically it's not the best because this is still providing habitat a little bit for the elm bark beetles, just for a little bit. The wood of elm trees doesn't break down the same way that the wood of ash trees break down. Okay, if this tree were to remain standing out being cut down, you'd lose the small branches then you'd start losing the medium branches, eventually you'd start losing the bigger branches. And it would just slowly decay and slowly break down and it wouldn't be a big deal all at once, probably, not for 10, 20 years, actually. An ash tree that is dead quickly gets very brittle. So we strongly recommend if you're gonna remove a tree, remove a live tree, don't wait till it dies. Because it's very dangerous at that point and tree care companies, tree removal companies are gonna charge a lot to remove a dead ash tree if they'll do it at all. So keep that in mind. Okay, so removals are often, hopefully, followed by replacements and only got three words to say to that, diversify, diversify, diversify. Trees are your investment. They are an investment, yeah, I know Todd said in 30 years he'll be in the old folks home and it won't matter to him, but it will matter to the next group of people that have their trees there, that are managing our urban forests and in our communities. So diversify, diversify, diversify. And then there are treatments, okay. Treatments, I've mentioned these before. There are three main chemical control measures. Amidacloprid and dinotefuran are a class, in a class of insecticides called neonicotinoids and they move throughout the tree very easily. They're pretty effective. I wanna say 70, 80% effective. Homeowners can use them, can apply them very easily. You do have to be careful with other plants near the trees you're treating because the amidacloprid you pour it into the soil and the tree takes it up. Well, tree roots are all over the place and you don't want to get this into the wrong tree where it may be taken up and then hit a pollinator, okay. Ash trees are wind pollinated. We're not so worried about pollinators getting hit by these chemicals from ash trees, okay. As I have here, there's a bunch of different products for each active ingredient. There's homeowner use, there are professional use only called restricted use pesticides and there's a lot of products may be available. There are more products than just these three, but these are the main three and I'm not endorsing any specific product, but that said, how much does it cost a tree to tree? It's really variable. Depends on if it's a homeowner product versus a professionally applied. Depends on the product itself and it depends on the size of the tree and we'll come back to that in a sec, all right. We do recommend no treatments until EAB is found within 15 miles of your location. Once treatments begin, you have to repeat them every year or two or three and that's until EAB is nearby you could be spending a lot of money for nothing, okay. There's at least seven contractors in the FM area offering treatments, there's at least one in Grand Forks and I know there are several others who have talked about getting into this business. It's very interesting, my colleague John Paul down in South Dakota, he said to the tree care people he said, if you're not in this in the first year or two, you're just gonna be too much competition if you try to get into offering treatments in year three or four, you're not gonna get the business. That was interesting. I do wanna point out this Emma Mectin Benzoate chemical, it is very, very effective, 99 plus percent. Okay, it is stem injection only. Now that said, it's kind of weird because I believe it's the Mectinite product homeowners can buy. It's a lower concentration, it's a lower concentration like half the concentration of the other products so you apply twice as much. Okay, it's really pretty straightforward. Because of that lower concentration though, homeowners can buy it, but do you have the specialized injection equipment? Okay, that's the question. What the professionals are charging is about six to $10 per inch of diameter. You measure the stem diameter at breast height, that's four and a half feet off the ground and they'll charge anywhere from six to $10 per inch of diameter. You'll notice here, it says two to three years. The research shows clearly a two year residual for the chemical without a doubt. No need to apply it every year. A lot of the folks, even within the industry, the wholesalers are saying, you know, around here you could probably go with every three years, not every two years, but every three years, for two reasons. One is, oh, the research does show that sometimes you do get a little bit of residual into that third year, so that's a good thing. But the other thing is that the thought, and I think that's probably true, is that an ash tree can handle one year of an EAB attack.  So applying every three years seems to be about the going plan right now. But if you wanted to, you could certainly apply every two years, nothing wrong with that. All right, the specialized equipment, they're all variations on the same thing. They are some type of pressurized pump, some type of connector to the tree itself and the tubing to connect all the system together.  Sometimes there are plugs applied, sometimes there are not, depends on the system you have. And they're attached through the tubing to some type of pressurized system. And it's very interesting sometimes that pressurized system is actually pressurized with a bicycle pump. Very interesting, okay. And I'm not sure why I have this here again, but there you go. Those are the common ways that people are doing it, are applying treatments to trees. We do have a document on emerald ash borer. If you're interested in more information, it's E1634. If you just search NDSU extension E1634, I'd be a lot of information about EAB. And that said, when I was talking about chemicals, we've updated this and we don't recommend spraying the crown of the tree. That's just too non-specific and not very effective actually at protecting the tree from EAB. These injections into the systemic, the vascular system of the tree where you get the systemic action where the tree moves the chemical around internally are much more effective. And I've always said do nothing is an option. And it is, but I'm gonna really strongly recommend don't do nothing. All right, just waiting for trees to die. Yes, everybody has that right to do that, but I just worry about the safety that happened that the safety issues that come into play with standing dead ash trees. They can be really dangerous. So I'm just strongly recommending people think about what their plan is gonna be, which of these routes you're gonna take for your individual trees or in a community, what combination of things you're gonna do. Trees provide us lots of benefits. They're beautiful, they provide habitat for wildlife, they provide a shade, they have a value. Is the cost of treatment worth it to you? That's gonna be different for each individual person. So that said, it's something people are gonna just have to think about and make their decisions. And I think that's our 20 minutes, Tom. I don't know how you wanna handle questions. I'll ask him to Joe. We got some questions already, ready to go here. So here's a question. This person's from the Appalachian Mountains and they're using a non-invasive predatory insect to control different types of tree paths. Is that type of strategy being used for emerald ash borer? Yes, it is. Okay, at the federal level throughout the whole U.S., it's being organized by the USDA, U.S. Department of Agriculture. There are four insects that have been brought over from Asia that are parasitoids. And don't ask me the difference between a parasite and a parasitoid, I can't remember. But anyway, they're pretty specific to emerald ash borer. The challenge here is up in our cold northern weather. I know that some of the parasite toids are doing well in the Twin Cities and they're still being tested to see how far north they'll get. Okay, how about can you trap an emerald ash borer similar to the way you trap Japanese beetles? Not really. There are some chemicals, pheromones that have been developed, but they're not as effective. The Japanese beetle traps, the chemical that draws the Japanese beetles in is super effective. It's phenomenal. I've seen traps that are just full. The EAB traps, even with the pheromones, they're not super effective. Yeah, are those those purple traps you see hanging like on rest stops? The purple prism traps, they're okay. They're not great. Even, we've tried different lures in them and some lures better than others, but still nothing great. There's a report here from Manitoba in Buzhua, Manitoba, Canada. They said there was a lot of emerald ash borer there last fall, there you go. So you can take the cold there. Oh, there's no doubt about that. EAB was found in Winnipeg, I wanna say in 2018, maybe even 2017. Yeah, it's been there a while. So it has spread slowly in Winnipeg. I think what's gonna spread a little faster here, but the further south you go, the faster it spreads. Okay, Joe, you showed a slide that showed woodpecker damage and bark splits. Yes. Are bark splits a potential indicator of emerald ash borer? They are, and I'm gonna go to this slide here and this slide here. They are a potential indicator of emerald ash borer. And what happens there is an individual larva will have its gallery under the bark and it'll develop, it'll grow, it'll do whatever, but it won't spread beyond that one individual gallery. And a year or two later, the tree tries to grow over it and it might, but in the meantime, the bark will split over where that gallery was. That is one way to find EAB, that's a search for. I have a hard time seeing them, even with binoculars. They are tough to find. Okay, Joe, you say an ash tree can tolerate one year of emerald ash borer, but is there a point of no return? The point of no return is about 30% crown dieback. Okay, when people are deciding whether or not to treat a tree chemically, the tree has to be able to take that chemical in. It can't have lost so much, it can't be so damaged that it won't bring the chemical in. And the exact percentage has been debated over the years, 30%, maybe 40% crown dieback, a tree has a chance of recovering. More than that, it really doesn't. Okay, how about is there any damage that occurs to the tree due to that stem injection treatment? Well, sure, I mean, it is wound, but it's very small, very small holes, and if it's every two years or even three years, the tree will grow over those wounds. If the tree is otherwise healthy, it should grow over that wound within a year. Joe, when you examine a potential infested tree, how deep do you scrape the bark to look for the pest?  You barely have to go under the bark. Excuse me, you have to go under the bark, I guess you do have to go down, you can go down all the way to the wood because the larva, the egg is laid on the outside of the bark and it goes in and it starts to tunnel back and forth. It's very much serpentine, but as it gets bigger, it starts to go a little deeper, throughout the course of the one to two year life cycle, and then eventually it does go into the wood, maybe one or two rings into the wood, so you don't have to go very deep. Okay, Joe, how about with these trees that get emerald ash borer? Is there an age consideration with a tree to like the young trees less likely to get the damage? Is there like, are we sure if I planted ash tree today, I'm gonna be safe for 10 years, for example, or is it'll be more very small? It's not an age thing at all, and there are no specific characteristics, other than species, green ash, black ash, white ash are all very susceptible. Blue ash, which I've seen two in North Dakota in 20 years, blue ash is a little less susceptible. Okay, Joe, so now these people are all worried about their ash trees now. So what's the first sign or symptom that you would say people should be on a lookout for? Is it the woodpecker damage or the suckering or crowned dieback or what? Any one of those could be a symptom, but again, we've got so many insects and diseases, especially, excuse me, we've got so many native borers and bark beetles that hit ash trees that cause similar symptoms. It's really hard to tell. Basically, it's those back and forth galleries, whoops. And I don't have the pictures of the back and forth galleries, sorry. Okay, there it is, it's that back and forth gallery that I look for. Now from the outside, I'm starting to train my eye better for those wood, those dime size holes in the upper third of the canopy. Okay, here's a question in general for residential tree analysis. Do extension agents or arborists make house calls to diagnose problems in residential areas? Arborists usually do, usually. Extension agents, it depends on the individual agent. Some of them have more time than others and some of them feel more confident than others. So they can contact their local county extension agent and just get a gauge as far as what the situation is. And I think it also helps for people to provide a lot of information about it, provide, we get a lot of digital photos from people that really can speed up the process because house calls can take a lot of time. And there's a lot of people to serve out there in the county with a lot of issues. How about, oh, you mentioned there's a lot of native bores. Are there other paths that create these types of galleries? The serpentine gallery here going back and forth is very specific to EAB. And especially early in an infestation, more when the tree gets dozens or hundreds of bores in it, then these galleries, you kind of lose that serpentine. Some of our native bores have curvy galleries. I'm just gonna put curvy there because they're kind of all over the place, but they're distinctly not serpentine, are natives. So if somebody does find emerald ash borer or you find it, you're probably gonna be the guy who finds it, you'll be the diagnose because that's who I'd call if I had a question. They went to the next time you're in Bismarck. Does the state help provide some funding if I have an infested tree to help with the removal costs? For homeowners, no. I know some cities may have a little bit of financial support but even if it's just removing branches and all the debris from the boulevard if the homeowner gets it. But for individuals, no, there are grants that are available to communities through the North Dakota Forest Service and they have to be public trees, public trees on public property. Okay, so that's it for ash trees, Joe. Since we've got a minute here, there's another question. Like you mentioned about how the systemic treatments are the way to go after bores, the emerald ash borer. And do you feel we should use the same approach with bronze birch borer? Or do those crown foliar applications do the job or stem soaking or do you like the injections? Okay, it has a lot of different questions you just asked there, Tom. Really, sorry. It's okay. Bronze birch borer is related to emerald ash borer. It's the cousin that's very specific to birch trees. Thing about birch trees is they can fight bronze birch borer if they're well hydrated. If they're drought stressed, they get nailed by bronze birch borer. So I'd say, first of all, with bronze birch borer, you can use a cultural treatment. You don't have to go right to chemical. That said, these systemic treatments are good for bronze birch borer too. Whether they're injections into the stem or the chemical is put on the ground at the base of the tree and the tree takes it up that way, they're pretty effective. Yep. Okay, that's good to know. And their cousins, they're both from Asia and- No, they're not. No, no, bronze birch borer is native to North Dakota. Bronze birch borer is native. They're both in the genus Agrilus. Right, and one key difference is bronze birch borer. A birch tree, it's stress can be a little different. It's almost a magnet for bronze birch borer. But you say for amyl dash borer, stress isn't necessarily so important. No, it's not, surprisingly. Yeah, so there's not really much culture we can do about it. Just have to be on the lookout for it and call you at the first suspicion. Call your county extension agent first. There you go. And, okay, that's great. Joe, thank you very much for your talk today. It was outstanding. You bet, thank you. Thank you.


My name is Airman Joshua Tione. I'm from Bakersfield, California and the reason why I served it's because it's just always been my dream. As a kid I used to read books about World War II and see all the big pictures and see all the cool guys holding guns and wearing the uniform. This is kind of what I wanted to do ever since I was little and I feel like the military fits my personality. I love to meet new people. I love to travel and I also love to serve.


I'll let the course work. So today we're gonna be making our dried sour cherry, pepita and spelt brioche. You're gonna need dried sour cherries, pepitas, flour, and a lecriceb bread oven. I think everyone should actually have a bread oven at home. Not only is it great for the heat distribution, but the way that it creates moisture and locks it in to make such a beautiful crumb in our bread. So now that our dough is done, we're gonna cover this up, and then we're gonna put it in our bread oven. We're gonna then sprinkle it with a little bit of pepitas. I did a good job.


My name is Raka Manishwal, I am the head of department of dermatology, Manipal Hospital, Varka, New Delhi. We are going to be discussing treatments which are available for rejuvenation. Now what is the word rejuvenation? Rejuvenation in simple words means reversal of aging. It means how we can look better. Now obviously when we talk about anti-aging. Anti-aging is a very holistic approach. We cannot stop aging in a person but we can slow down aging. We can reverse certain aspects of aging. When we discuss the process of rejuvenation, so we tell a patient it's a complete thing. A healthy body is very important.  And it's my belief you know if you are fit that contributes to anti-aging in a very big way. Coming to the topic of rejuvenation. So there are multiple aspects of it. Let's get it straight. One single cream cannot take care of all your aging problems. You know people say one cream, seven anti-aging things. Come on that's not happening. It's not so simple. Otherwise everybody could look young and sweet and nice. It doesn't happen like that. To understand what are the treatments available. Let's just understand what are the points of aging. So just like look at me. So if I raise my forehead so you can see this muscles. So these are muscular wrinkles. And these wrinkles now can be helped with using Botox injections. So there are two types of wrinkles. One is wrinkles which are present at rest. Even if I am not making any facial expression I still have these lines on my face. But then there are certain lines. The front lines, the forehead lines, the lap lines which occur when I make expressions. So the muscular lines will work with Botox. So the Botox is a form of injections which are given into the muscle. So the medicine will relax the muscle. The effect comes within two to three days. It's superb. It works fantastic. And it lasts from four to six months on an average. But then if we talk of lines which are present at rest. Or if you look at put in some volume. Then we need to put in fillers. Fillers are materials which contain hyaluronic acid. It's a material which is naturally present in all of us. When we are born we are nice round in chubby like an apple. But as we age everything goes down southwards you know. So we need to put in some material to hold the whole thing up. We need to restructure the face. So that's a part of rejuvenation. So for that we use something known as fillers. Fillers are again simple injections. Non-surgical. Patient comes in. We put a numbing cream. Put in the material. The effect stays for one to one and a half year. It stays for that long and the effect is immediate. You can see it on the procedure table. So we can correct the wrinkles with the Botox and fillers. The third thing is a clear skin. So when we talk of a clear skin we have to understand what contributes to a tanned skin. So the biggest thing is sun exposure. So obviously people say I don't go out in the sun. But that's not true. Even in indoors we have these lights and we're doing cooking. So we're getting all this exposure to UV and that causes aging and tanning. So for detaining we have to start some procedures. So that starts with home treatment. The home treatment A most important thing is the use of sunscreens. A sunscreen has to be applied 30 minutes before sun exposure. It's not that you apply it under a shot. You've got to wait 30 minutes and then you've got B. A sunscreen works only for 4 hours. It doesn't protect you for the next 9 hours. No, if you're in the sun and you want to stay in the sun then after 4 hours wash your face and apply a thick layer of sunscreen. Then we need to put on some night creams. Creams which will reverse the tan which has already occurred. That is the first part of detaining treatment. The second part is something known as chemical peels. Chemical peels are some treatments which are done in the hospital in which some medicines will be applied on the face so they produce an exfoliation or controlled peel of the skin. There is no wound. It does not hurt. But 2-3 days of skin will look slightly dry, red and itchy and you have to avoid sun exposure. That is chemical peeling. Typically patients will need 6 sessions. We do it once in 3 weeks. Makes the skin more clearer and fairer. The third part of treatment which we are using in Manipa in our department is the Q-switch NDEAG laser known as laser toning. Laser toning. They are also known as laser facials. So again they work on the deeper layer of the pigmentation. So when we talk of pigmentation or tanning so it is in the upper layer and in the deep layer. The upper layer will be dealt by the medicines and the peeling but the deeper layer you need this detaining laser or the laser toning. Typically patients will need 6 sessions. We do it once in 3 weeks. It is not painful. You do not require anesthesia. There is no downtime.  It is a lunchtime procedure. Once a person is on this procedure they will improve tremendously and we take photographs to show them before, after and you know the effects will last quite long. But it is not permanent. We have to understand that clearly. We are aging every day. Even as we are talking now, we are aging. Every moment we are aging. So the processes of rejuvenation are ongoing process. You need to take care of your body. You need to eat well. You need your sun streams and the treatment also. Initially you might need a series of 6 sessions as I explained once in 3 months, 3 weeks depending on what we are doing but then again you need to be on a maintenance program. So if we combine these processes that is relax your muscle with Botox re-fill it with a filler re-surface it with peeling and laser toning we can make a person look much, much better. Thank you so much.


A systematic review and meta-analysis on exercise timing for fat metabolism found that exercising in a completely fasted state may work best. The Japanese team that published some of the similar work in this area went as far as to assert if exercise were a pill to burn body fat, it would be effective only when taken before breakfast. Surveys show few people exercise before breakfast, though. Before asking people to make the switch, we need to make sure that these tantalizing 24-hour results translate into weight loss over the long term. There's a solid theoretical basis, but you don't know until you put it to the test. In a study of experimental weight gain, volunteers were fed up to 4,500 calories a day for six weeks while vigorously exercising a total of 300 minutes a week, either always after an overnight fast or after a meal. A control group who didn't exercise at all gained about six and a half pounds, compared to three pounds in the exercise after meal group. The pre-meal exercise group worked out the same amount, but only gained about half as much, one and three-quarters pounds. What about weight loss, though? Twenty young women were randomized into three hours a week of before or after meal exercise, same diet, same amount of exercise, and, disappointingly, about the same amount of weight loss. The pre-meal exercise group did lose about an extra pound of body fat, the total weight loss was 3.5 pounds versus 2.2 pounds, but this did not reach statistical significance, meaning such a small difference could very well have been due to chance. A study of six weeks of low-volume high-intensity interval training before or after meals similarly failed to show a difference. One explanation that's been offered for this failure is that the increased fat loss during pre-meal exercise might be neutralized by the lesser diet-induced thermogenesis. In other words, because it costs our body fewer calories to process food if we eat after, compared to before physical activity. When we exercise after a meal, our body gets mixed signals. I mean, exercise is all about mobilizing energy stores for fuel, whereas eating is more about assimilation and storage, and the metabolic challenge presented by the ensuing hormonal tug of war might be responsible for the 15 to 40% greater calorie cost. This has led some to recommend exercising after meals to facilitate weight loss. If you do the math, though, our body is so efficient at digesting that the 15 to 40% increase might only come out to 3 to 12 calories.  I would suggest a more reasonable explanation might be that the clear body fat deficit on pre-meal exercise days is made up for by extra fat storage on non-exercise days. Your body likes to hold on to extra body fat if it can, and so on days you're not driving it down, it may try to even things out. Both of the failed weight loss studies had people exercise only three days a week, and so their bodies said most of the week to compensate. The study I'd like to see is a pre-meal versus post-meal exercise on all or at least most days of the week to see if we can continue to drive down fat stores. For those with diabetes, though, you'd want to do the opposite. You can imagine how that siphoning effect muscles have on excess blood sugar during exercise might be great for those suffering from elevated blood sugars, and indeed, exercising after a meal can bring down blood sugars as well as some blood sugar-lowering drugs. Randomized type 2 diabetics do a 20-minute leisurely stroll about 2 miles an hour before dinner versus after dinner, and the after dinner group blunted their blood sugar spike 30%. Same meal, same amount of exercise, but a significant effect on blood sugar control thanks to a little tactical timing. Even just a 10-minute walk after a meal may make a difference. So for those with blood sugar problems, it's better to exercise after meals than before them. Blood sugar from a meal starts appearing in the bloodstream 15 to 20 minutes after the first bite and is ramping up by 30 minutes to peak at around the one-hour mark before declining to pre-meal levels within a few hours. So for optimal blood sugar control, pre-diabetics and diabetics should start exercising 30 minutes after the start of a meal and ideally go for an hour to completely straddle the blood sugar peak. If you had to choose a single meal to exercise after, it would be dinner due to the circadian rhythm of blood sugar control that wanes throughout the day. Ideally then breakfast would be the largest meal of the day and you'd exercise after that or exercise after every meal.


As former lawmakers, we have the responsibility to point attention to all forms of abnormalities we observe so that the general public is not misled. It took us this way to respond, hoping that the leadership and members of the 10th audience will be told the line of decency. We want to on equivocalistate here that the house must be careful not to dare the rot of the people by hitting up the polity. The assemblies should avoid media trials of the deputy governor and other appointees marked for humiliation. It is fine with the party but it is just like this as you are aware there are so many voices trying to intervene and I want to believe that at the end of the day the party, the people involved, everybody will listen to the voice of a concerned stakeholder in the state and will be able to do the right thing. As it is now, the process is faulty and we know we are exaggerating so that's why we want to pray to the world now that as it is now, there is nothing that is cheating. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


The next every-way woman different is that we do give a voice to the everyday person and so much of what's on television right now is celebrity-driven, entertainment-driven, gossip-driven. If it bleeds, it leads. We've all heard the line and we want to celebrate the everyday hero, the everyday story and really validate those people.


Welcome to the CTS Learning Series, Chapter 6, Testing an OSS UOC Example. Video 5, Review of Testing Result. In this video, we will explore where an OSS Conformance Testing Report is generated, analyze the contents of the report, and explain the conformance tests that resulted in failure. The Conformance Test Report is generated in the same directory the Project Configuration file is located. For our case, the Project Configuration files were located in the CTS Learning Series directory. OSS Conformance Test Reports look very similar to Non-OSS Test Reports, but the tests are executed differently than Non-OSS tests, as explained in Chapter 6, Video 2. In our case, since we only selected the C++ runtime based on the general profile, the CTS has called each of the required functions that should be supplied by the C++ runtime. If the test failed, the C++ function does not exist in the C++ standard libraries. Take the tests executed for C time. If we expand C time in the Navigation pane, we can see some tests passed and some tests failed. Local time underscore R has failed, for example. In searching through the C++ standard libraries, we can see that GNU does supply local time R, but not in the standard library, which is a requirement of the FaceTesticle standard, thus resulting in failure. The other failing results contained in the test report are also because GNU does not supply the required function in their C++ standard library. Thank you for watching. This concludes Chapter 6, Testing in OSS-UOC, Video 5, Review of Testing Result. This also concludes Chapter 6.


This episode brought to you by Biotrust Ageless Multicollagen. After 20 years old, your body will naturally decrease its collagen production by 12% each passing decade. This is a leading reason as to why skin appears thinner and more wrinkled as we age. It's essential for skin, bones, and more. And the way to keep our skin looking healthy and youthful is by consuming five different types of collagen. Ageless Multicollagen provides you with the five types of collagen your body needs and one complete protein. Get Ageless Multicollagen for 51% off plus free shipping by going to www.healthwithdronetech.com or by clicking the link in the video description box below. Are you comfortable with the President of the United States being close to a person like Rudy Giuliani who says also that he is not bothered whether any of the information comes from Russian hacking? What does that say? Are you comfortable that CNN used Russian disinformation from a Russian asset to leak it to subvert the peaceful transfer of power? Reporting on the dossier which was complete verified Russian disinformation. Is it not? Is it not? Let's just get back to the story. Was the dossier real? Can we get back to the current story? Everything that Democrats accused us of doing is what they themselves did. Rudy Giuliani is not a Russian asset. We've heard this smear very well before. You, it's the United States government who said it. Not me and not CNN. The United States government. The FBI. Okay, you know what also the United States government says? The FBI says this laptop is not Russian disinformation. So what are you talking about here? This laptop is real. It's not just the laptop. There's other emails. There's text messages. They are real. So according to the US government. I know that you're trying to move everybody to look at that. But that's not what we're hearing from the FBI. Why don't you want to report this? This is one of the most powerful families in Washington. Liz. The Biden family. And you're okay. You're okay with our interest being sold out to profit Joe Biden and his family when we're suffering during a pandemic from communist China.  As you know perfectly well, I'm a journalist and a reporter. And I follow the facts. And there has never been any issues in terms of corruption. Now let me ask you this. Yesterday, the FBI. Wait, wait, wait. The FBI. How do you know that? I'm talking about reporting and any evidence. I'm talking to you now. Okay. I would love if you guys would start doing that dating and start doing that verification. No, we're not going to do your work for you. I want to ask you a question. The FBI. It's a journalist's job. Contrary to what president. It's a journalist's job to find out if this is verified. Welcome back everybody. Don't you just love seeing that. Especially Ottoman poor.  Okay. So first off, you got to love how the media always comes up with some sort of a rationalization or an excuse to ignore Democrat corruption that's just been exposed. We saw the exact same thing after the initial Democrat email leak showing among other things media collusion with the Democrat party and the Hillary campaign. This was of course, buried by the press because not only were the Democrats exposed here, but so were they. And they told us that none of this mattered because it had all been obtained through Russian hacking. And I've always found that strange because if you remember back to the Bush administration, we had anonymous and WikiLeaks constantly leaking information from the Bush administration and the media had no problems with that. In fact, these groups were heroes to the left at the time. They only turned on them, of course, when it started to be Democrats that were being exposed. In case you're wondering, this lady is RNC spokesperson Elizabeth Harrington. She's absolutely right. CNN and the rest of the media jumped on the steel dossier story right after the election. CNN even did reports claiming that Trump was wrong when he called it fake news. Well, it turns out that not only was it fake news, but it was actually Russian disinformation. Whose primary source was, wait for it, a Russian spy who was deemed a national security threat. Just think about that for a minute. The Democrats and the Hillary campaign financed opposition research that was then used by the Democrats and their media and I guess an attempt to sabotage Trump during that important transition of power. The very thing that they said would be an attack on democracy in 2016. The very thing they're saying right now. Anyway, great smackdown by Harrington there. I doubt she'll be back on CNN anytime soon after that. And frankly, I'm amazed that any Republican or conservative would go on to CNN without coming really hard like Harrington did there. Otherwise, they're just up there as props to be mocked and demonized by CNN's remaining leftist viewers. That's all for this one. If you'd like to support this channel, you can find all those links in the description or pinned comment. Thanks for watching and have a great weekend.


Shiver 1000 hair we got right over here besides you we want to unbox this and do a quick review of it let's open this up and see what it is this was out for delivery last time I checked I think this is the doorbell this is what I'm going to use I was explaining I think on the live stream or on another video that I want to use this for Ma she's got her over here button this is for 911 if she needs something and we're outside or I'm outside monkeys at work or whatever I'm going to make one of these a necklace one of the transmitters a necklace for her and I can plug this in it's wireless up to a thousand feet and I can plug this in and take it out with me and if she needs something she can just push the button and I'll hear it right it's supposed to have 52 or 51 chimes on it so my phone it's all cracked up if you guys seen the video I dropped that off in my scooter crack man I was going to say I ordered my these should be in I just couldn't raise it hasn't even shipped yet let's open this up I've had a wireless doorbells in the past it seemed to work pretty good this this is what it is a wave link I used to have one at my other house work pretty good probably as nobody rang it I ring our doorbell all the time I know I'm starting my mother asked me why you were ringing the door mind you have who took care of it that's just a second and it took me days free lifetime warranty this is the receiver it receives it receives from this thing there should be two of them here there's the other one and we're also going to review these okay let's check out the transmitters called transmitter because it transmits a signal to this to make it go bing-bong right you want to use yeah this is the sticky stuff that you just stick it on the back but you're not going to use it for that well one of my this is this is to remove yeah this has different chimes anyway quit she fuck one man I can't remember what I'm gonna say this is you pull this out and it does the battery thing sorry okay in fact I've got an extension cord right over here we're gonna try it out right here and then I will take this out of the back yard plug it in back by the shed you can also use screws back by the shed we'll have her hit the doorbell and see if we can hear big ball there's the screws in that one what you do is you use this this comes apart like to change the batteries and stuff and then you just run them screws through there up on your wall this is water for no because this goes in the house right so you would want that in the house and you want to take that go out back and see how far it will go yeah because why would you plug this in outside right underneath the doorbell it doesn't make sense like wiping before you shit I wanted to make sure it's going to be a thousand foot range so if your mom's in here and I'm back here at the shed with the extension cord I can just plug this in and if she needs me I'm gonna make one of these into a necklace she can just hit the button well why don't you just plug this in here and then go out there and see if it'll work because then we can't hear the bing bong so we're gonna have you hit that button but first we're going to do it in here okay yeah so I'm ready I'm hitting it well don't hit the button yet now do these have batteries in them too so we've got this plugged in yes that's what that tabs for didn't you watch the video where I said you pull this tab she's fucking with me I can't remember nothing you pull this tab and that like that okay so let's see what happens it's not charged yeah you pull the tab on that one there's no tab on it plugs in probably should have read up on it feel like Russian hacker she gets that it won't matter what this is it's your tone and how loud you want it for yourself cuz I'm gonna say you have to have a really love for her cuz she can't hear it but she doesn't need she doesn't need to hear it anyway and this will be good because once we built her hat room yeah it'll work well I'm gonna intercom for her to how do you turn it up and down I don't know it's not very loud no mm-hmm maybe it needs it needs charge yeah go ahead and say what are these buttons over here actually we'll see how we can get it to do you can program the two one to play one tune one to play another tune you know like so you know front or back or whatever listen to this one so that song so it says there's three different way but first one press the volume and tones button on the receiver simultaneously or press the volume button on the receiver for five seconds one two three four five and maybe I know I should not have that one because if your mom presses that I might jump the fence and run off into the woods so there it is so let's unplug this for a second because we're gonna go outside and plug these things go by the shed when monkey hit that button plug this in and monkey's gonna watch me through the window I'll give her a thumbs up so hang tight okay guys we're out here to grow our garage we're out here at the shed okay I just got this kind of hanging here the house is way up there and monkey what she's gonna do when I give her the thumbs up she's gonna go like into the bathroom and try it and then she's gonna go into mom's room which is way on the other corner of the house there and try it to make sure it's going to go you know like if she's in her bed need something or if she's in the bathroom and need something so okay Monk whenever you're ready okay so she's going to the bathroom okay okay now she's going to the bedroom we want to make sure it is a thousand feet which we're not a thousand that works well which we're not a thousand feet I just want to make sure you know that the the radio waves can get through the block okay hey so there's that now she's just having fun she's going excuse me she's going out the front yard and try it there's your buttons there this this one changes your song it also lights up so like it's dark and I'm out here yeah did you hear it so let's unplug this all right so we know see a thousand feet a long way guys I mean a thousand feet farther than an eighth of a mile so it'd be funny if somebody else up here's got the same one like if they had the same one I could be like pushing our buttons and okay so there we go yeah that's pretty cool I'm kind of really impressed because I didn't think it would go that far well I figured it would go far enough I just didn't know we'll go through the block so yeah very good I'm impressed yeah that's good I'll that'll be your alarm and this was what I get for $22 free shipping you can get them with four one two three and four transmitters and they will all program a different tune what you're going to do is make one a necklace right I'm gonna make one a necklace I'm gonna put a you know linear around it thing on there so that way she can have it on her all the time as well as with this but if I'm here she won't have to have both no because if she needs me she can hit that button I can call 911 if we need to right so if we're alone this is this is for like if we have to if we run the store or something she's here by herself or something so that'll work yeah but that'll work for like if I'm outside or we're outside and that was very good idea yeah it was a cheap idea to see because she fell last week but she's in the hospital right now yeah but not from the fall no but she fell last week because she was in in the laundry room getting laundry out she kind of slid down and couldn't get up we was out back yeah so she sat there for a whole hour we was clear back here at the shed working on shit so we didn't hear so this way it'll be around her neck hopefully she don't strangle her dance full self but no but seriously guys so there we go she's got a UTI so she's in the hospital right now yeah because the pills wouldn't work and so the antibiotic pills so they what they've done was put her in and they've got her on antibiotics in the IV so there we go so yeah I'm impressed with it two thumbs up so far I don't know about the long jevity of it but these are water resistant they are not waterproof so you know you don't want to lay them out on your bench and outside and get rained on but fair up on your door I figured they would probably be okay so and this of course usually is going to be inside if you're just going to use a four four doorbell but I'm going to use it for protection you know or safety reasons for mom so there you go two thumbs up so far price is great 22 bucks free shipping and it's here actually two days or no four days early that's good it's supposed to be here by Wednesday yeah and came today so and today Saturday so there you go very impressive all right there you go yeah oh you want me to say something yeah bye monkey says stuff for now y'all she bear the myth man legend I'm gone for now thanks for watching guys I appreciate it stay tuned for more awesome videos we'll chat soon bye bye guys take care