Thank you to the last panel, a very interesting discussion. Thank you for your homage to Andrea and thank you for Patrick Jenkins for moderating. So now last but not least, of course, we come to our final session, a conversation between President Lagarde and Chair Andrea. I give the floor to the president. Thank you very much, Connie. And good afternoon to you, Andrea. I think a test of your fame, popularity, and success is actually the room. Not everybody can see it because a lot of people are watching from online and the room is full, which is quite staggering after a day and a half of all this hard work and great debate. Because you came, of course. No, Robbie. No, no, no, no, no, no. Ah, nice. Witty and thinking of you on your feet as well. So you've been showered with compliments, like hardly anybody I have seen, even upon leaving. And I'm going to ask you some really quick questions and you're going to have to respond quickly as well. So what is your best memory? My best memory of these five years. I would say the start in town halls. I mean, meeting with the staff, listening to them, understanding what was that was working well and what maybe needed to be changed. OK, what's your worst memory? Worst memory. Well, I mean, we all have bad memories of the pandemic, of course, but I would say, honestly, that the most tense period has been the spring this year. Now, everybody has been saying, well, the European banks have done. How good we have been. Let's be honest. I mean, we have been very scared about what was happening this spring. And when you see deposits flowing out of the banks, I mean, as a supervisor, you start really freaking out. And so that was tough. What was your most difficult decision? Well, in these five years, of course, the decision on dividends has been very difficult and painful. Because, of course, what I would have liked was that the banks themselves had decided to show some restraint and refrain from paying, distributing dividends and doing buy-backs in a moment in which there was such a radical uncertainty on what was coming.  We are seeing projections of GDP, negative growth, 14%, 15%, so I mean. And still, while moral creation seems to work in a national environment, European Union is still a rules-based type of community. So if you don't come with a hammer of recommendation, things don't happen. So that was a difficult decision. But I think that although some people also in this room I know disagrees, I still think it was a good decision. So did you have to come down with a hammer? We did, yes. We had to come with the recommendation. How did you use the hammer? Well, I mean, it was simply basically a recommendation. I mean, agreeing on a recommendation, deciding, issuing, and this delivery. And I remember honestly, let's say, you don't like to use this hard power. I would have liked much more the soft power of, you know, banks seeing the value in doing that. But eventually I remember that there was a respective observer of, you know, banking issues that tweeted, you know? ECB recommendation not to distribute. All banks say, yes, sir. EOPA says insurance companies, you should not pay dividends. And also from some national authorities insured paid dividends in several countries, not all countries, but in some countries. So that conveyed in my view, and it's not a criticism of EOPA, of course, that did a very good job in pushing that. Petra is not in the room, it's OK. But anyway, I mean, the point was that, you know, that was a very visual representation that the banking union was there and delivering, you know? And so the banks did not disappoint you at that moment? No, no. Well, this appointed me because they didn't follow moral situation. I would have liked that. But anyway, eventually, of course, when we came with the recommendation, they did what they were asked to do. Those who know you well would argue that at that point in time it was a test of your decisiveness and you lived up to the test. Would you agree? Yes, I must say, I remember very well when I started, let's say, the last phase in 2011 of this work in supervision when I became chair of the EBA. I remember the interview with Michel Barnier when he was selected. First of all, it was one of the most difficult interviews ever because even before I was told that Michel Barnier didn't want to do the interview in English. I said, can you do the interview in French? He said, oh my god, I cannot. That was a bit of a, but eventually you were managed. But when he came out, he said, you know, you will have to be very strong in this. You will have to show decision.  And it was tested very, very, very early on. And I learned it's difficult, but as was saying in this job, you need it. So I'm glad that you say it. I think that, you know, I don't shy away when you need to take the decision. No, absolutely. Take us inside the boardroom. When that was on your mind and you decided that it was the right way to go, given that moral suasion was not working, what was it like? Well, all right, board members are shaking here. No, no, the boardroom, we have to remember ourselves, which was my, you know, my room at home, because we're all working remotely. No fear, yeah. So, no, but I would, let's say, I think the process was, first, let's say, all the discussion individually with the bankers and then with the European Bank in Federation that organized the meeting with the banks. They didn't go as I expected. But then I discussed bilaterally with most members and then we had a meeting. And eventually, I mean, there were different views around the table, but I think, and I was discussing with the boardies in our last meeting, I think that, let's say, we have been very good at coming at consensus. Also, when we don't have agreement, when there has been such a good quality of discussion amongst us that eventually everybody can leave with something that is seen as having strength. So the decision was not difficult.  Some of them will remember it, but eventually, the decision was not difficult. So what tools did you have that you wish you would have used? Not necessarily in this particular instance, but in general. You have a toolbox, you have used many of them. Are there tools that you wish you had used a bit more? And are there tools that you wish you had had, but you didn't have? I'm thinking about Claudia, who is going to take over from you. So she also will appreciate the advice. I mean, the remark I was making before on moral persuasion is an important one.  So we do have it with individual banks. So our supervisory teams, when they engage with individual banks, they have leverage and they can convince the bank to do things. And sometimes the bank is not convinced, but still sees the benefit in doing it nonetheless. But when you talk to the industry, to the sector, sometimes it's difficult, because I understand that that's the point in which you are a banking union, at least on the supervisory side, but you don't have the government side also in the room, to some extent. And that can be an element of... And the type of environment at the national level means that people feel more obliged to follow not what the supervisor says, because it's a community. Here banks bring us to the European Court of Justice without a blink of an eye. In national situations, this doesn't happen very frequently. The bank feels a bit reluctant to challenge in court the supervisor. And that's the difference. I mean, we have to learn to live with that. I mean, that's the environment. So what's your track record before the European Court of Justice? Well, Frank maybe would be a better place to reply. We lost several judgments. And I think that, and Frank says this, and I'm totally 100% with him, bring them on. I mean, eventually, if the banks are right, if the court says that they are right, okay, we'll learn and we'll adapt the way in which we behave. But I don't think that we should shy away from taking difficult decisions because we are afraid of losing in court. So seeing you in court is fine? Seeing you in court is fine. Okay. So, okay, well, it's true to character. That's good. So what tools do you wish you really had had and you don't have in the toolbox? To be honest with you, it's not that... And everybody else, huh? I mean, it's not that we have tools. I don't think we are lacking tools. I think the tools that we have in our funding regulations are the right tools. The key problem, I think, and this is what is making me a bit upset, honestly, on the discussion for instance, on crisis management. Is that sometimes we have the tools, but because of the concerns at the political level from the legislators when the regulations are made, we try to put all the possible constraints to the authorities to not enable them to use their tools with sufficient amount of discretion. So for instance, when we take deposit guarantees, I mean, I'm not talking EDIs. Not talking EDIs. We have done enough of that. But let's say with the current amount of funds that we have in the European Union is in the same ballpark of what the FDIC has in the US. Same ball. But it is scattered all over. It's scattered all over, but single-resolution funds plus national deposit guarantee schemes, same amount of funds. The problem is that because of, you know, different, I mean, willingness to preserve national specificities in the way which you use these deposit guarantee schemes or fear of activating too much a single-resolution funding which is the only mutualized part of our safety net, we put so many constraints that whenever we have a crisis coming, I mean, we cannot touch basically a single euro of this funding. And we have also, so this means that we have very short time frames now to try to find a solution to this crisis. And honestly, that's something which is difficult. And we have an excellent collaboration with the SRB. We prepare together. We work together. And so far we have delivered.  We have to activate 21 different legal system when a bank goes into a crisis.  Plain vanilla, you know? A bank that went bust just because it was Russian after the invasion of Ukraine. But still we had to, you know, find a way in Slovenia where the bank was the fourth bank in the country, a way in Croatia, different way. The bank was the third bank in the country, different in Austria. I mean, it's not making our life easy. So having a little bit more, you know, these tools that we have, making them more available, easier to use and trust the authorities. We set up these European authorities, the SRB, the ECB, trust the authorities instead of tying our ends in the legislation. Okay, so that's one of your wishes for the future. Yes. That that can be fixed and addressed. Yeah, okay. Skeptical doom. What would you like your legacy to be? My legacy. You know, I think that there are several things that I'm attached to, but the most important one in my view is breaking the silo culture inside the ECB and between the ECB and the national authorities. I think we have a fantastic firepower in terms of technical skills, in terms of people who really knows the job, is passionate. So enabling these, the pooling of these resources in our, in our, in the SSM, across the whole collective house we have and give us much more effectiveness, much more impact. So we have started doing that. We are not yet finished with the job. Internally, we did the organization. We have an integration agenda with the national authorities, but still a long way to go and we can be even better. But I think I'm proud I initiated this process. But I can say that's outside the interview because I'm not asking you to opine on that. Is that the cooperation between the SSM part of the house and the central banking part of the house, not just through shared services, but in general in terms of substance, intellect, sharing of data has been, has been fantastic. And I would like to thank you for that. You have to let me speak a bit about that because you are deviating from the script that I thought you were following. I don't, for you all to know, he doesn't have my script because I just made it up. No, so basically the first point I wanted to make, actually was stressing the point you made yesterday, which for me is very important. Because, let's say again, sometimes I'm old, so I've always been a strong believer in having supervision within the central bank. And actually I've seen in these years the value of having that. I mean, and again, if you had asked me, as I was expecting you to ask me, that how we managed these series of shocks, I think that what was fantastic was exactly to tear down these firewalls between the two sides of the central bank to mobilize the extraordinary intelligence that we had in understanding the economic environment that was changing, getting the statistics we needed on the sectors hit by COVID or by the invasion of Ukraine, pulling together people, junior people also across the house and making them work together and preparing spot on analysis, real time people working the nights. You remember that also during the spring. That has been fantastic. And I think that honestly, and this goes to your merit, Christine, I mean, could never happen if they didn't see this type of, you know, contact relationship between the two of us and if it was not for your leadership that I owe a lot to. Yeah, too much to kind. No, no. Looking back at all these years and not just the last five, but looking back, if you were to advise a young graduate in, you know, let's say sciences, anthropology or economics, what advice would you give for his or her future? I do that quite a lot when I go. I have meetings, know that with young graduates in finance or with the student university when I go in my country visits sometimes. And I mean, the simple thing I tell them is, well, consider becoming a supervisor because all these skills that you mentioned can be deployed very effectively in supervision, including anthropologists. And, you know, it's a job.  Because if you do your work very well, nobody notices. And if you do a single tiny mistake, you are slaughtered in the streets. So people should really run away from a job like that, right? But instead, all the people that start entering this profession eventually becomes so passionate about it. I mean, they, and that's fantastic. And you can deploy all these tools and come to know real life challenges that you can see in few other professions. So I really try to use these arguments to get a little bit more incoming stuff in our collective organization. You know, there was a few Netflix series series that were instrumental to encourage young people to move in certain professions. Formula One is an example, but there were a few others. Do you think we should encourage Netflix to look at supervision? I mean, why not? I mean, usually, you know... Would you accept to star? No, no, that's not something I would do well, honestly, I know my limits. That's true to character as well. No, you don't. So the time remaining for us, my dear friend, is an hour and 15 minutes. You okay with that? No. So I think we have to come to a close because lunch is next. I know you're not going to take up yoga, but what thing will you do wherever you go next, which you haven't had a chance to do so far? And I'm not asking you whether you have any regret. That was on my little list of questions that I put for myself this morning because you clearly have no regret. In The Guardian, there is this column that is now starting life after 60. You have all these very inspiring stories of people that, you know, after 60 has changed totally their life and do something totally different. Well, I'm sorry to disappoint. I'm a boring person and I will... I mean, my main ambition is to continue doing the same boring work from a different place, maybe, but... Shall we applaud this boring person that we like so much? Thank you. By the way, I need to say it. I mean, again, I thank already a lot of people, but I think I miss the two most important people that supported me in these five years, four years for you, Christine, and three years for you, Frank. I mean, I think that, you know, again, as we say several times, this is not an easy job, no? And you have a lot of people working with you, but eventually, you know, when you have to take the difficult decision, everybody say, okay, this is on your desk, no? So you feel lonely many times and having the comfort of coming at any moment to ask for your advice and having Frank with his support and friendship throughout these years. I mean, I wouldn't have done it without you. So thank you very much to both of you. Thank you. Thank you.


Hello, everyone. In this video, we will discuss the Millet-Thompson method to construct an analytic function. Learning outcome, at the end of this session, students will be able to construct an analytic function by using Millet-Thompson method. This method is actually used to construct an analytic function f of z when one of the real or imaginary part is given. Now here we will consider an working rule depending upon whether the real or imaginary part is given. We will discuss this situation in two different cases. Now consider the working rule to construct an analytic function by Millet-Thompson method. Now here in the case number one we will consider that real part u is provided and we want to find out an analytic function f of z. Now the step number one is to find out the partial derivative of the real part with respect to x and y. That is to find dou u by dou x and dou u by dou y and immediately let us use the definition of derivative of an analytic function. The derivative of an analytic function f of z is given as f dash of z equal to u x plus i v x.  Now in the equation number one on the right hand side the expression involved we can see that this u x is known to us just we have determined. Now this v x is the partial derivative of imaginary part but the imaginary part is not known to us. As we are going to construct an analytic function f of z its real and imaginary part definitely satisfies cr equations. So here in the step number two we are using cr equation to replace this unknown partial derivative in terms of the known partial derivative that is now the cr equations for u and v are u x equal to v y and u y equal to minus v x. Now as we want to replace v x second equality is useful in this case. We can replace this v x as minus of u y. After putting v x as minus u y in the equation number one we get it as f dash of z equal to u x minus i u y. Now all the quantities present on the right hand side are known to us. Now to convert the above right hand side to the function of z only we will put x equal to z and y equal to zero after putting this we will get that right hand side as the function of z and if I get the right hand side the function of z by simple integration we will get the required analytic function f of z. Similarly in the case number two we will consider that imaginary part v is given and in this case also we want to find out an analytic function f of z. The step number one is same we have to take the partial derivatives of the imaginary part that is to find dou v by dou x and dou v by dou y and immediately we have to apply or use the formula of derivative of an analytic function and that is f dash of z equal to u x plus i v x. Let us call it as equation number one and if I observe this expression as a real part u is not known to us so obviously u x is also not known to us as f is analytic its real and imaginary part satisfies c r equations now by using c r equations we are having u x as v y and u y equal to minus v x. Now here we want to replace this u x and here we have obtained u x as v y where v y is known to us which is determined in the step number one.  Now the expression present on the right hand side is known to us. Now our aim is to convert this right hand side to function of z only to convert it we are making the substitution x equal to z and y equal to 0 in the right hand side of f dash of z to get f of z as the function of z after making these the substitution we are getting f of f dash of z as a function of z and if we take a simple integration with respect to z we get our required analytic function f of z. Now pause this video and write down the partial derivative of this function phi equal to log of f of x comma y. I hope all of you have written an answer now the problem is to find out the partial derivatives of this function. Now the partial derivative of phi with respect to x is given as 1 upon f of x comma y into dou by dou x of f of x comma y and similarly the partial derivative of this phi with respect to y that is a dou phi by dou y is given as 1 upon f of x comma y into dou by dou y of f of x comma y. This is the formula is used to find out the partial derivative of the function phi equal to log of a function. Let us consider one example construct the analytic function whose real part is log of root of x square plus y square. Now here we have given the real part so let us denote the given function by u and we want to find out this f of z. Step number one is to find out its partial derivatives. Let us differentiate u partially with respect to x we get. Now just we have discussed how to find out the partial derivative of log of a function. This is the formula 1 upon root of x square plus y square into dou by dou x of this root of x square plus y square. It is equal to 1 upon root of x square plus y square as it is into now the derivative of root of a function is 1 upon 2 times root x square plus y square into derivative of x square plus y square with respect to x is 2x and after simplification we get this derivative as x upon x square plus y square again differentiating u partially with respect to y treating x constant that is dou u by dou y equal to again using the same formula we get 1 upon root of x square plus y square into dou by dou y of root of x square plus y square that is equal to 1 upon root of x square plus y square as it is into now the derivative of this root of x square plus y square is 1 upon 2 times root of x square plus y square into derivative of x square plus y square with respect to y is 2y and after simplification we get it as y upon x square plus y square and let us write down the definition of or the formula for the derivative of f of z that is f dash of z equal to ux plus ivx here u is provided therefore ux is known to us vx is not known to us so let us write down the cr equations for u and v these are the cr equations now the second from now from the second equality we can replace vx as minus uy after putting vx equal to minus uy in equation number one we get f dash of z equal to ux minus i uy now here ux we have obtained as x upon x square plus y square minus i as it is and uy as y upon x square plus y square call it as equation number two now our aim is to convert this right hand side to a function of z to convert it we are making the substitution x equal to z and y equal to zero in the right hand side of equation number two now we get f dash of z equal to z upon z square plus zero square minus i into zero upon z square plus zero square after simplification we get it as one upon z now we have obtained the right hand side as a function of z by simple integration we will get our required analytic function f of z let us integrate with respect to z integration of f dash of z is f of z is equal to integration of one upon z dz and we know that integration of one upon z is log z plus integration constant c this is the required analytic function whose real part is provided as log of root of x square plus y square


Hi, okay, so anyway today we're gonna just talk about Opinions versus backs, I guess So let's just talk about this. This is a conversation. I've had many time mostly with people who don't know much about computers Which is a choice? I think it's silly to not educate yourself on something that you use daily It's kind of like I have a car. I'm not a mechanic But I try to understand how an injury works and how things are done. I may not change my own tires I have done it before Well, I've rotated my tires. I haven't changed my tires new tires on there I mean, you know, but at least I learn I try to learn at least how things work even if I'm going to still pay someone else to do it and I feel like Computers are kind of the same way. It's like we use them so much But people just choose to to not understand it's like I people know why you put oil on a car But people just when it comes to softwares like I don't even want to know sometimes So anyway, this conversation this argument I've had with people is they compare software to art type things and some ways It does make sense But the thing is art is a is an opinion I mean literally I can sit here and go And you can take that little sound clip and loop it over again and say it's your favorite song and you would be Right, you can say it's a great song and you would be right because it's a matter of opinion That sounds good to you. You think that's good. You know, someone else can argue with you, but you can't argue opinions I don't think that sounds good. I do think that sounds good. Those are opinions You can't really argue them or you're just gonna go in circles thing is software has functionality and functionality can be compared So if one program does something better than another or in some cases Maybe this one has some functionality like you have a music player One plays only mp3's and yellow pay mp3's and odd audio files Well, this one plays more formats. So directly, it's a better software But you can also look at different aspects of stuff. For example, let's say, you know I like using the shell for as much as I can There are certain things that using a shell isn't good for but with the shell I can argue, you know It's lighter weight, you know, it runs faster I can do things I can do most things faster on a keyboard in the shell Than I could with a mouse and a GUI but on my cell phone. That may not be the case I do have a full shell, you know on a keyboard, but slower to type stuff So in on my phone in many cases icons are a better route to go And I can make icons that actually run my shell scripts that automates stuff So I don't have to type out the commands or yeah, even sometimes still use the shell I just have short aliases two to three characters But in most cases on a small little device where you don't have a physical keyboard Where you're doing on-screen touch stuff, GUI interface is usually a better interface So I can still argue that a shell is lighter weight and maybe runs faster But and is more usable on a desktop with a keyboard But in other cases at GUI interface even though it might take need a little more overhead and be able more bloated The usage of it on a small screen like better So there are different ways to argue that out, but at least you can argue that out and you can come to a clear winner You know depending on what aspects you're looking at and again To me it might be more important to have lightweight stuff where you might want more functionality And it just all depends on that is an opinion, but when you compare them, yes This one runs faster. This one Has some other functionality that may be important for what you're doing so art and Software there's some overlap, but for the most part there is a Distinguished winner when you're looking at a particular subject for those softwares certain category for those softwares Softwares for that software for those programs Anyway, let's move on to a similar subject because it's kind of kind of combines in most the conversations when it comes to phone and privacy so You know first of all, you know, there there are lots of different operating since they're at least a handful operating systems out there four different phones different phone formats and you know, I Can argue, you know, let's just look at Android versus iOS functionality wise Android wins hands down iOS cannot do a fraction of the things that the standard Android system can do And and this is just a very basic example I've used before Go on to an iOS device Go to a website that has a link for an mp3 or an mp4 some sort of media file and try to download it It might it might let you stream that file, but it will not let you download it at least last I checked Which was pretty recent You know to get those on you got to go through Apple software and sometimes even have to hook up a wire to a computer transfer it over we're not an Android device You just you know click download as and save as you know And as I said before you can go back in time 20 30 years, you know Windows 95 or even earlier and You get a web browser and you can click on a link and download any file. There's no restrictions. So functionality wise Android beats out of iOS But that's that's that's only part of the issue so Let's go to another part of this conversation. We're talking about privacy a lot of people go Oh, but Android Android is is Google and Google tracks you and they look at all you do Apple does the same thing Google might do it a little better, but Apple's doing the same thing But here's the big difference if you have an Apple device you have an iPhone You're pretty much stuck with what you've got you've got the iOS There have been previous older versions of the hardware where you might be able to get some version of links We're on there with some of the hardware working But pretty much you're stuck with iOS and even rooting that is difficult in many cases where Android on the other hand people equate it Android Google which is not not really true Google makes a version of Android that a lot, you know hardware manufacturers use but Android is a free and open source program released under the mainly the GPL and the Apache license and It's a community thing you can take the source code and you can compile your own and There are people out there their projects out there like linear Joe S back in the day. We had signage and mod I think linear Joe S is probably the biggest one now and in most cases You can download that and saw on your device without Google services now Google is some of the source code they made me again there But it doesn't necessarily link to their services and as far as source code goes You can look at the source code and see what it's doing you can very easily on many devices Install Android without the Google services. In fact most time when you do go with an alternate Android install them what comes from the manufacturer. It's not going to have the Android services on there by default and you have to side load them So you can definitely take most phones install Android without Google services and I say most because some manufacturers lock down their devices, but many don't Motorola is very good about allowing you to unlock the bootloader and unlocking rooting and then unlocking from a cell phone You carry unlocking the bootloader unlocking from a cell phone carrier and rooting are all different things But once you unlock the bootloader you can then up you know change the the operating system that's on there to your liking pretty much and Like I said some companies like Motorola or even the devices you get from Google Like if you have a Nexus or a pixel device They allow you to unlock it and you can just wipe out all the all the Default stuff or at least back it up in case you want to put it back on there and load a version of Android that doesn't use the Google services now That's a good thing Doesn't you know cell phones in general Or just by their nature There's going to be some tracking that is obvious Because no matter whether you you get an old flip phone You're still connecting to a cell phone tower somewhere and they know that that device connected the tower So they know you're within a couple of miles of that tower and it's pinging other towers, too So they can they can somewhat try and like and find it within range where you are now you can say well I can buy a phone with cash, you know, this is how you know how deep you want to get with this It's like okay, so you can get yourself an old flip phone That doesn't have any software on it other than you know, then then then embedded firmware You can get that but and you bought it cash. So now it's not linked to you But do they have cameras in the store?  They all have cameras, you know, it wasn't that long ago that the Amazon started opening up their You know grocery stores and people are like, oh no envision a privacy. They have cameras everywhere and they're tracking your phone and blah blah blah You know what? Every store has cameras. They may have more cameras But every store has cameras and just because you're going to 7-eleven and they're not doing facial recognition stuff now Doesn't mean they're not saving the security video and later on they can take those years and years worth of security footage and Run it through facial recognition and now even though before they weren't tracking you now I know you know every time you've gone to a 7-eleven in the last 10 years, you know You're being looked at you're being watched and you know, if you have a phone that has Wi-Fi And that Wi-Fi is on in some cases even if it's off It's for for like a few dollars really like like under $10 easily I can make a device that logs Every Wi-Fi device that comes into range So I can stick one of these devices and log every MAC address Which is like a serial number for your Wi-Fi device that comes into range So even if you cover up your face, if you have a phone that has Wi-Fi Or even a tablet that has Wi-Fi I can log when you come near my store and I'll know you know How often you come makes me think of Cars so my I'm pointing over there because my cars are over there your car has four tires on it and a lot of new cars My last three cars all had Pressure gauges on them so let you know if a tire gets low a little light comes out of my dash You know how those work there. There's a guy who did a project on this you can find the source code on github I wish I can remember his name It's been a couple of years since I watched it but with and a little dongle a little $10 SDR radio dongle You can said to a friend could see and Log the wireless signals from someone's tires So you have four tires and those little devices they they turn on when the tires start spinning They have a little gyro or some sort of thing that turns them out so they're not all the time That's why the batteries don't die and on average each tire once per minute will send out a signal wirelessly That you can pick up and you can say once per minute, but in theory there are four tires so I mean if You assume that they're all spread out In their signaling which they're probably not but you could assume that once every 15 seconds I'm gonna signal from your car and each one has sends out its own You know a little serial number or some sort of MAC address some sort of identifier so if I know The the four numbers on your four tires. I can set up a sensor somewhere and know When you come by I can put it on intersection. Oh, so so and so Tom over there I know he drives by that intersection every day at three o'clock because I have the logs anytime you have a wireless device on you You have the possibility of being tracked and your phone has Bluetooth It has Wi-Fi and it has a cell signal. Maybe even more, you know So think about that actually I think there was even a thing so your camera your phone has a little IR sensor out So that when you answer the phone, it's a little range detector. It detects. Well, I think it's IR pretty sure It's IR they used to be IR on the phones and so we detect like whether that lights bouncing back or not and turn off the screen I'm pretty sure I saw a project once where someone with a camera was able to log that and I guess each phone might have a Different flicker rates so you can with some sort of accuracy Determine whose phone is what based on the little flicker coming from that IR if you have a camera point out Then when they're talking on their phone, so There is no perfect scenario You can get a phone that's completely free and open source and you read every line of code You understand every line of code all the drivers are free But just the nature of it you have a cell phone It's sending out wireless signals and if there's radio signals coming out of you it can be tracked now I'm not trying to be all paranoid about I'm just saying there is no perfect solution but if you have a choice between something that gives you mostly freedom and Something you know you can say well mostly freedom is not freedom. Yeah. Well true freedom in the aspect We're talking about is impossible in the current world right now. Maybe someday things will change probably not as I said there's there's wireless signals flying out from you all the time, but If you have something like an Apple phone Not even talking about functionality again, I can say pretty much anything the software on iOS does Andra can do that and more I've never seen a situation where it can't and One of the arguments for iOS or Apple devices is oh, they all work great together. Well, they work great with other Apple products But most computer good programmers write stuff that's compatible with everything, you know as much as possible For for example, it's like lots of times if people Here's here's an example FaceTime FaceTime is great, but you need an Apple device There are many many other video chat programs out there both closed and open that doesn't matter what operating system you're on How is that easier? Oh because it works with it. It's like no, it's like here's a link there there There are video chat programs where I send you a link and that's it. You don't even have to stall anything It doesn't write in the browser How much easier can you get as long as you have a browser built in the last five years? We can video chat without you having to install anything again. That's functionality. That's not Necessarily privacy. Obviously if you're linking through a server to video chat, who knows what's going on? So functionality and ease of use Apple products they lose. I mean that's you can argue all you want, but those are provable facts you know and there's gonna be a lot of comments arguing otherwise and it's just not true and Thing is you can argue all you want give examples and most times your examples are gonna fail when actually put up to the test And I'm not you know Spound off that how great Android is in general.  Let me say that again I think Android sucks, but it's a hundred times better than iOS. Why does it suck? Well, yeah, as far as an interface for a small device It's actually pretty good the interface, you know, but as far as the underlining OS It's it's it's using a list channel, which is great But the way they have their file system setup is just funky and weird and and the way their apps work is is just disgustingly everywhere and And as far as their security and I say security because I think most security is fake security make you feel well the whole You know permissions for app. I think is just ridiculous. I am a user I should have permissions as this user and if I have permissions to do that My app should have permission to my program should have permission to do that And if I want something more advanced, I should have to type in some sort of security key not just be like Yes, okay forever from now on this program can use my my camera You know, it's like either I can use the camera or I can't and if I don't want Programs using the camera without my knowledge. I should have some sort of password to put in anyway. I Think Android is horrible, but a hundred times thousand times better than iOS just because there are no restrictions Once you have rooted an Android device and Android by default is rooted It's going to give you that root possibility if you don't have root It's because your vendor locked your device down It's not because Android is necessarily locked down and again if they allow you to unlock your bootloader. You've got root Basically, it's it's it's one one leads to the other Where iOS Apple does everything they can anytime. There's a new way to root the device They stop it and they'll call it security again that fake security. We're doing it for you.  Don't let people don't let companies. You don't know control you.  Don't let Amazon control you You should be in control of yourself. You should be in control of your device Nobody else should if you don't have root on your device every device has some sort of root or admin Level and if it's not you it's somebody else if it's not you then it's a company somewhere else and they're in control Of your device you're not in control of your device You should be in control of your device if you don't have root and you can't get root Well, then someone else is controlling your device, which is for most people a big portion of their life again your phone Logs everything it knows more about you than you do You know as it's said, you know, it's like they know not just what story you go to but how long you spent On what part of an aisle so they know what you've been looking at It's like I know I went to the store the other day Do I remember exactly what time do I remember how long I was there? Do I remember how long I was a certain aisle and I'm sounding like I think is what I'm saying right now Brian Lunduk said but basically it knows more about you than you do based on stuff like that and You're gonna give that control to somebody else Get a device that you have root access on Whether it be an Android device that you've unlocked and got root access on and you want even if you don't unlock it and Don't get yourself root access just having a device that you know that you can that's another thing It's it's like okay. Maybe I don't you know, I'm not an advanced user I don't have any need to root my device for whatever reason and I also get Security on phones is ridiculous on my desktop. I want to do something as root or administrator I've got to type in a password in most cases unless I disable that which is as ridiculous But on an Android device once you install root it's a matter of I want to run route, okay? Okay, no password required and that's one of those they Try to make it more secure, but it's less secure if you're not typing a password to get root access well then It's not really secure Anybody can click that it's kind of like on a Windows machine when Windows started doing this program is trying to run Is that okay? Yes or no or okay or cancel or whatever their options are it's like a second What well first of all yeah that programs trying to run because I tried running it of course I want to run That's why I tried running it, you know and if I didn't start it. How is it okay or a cancel button? Secure, that's not security. That's not security Your phone is not secure in that case So so maybe you don't want to have it rooted all the time But just knowing that you can when you buy a device see can I root this can I change the operating system on it? You know you don't have to but just knowing that you can in fact I was just talking to a friend recently he has an old iPad and it's running real slow And he's thinking about getting Android device and I said well I haven't been shopping one so I can't really recommend one But I said go to lineage OS or one of these you know community projects for Android and look at their list of Devices that if the device is on that list that means you can unlock it and you can change the software because this concern was Hey years from now well, I still get updates and most manufacturers two to three years after devices release They stop updates, but if you can unlock it and it's listed on one of these community projects That means you'll probably well you definitely can but depending on You can definitely always upgrade it yourself, but hopefully there will be a community around that Device where if you can't unlock it well then it will eventually die out because you won't be able to get updates for anymore For example, I have a Samsung tablet which I was able to unlock and stuff But I had to jump through all these groups because Samsung does not like you unlocking their devices And that's why I won't buy a Samsung device anymore I like that tablet as far as the hardware goes, but the jumping through hoops to unlock it because I didn't look before I bought it But now I always look whenever I'm buying a device I look is it on this list of devices for one of these community projects like lineage OS if it's on there good I don't even have to root it or unlock it because I know that I can Although if you don't unlock it now They might somehow pull that later on but usually if it's one of those devices It's because the company you'll void your warranty and that seems to concern some people Have you ever actually really used a warranty on a phone, you know after? 30 days or 60 days. I don't expect a warranty to do anything for me if it's within 60 30 to 60 days I'm just gonna bring it back and exchange it the store. I bought it from So anyway, I've been rambling for over 20 minutes now, and I'm sure I'm gonna get a lot of hateful comments right below Go ahead. Go ahead. Tell me how great iOS is Or tell me how you agree with me. I don't care either way Again, it's not a matter of opinion. It's matter of fact and when it comes to software Either can do it or can't do it. Let me give another example though. So sometimes You can argue that a piece of software is better, but the difference is Minimal so it doesn't really matter so for example if you ever whack work back if you ever worked with Apple desktop or laptop computers, you know and Ubuntu at least at one point was like this. I don't know if it still is where they have One toolbar at the top of the screen for all programs So when you click on a program, it's got the file the edit the whatever other options are up there For that program when you click on each program it goes to that part and I hate that and I can prove that that's less efficient than having each a bar on each one Say I have two windows I'm working in this one now. I want to go up to file open on this one I've got a click on this window and then go up To the bar up here click file where if it was in that program as go over and click file open It's one less step and a lot less Mouse movement said that once to a guy at an Apple store that worked there and his response was I Use shortcut keys so it doesn't bother me and I'm around the same page So it's not a big deal because I use shortcut keys and even if I was using the mouse most people It does make a difference, but they don't really care I really don't see the advantage of just one bar It just seems like a bad idea to me But if you like that the functionality difference is minimal so it's Partially opinion partially Fact but the fact is to go to have to go click click Click instead of just click click That's one extra click in one bigger movement. It's not as as functional or efficient I should say anyway. I do. Thank you for watching again Below and I hope you have a great day


In this lecture, we are going to focus on the research allocation graph and deadlock detection. Friends, at this end of video, you are able to explain different components of resource allocation graph and you are also able to define or identify any condition which is available to create deadlock here. Now friends, I will start my video with this simple concept of process execution. So, process require help of different resources to complete its execution. So, when I invoke the process here, so I am going to raise a request of different resources to the operating system and this OS is going to allocate those resources to the process. Now, if running process get all the resources from the operating system, we can execute that process quite successfully. But suppose friend, if we do not get required resources from the OS, then I have to put that running process into the build state here and he is not able to get executed until I get required resources from the operating system. Friends, now we are going to use one different way of presenting the states of process here. In fact, we I use the graphical presentation to define the different states of process. The state of process is or we are having the process can be in either running state or waiting state there. So, it can show that process state here with the help of some sort of symbols there in the graphical notations there. So, friend I have introduced here one new concept called as a resource allocation graph. It is simply called as RAG that is resource allocation graph. Now, this RAG is a pictorial presentation of all the process states in the given system there. Just see which are the components here. So, friend I am showing I am going to show the process P1 by a circle and in that circle I am putting that P1 as a process name that is nothing but a process symbol there. Then I use a rectangle and I just use one dot here that is showing me the instances available in the resource here. So, currently I want to show here it is a R1 resource and it has got only one instance which is available to you. Now, also possible that friend here I can also got I can also can have a resource which is having two instances are possible. So, it is just like we got two resources means you got two printers or two scanners like this here. So, dot shows that number of that resource is available there. Now, I want to show one more symbol here that is the P1 is having a arrow which is ending towards R1 there. So, friend this is meaning that the P1 requires a resource R1 for its execution there. Now, in the counterpart this R1 is having arrow is going towards P1 there. It means that the resource R1 is allocated to process P1 there. So, friend I am going to use all these symbols to draw a resource allocation graph that decides a stage or the steps of the process execution there. And from this we get some get some knowledge there and from that knowledge we can talk about the system conditions there. Friend this is the symbol symbol RIG here that shows you so I got process P1, P2, P3 they are sharing some resources. So, in this diagram here this R1 has got one instance here R2 got one instance R3 got again two instances here. Now, the R3 instance is now given to the process P1 there. So, I call this as this Rth is allocated to process P1. Similarly, P1 require R1's help to execute himself here. So, the arrow is now coming from P1 and that goes to R1. So, P1 requires the resource R1 there to get executed. So, friend in this way we are going to read this graph here. Suppose if I say a case of the process P3, process P3 is allocated with resource R2 there and you do not require any additional resource here for execution. Now friend I can now discuss with the application of this RIG for finding the process condition there. So, I will say here resource allocation graph is used to predict whether system experiences deadlock or not. Friend deadlock is only available when you don't get required resource from the operating system and that resource is held by some other process here at that time and that is not ready to leave that resource there. So, this is a condition called as a deadlock condition there. So, this RIG is able to help me to find out that deadlock condition. Now we have applied some rules there. The rule one says that if there exists a closed loop in resource allocation graph there may be or may not be deadlock condition. So, first we have to find out whether loop is available or not there. Second if there is no loop in the given RIG we can confirm that in the given system deadlock will not be occurring there that is a good solution there. Now friend this is one of the example I took here. So, I can say that currently P1 is requiring R1, P1 is allocated with this R2 there and so on. Now whether we get any loop or not here. So, friend I can say here this arrow will start from this R2 here that goes to P1 goes to R1 goes to P3 again back to R2 here. So, this is this closed loop here. So, there may be a case of deadlock here, but we have to analyze that condition from the given graph here because loop does not mean that there is always a case of deadlock here just see what we can do. So, friend if you see close with this graph here this P4 and P2 will not require any resources to get executed here because what they require is already allocated by the operating system there. So, they can get executed directly. So, P1 P2 will get executed first here. Now after that they will release the resources R1 and R2. So, that R1 R2 can be given to some other process here. So, that the P3 can get executed then after this P3 execution here he will return all engaged resources back to this operating system here. And after that we are going to execute the P1. So, friend I can say that in all this example here we see that even we get some feedback loop here that does not mean that we get deadlock there. So, I can say that the loop indicates that deadlock may be there or deadlock may not be there. This is example in which I do not get any kind of deadlock here. Now I will take one more example friend here. Let us see what we changed here that is one more diagram here which is called as resource allocation graph and again if you see that again I got the same loop is available. So, if I start from this P1 goes to R1 goes to P2 then it goes to R2 then to P3 and back to R3 and back to P1. So, this is a loop case I can say. So, again rule says that deadlock may be there or deadlock may not be there. So, what we can do? So, friend I can say that in this RHE there may be deadlock or there may not be deadlock is available here. Just in this case you see that the process P1 needs R1 which is held by P2. Then process P2 needs R2 which is held by P3 and process P3 requires R3 and which is held by P1. So, friend these processes will not return resources until they get executed. You see that in this example all P1, P2, P3 are holding other resources and they are not ready to leave their resources to the operating system. So, friend in this case deadlock is bound to come. So, friend this is the example that shows that there is a presence of closed loop and here we are not able to execute any process right now so that the deadlock is available. So, friend I can say that from this given RHE we can say that deadlock is either available or not available. So, this RHE is quite useful to me to find without executing that system here regarding deadlock occurrence there. Friend this is my references for this video. I hope that this video is useful to you. You understand the concept of this RHE. So, thank you for listening my video. Thanks very much.


Hey, it's Anfa. You're watching Anfa rambling indefinitely, and I've got a few minutes to tell you something And I wanted to tell you something. Well, this one is gonna be short Because I don't have much time and I wanted to tell you something about iterative refinement And I wanted to tell you something about iterative refinement that is Working on something then dropping it Picking it up again after some time passes and working on it again to improve it and this cycle repeats My process of creating an album is roughly like this I take any time that I can to sit down and start a track or Pick up a track that I already have started and Try to improve it once I have enough material I choose a bunch of tracks that will be making up the album and then I focus entirely on Finishing these and making them the best I can Without creating any new tracks to not distract me recently I started a track by creating a chord progression and It's already refinement goes from there like I had that corporation. Okay, cool What can I do with that to improve it? It was pretty the chords themselves were interesting But it was pretty boring on its own. So then I tried gating it I added another track that would play notes that would be Driving a side chain gate that would then cut the chords on and off to play only when the gate instrument was playing So that way I added a rhythm to the chords without Cutting all my chord notes and messing it up. I just added another track that would drive the rhythm into my chords So that was a refining that idea Then I I worked on the tone. I added some subtle reverb and such and some sidechain compression with the kick to reinforce the Pumping the make it all like sit together You know, it's like When I make videos for on for vlog and in one sitting I make a track This is very difficult and it rarely happens this way I also never as you can see I never managed to make a full track out of this It's always a more or less developed idea That has to be refined multiple times When I was working on the tracks For album suppressed. It was like one track was three years old like the track Sincerely I created this initially as a Classical-esque composition and the composition was pretty much done in 2016 nope it was September 2015 and the album was released in November 2017 but the sound design was never on par with that and I didn't want to release it because it wasn't ready I had to go from multiple iterations of trying to make the drums sound good because they I then added drums and Electronic bass sound to that once I had the classical Polyphonic composition going on I wanted to then reinforce that with elements of electronic dance music to make it like contemporary and Old-school at the same time by taking the things that I love about These different types of music and bringing them together I wanted to match together classical and idiom to with this track and it really took me a lot of effort and many times I sat down I spent two hours with this track and I still wasn't happy with the drums I still wasn't happy with how it all flows it felt a bit cut off hard at different places And I needed to work on the transitions to sometimes maybe use some automation to slowly fade something out with a filter or a reverb Taking over Different things like it's all iterations. You can't do this all in one sitting Okay, okay. I hear you. Yes, you can do it in one sitting But it's not going to be good enough to be released and really be admired You know you need to put some more work into that For instance, let's listen to the first version of that piece Now the second one you see in the second version We already have the whole classical composition from start to finish done This is the same composition that went into the final piece and all the 20 other Iterations were about sound design drums bass additional instruments and arranging this into the EDM track Now let's listen to the fifth version with drums and an intro These drums don't sound super good like they are pretty okay but not good enough and I've been searching further and further trying to make them sound different and I came up with this pretty cool thing that happened with these drums is that I Made the snare sound so that you can actually model the rim shot, you know basically Listen to the snare on normal pitch Okay, and then when it's played high You see at this pitch and octave lower Actually two octaves lower than something Yeah, it like we don't have the low frequency body of the drum Apparent at this pitch and it really sounds like a rim shot. It's amazing And in the final version it sounds like this So as you can see in the end, there's a lot of stuff happening You can notice how much other elements there are supporting the core composition It's not just the first main line and drums and bass. It's it's many different sounds and I split different parts into different instruments, which is often called malting which is like Multiplying the amount of tracks you have just shifting the parts to different track to have different effects in this context It's using a different instrument to synthesize the same MIDI data and as you return to your Projects over and over you discover.  This piece is me throughout a few years Developing in composition learning about classical music and getting inspired to make this baroque like composition And then developing skills to create to synthesize the drums the basses to develop the mix to make it Really sound cool and makes you want to just get down and this is what I wanted to tell you in this video That to make things that are really polished you have to spend a lot of time on that But break that time into sessions Don't do it in one go because you're gonna just get very tired and Frustrated with making no progress give yourself a rest and come back later You might have new ideas that you hadn't had before and it might make the music better I think that many people who are starting out. They think that the pros Or the people who have decades of experience. They just sit down and make dope tracks Just like that and they make no mistakes. They don't have to take any steps back. I Don't think that's true. I'm making electric music for like 12 years right now And it's like I'm sitting down. I'm drawing some ideas chords rhythms drums sound design and Sometimes for like three hours It feels like it's not going anywhere. It feels like it's not connecting at all I've made a few different parts that are kind of floating apart I they just are happening after each other, but they are not like working together and And then, you know, I I let it rest for a few days Or I sit down to do it next week. I Pick it up after I've you know listened to some different music. I maybe worked on some other tracks I did some other things. I forgot how I was invested in this track. I'm reset I am have a fresh perspective and now I can refine if I were sitting on one track For like 12 hours straight. It could be good, but it could be as well very much forced and Not very smoothly fitting together because I wouldn't have any time to rest my my mind about this track I wouldn't have any time to gather some more inspiration from other people's music from Life from other people's lessons or what they think about music. They are ideas I wouldn't have time for any of that and you need this. I think that's enough. Okay I Yeah, I gotta go. Well, I hope that video was inspiring if you have any questions about this stuff or maybe Some suggestions for future videos or maybe questions general about open source music software Please leave that in the comment section below I also want to give big thanks to all my patreon supporters at patreon.com Who are giving me money so I can dedicate more time to making videos like this one And less to doing other work So thank you very much. And if you dear viewer Think that videos I make are valuable and you would like to have more of that and of higher quality Consider supporting me on patreon yourself. Anyway, thanks for watching. I hope you learned something And now just go and make some music Bye


China. And I couldn't believe that the US would think it was a good idea to go to war on China, since we must be cooperating with them right now about the planet, about the people. I mean, we live in fragile times. And there's never a reason for war war is never the answer shame on anyone who thinks about war. And so that's, you know, always true. But what madness to be pushing a war on China with the exact same playbook that they use every time they go to war on someone. It's like they play it out the same way, which, you know, doesn't bode well for them also as warmongers, because they have no creativity. So end this drive to war. We've just have a new coordinator, which will meet in a few minutes. And one of the first tasks was we've created a new mission statement for our campaign because it is so big as the years have gone by and it's increased and like the different weaponry that they're using and they're already at war with. So here's our new mission statement for you from sanctions to military expansion. The US is heading towards a dangerous confrontation with China. Our campaign aims to stop this march towards war and redirect resources to cooperation that benefits people and the planet mounting hostilities are stopping us from addressing existential challenges like the climate crisis, as well as harming Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, and people in the wider Asia Pacific region, all caught in the crossfire due to escalating tensions. Propaganda is driving heat and intended to make China an enemy. So the US people will feel comfortable giving over 50% of their taxpayer dollars to go to war. We are at a pivot moment in history. The US believes that they can win a nuclear war against China, and it is preparing for that war. One of those preparation is to manipulate the minds of US citizens to support this war, which threatens our society as much as China and the rest of the world. So welcome to some of you who are coming in. Welcome to another episode of China's Not Our Enemy. And if you want to put your name and where you're from in the chat, feel free. So the last few episodes of China's Not Our Enemy, we've been listening to voices from Asia. A few weeks ago, we heard from Seyo Saruta from Japan, and then John Peng from Malaysia. And listening to them and why we want to be hearing these voices from Asia is that we live in a narrative. So I want to say the dictatorship of the war economy narrative. And we're just not aware that we live inside of that. I know some of us were very shocked at the fog of war that happened around Ukraine. But that's the that is the narrative. And there are narrative controls that we live in. And shockingly, since I've been working on this campaign, the racism and the lack of information on China that most people have is kind of staggering. But it's not just not knowing anything. It's knowing bizarre things that have nothing to do with the truth.  Instead of China, the construct that you've been fed for, you know, not just now, but decades. And it's, it's gotten existentially worse.  So having voices outside of the narrative, give us an insight into what's happening is what we really want to be focusing on for the next few guests. But today, I'm super excited to introduce you to Kale Holmes. He's an international relations analyst, a writer and environmentalist who has lived in Beijing. He's joined Code Pink as our China's Not Our Enemy campaign coordinator. If you want to know more about our campaign, I'm going to put it in the chat right now. But just so you can know that it's there's a lot been happening, we have a lot of actions, you can find more there. But for now, I'd really love you to listen to Kale because, you know, living three years in China, that's a rare experience, especially for an American. So, Kale, say hi to everyone. And if you want to say a little more about yourself, than I did, I take this opportunity, maybe like, where you grew up, where you were educated, just take it a little personal for a minute for us. Absolutely. Well, hello, everyone. Thanks so much, Jody, for that introduction. I kind of, I remember since my childhood, I've been interested in the rest of the world. I think that Americans don't really have a deep understanding or enough of us don't, I think, have a deep understanding of the rest of the world. So I was fascinated to learn more. I was actually born abroad in Saudi Arabia. And I was raised between there and Texas. My parents were working over there. And through, I guess, a series of decisions, I ended up, you know, being involved in activism, when we moved to the DC area, I was involved kind of in the Occupy Wall Street movement and Power Shift, the Power Shift conferences for, you know, climate action, a lot of student environmental conferences. In college, I also was kind of a leading campus organizer for different social justice causes. And then college was also when I started learning Mandarin. And when I first went to China in 2013, and I kind of was very captivated by that experience was really captivated by my Chinese teacher in college. And I always knew I kind of wanted to be some kind of bridge between the US and China with that unique background. Just knowing about what China is, and, you know, what China is depicted as. I always joke it's like Schrodinger's China, it's two different Chinese. And so yeah, I, you know, I care a lot about peace and I care a lot about, you know, international relations being as harmonious as they can be, because I feel like especially, you know, my uncle comes from a background of activism in the 60s, he was in the Communist Party. And he was very into national liberation movements. And I feel like, you know, I have a lot to learn from those national liberation movements. You know, I think us in the US, whether we're fighting racism or other economic ills. And yeah, I just want to work for a world where we have more understanding. Awesome. Well, thank you. You're definitely in a community that gives their life to that in the group we have listening tonight. So you went to China, you studied Mandarin. How hard is it to learn Mandarin? Let's just start there. Yeah, so I learned Mandarin. It's kind of interesting. I really excelled at it when I first started learning in college. It's very difficult for me still with characters, you know, there's no alphabet in the Chinese language, but there's like, you know, lots and lots of characters. But like, one thing that helped was being immersed. As I mentioned earlier, I visited China during my college years as a study of broad student. And I spent three months and I had a language pledge. Couldn't speak my mother tongue. None of the students could speak their mother tongues. And that immersion actually helps, you know. So I think Noam Chomsky has that idea that every language is kind of, you know, pre-programmed into our brain. It's just a matter of, you know, immersing to bring it out. And that definitely was the case for me. Cool. So then what took you to live in China?  What was that pivot moment for you to live in China? Yeah, well, I guess during my, you know, when I visited in college, I was very interested to kind of see China's place in the world. You know, I was very cognizant. I was also researching Chinese politics and Chinese history. And a lot of interesting developments were happening when I was in college, including the, you know, the creation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and things like, you know, China's Belt and Road Initiative launched in 2013 the year I visited China for the first time. And, you know, I hadn't seen anything like that. And I think I hadn't read anything like that since happening in World Affairs for a long time. And I was like, I think, you know, not in a cliche sense, but I think China is going to be a very important part of international politics going into the coming decades. So I want to be the center of that. And of course, I also saw the pivot to Asia, which happened under Obama on the horizon. And I kind of wanted to be, I guess, a cultural interlocutor between American and Chinese culture, because I had such a fun time in China. And I want to convey that back to people here in the States. And I, you know, I went to school for journalism and got a job working for state media back in 2019. So that's pretty impressive. Yeah, it was a very kind of a good way, I think, to get introduced to China and also understand China's political culture, too. So what did you do? What did you do? I mean, I don't. Oh, sorry. What did you do in China? Oh, yeah. So I was working for state media for multiple years. And then I also worked for different groups, too, like China Development Brief and NGO. And I was, when I wasn't doing journalism and when I wasn't, you know, working as an editor, I was, you know, kind of just experiencing Beijing. I lived in the Hutong, which is a very ancient kind of dwelling around the forbidden palace in Beijing. They date back to the Yuan Dynasty, which was in the Mongols rule of China, and very, very, you know, beautiful architecture. And that has a vibrant culture, the Hutongs, all, you know, in of themselves, different restaurants, you know, bars, different museums. And so I would explore those often. Also, I was, I did stand on comedy when I was in Beijing. I was a kind of a pillar of the stand on comedy community to quote a friend who's at Paddy's, which was one of the Irish pubs that I performed in.  But, you know, I participated with groups like Beijing Energy Network, or, you know, different folks advocating for environmental advocacy in China. So kind of a hodgepodge of everything. But wait, you're saying that there are groups in China that advocate for things? I thought it was a dictatorship. Yeah, it's one of these things people really don't understand. You know, China is a lot more socially and politically, you know, vibrant and fluid than people think. It's not really like some kind of, you know, rigid and inflexible kind of society. It's, there's so much, so many things happening all the time.   Yeah, I mean, I was actually there also, and we'll get into this a little bit later during the COVID pandemic. And there was a big exodus of a lot of, you know, foreign residents during that time.  And, you know, there are not that, there were more black people before the start of the pandemic.  But people will definitely notice you because you stand out.  It's always, you know, out of a place of curiosity. And then a lot of people, you know, Beijing is a very cosmopolitan place. So, you have people from all over the world, people from Africa, Latin America, Middle East, students from everywhere. So, it's like, you know, you're in the thick of it.  So, that's kind of my experience. And also people are often interested to, you know, ask me about, you know, the state of race relations in the United States and, you know, what I think about, you know, how a certain presidential candidate, whether or not they're treating the black community fairly, that's a question that will come up and taxi rise from time to time. So, when you're doing your stand-up comedy, it's in English, right? Yes, yeah. I do, I intermix Mandarin while I was in Beijing with some of my jokes, but mainly in English. Okay. Okay, let's talk about food. You know, my experience of China is just food is a whole nother experience. What was your favorite food and tell us about food culture in China? Yeah. So, my favorite food, I go back and forth and it changes all the time, but I have to say it's Chongqing Liamian. It's one of my favorites. It's essentially a noodle soup from Chongqing, China. It's one of the spiciest things you can ever eat, depending on how it's made.  And, you know, food culture is really big in China.  Sometimes people go by themselves, but there is a culture of like kind of people going to lunch together. A lot of big companies, especially state-owned companies, will have cafeterias and kind of like almost eating for free there and people just kind of converse and it's really interwoven. Food is a deep, deep part of Chinese culture. If someone invites you over to their family's house for a meal, it's such a loving experience.  That's a big part of the food culture in China. All right. Well, let's talk about getting around. China is all about subways, trains, and planes. And I'm sure you had a chance to get around. So you lived in Beijing. Maybe you share with us some of your favorite places that you visited and what it's like to be, you know, in all the transportation that China has to offer. Yeah. Well, Beijing has, you know, I think, I have to double check, but I think it has like one of the top 10 rated, you know, public transit systems in the world. It's very, you know, it's often like a train comes. You can never technically be late for your train because like you missed a train that you see when you're about to get on the platform. And then like another train's coming. I mean, when you get to the outskirts of the city, like it is kind of, it gets a little bit less dense, like the subway coverage, but, and especially in the center of Beijing, very efficient, very, very clean and safe. And nationally, China has the the Galkia or the high speed rail system. And it's really amazing.   Most people in China actually prefer to travel by train as opposed to plane domestically. And, you know, I would often visit places like Qingdao, which is the home of Qingdao beer, some may know. Xiamen, which is one of my favorite cities in China, very beautiful city. They have an island called Gu Longyu, which is the world's like one of the world's pedestrianized islands with no cars, no, no bicycles. And, yeah, Chengdu, also one of my favorite cities as well, because it's just been kind of at the forefront of a lot of cool tech innovation and a lot of interesting kind of environmental and social policies that have become much more nationally adopted in China. Well, maybe you can talk about that a little bit because those are two very different places, the no walking and then Chengdu, who it was once, it was like farms, what, 10 years ago, or some very short period of time ago. And now it's just, you know, kind of overwhelming technology. But maybe, you know, use that as an example of, if you could take us a little deeper, and what does that look like and how do you experience it? Because it's kind of a brand new city, but huge, right? Yeah, yeah, it's a place where, you know, you have a good convergence of, like a lot of places in China like this, the old and the new.   So when I was just in Beijing a few months ago, I learned about Xi's Clean Waters Lush Mountain Campaign, because all the, every road we were driving on, the center of the road was more roses than I'd ever seen. I was like, Pasadena, you've been, you know, overtaken. Can you tell us a little bit about that Clean Waters Lush Mountain Campaign? Do you know anything about it? Yeah, absolutely. Yeah, it's been a big priority of the, of the Xi Jinping administration, you know, because of course during the 1990s and the 2000s, environmental problems were very, very much a feature in China's development process.  It's seen as a biodiversity protection issue. When I was in Beijing, it also kind of fed into kind of making Beijing a biodiversity. And I didn't know how many, so many different plants and animals are in Beijing. Like I think a species of wildcat even, which I didn't even know until I was there.  And also there was the landmark law, which kind of protected the Yangtze River in, I want to say 2022. And it was done in a way, consultation with like Fisher, Fisher people, Fisher vogue, as well as environmental advocates and yeah, it's quite, in the shielding results, you know, I saw a report that said, you know, pollution has gone down, people are even living longer. And, you know, it was such an interesting, it's interesting to see that and it's a big priority of the Xi administration. So let's talk about like change. We live in a country where change is just like, we keep voting different people in, but nothing changes. And talk about, you know, because some people say, oh, well, you can't live in Shanghai and Beijing because the air quality is too bad, except I check it every day and it's better than LA. So, which is where I live. So, you know, maybe talk about the experience of change because that's, it happens and so fast and the acceptance and how change happens. Maybe if you could share some of that. Yeah. I mean, China is always changing.   There's always, whether it's, you know, different groups within, you know, the Chinese system or, you know, different, you know, different generations who are, have new ideas about how things, how work, for example, should, how the workplace should be run or like how we should think about the environment, for example, and how do we deal with the pandemic in a way that's sustainable. All these things are, all these things are always being discussed. You know, people say that like there's kind of no debate in China, which is like, not true. Like every, I actually was hearing from a friend when I was in Beijing about like a very, very intense debate that was happening on a remaining university campus about, you know, China's modern history and like how to analyze the mistakes of, you know, certain policies. And, you know, even with like during the zero COVID kind of, the dynamic zero COVID policy era, that policy was always changing and always kind of, it was happening that like necessarily, though this is a situation that it was always in flux you know, there's always different interests which are being, which are trying to assert their own agency within Chinese society, whether it be different social classes, whether it's regional versus the national government. So that's always happening and you have, for example, people hear about 996, like long hours and yet, you know, you have a new movement in China, the life lap movement where it's kind of similar to, I guess, the Great Resignation, but a little bit more, I guess, tailored to China where people are doing that in different cities, for example, and migrant workers are also part of this life-flat trend. And in some cases, it's leading to better opportunities and migrant workers are able to kind of assert more of their rights through these kind of things. I mean, there's still lots of changes and people in China will always tell you we are always changing. There's always, you know, problems that we're dealing with. But that's kind of the, the Chinese political culture is one of change, I would say, right now and it's happening fast. So yes, one of change, that's not what we're taught is that that change can happen and people can agitate for it. You talked a little bit about COVID.  You know, one of the things I feel happened in COVID is that you really got to experience the direct democracy part of China where it's really happening, like you said, it's changing all the time. But also it determines what happened to you was determined by the neighborhood you lived in. Is that correct? Yeah, yeah, I mean, different cities are doing different things, different neighborhoods were always doing different things. You know, there's actually, as I was saying before, often like a, you know, a toss between like regional and national government policies. And that's definitely a feature of China. Speaking of kind of, you know, when I was in Ningbo to visit my host family who I stayed with when I was in college, I remember my, I called my Chinese brother, he was telling me about how they have kind of like the neighborhood kind of local elections. And then they elect, you know, people upwards and it goes from, you know, so on, you know, more and more all the way up to the legislature. And I feel like that's interesting kind of, that's an interesting feature of China because people say like the era of mass politics doesn't exist anymore that existed, you know, in the early days of the Chinese Revolution. But there's definitely a feature of mass politics that's still common in China. So what was it like with COVID though? Like what was your neighborhood like? What were the rules? What happened when the shutdown happened? How did that feel? Was the community there to support each other? Like what, what was that like? We were here and the streets were empty. So just, you know, what's... Yeah, I actually, it was interesting because I actually had kind of two experiences. I moved departments twice when I was in China and, you know, when COVID first hit and, you know, we all were working from home, you know, luckily in Beijing there was never really a lockdown in the sense that there was a Wuhan or Shanghai.  When the vaccine came out, they were often kind of... There was never a vaccine mandate in China, interestingly enough.  You know, you could, you know, you would always tell them, yeah, I plan on it. And I actually got vaccinated like very quickly when the Sinopharm vaccine came out. But, yeah, and then neighborhood workers were always kind of, you know, letting people know the rules. People had groups on WeChat. WeChat is like this app that's similar, I guess, to Instagram and Slack and Facebook and Twitter all in one. And so different apartment buildings would use WeChat often. And yeah, that was my experience. And my second apartment, when things got a little bit more severe in Beijing, there was always kind of someone going and letting you know, oh, this is where the community can go to get tested.  And kind of like always, you have to, you know, scan your QR code to ensure that you hadn't been to a place with any close contacts. And I remember one time my phone died, and I was like, I got to go upstairs and put my phone. And then, but luckily in that case, the, you know, people in the community were understanding. Good. Well, that's, it feels very neighborhoodly. What about the, there was another campaign, kind of like the Clean Waters Lush Mountains, the, I forgot, the separating of the Waste Campaign, I forgot what it's called. Oh yeah, Laji Fen Lei.    And I was like, come on, you know, in Dongcheng, we're doing our best. Dongcheng was where the Hu Dongs I lived in were.  And it's kind of what we were just talking about, about neighborhood almost being, the neighborhood folk, really being familial. You know, you have a connection with everybody, where I was like taking out the trash and, you know, this other uncle would often, you know, ask me, oh, like, do you have any questions about how to separate things? And he would often help me. It was a very kind of, it's a very interesting feeling to be that connected to your community. And elections, were you there during one of the elections? Yeah, I was there during the 20th CPC National Congress, very historic time in China. And it was, it's interesting because, you know, I was, you know, working with colleagues and we were reporting on things like, one of the kind of recent reforms in China is, or kind of buzzwords, is this idea of a whole process, people's democracy. And one feature of it is, you know, kind of, it's kind of localized in, you know, only a few cities at the moment, but kind of getting recommendations on legislation from citizens, rank and file neighborhood residents.  And that was like, you know, this 20th CPC National Congress was one of the first times that was kind of part of like the, you know, both the messaging and the Congress itself. And like, how seriously do people take voting? Is it something everybody does, you know, kind of like here it's a day and everybody's voting? Does it have that sense? Not really. I feel like, you know, since it's a lot more localized, it's a lot more, you know, community-based. And I feel like politically speaking, you know, people kind of see their engagement as, involves in their community, but then also if they are like, you know, politically active, doing much more, you know, kind of like working on issues they care about, whether that be, for example, the environment or something else. Oh, wow, so actual engagement instead of just voting. That sounds exciting. We're not to the U.S. So what was your heartbeat at CTGN? What issues were you covering? Yeah, so I kind of did a bit of everything. I was mainly focused on like international relations and the environment. I pitched a climate segment called Planet Matters. And, you know, I was very happy about that. And, you know, that's one of the things that Chinese media is focusing a lot more on these days is, you know, climate change and, you know, energy politics and climate change finance and things like that.  And also focusing on the effects of climate change in Africa. I, you know, tried to pitch that often. Cool, cool. Is there a way people can see some of your shows?  And it was on U.S.-China climate cooperation, which has been on shaky ground as of late. But I did that story. And, yeah, if you look up China-U.S., climate dialogue, CGTN, you should be able to find it. Well, we have to know, we have to put that in our Code Pink slash China spot on the website under, you know, cooperation. Well, we'll make sure it's there. You can find it there next week. Absolutely. So what did you learn that you would want people to know, like, about China when you were there? Are there any lessons you want to bring home to us? Yeah, I think, like I was saying before, China is always changing. And, you know, it's not, it's not static. It's always, you know, it's a society that's definitely grappling with lots of issues, grappling lots of problems. And it's often, you know, beyond the headlines. If you read, I recommend different, you know, sources to watch China that are much more, you know, balanced. You can kind of see that in the coverage.  And so that was actually a big part of the logic behind holding onto the diameter of COVID policy, which is like not overwhelming hospitals and understanding, like, you know, because COVID had, you know, there was a study that was showing how it kind of had a class character to it where people in rural areas where there's still kind of sparse hospital coverage were more supportive of it than middle class urban residents.  And that kind of gets to my third lesson, which is China is, you know, really focused on security right now. The world is in crisis and, you know, China is aware of all these things post 2008 recession, especially post COVID. And it's in its messaging about its economy, you know, whether it's assuring investors or whether it's, you know, the way it covers the way it covered the U.S. Afghan withdrawal and, you know, the concerns for Afghanistan's future afterwards. China is very, you know, focused on, like, it's financial. It's like territorial integrity and people should really understand that.  I mean, you have so many stories that in Chinese media that are about like international students coming in. I was there during the meeting between Xi Jinping and Olaf Scholz from Germany. And that was an amazing kind of period where it was kind of like a little bit of like a kind of post-COVID diplomatic breakthrough in some senses. And, you know, I think engagement with the world, good faith exchange is definitely something that, you know, people embrace and respond well to. I mean, the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics was another example of that. Whether, you know, people were, I think Anthony Blinken, or sorry, someone in the White House, I forget, was trying to send Beijing a message by boycotting the games. But, you know, China treated athletes from all countries very, you know, very well. The same at least as any other country that hosted the Winter Games. And, you know, this is all to say that, like, China is not our enemy. And that's, you know, probably one of the most crucial lessons that I learned. Oh, that's beautiful. So is there any questions before we say goodbye and our gratitude to Kayle? I think what I've heard is, you know, it's a place just like any other place with humans just trying to live their lives in caring and beautiful ways. And it's not our enemy. Is there any outstanding questions you might have that I missed? You can put them in the chat or Pedro, it looks like you unmuted. Are you having one? Yes, I was wondering if Kayle is thinking about, I would love to see something, a comprehensive book, maybe on his view of China and what he's experienced. I think that would be a big, big seller here. People are interested in what's going on there. Thank you. Are you considering anything like that? Well, he's writing a piece in the code, and the code pink China is not our enemy book. So you'll hear from him there. But yes, you're right. We need to, that's why we're listening to him today.  Can see the differences and can see the similarities. Good point, Pedro. So if no one else has a question, thank you for being here. You can engage with us where we want to let Congress know that China is not our enemy. And so I'm putting in the chat that our action that you can take tonight, it's www.codepink.org slash China Day. We need to tell Congress that China is not our enemy. And we also need to be building this movement. What we know is that too many people in the United States are lost in a narrative, in lies, in facts about China that are very, very old. And as we heard from Kaila, China is changing constantly. So to identify with a China that doesn't even exist anymore, except at the core, it's got a very peaceful culture, a culture committed to harmony, a culture committed to care, culture that is not about individuals. It's about the whole. It's about the planet. It's about your community. It's about your family. And as we heard, it's about service. So share these conversations with your friends. And we need to spread the word that China is not our enemy. This would be a mistake for the entire planet. For the US to go to war on China. China doesn't want to be at war with the United States. And when I asked the people of China as I was leaving for my last trip, the US is planning a war on you. What do you think? And they're always like, I'm worried about the people in the United States. So let's worry about all of us and work together to end this war on China. Thanks for joining. Thank you, Kale Holmes, for not only sharing your experience, but being part of our Kudping team. And thanks, all of you, you beautiful peacemakers. I love you. Thanks for joining us until next time. Onward to peace. We've only got a few more weeks left of the summer of peace. Get out there. Be visible for peace. Thank you. Good night.


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