Great. Hi. Hi. My name is Paulio. I'm Nicola, and we're gonna talk about the Debcom video team so all the wonders of how to set up things, how our gear works, all the funny bits you've missed because you weren't there at midnight last night. All these kind of things that are great. Working on the video team. So what's the video team? We're the annoying people that tell you to stand up and wait for the microphone. So what we do is we record the events of the Debian community and we record all the conference presentations. We allow through streaming the participation of people who couldn't come to the event. So we allow remote participation and we try to have tons of fun working towards a free software and hardware conferencing video stack. Yeah, we're like 90% there. Yeah, pretty much. So the Debcom video team has lots and lots and lots of people. The people on this slide are kind of the core of the video team. Members, some of them are here, some of them aren't. But the video team wouldn't be able to work without the dozens and dozens of volunteers that help us at conferences. So thanks to everyone who helps with the video stuff. And also thanks to the sponsors because the recordings that we do, the hardware that we buy, the resources that we use wouldn't be here without the Debian sponsors. So thanks a lot to all the sponsors of Debian. And to Debian for buying all the stuff. Yeah, sure. Yeah, sure. So system overview. The microphone is dropping. Anyway, see, fun with the video stuff. So the system overview, our system is quite complicated and we normally divided between audio and video. But if you can see here in the projector, basically our audio is all geared with the mixer that is in the back of the room here. We have multiple microphones. We have four microphones in total. So that is two headsets and then two hand microphones that are all wireless.  And then there's a video. We have two cameras per room. So at larger conferences like the EPCOM, what we don't really do is we have multiple rooms. So in a single room like this, we're going to have two cameras. The first one is... I'm going to use a microphone that works. So the first camera, fun with the video team. So the first camera is to record the present data. And then the second one gives us a second shot on the audience for questions. It also allows for a more dynamic recording of people talking. So you don't only have one camera taking things. And these cameras are both wired to a video mixing console. So it's a PC basically with two capture cards that I used for capturing the video. And we also capture the presenter's laptop. So if you see the podium here, I have a HDMI cable that goes out from my laptop. And through a mess of cables and equipment, this goes to a box that converts the signal and allows us to get it on stream as well. I think that's pretty much what we have for this overview. So close up of the video recording equipment. That's one of our cameras. So we got decent, very decent camcorders. We got them in 2017. So we have six camcorders, which allows us to record free rooms with a consistent setup. And there are 4K SDI outputs, SDI recording camcorders. We only use the digital output that feeds into the capture PC. The cameras are 4K ready, but we don't record in 4K for technical reasons. The footage is really, really large and our mixing PC couldn't handle it. So we're recording in 720p for the moment. Yeah, I think there's been quite a lot of improvements on the software stack. I know, for instance, that the CCC records in footage now. So yeah, but 720p for a conference video is pretty good. At least we consider it pretty good. We also have two tripods. So the two tripods allow us to have a full set of hardware to record mini-cons. When we need more, when we want to record free rooms, we hire some hardware. We have tally lights. So tally lights allow the camera operators to see that their camera is on stream. So there's a light that goes on when the camera is enabled. They're basically a serial, like it's just an LED that gets activated by the DTR line on a serial RS232 connection. So we can extend the run for very long with just a few RG45 adapters. So we have a CAT5 ethernet cable that runs all the way through the room. For the audio, we've renewed the equipment for the audio setup this year. We got a new mixing desk with more inputs than what we had. We have also new microphones and receivers. So basically, thanks to FlutterMouse for sponsoring us the mixing desk, and Debian gave us the rest of the audio equipment. So as we said, two headsets, two hand-head microphones, and four receivers for all of that. Sadly, these receivers have certain frequency, and we couldn't take it, for example, and bring it to US because certain countries in the world have laws on radio frequency. So these receivers are blocked for center frequency, and they all change depending on different countries. So we decided on this setup because most mini-coms are in Europe, so this works for the greater Europe and these kind of things. But if we went to the US or like in Asia for mini-conference, we would have to hire some more gear for that.  So we've put most of the audio recording gear inside a flight case that we can take so we can just roll it around, and it's pretty much all in one place.  It was quite a mess to ship everything around. So I think we've streamlined four packages and two tripods, which is kind of... It's okay, it's manageable. So the way we capture the presentator's laptop is through a project called AGMi2USB. And it uses... I don't know how it works. And it uses a board called a pneumatoopsis, which is open hardware. And it has... Isn't it? Yeah, it is. And it has an FPGA inside. So the AGMi2USB is a project we flash on it. And what it does is it has two inputs and two outputs for AGMi. So you could input two different inputs and then use the outputs. And it has a USB output afterwards. And we take this USB output and put it in the recording PC. So it gives us basically a way to capture what the presentator has. And we need multiple outputs because one of the outputs is going to the projector in the room. So we're using this matrix board to be able to record. So it's really nice because we have one output going to the projector and we have one output going to the screen in front. So we can look at the screen in front and kind of peek at the audience rather than turning around like I've been doing for the start of the talk. So I'm going to try to actually stay in the right place. We've been using that project for a while. In the beginning it wasn't the most stable project. But it's really improved. And nowadays we basically don't have any problems with it. And it's a really solid project. So thumbs up sort of folks. It's J-Miner USB. Yeah. And so basically this device presents a webcam over USB. And so we have a USB-C or single board computer plugged into it. It's a minobot turbo. So I think it's an Intel atom based system. Fanless, pretty nice, tiny. It all fits in a 1U case. So this large case, I think I have a picture of the case, of the inside of the case. And it's like one board, one tiny board, and then lots of space. We had space to put a switch and lots of stuff inside. So it's kind of tiny. It's nice. For the live recording, for the live mixing of the presentations, we use a desktop PC. Basically this desktop PC is connected through the network with the presenter slide capture PC. And it's connected with SDI to the two cameras. So it needs a fairly big CPU. We've managed to make the system work with lower-end i5s, I think, last year in Taiwan. It wasn't great. We had to shrink down the previews and stuff to keep the CPU use OK. But with this machine, we can have full-size previews. It's pretty nice. The robin with needed for multiple streams coming from the cameras is quite high. So to mix these then with a live mixer, it takes quite a lot of resources. And so this computer is also used as a NAT gateway so that all the computers that are on the video network can access the internet through any kind of a plink that the venue might provide. So, for instance, here, the plink is a very long cable run that goes through a switch that goes to another room through a window. It's a bit messy, but we only need one network drop and then we are self-sufficient on the network. So we can kind of make do with any situation that a venue can throw at us. And yeah, it works well. For the live mixing software, we're using something called VoktoMix. It was written by the folks at the CCC, so the CCC VOC team. It's great. It's built in Python. It's all in Debian. What to say? So when you look at the mixing software, which is this window on the left, you have the two camera inputs and a slide show input. And then you have a preview of the live mixed version. So this is the GUI for the desktop that we use over there. And here we put a few previews of the actual stream so we can make sure that we actually stream stuff. And we communicate on IOC. The team communicates on IOC. And so the director has a window open on IOC so they can get feedback from either the audience or anyone else that might have something interesting to say. For instance, here, people are talking about the scheduling for the next sessions, I guess, in this window. And on the bottom left here is just a view of the recordings so we can make sure that the recordings are enabled and keep recording. I personally lost half a day of recordings because there was no recording. So we've added that since. It's always a good thing to check that you're actually recording something. Yeah. So yeah. Vectomics, all package in the biennial. Thanks to the C3 VOC for building it. It's great. Live streaming, I guess that's my area of expertise. So basically, this mixing software outputs a raw video feed that we need to put somewhere, push somewhere. So what we do is in every room we have... So this mixing PC is pushing using RTMP. So we encode in H264 and AAC the feed and we push it through RTMP to a streaming backend which uses NJNX with the RTMP module. RTMP is the industry standard for pushing real-time audio and video feeds. And the RTMP module basically slices the video and puts it into the HTTP live streaming format or HLS which is a standard-ish thing that was developed by Apple originally and then it became the industry standard for streaming on the web. So what the HLS format is is basically a playlist of chunks of video and audio that you have to put in a HTTP directory. So for the client, you just have to do HTTP requests on a loop to the playlist and open the slices one by one and play that. What we have for the front-end is basically HTTP caching. We don't need anything more than just HTTP cache because it's just a plain directory. So it's really easy to actually distribute front-ends around the globe to reduce the latency for the player. So we do nice stuff like downscaling the stream. So basically the central streaming backend also runs FFMPEG on the incoming stream to lower the... So it creates downscaled versions with lower quality, lower bandwidth requirements and HLS allows you to have adaptive streaming. So you can adapt... The client can adapt the files that it's going to get according to the bandwidth that it actually has. So this allows streaming all around the world for low bandwidth, like remote attendees. It's worked, I think, somewhat better than what we had before. We used to use ICAST, too. Yeah, ICAST, what was the protocol? Yeah, I see the light blinking. Which is all right. Anyway, so NGNX RTMP module, it's packaged in Debian. It's in the stable back port, so it's going to be in the next release as well. So pretty cool. FOSDEM actually is really happy that we packaged NGNX RTMP module because they used it, but they had to package it themselves. So we actually collaborated with them to make sure that it was included inside the Debian NGNX package. So FOSDEM actually uses these packages now as well, which is pretty cool. So, yeah, geographic distribution. So we don't use GODNS. We use GUIP on the server side. So basically, when you connect to the server, it can redirect you to the appropriate frontend. Usually in mid-DebConf, we only have one frontend because there's a smaller audience than there is at DebConf, and there's a lower setup time. So we don't do the whole shebang of having 20 frontends and everything. It works okay. The frontend is just something fancy. I think FOSDEM really uses their frontends because they have a lot of remote attendants. It's less of an issue for us. So we have direct access to the DNS zone thanks to our friends at DSA. So we can just push our changes and we are autonomous on that area as well, which is nice. So once the video has been recorded, one thing we do afterwards is to review them before publication. So the system we're using is called SReview. It's been written by Walter, which is a member of the video team. It's also in Debian. So basically, SReview manages preview generation. You can manage the start and the end of the video. So for example, if we started late, then we're going to need to adjust when exactly the talk started and then when it ended. And then it cuts the video, it transcodes it, and it archives it for us. We import the schedules of all the conferences we're going to in SReview, and then SReview manages metadata so we can have some metadata afterwards for the videos. For example, we're going to talk about it later, but we're uploading also our videos to YouTube, for example. So that gives us some metadata to upload there. This system is also used by FOSDM, and the idea behind it is for it to be as easy as possible to review talks. For example, FOSDM, what they do is that they ask the presenters to actually review the talks themselves. We do it ourselves because we have a large team of volunteers to do it. So the talks are recorded, they're transcoded, where do we put them? So we have a meetings archive. So the main meetings archive is an FTP server. So basically it's a bunch of files on an FTP server, which is kind of a Git and X repo, but sometimes we don't update the metadata, well, whatever. So there's a random mix and match of files, there are videos, there are subtitles, there are slides. So over the past few years, we've tried to actually fix this mess and have a new Git repository with metadata for all the files that are in the archive. So this repository and these tools, they scan the metadata that's provided by the conferences. So if there's a schedule that's been written in match-in-readable formats, they can scan that and ingest the metadata. And this metadata can be used to build a proper front-end for the DeepCount Video Archive. So we've had people looking at PeerTube. Tafre has built a code plug-in for it as well. So yeah, it's... It's a work in progress, eventually we'll have a really nice front-end.  If you're really good with web stuff, then talk to us. And yeah. The next thing that we do is that we've come to a conclusion that whatever you do, whatever you say, people will probably upload your videos to YouTube. So we might as well do it ourselves properly with high-quality videos that we control with good metadata and making sure that we have a proper YouTube channel for our videos. Unfortunately, that's where a lot of the viewership is, so we might as well do it. So this was kind of the first user of the metadata repository. We have a new pile of scripts that generates and uploads the videos to YouTube from the metadata repository. So you can have a look at our channel if you should do YouTube. One of the things that are great with YouTube is that it automatically generates close captions. So it's a thing we try to do, but it takes a lot of time and effort to do. So most of the time it's okay. Yeah, I mean, the manually done captions are way better than the automated stuff, but the automated stuff costs zero to make. So it's a compromise. And it's sometimes funny because it has trouble recognizing different accents. The language. So sometimes, for example, somebody speaking in English with a German accent, then it'll subtitle everything in German while the person is speaking English. It's very funny. Machine learning, right? The future. A setup is done entirely through... So we try to automate all the setup that we do. It serves two purposes. It allows us to have a repeatable setup and it allows us to document the setup and show what kind of crazy hacks we had to do to make things work. So basically we have two layers of automatic setup. We have a Pixi server, which we use for Debian installer preceding. So this is just a stub of configuration to be able to start running Ansible on the installer machine. So we have a full repository with Ansible playbooks, roles, tasks, the whole shebang on our Git repositories. So for example, when we need to set up for a big conference when we have multiple machines, the first step is going to be building the Pixi server. And then we can boot machines from there, one afterward the other, specifying an IP address. And it'll build automatically the machines depending on the different roles we have. And the setup of the Pixi server is scripted as well. So we can just run script, it creates a USB installer. So it makes for easy install for a bunch of different machines with different types of roles and different capabilities. It works pretty well. Yeah, it's all right. Another thing is documented in Repository. You can go and visit its video.debconf.org. It's all bit with Sphinx, which is the same. Let's read the docs. Also, but this website has a live player for the mini-Debcoms. So for different conferences where people don't want to be a whole website for the mini-coms, people can just go there and watch a live stream directly. We have two separate documentation pages, one for the actual Ansible documentation and then one for our general setup and what the hardware we use and some diagrams and these kind of things. So we have manual documentation and Ansible specific documentation basically in two separate websites. So this is a large mess. And so there's a lot of changes to making it work and we've kind of picked up a few lessons along the way. So yeah, Ansible is great, but having a loose team of 10 people working on Ansible when we meet like five, six times a year, it's kind of hard. And one of the things we did to make that easier is to start using Salsa. So the GitLab repository of Debian and using a merge request-based workflow. So it's really, it's way better. So we now create merge requests, ask somebody to review them, see if it's okay, whereas when we were using Aliath, we were just pushing master and then expecting things to work. We're also using continuous integration. So we have different sets of tests running through GitLab CI on Salsa. We're using the Docker executor and we're using Ansible Lint first to lend the code to see if we made some stupid mistakes or if something is going to be deprecated in Ansible because things tend to change. And then each test, each role is tested individually to see if it works. And sadly, one of the big problems we have is that SystemD and Docker and GitLab CI is not really, it doesn't work. There's no way to make it work.  So we just kept the SystemD tasks and expect them to work. So I messed up. This image should be on the previous slide. This shows in a very, very thin and very gray on gray font the actual roles that we are testing. So yeah, there's a bunch of stuff that we test. It's pretty nice. So one of the big issues that we have is that we have a lot of specific custom hardware and it's really hard to emulate it. And even then, it's also not that easy to have, like for instance, if we want to test the video mixing software, it's hard to have virtual sources that allow us to do an integration test of our system. So we haven't really found a good way to do that yet. Some people have started playing with automating setup of KVM machines to actually replicate the network setup and some of the injection stuff. Again, if you want a fun challenge with a complicated setup, it might be something you can help us with. Documentation is a challenge. It's a technical challenge but as you've seen through our talk, our setup can be quite complicated. So one of the things we learned and encouraged people to do with these kind of setup is actually set up good documentation using known platforms like Sphinx to help you link pages and tell you what to do. Especially on a project like this where we have to build the system five times in a year and we're not touching it the other times. Yeah, the hardware is on a shelf in my office maybe 85-90% of the time. It goes out maybe across a whole year, one month, one month and a half. So yeah, it's kind of hard to actually make sure that we don't forget stuff. And then the number of events that we cover is slowly increasing. I think this month is quite impressive. I did Ubuntu Party last week with this setup. We're doing the mini-depcon this week and in two weeks there's a new mini-depcon in Hamburg. And so this is a great thing. There's more and more distributed Debian events around Europe, Debian or otherwise events. But sometimes it's hard to just find people to cover all these events because we're not all lucky enough to get a lot of time off work and travel is exhausting and stuff. So training is becoming a very big part of... Training is a big challenge because it's like doing the setup with very seasoned team members is quite fast.  When you have to tell people what you're doing, explain everything, it takes a lot more time. I can just do a comparison. The setup that I did by myself last week took maybe three hours. The setup that we did here with new volunteers took a whole day. That's okay, but it's time-consuming and we need to account for it. And if we don't train people, the quality of the videos and of the recordings fall dramatically. So we have to do it and we know we have to do it. And so we're really happy to have trained a new batch of people that are going to do great work in Hamburg, I think, in two weeks. And many finally last technical challenge we're having is unexpected problems at venues. So we have to build the whole system in a few hours sometimes. So sometimes you have things like here, for example, we had a faulty ground loop and what it does, it goes bzzzzzzz on the audio recordings. So it's quite troublesome. Sometimes you have restricting firewalls, so you arrive at a venue and then you find out that half of the ports you need are closed and it's Friday night and the network admin are gone until Monday. So you have to deal with that somehow. Sometimes we arrive in a place, like for example in Taiwan last year, we ended up in a room where they told us there was a PA system with speakers.  And that's it. What was it in the room? There was the mixer and the speakers together in a tiny, tiny, tiny small box for a large room. I don't even think there was an XLR input on that. It was just a MIDI jack that you could plug your phone in or something. So, yeah, it was... So, lucky for us, we had someone with a full audio setup in the back of his van parked at the university so we could do that. And, well, one last thing. Shipping this hardware is complex. It's not hard. It's just like there's a lot of boxes and you have to know where everything goes and we ship around the world because the hardware went to... Well, at least the hardware that I managed went to South Africa, then Canada, then Taiwan. It's going to go to Brazil next year. Well, this summer, it's going to have to go to Israel. So, yeah, you kind of start to understand how the world's import duty system works and how you get to rent a van in random places around the world. It's fun.  So, help is always welcome if you want to be part of the video team or here. We're happy to train people. You can subscribe to our mailing list or find us on RSC in the debcomf-videoteam channel. And if one of the things we're failing to do is actually subtitles. So, if you want to work on subtitling talks, it's a great talk to us. We can help... We can help put you in touch with the right people that know how to do it because I certainly don't, but I know where to find the people who do. We can root for you. Yeah. And that's it for our talk. So, we have, I guess, ten minutes for questions. Five, ten minutes. No? No, we don't? No. No. We set that timer to 35 minutes to get time for questions. The video team knows. I mean, I think it's okay, but... All right. So, yeah, there's a microphone in the middle of the room if you want to... Please use the microphones. Yes. Well, one of the reasons we're asking people to use the microphones is because if you don't use the microphones, then people on the stream won't hear you. Yeah. We kind of have like two microphones over the room that can pick up ambient noise and if you push the gain really high up, then you can hear someone shouting across the room, but we try to avoid it because it's way better to actually get a clear voice through the microphone. But if everything was clear, then I guess we can go have some more coffee before. Yeah, I have a question. Aw. Aw. Have you ever used or tried or compared the mixing with OBS, Open Broadcast, something? Is it different? Is it better? I've touched OBS once. It's quite different. I think Stefano has done most of it. I guess it's better for streaming different outputs live. And it's mostly geared to people having maybe a simpler setup. They want just one laptop and different cameras or screen grabbing. I don't think it's that true. I don't know. I've seen people with very complex setups, like a sidecam, a facecam, a capture of their huge gaming laptop. OBS can handle that. The way I had answered that is OBS is really well suited to someone who wants a custom setup that they're going to build for their stream where we want something that's repeatable and every room has exactly the same setup that's automatically configured and gives the operator as few options as possible. We don't want them having to go and figure out how to add a new camera. Right. I'm not sure if I understood. Are the multi-streams coming from the venue or are they split from an external server because that would change the bandwidth requirements and maybe you don't always have enough bandwidth to have four streams from the venue? We've never. The output bandwidth requirement is, I think, two or three megabits per second. Sorry? It is configurable. We can actually push down the bandwidth requirement if we need to. Usually when we're streaming several rooms at a depth conf, we've asked the venue to get a very decent internet connection because that's actually needed for the work that happens at a depth conf regardless of the video team. I don't think we've had issues with bandwidth, like with pushing our streams outside. Yeah. One issue we had in Taiwan, we actually had the streaming backend server inside the university and it was open for the frontends to talk to. The university firewall thought that the frontends were dosing the backend server so the connections were shut off. I think it was during the week and so we managed to get a hold of the network admin to turn off the DOS protection on that machine. We maybe lost 10 minutes of streaming because of DNS TTL pointing the stuff at another server. Yeah. Mostly over the DOS firewalls are more of a problem than actual bandwidth requirements. So for bandwidth, you need only two to three megabits, not even megabytes per second? Yeah, I'm pretty sure. That's it. Per room, yeah. What was wrong with your microphone and the talk, Nicolas? I have no idea. I think we haven't changed the batteries before starting. We have changed the batteries yesterday night and now I see the receiver light flickering. I did it right now. I think there might be interference between the channels of two or four microphones because the lights are flickering like in sequence. So, yeah. Oops. As an organizer, I have to say that it was very, very pleasant to work with you guys. Thank you very much. Thanks a lot for organizing great events all the time. It's cool to be around. So maybe time for one more question. Yeah. If you have last one, make it count. If not, we can get more coffee before the next talk. It works. Thanks a lot. Bye.


Here we take a look at a few of the dwarf galaxies orbiting our Milky Way. Gaia's all-sky density map picked up a few of the closer ones and calculated their orbits. The lines represent the orbital track traveled over the past few million years. The further away the galaxy, the longer its orbital period. It can take billions of years for the satellites further out to complete a single orbit. Compare that to the 230 million years it takes us to make one revolution.


some women dressed up as Characters from the Handmaid's Dale and they chose to protest in front of Amy Coney Barrett's house Now I believe in this video that they're being heckled by anti-vaxxers, but um, I'm not entirely sure. Let's let's watch As performance art, what is it supposed to mean or say? I Mean take a guess buddy. Is it not self-evident what they're trying to say what message they're trying to convey here Do you really need it spelled out for you? Jesus Christ. How dense are you? So in response, I'm assuming some lady is yelling no more vaccines my body my choice there It's so gross that anti-vaxxers have tried to corrupt the my body my choice slogan from pro-choice activists Like whoever does that is genuinely like sick in the head and doesn't understand the difference between bodily autonomy and public health but um, you know, so that happened with Amy Coney Barrett, but also protesters marched to Alito's house as well Now you've seen these protests. We looked at the Amy Coney Barrett protests the Alito protests but you know, it also happened at Robert's house and Brett Kavanaugh's house and As you can see, these are completely peaceful. They're not violent at all. They're holding vigils and Still the right has absolutely melted down Marsha Blackbird has some really strong thoughts on what should happen with these protesters He should haul all of these people down to the police headquarters They should book them for violating a federal statute. What they're trying to do is change the outcome of a Supreme Court decision. What do you expect them to do Marsha? This is an unelected body. We don't elect the Supreme Court. We can barely choose who chooses to be on the Supreme Court So what exactly do you want them to do? Like isn't this the party that has tried to take up the mantle of free speech?   I don't like it Now this Fox News host was trying to own Democrats on this issue in particular Rashida Tlaib Ilhan Omar and Elizabeth Warren, but they ended up low-key Making her look foolish. So let's watch because she's going to try to make it seem as if Democrats are unreasonable for not condemning these peaceful protests. And of course, this is on Tucker Carlson show But watch how they respond the way that they respond is absolutely perfect Well, we've been talking to lawmakers on Capitol Hill all day trying to ask the question If they support people protesting outside Supreme Court justices homes Interrupting church or if they think these yes to both if you're going to impose your minoritarian views on all of us Then yeah, don't be surprised when people take issue with that.   This is the way That we do it, right? This is the First Amendment. This is a right that the Supreme Court ironically has affirmed protesters should be prosecuted for breaking federal laws in place that ban that behavior Bottom line you don't condemn it You think that these protesters should continue to be outside Supreme Court justices homes and interrupt church Interrupted and protested all the time. I welcome it in many ways. It's see and do you hear her complaining about this? All the time and Chuck Schumer to his credit. I had a similar response He's like I have protests like three to four times per week at my house He doesn't complain but for Republicans they never pass up an opportunity to politicize something Notice how they focused on the leak itself and now they're focusing on the protests They really don't want to talk about abortion They don't want to talk about the substance because they know it's a losing issue for them So they keep deflecting. Oh my god. We're so mad at the leaker You should be mad at these Democrats who say it's okay to protest in front of Supreme Court justice as homes But they don't want to talk about abortion itself They don't want to make the case and it's because they know this is a losing issue As long as it's not, you know, violent rhetoric Talking about, you know, physical harm and all those kind of things. I think it's just really important to understand that that happens We're in public service this Supreme Court exactly said back then protesters should be able to get right in people's faces Now they are erecting barriers to try to keep protesters as far away from themselves as possible I think that's fundamentally wrong. Did you think okay? I have this I have to say it based Elizabeth Warren She gets credit where it's due. Perfect answer. The Supreme Court said that you can harass women as they go to abortion clinics No 35-foot buffer zone and we'll talk about that in a second But yet all of a sudden we're half we're supposed to be worried about the Supreme Court because people are protesting in front of their house That's called democracy motherfucker a first amendment protection that you upheld the same court upheld These protesters should be prosecuted for breaking federal law What is the federal law, I'm sorry, it's us code 1507 it prevents picketing or parading in or near a building housing a court of the United States or in or near a building or residence occupied or used by such judge Do you think they should be processed?  None of them are saying that they're saying the opposite right now But let's let's hear her out flaws in place as you heard there preventing protesters from going to judges doorsteps Trying to influence their decision from interrupting church services A lot of these democrats that we talked to are not budging and not backing away from supporting This law breaking behavior. Tucker law breaking behavior.  This is from 2014 I'm sure a lot of you still remember this the supreme court has struck down in massachusetts law Mandating a 35 foot buffer zone around clinics that provide abortion services in other words literally they're saying it's okay for you to get up in women's faces As they uh, as they go to get abortions and there's a cnn video Maybe we'll we'll check it out where um, they actually show this they show people Stopping a woman's car as she's driving into an abortion clinic and she's horrified because obviously that is intimidation But the supreme court said that it's okay And now we're all screeching in unison about them peacefully protesting in front of the supreme court justice is how homes like get the fuck out of here Backers of the legislation have said the law treats groups equally requiring both supporters and opponents of abortion rights to maintain their distance From the clinics but in a unanimous ruling thursday the justice has found that the buffer zone infringes on the first amendment rights of protesters So it seems like this court has a pretty pretty strong emphasis on protecting free speech rights Does it not so you could assume that it would apply to protesting at their homes as well I don't think they'd rule that way though if given the opportunity today This is what the supreme court said they said you can get very very close to protest That's your first amendment right But now that it's happening to them Well in comes congress to save them Senators quickly passed bill to expand security for families of supreme court justices all it took was uh protesters 100 protesters marching to cavanaugh's home and then uh chief justice robber's home And then the next day or maybe the day after The senate passed this by unanimous consent not one objection So members of the u.s senate passed the bipartisan bill monday that would expand security protection to the immediate family members of supreme court Justices following recent protests at some justice's homes the supreme court police parody act was approved by unanimous consent meaning No senators objected to its quick passage the legislation must also be passed by the house before going to president joe biden's desk for his signature Now, uh, can you guess what the house has said about this? We're gonna get it done very quickly. Don't you worry This country will put kindergartners into debt for eating lunch and drill teens on how to fight off school shooters But if a senator sees sidewalk chalk or a judge hears protesters the full force of the state rushes to coddle and protect them Is that not ridiculous? Is that not ridiculous? Now, you know, uh, let me pull up the video Let me see if I could find it here because I want to show you all what i'm talking about With how ruthless these anti-choice protesters are this is a common occurrence in this country So this is a woman who's going to get an abortion and this Is an anti-choice person who's actually to her car She's trying to turn in and they stop her before she can turn it and take a look These two men are anti-abortion protesters Trying to convince the frightened woman behind the wheel not to drive into this women's medical clinic parking lot Where she has an appointment for an abortion The woman who walked up to the car is the co-director of the clinic Assuring the patient who speaks little english She is safe with her and that they will protect her while she's here This type of confrontation at the Knoxville Center for Reproductive Health in Tennessee is very common But it's happening at a very unusual moment in time with the knowledge that legal abortion may be ending very soon in this state I can't even find words how disturbing it is Corinne Rivetti is a nurse practitioner and one of the other co-directors of this clinic Which provides all types of gynecological health care What kind of society is that that we force people to Uh to motherhood when they're not prepared or ready to do that or know that they yeah That's a great point from gamer g fox news docked an abortion doctor and demonized him on air every week. He was murdered Yeah, remember that uh bill o'reilly is the one who I think was saying it tiller tiller the baby killer I mean abortion clinics are under constant threat But yet the senate protects supreme court justices gives them their own security for them and their families Meanwhile these abortion clinics like they have to constantly watch their backs Dr. Aaron Campbell is one of the physicians who performs abortions here. He's the medical director I think people this guy is in way way way more danger than all of the supreme court justices combined because he's a physician that performs abortions He does other things than just abortions, right? But because he also does abortions as part of his health care He's in way more danger than the supreme court justices Unsafe illegal abortions, and I think people will get sick and die And I think that blood and their death will be on the hands of these lawmakers that are passing these laws Dr. Campbell's late father was also the medical director here for many years I think he would be devastated There are very few places that provide abortions in tennessee There was another clinic just a few miles away from here On new year's eve, our local plane parenthood affiliate, uh was burned down ruled to be an arson And it hasn't reopened it hasn't reopened. It's not been rebuilt Doing this type of work has long been intimidating and often frightening for the medical professionals Many of the patients who come here for routine checkups do it partly out of support and loyalty for the clinic Lisa being one of them and she shares the employees emotions about what the supreme court seems poised to do Makes me angry for now the anti-abortion protesters say they will continue to be here We're not here to intimidate people here, but what you do and you know that Well, if if the child was outside of when we wouldn't be acting like this and the clinic employees say they will continue to do their jobs But they know the writing is on the wall and that perhaps there is now not much they can do about it What are you going to start telling your patients? I don't know Um, I don't know that any of us know Just by being brave enough To show his face and his name His life is now literally in danger Is the senate going to uh rush through a plan that gives him Security for him and his family by unanimous consent. Of course not because they don't care about what happens to peasants and normal people They only care about themselves.


Good morning everybody See if you look at the GIS as a field just information system It's a subject by itself. It's a full-fledged subject which can be run as a one semester program or one degree program and all It's very difficult to give justification to the subject within 90 minutes But I'll try my best to give at least an overview and you know from the questions which I saw from yesterday's portions There have been a question even use of remote sensing and GIS for watershed modeling So maybe you know many of you may be familiar with the GIS But for the benefit of other departments, I'll try to give you an overview in as simple as possible But you know one cannot cover a lecture on an overview avoiding theory, but I'll try to make it as simple as possible and of course following this lecture afternoon you will have a demonstration of the GIS package itself and following the demonstration we will show you some of the Applications which have been done using the GIS tool which will be demonstrating in the afternoon Okay, see just before going to the theory the one thing I want to tell See now I have come from a residence to this department to deliver the lecture Naturally when I leave my residence, I'll try to see which is the optimal route through which I should come So that I can come on time for starting the lecture This is my case now you take another case like an agriculture person a farmer is there He would like to cultivate Crop during curry for rabbi season or summer season. He will try to see what crop he should cultivate in that season so that his Profit is reasonable that will depend on what is rainfall Terrain condition land use practices etc. etc Now suppose and person is there on an irrigation department He will try to see when he has to let out water from the reservoir Based on for what land utility is being done. What is that whether there had been a rainfall? Everything seeing that he will try to decide it See there are number of questions which we come across every day for solving many problems If you look at all these questions, what will you see? You will see that all these questions refer to some Geographical processes on the surface of the earth There are number of questions which we come across which we try to solve and everything refers to some geographical Surfaces on the ground some spatial phenomena on the ground. Okay, so Question is easy. We have to solve it So, how do we do even a simple question as I said I need the optimal path to receive reach this place I don't need a shortest path. I need an optimal path So naturally, I will try to see what is the road network how many traffic signals are there Which route I should take may be a longer route, but signals may be less I may have a flyover through which I can come So, you know even to solve any simple question, which is of spatial in nature You have to collect data from different sources Integrate them and then analyze them. Isn't it because it's daily problem, which we try to see So to do this to solve these kinds of problems, which are spatial based That technology of GIS comes into picture GIS if you really want to define it can be considered art science engineering or technology Because I won't consider GIS as completely a geography field I won't consider it's a maths field because see I am from mathematics field I cannot consider that it belongs to pure science Or I cannot say, okay, it's only an engineering It has the technology also which gets involved So the art or science or engineering or discipline Which tries to solve you these kinds of problems is the GIS technology Okay, so now you know this particular GIS discipline started generating Massive interest worldwide. In fact, if you look at it today, there is no field where GIS cannot be applied That is the way this technology is growing. It's not only cell engineering or elemental people or geology people Any planning any management? Everybody wants to use this field And you know, especially along with the technology of remote sensing this GIS started growing Because you know the benefits which came from handling remote sensing data Computer science field everything got Incorporated into this interdisciplinary area Okay, so during over the last in fact, you know, I started working during 80s and today every day this technology is growing Okay, during last three decades, there have been a very rapid Rate of improvement development, etc. The theory side technology side application side organization side Implementation side, etc, etc Okay, and as I said, it doesn't belong to one discipline or technology or art or science It is 100% an interdisciplinary area. In fact, if you come to my department, I'll tell I'm from completely a mathematics background person from this institute My team consists of people from computer science electrical engineering physics Geography like, you know, it's a heterogeneous group which works. So GIS is a An interdisciplinary area which covers people from Computer science, mathematics, civil engineering, economics, agriculture, etc, etc Okay, and overall if you try to look at GIS technology broadly we can categorize into three parts one is Hardware and software because you know, it is not that GIS is new conventionally people would have also used Sensories back those days also people have taken massive decisions But you know, they would have used a manual approach Today we are all in the digital technology. Okay, so naturally when you think of digital field hardware is needed And the tool is needed, which is the software. So when you try to broadly categorize GIS One is hardware and software. Next is what for that software is Naturally, you are going to pull the data put it and process it So information processing and what for you are processing the information naturally to apply for something So when you categorize GIS you can broadly put it as hardware and software information processing And then applications Okay, we said information processing the title itself says Geographic information system. So we should know what is an information So what is an information? Think see I give you a number. I say, okay, I'm working in IIT I say my number is two five seven two something one two three seven. I tell If I just give a number two five seven two one two three seven, does it mean anything? It is just a value Your number moment. I say it is the telephone number of so-and-so The same data becomes what? Now any information So information is derived from the interpretation of data Which are symbolic representations of the features, but you know, whenever we say information We have to see the value of the information See suppose I work in an area where I get data three decades back Today every day, you know, suppose you go to an urban area every day the city is growing every day There is a change. Okay. Suppose somebody gives me three decades old data. He may even give me freely the data Will it be useful to me unless you are working the temporal changes? What was there? What is today? Other than that, you know, you want to do some planning as of today. You need the data as of today So the value of information will depend on its timeliness The context in which it is applied. See, suppose I am working on water resources application Somebody gives me, you know, a lot of demographic data Probably a few parameters I may use may not be other information So the value also will depends on the context in which it's applied And you know, I may have data. I may have information, et cetera. If I put it in my cupboard in a file Can I access it whenever I need it? So what happens? It depends on the storage Manipulation and presentation. It should be easily accessible. It should be easily Processible it should be represented the way the user needs Okay, so information is an asset. It is power today It can be bought and sold for prices. That is the way today information is there But this information When you try to represent in the form in such a way Users can analyze it, manipulate it, process it and represent it There comes the information system Okay, from data we came information from information then naturally information system comes into picture Then when you say information system, if you see the theory broadly we can define Divide into two major categories One is called as transaction processing system Other is called decision support system What is transaction processing system?  Your reservation is confirmed Everything is online. You go to bank. You put money. It gets credited. You take money. It gets debited Everything is what happens There the occurrence occurs As per the way it is happening That is a clear cut rule in Updation and the method they have to follow So, you know, there it works in such a way Updation can be done in a clear cut procedure Whenever you go to the place like airlines or railways or banks So those kind of Processing or the information system we call it as transaction Processing system So it is very easy. There is no, you know extra modeling or thinking or anything well defined rules are followed The other thing is a decision support system here. What we try to do here emphasis is on analysis modeling Manipulation, etc. So that the data can be used finally to an end user So here what happens the same information system becomes a decision support system So geographic information system is a dss The heart of gis is It's manipulation and analysis Okay, the more powerful it is in analysis the usefulness increases Okay, geographic information system is an information system in the category of a dss In fact, you know gis we call it as a spatial decision support system So a geographic information system is a tool Which can accept large volumes of Spatial data that's a place where it differs from other Types of databases and information systems large volumes of spatial data derived from variety of sources Retrieve, manipulate, analyze, etc. And display them according to user defined specification Why people are working more and more on gis as I said see suppose there is one Integrated gis for an area like let me take our own city Mumbai city All data let us say our Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. They have all data. Let us ask It will not be useful only for them. Everybody can use the same data for his Application as far as utility is concerned Decision is concerned planning is concerned. So, you know once you form a gis for an application It can help several users and it can display the result according to his application That's why and display them according to user defined Specifications and of course whenever we talk about gis one has to keep in picture that gis has got both spatial data as well as Attribute data we call non spatial data. We call as spatial data Attribute data and all see suppose I have the village boundaries. Let us take our ward boundary of Mumbai If I just put a map nicely with the ward boundary Will it be alone useful? It will be a showpiece Moment I have to attach it how many people are living in the ward How many facilities are there? It may be in terms of school. It may be in terms of hospitals It may be in terms of banks How many school going children are there all data have to be added to that Boundary so that a planner can use it. So gis has both spatial data and supported Attribute data Why this you know gis is it's of course, it's very useful But you know if you really look at deeper why it becomes very very useful the thing is You cannot see any event occurring across the world without a spatial reference. You take a newspaper in the morning New Delhi comma Mumbai comma comma like that. They write the news See any event occurs. It is Spatial in nature Nothing happens without giving even this class is happening in this room We say moment CEP course means comma comma in this room in this building IIT Bombay. We write it So if you really see everything is spatial in nature and gis is a technology which handles this spatial data So that is why it's usefulness and power increases every day And if you really look at its applications gis can be applied in every work of life Whether you are working for transportation engineering or for a canal alignment problem Or locating a place where you can put a minor irrigation done In each case on each every type of application this technology can be used Okay, but whenever we say spatial data Very easy to tell spatial data But the problems follow because spatial data is not as easy to handle as you handle the other game It is always spatial in nature The reason is the data is Multidimensional how it is multidimensional We have x we have y I have to refer a position wherever I need I have to refer the height correct three and then I have to refer that time If I have to store methodological data naturally last year rainfall this year rainfall or last month rainfall this month rainfall So it has it is basically multidimensional nature. It has to cover x y z and time Based on of course the application, okay And the data is voluminous voluminous that to today's technology if you take You are all seeing you know, we all see this google earth. We see the map. We see the images Today in what resolution we are working In fact the image data which they are putting is all of us know 0.6 Meter resolution and they have launched a new satellite with 0.5 meter resolution So, you know spatial data when you say it is voluminous in nature It's not like those days you take a 50,000 scale toposheet or a map Work everything and finalize when you are in the digital platform. See those days we were happy with the 10 mb drive Today even 160 gb drive. We are not happy That is the level, you know storage capacity is increasing the amount of data handling is increasing The amount of data flowing is also increasing. Okay, spatial Data nature is multidimensional voluminous And whenever we talk about the map data surface data earth data, etc Another major problem is That we are Not on a flat ground We are on an ellipsoidal surface So the projection comes into picture. You see if I work only within the iIT campus I can treat it as a flat terrain. I don't need any projection But suppose I work for the whole state The area of coverage is more Naturally the data has to be projected on a Flat paper to work on a digital. I cannot Scan a globe inside the computer. I had to only put a map and scan it. Okay So projection comes into picture the way of analysis methods modeling everything changes Because you know a person because I saw the course title as soft computing See a person who is working on hydrology may integrate some model Person who is working on agriculture may enter another model So, you know it needs unique analysis that has to be handled And you know as I said even in the beginning your GIS means you have to integrate data from different sources See when I work on an application you go to different agency collect data All data may not be readily in the form you need it All may not be in the same projection you need it all may not be in the same scale you need it And some may be in tabular form some may be in map form some may be in image form So, you know you need to integrate data from multi resources and also Data updation is very expensive as I said, you know information is The timeliness is very essential. So one has to go on update the data, which is a time consuming process And whenever you want in the digital field you say, okay, I get a query I put a query system should give me the answer immediately Okay, so the thing is if I look at really the spatial data It is special in each other or some GIS books, which talk one full chapter only the characteristics of spatial data Why you know so difficult to handle and what are the speciality in the this spatial data Okay, so when this tool handles overall GIS is a software tool Don't assume, you know it gives along with the database you buy the software tool You have to add the database which will be the Back end of the GIS is it so you buy a software tool a GIS tool You add your databases or data sets which you contain and look at evaluate look at spatial data You have to look at GIS Of course, you know this room is not a Cubite it's of its own shape. You consider us a cuboid like we have our rooms One over the other you put the layers. So GIS has to be looked at sir You buy it with a cuboid with the layers of maps Why I'm telling is you have to look at as a container with a layer of maps The reason is whenever you do an analysis in GIS Even though you pull the data from different sources What you have to keep in mind is All data must sit One over the other You have to do pre-processing in the data in such a way If you are covering for the city of Mumbai or maybe let me say for the campus of IIT every map should sit one over the other So when you are really doing processing in GIS All must be of the Same projection and same resolution I cannot handle 25,000 scale data with the 10,000 scale data You have to do a pre-processing in the GIS in such a way finally during Analysis the data layers sit one over the other Okay, so it is the container of maps and beauty is never you try to analyze it Using the data using the proper methods then it becomes a sds It becomes a spatial decision support system. So GIS is see network of hardware software data We people on the procedures Okay, and it started during as I said around last three decades. There is a rapid growth It's see if you look at GIS the first best application if you look at the history of GIS book The one is the application which was done by the canadian government CG is that was the first thing which they said canadian geographic information system They wanted to use computer for just mapping the land inventory Those days we had mainframe systems like IBM systems. They made an attempt to take the data See remote sensing was parallely growing 1972 was the reason that first unmanned civilian satellite was launched But during 60s computers started coming So that you know they thought why not we use the digital world to Store the map data and try to use it at least keeping for an inventory That is the way it started and you know then started growing in 72 landsat satellite the first civilian use satellite was launched by US government and you know The if you look at you see that's a beautiful book on history of GIS Where how we grew every year they are put Okay, so the thing is there was a laboratory in Howard laboratory of computer graphics Where many many people who passed up from that lab? They opened the GIS software companies including the person who is the president of He also passed up from that and he opened that company. So that is the way it started that Became as a start from which it started growing naturally during 80s park info came may Intergraph came many GIS packages started coming We all use the book professor pa borrows book of GIS that was the first book which came as a book now today, you know Daily books are coming hundreds and hundreds of books are there software is that Tools are available uses are millions that is the way it has grown and especially if you look at you know after 2000 We are all captured by WWW we know nothing without web So GIS also has molded itself for it See it has been quick enough to adopt this technology of web based because he when he showed the question of yesterday First two questions were on web isam today. You know nothing is there without web Okay, so even in GIS it's not only the desktop solution People try to put the whole GIS tool so that sitting anywhere in a browser You can do the query you can do the analysis Data may lie somewhere analysis tool may lie somewhere You may be sitting somewhere in any part of the world. You can analyze it So even you know GIS has been quick enough to adopt this web based technology the advantage is See to implement a web based server is expensive difficult put the data But for users it became Easy to use and cheaper See whenever you try to use, you know, there are some websites in india Which stores data even on a web based GIS example is census department NIC you go there are you can take the data query it and get the result They would have spent a lot of money to build it as a user. You don't need to spend any money You query it and get the answer So, you know that moment that web based GIS started coming and people started using internet technology The number of users had grown into millions and millions and every day it's growing Okay Now we saw that, you know, it's a spatial information system and spatial data Now, let us see what is this space because it is handling the spatial data. Let us see the definition of space Space is defined as a relation on a set of objects. Just see the fundamental definition is Space is defined as a relation on a set of objects I am here. You are there. I am an object.  I say I am in front of you So we define our positions in relations with our positions Isn't it? So the general definition is it is defined as a relation on a set of objects Okay So spatial objects are entities. How do they define them? If I say so and so immediately I will not only Put his position. I will say his name Maybe his qualification etc. He is a participant of this course that will come into picture So the spatial objects are entities are defined as a set of locations Together with the set of attributes or properties characterizing these locations So what we know what is spatial objects? Okay, then I said the relations one thing whenever you work in GIS one has to keep in mind is say normally in geometry what we say We work on Euclidean geometry So we say the distance between you and me I can calculate If we are three people we can calculate the distance among our three uppers. There is no problem It's well defined and in a triangle what we say some of the two sides is always greater than the Third side. These are all well defined geometry. So they are all what metric distances which we follow But in GIS when you come It may not always hold this metric distances theory That you have to keep in mind. It is not that you know, it doesn't follow geometry. It follows fully geometry But based on the applications like I say I put you know, I'm in the road network I have to reach this part instead of reaching this part. I may go that way and come here The reason may be what there may be many traffic jams, which I have to avoid So instead of going this way, I may go to the other place and then go So, you know, one has to keep in mind whenever based on the application you are working on GIS Non metric spaces may arise when distances are need not be symmetric. So when I have to go to A to B Maybe when I'm coming B to A, I can come this way. There may not be any hindrance But when I go to A to B, I'm taking a round route. So A to B need not be equivalent to B to A based on the application So one has to keep in mind when they are handling as far as the spatial distances are concerned Okay, so when we say the space and we want to put all those spatial objects into the GIS or into the Spatial database in a GIS too. So what type of objects we come across? We come across objects which are really nature Like this building, the building has a structure I can take a GPS move around this jeep building and get the boundary of this building Exactly even in terms of latron Okay, so I have Buildings, lakes, water bodies which are really existing True objects and there may be objects which may not exist which you assume and do it Have you anybody seen the contours existing anywhere? We all study on elevation See may all of you are from water sources. You would have used to push it You see the contours we all assume that contours give us the elevation Anybody has built around the wall around any of the contour? No They are all what fictitious lines Assume to be they take the positions at some of the heights Interpolate it and draw the contours Have you seen latitude, longitude, line or equator? These are all we assume they are there for some reference So whenever we put these spatial objects We cover what types of objects? Digital version of real objects Then digital version of Artificial features and over and above when you handle remote sensing data What you do they try satellite tries to take the images and they do the quantization and give the reflectance value for every pixel So they are also artificial in nature So in this when you put create a spatial database We try to cover all these kinds of objects and try to store. So, you know all objects need not be real That may be objects which do not exist which are assume village boundary Again, you know they have all approximated boundary done by an administrator Which we digitize and store it. Okay. So all these objects we try to store So, what are the components of spatial data? You can just look at it one is I said I'll say he is sitting there his x y position location Okay, second is what? His location and my location I give then comes the relations. So what are the components is? locations The relations and I said location alone will not mean anything all the attributes about that Person or if it is a water body or if it is a building we put about all those things. So location relations attributes and So, what are the major four components of spatial data are? locations relations attributes and the time wherever needed Based on your application you store because you know moment you say time Time can be stored as I said if I take the rainfall today's rainfall yesterday's rainfall day before yesterday's rainfall I can put comma comma comma or I'll say last year annual rainfall this year annual rainfall Or I can say the change in the rainfall pattern Many ways the time can be stored. So based on the application people try to store it So but basically what are the components of spatial data are? Location relations attributes and time. So your GIS must be able to handle all these four types of data And next thing is whenever you are working on GIS one has to keep in my picture is What you are trying to represent or put into a GIS? I give an example of our campus IIT campus. It's a big area Okay, so suppose I am working on an application of IIT alone What I'll do? I'll have a big map. I in fact if you come to my lab, you'll see I have 22 sheets Surveys for this campus and they are given Okay, so the scale in I why I'm working is in a large scale Because I need every building I need every electrical pole every Piece of small land. I need it because I'm working an application for the campus alone Suppose somebody works for the entire Mumbai That IIT Bombay may be a small polygon Agreed. It may be a small unit. They don't bother where this building is there or where CSRE is there It may be just okay. It's an IIT Bombay campus. They may write Same thing somebody works for the entire Maharashtra state Even Mumbai may be a small polygon that IIT cut that may be there may not be there So, you know in which same feature can be represented as a point Can be represented as a polygon can be represented as a unit with many polygons So, you know a spatial object can be represented in multiple ways So again a user has to decide in which scale he is working on what detail he needs it Okay, so same feature can be given in a multiple representation Okay, now what are the objects we have to see it when we define an object? I said point can be an object a polygon can be an object So what we assume when we define an object in a GIS is You have to see We assume There is a homogeneity within that object So I am putting a boundary of what our body I am trying to handle it as a single entity in a GIS So when I put that object I am assuming the whole list with the water See actually if you map a lake Pooram it need not have water It may have muddy land little swamp area and then in the underneath when you go there may be Water But when we treat it as a single entity in a GIS We assume it is a only one entity And one record will be there with a set of attributes Within that entity I cannot say A little mud is there little area of water is there a little swamp area is there. We don't do it So, you know an entity is considered as a single entity Where we assume that need not be homogeneity, but we assume Homogeneity and then store it that also one has to keep in Mind and whenever you store the attributes attributes can be in a single table Attributes can be in multiple tables But reference to the same object Simple cases what villages You go to census department. You will get so much so much of data about that village You may not be able to put all the attributes in a table So what we do, okay education one table health another table demography another table But all these tables belong to that record belong to the same village There should be a link So that when I query show me the villages which have zero school One hospital and you know hundred children going to school It should link all those tables and give you the answer Okay, so the data when you organize it Spatial object is treated as a single entity But the tables can be multiple tables again based on your application So with this little concept of spatial objects, how do we define that put the spatial objects People who are working on GIS will be definitely knowing what way we put it Either points or lines Or polygons Three major categories, but you know today if you go to GIS we are not handling three major Sequence or objects are possible. They're all you know multi-line Multi polygon multi geometry if you go to the latest See, I'm not covering you the latest developments in GIS in this lecture because I have asked me to speak only overview If you go today In GIS what is the standard is? He doesn't sit only with point line and polygon Multi polygon multi line multi points and multi geometry which consists of point line and polygon Okay, that is the way it's has been defined But the basically everything the core is point x comma y With a point naturally, can we not make a line when I go in an ordered form? I get the line Then when I start here and close here the same point I get the polygon So the basic spatial objects are points lines and polygons over which all those extensions have come today So when in GIS we treat them as to define the dimensions Because you may wonder, why do we define the dimensions? The reason we define the dimensions are totally we are working on geometry So I have to relate I have to query between objects I have to get a solution between objects. So the basic dimensions play an important role Point is always treated as an object with zero dimension In GIS point is treated because It doesn't have a measure no length no breadth, isn't it? Point is treated as zero dimension Line with one dimension area with two in case you work on volume three Okay, so this is the way we define the dimensions So that one has to keep in mind And you know the scale of observation or mapping will affect what might be represented in a GIS This I told you already the same feature can be a point The same feature can be a polygon So based on the resolution you are working scale you are working It can be a zero dimension. It can be on a two dimension Okay, and the relations how do we store the relations? Relations when you see that is an area itself called spatial relations books are available These are available papers are available What do you say how do we relate the objects? I said, you know the dimensions play an important role Because if I take a point If I put point on a line, it is different When I put a point on a polygon, it is different when I take a point and put it in the space It's different because that point is in a three-dimensional object When I put it a point in a polygon, I'm putting the point in a two-dimensional object So when you try to work on the relations for the query Naturally the dimensions play a role and how do we relate those spatial objects? So people there are good standards available to define the spatial relations between the objects Simple thing which is available. I just put a point can be a neighbor to a point A point can lie on a line A point can be a centroid or it can lie A school can be within an avilage It can be within a polygon etc So one can relate the spatial objects That is a standard today followed in GIS All with the latest standards you want to know about it There is something called nine intersection matrix Which had been done very well by a professor in US Which has become a standard which all the latest GIS tools they follow Nine i matrix we call it And all the spatial relations which can exist Between these kinds of objects have been well defined And even standardized So spatial relations come into picture So we saw what is at all the components of spatial data What are the possible spatial entities And what type of relations that may exist Now comes how do we store them Naturally what comes into picture when we store into a digital tool How to model it How do we store because you know when you see with eyes you know everything We immediately we can okay this person is sitting in front of me Or standing in front of me everything we it automatically goes here But when the question of GIS comes we have to put it into the database There comes the data model A data model is essential to represent the spatial data in a spatial database That is what is a spatial model a data model See basically a data model what it gives it gives you the guidelines How do you store your data in such a way You store the entities as well as the relations between the entities So when you look at that data model Broadly two data models are possible Simple again I'm taking you the simplest available the raster and vector models Okay, maybe when somebody covered GIS or he gave an example He would have given you something from a raster or vector I'll try to give you a little bit about both these models So raster is very easy very simple it is nothing It is equivalent to an image data Remote sensing has grown where you have all the remote sensing images in terms of rows and columns It's a matrix N rows by M columns It's a matrix where the values of the reflectance is stored Same concept has been put because whatever is done in image processing can be directly used in GIS So raster is nothing it is only a data in a matrix form Where you take the data put the grids Try to store the data for each grid the value Very very simple very easy to handle which is going So when you look at it raster model divides the entire area into regular grid Of cells in a specific sequence In fact, you know if you look at it There are areas where you know again people work different models instead of putting a square grid People have worked how to put a hexagon These all went on a research level where you know no GIS tool came Grid became very famous because I said image processing handles a grid pattern A pixel pattern from where the theory could be picked up and used in GIS People did research on different kinds of tessellating the terrain But among all of them normal grid became very common and useful So raster model divides the entire area into regular grid of cells And whenever you have a raster if you have a data for an area You cannot leave some cell empty if it is empty at least you have to put a zero value So it's a space filling every cell should have value If you have only five schools that five grids you may put a school number one two three four Remaining cells come say come you will put zero zero Okay, so it is a space filling and very crucial is the resolution or the cell size How finer I go to the cell size how coarser I go to the cell size Coarser you lose information finer your data becomes heavy Isn't it as I said I can handle 0.6 meter resolution of digital globe also We can store handle our own IRS data which was once upon a time you know 23 meter resolution So coarser be possible finer is also possible it based on the detail And how much you know what is your grid size which you want to handle Accordingly the size has to be defined again here also like I told you about spatial entity Within a cell we assume homogeneity Only in single value can be stored in a cell Okay, one cell gives a single value that one has to keep in mind So all variations within the cell is last And one set of cells and associated values form a layer. I have a land use map I can say this is the grid where the values are stored So that you know 10 rows by 10 columns where you have the values you have a land use map So what you don't store row comma column number you put the value in that row comma column number Okay, one one one one two two two three four like that you make it your land use map one means what two means what three means what That is what you try to store Okay, so each cell you try to put a value So raster model tells what occurs at each place one set of cells and associated values Is a layer it can be elevation it can be land use it can be you know Cell category or anything Since those days what we used to do we used to take a map Those days, you know, there was no digitizer or scanner and all we used to have a template of our grid size Put it over the map pick out what is there content in that grid And manually code it and enter through the keyboard Today scanners are available directly you take a map scan it you change the dpi to what level you need So you decide the resolution data is ready for you for processing Okay, so that technology has changed and whenever we use remote sensing directly digital data is available You don't need to worry at all So raster data is readily available Only thing is whenever you use raster data from remote sensing what you have to keep in mind Their projections are different Resolutions are different area of coverage may not be the same You have to do preprocessing georegister them Then only you can bring it as a layer remote sensing data that one has to keep in mind Okay, so And see resolution I said it's very important because we assume homogeneity within a cell And another thing is when you look at a GIS see in remote sensing Normally they give 8 bit value Normally, you know when you take a single band image they give 8 bit value 0 to 255 See nowadays, you know later some of the higher resolution circulates. They give 6 bit value 7 bit value But you know in GIS what can happen is you can have 8 bit value which is what a byte Like 0 to 255 your pixel value can be there But there may be cases where Instead of 8 bit your values may be more Let me take a case. I am trying to handle in the raster model all the villages of Let me say one district of Marasha There may be how many villages there may be thousands of villages Okay, so let me say there are thousand villages in a district in that district Then can I give 1111 for one village two two two for second village like that If I give a raster, what do I do after 255? Number of villages I have is thousand So I may have to handle the case where the number of pixel values Will be greater than 8 bit So in a GIS when you have the raster values, it can be byte It can be integer or it can be float value When float value get it like we say a elevation You take Okay a contour of 640 Next contour of 660 You interpolate in between Will it give you everything round figure When you interpolate point something point something it will write So you may have to handle integers float As well as byte So a great value in a raster can be of These three categories because you know whenever you use a GIS it will ask you In a raster mode if you go it will ask you whether your data is byte or it's a float or an int Again based on your thematic map you have to give this Okay, so that is possible and also Limitation in raster or the oneness homogeneity Whenever a boundary passes between yourself Naturally We compromise Whichever area covers more We give that value to that we can't help it Okay, so these are limitations Of course, you know, I'm not showing you. I'm not going deeper into the theory on raster model. See


Welcome back to Prime 5 where we take the 5 best stories from the last 24 hours involving Nintendo and kind of scrunch them together in about 8 minutes now before we get into those stories. This is the Monday edition so we actually are crunching the last weekend stories into the top 5. And we got stories today about Breath of the Wild 2, that's right, Breath of the Wild 2 in the news. We got Sonic Frontiers, we have Pokemon, Scarlet and Violet, oh and apparently a journalist trying to push console wars for some reason because you know console warring is always fun. Let's get into the news. You are watching Nintendo Prime and at this channel on Monday through Friday we drop 5 videos going over the 5 latest stories in the last 24 hours revolving around Nintendo, the biggest of those stories. We also on the weekends end up dropping other types of content including unboxings and Prime Answers episode that goes out every single Saturday where we answer all of your questions. If you enjoy Nintendo news and you want to get the latest updates, all you need to do is subscribe to Nintendo Prime. And our first story today deals with Pokemon, Scarlet and Violet because we got brand new news with a new trailer dropped yesterday. So the Pokemon company decided to show off competitive play so Terrestrialization is a phenomenon known in the Paldia region that makes Pokemon shining glimmer like gems. Terrestrialization Pokemon shine during battles too. Change your Pokemon's type and turn the tables. The primary feature of Terrestrializing in battle is that it changes your Pokemon's type to its Terra type. Pokemon don't outwardly show what their Terra type is until they terrestrialize a fact that you can use to take opponents by surprise in battle. Combining Terra types with different moves and abilities can open up near infinite strategic possibilities. If a colossal combines the steam engine ability with a water Terra type, Pokemon can take less damage and receive a boost to its speed when it gets hit by a water type move. Terra Blast is a normal move which can be used and learned with a TM. And used by a terrestrialized Pokemon, it becomes a move of the same type as the Pokemon's Terra type and displays its immense might. Use it at the right moment to change the flow of battle. Terra Blast inflicts damage using the attack or special attack stat, whichever is higher for the user. There are new items that can make battles even more exciting. These items can be held by a Pokemon to trigger a variety of effects. How you use them may mean the difference between victory and defeat. To use them in conjunction with Pokemon moves and Terrestrialization to achieve victory. Mirror Herb. This herb allowed the holder to mirror an opponent's stat increases and boost its own stats but only once. The Covert Cloak. This hooded cloak conceals the holder protecting it from additional effects of moves. Loaded Dice. A Pokemon is holding this item and uses a multi-strike move it will be more likely to hit more times. A Pokemon that lives with humans. This Pokemon has lived in many households in the Paldia region since ancient times. It has a mild disposition and people riding Syclizar are a very common sight. It appears Syclizar don't mind being ridden because of the warmth of a rider helps stave off the cold. A body optimized for running. A target sprint at over 70 miles per hour is again getting into a new mount. And honestly we just need to get right into the next story because I'm super excited for this one. And folks right now we get to talk about Breath of the Wild 2. The Breath of the Wild 2 has been in development for a long time. How long in fact? Well as of August 19th so last Friday it has now been in development longer than any other game. Well sort of it's actually just the longest period we have waited for a mainline Zelda release. What do I mean? Because it's not technically the largest gap between consoles Zelda games. That actually belongs to a link to the past and Ocarina of Time because the link to the past released in 1991 and Ocarina of Time released in 1998 that is a period of 7 years. But there is a key difference because in between in 1993 a little known game came out called Link's Awakening for the Game Boy and that is a mainline Zelda title. So it does count that being said obviously Ocarina of Time have the longest development cycle while Breath of the Wild 2 currently has the second longest development cycle and obviously this is the longest we have gone without a new mainline game. I honestly think that they know the height levels for Breath of the Wild 2 are absolutely astronomical and they want to do everything they can to try to meet those expectations even if I think they've maybe hit some unrealistic levels. Now let's get into our next story. And right now we get to talk about Xenobite Chronicles 3 because it appears that Xenobite Chronicles 3 may have a problem. I think a lot of the media surrounding Xenobite Chronicles 3 has been wholly positive but we can't forget that not everything is perfect and according to several users on Reddit it does appear that Xenobite Chronicles 3 suffers a memory leak. So what happened? Well Xenobite Chronicles 2 actually has a memory leak as well and it's been documented by Digital Foundry. What happens to your memory leaks is that it ends up ramping up the CPU, GPU and RAM to levels that normally wouldn't be needed because the game is letting certain information sort of leak out of its code base that isn't supposed to leak out. This happens quite often with Chrome, a popular browser especially on desktop because Chrome is really really purpose built for her Android at this point. So when you use it on desktop there are memory leaks that lead to really really high RAM usage. Obviously Xenobite Chronicles 2 did as well and this can affect frame rates and other things in the game. And what appears to be happening according to people that are documenting this now, the memory leak will affect the gameplay when doing longer play sessions so that you have to be playing for a while. Games will stay in the low 20s and there will be musical glitches and skips in the music begin to happen. Users are claiming that if you completely close and reopen the game in the exact same zone or area doing the same thing, the frame rate goes back up to 30 and the musical glitches and skips stop. This isn't as noticeable early in the game as the battles in the world is less intensive but it becomes much more noticeable later in the game as things ramp up. While this isn't officially documented at this point, there are several people in a growing reddit thread making complaints and notes about it. So obviously it's something that we would like to see patched and dealt with. It didn't really do much with it in Xenobite Chronicles 3 so maybe they won't be able to address it here. You often have to wonder if it's an issue with the engine itself or some other core fundamental thing.  This is actually how you fix memory leaks temporarily in all situations. You know what, enjoy yours in Xenobite Chronicles 3. Most of us probably won't run into this issue unless you're playing for long play sessions which I suppose the JRPG encourages that? I know that when I see the old bedroom I like to go extra long if you know what I mean. Now on to our next story. Apparently we might have a leaked release date for Sonic Frontiers along with a little bit of additional information. What am I talking about here? Well according to Taiwanese retailer, Sonic Frontiers has actually been listed for November 15. Now look, we get retail listings all the time. They don't necessarily mean anything. Why this one's notable though is that it actually has DLC listed next to its listing and DLC has not even been announced for Sonic Frontiers. So possibly this retailer has access to information that's going to be available to sell day one such as day one DLC. So that's just something to keep in the back of our minds. Not official confirmation or anything. But also notable about Sonic Frontiers is there will be a brand new trailer dropping tomorrow during Opening Night Live hosted by Jeff Kealy for Gamescom. Yes, you will be able to catch that trailer right here because we will be live reacting to the entirety of Opening Night Live and going over a little bit of a pre-show over what we actually expect to see. Post-show, all of our expectations there. All of our reactions. Your guys' reactions as well. That might cause a delay in our news video tomorrow but that's okay. We'll still get our normal Prime 5 video tomorrow as well. Also it's notable that Sonic Frontiers for the first time ever will be playable publicly at Gamescom. So we're going to see a ton of footage and impressions throughout the rest of this week and I for one can't wait because I would like to see some independent impressions from actual Verified Gamers. I don't know. What's a Verified Gamer anyways? A Verified Gamer everybody. You want a cookie? And our last story deals with a journalist who's a pretty experienced journalist at that making a massive mistake that's really pushing console wars right now and you guys know how much I detest console wars and it has to do with the PlayStation 5 and ironically the Nintendo Switch because the headline is messed up. NextGenPlayer on Twitter stated that PlayStation 5 is the best selling system according to the NPD. He linked to a report on his website. NextGenPlayer is a former writer for Walmart Gaming and Best Buy. He has amassed a following of over 60,000 followers on Twitter and runs a moderately successful gaming news website focused on news, reviews, and a few opinions. In the article on his news it not only shows Matt Piscotella's tweets which ironically states which is the best selling platform for the last month and in 2022 with PS5 being the leader in dollar sales. He also correctly reports on the information inside the article itself noting it is behind the switch in unit sales but leads in dollar sales and he repeats this a number of times. This is one of those cases where the title was intentionally misleading and the issue with this sort of title is that while sure everyone clickbakes to a certain degree, arguing something like this that is a mistruth merely pushes console warring even harder than it already is. Switch has been the leader in sales for 43 of the last 44 months on the NPD, losing a singular time to PlayStation 5 last year. The term best selling is universally used for units sold, not dollar sales. It's fine, it's cool, it's just the person has a notable following, a big enough one that a lot of people were liking this and retweeting it like it was true and quote tweeting it like it was true and it's just I don't like misleading information because look I know I'm a Nintendo guy and I got my bias but man oh man oh man we don't need any more console warring over misinformation. That being said I am Nathan and RoboJance from Nintendo Prime and that was the Prime 5 for your Monday uh what is it uh August 22nd. We'll be back at it again tomorrow with the five biggest stories from the last 24 hours. Hope you enjoy this stuff be sure to get into our few giveaways we have down in the pin comment and I'll catch you guys next time.