Thank you, Dr. Gibbons, and good afternoon. So this brief presentation really has a dual purpose. As a follow-on to the last one, I want to provide some details about opportunities for synergy between the NHGRI Genome Sequencing Program and the HL TopMed Program, and of course, this is at a different level than the last talk. Also this presentation is going to be a bit of a vehicle for an update on the Genome Sequencing Program, mostly focused on the Centers for Common Disease Genomics. So I think it's useful to just start off with, by way of introduction, a little bit of a framing, although most of that framing has already been done. In an oversimplified view, and I probably, after the last talk, need to rethink this a bit, but that it is quite oversimplified, I think HL has an interest in any categorical policy, has an interest in specific diseases and genomic resources of importance to their constituencies. And NHGRI has a complementary orientation, it's been discussed. We have an interest in general lessons, how best to discover disease variants across multiple examples and disease architectures. We also have an interest in development of new methods and approaches and community resources that can be used by all. Another point about background is I'm going to only talk about what's going forward from now. In fact, there's been, at least going back now, four years' collaboration with NHLBI, starting in 2012. There's been co-funding and supplements to previous, the previous incarnation of the Genome Sequencing Program, both to the Centers for Mendelian Genomics and to the large-scale sequencing program. I know most of you know this. You've seen this many times, but just as a reminder, the Genome Sequencing Program was revised, reconfigured and re-competed in 2015. New awards were made in 2016. I'll spend most of the time, again, on this new CCDG program, this big circle, interaction with TopMed, but there are opportunities in each of the others, and I'll address them in turns very quickly. The Centers for Mendelian Genomics, I don't think I need to go over this in any detail again, aims to ultimately discover all the causal genes for human, Mendelian and monogenic diseases. NHLBI provides $2 million a year in co-funding for projects of high interest to them. Centers for Common Disease Genomics has a bit of a different mission, two-fold mission, to create a reliable paradigm for identifying variants contributing to disease risk and protection by exploring multiple diseases and disease architectures, looking at multiple designs, looking across the allele frequency spectrum, studying multiple populations. This requires studies with sufficient power to understand when we're done, including done with understanding associations in non-coding regions, which is a particularly hard problem. The other purpose of the CCDG program is to continue the foundational deliverables, and by that, really, I mean improvements in the state of the heart, lowering costs, improving quality, improving analysis pipelines, and so on. The CCDG program effectively works in working groups, as many of these do. Right now, there are three disease working groups. The first one is where all of the, almost all of the specific phenotypes of direct interest to NHLBI resides, cardiovascular working group. The next that are approved and are ongoing are one in atrial fibrillation, that's entirely NHLBI co-funds, early onset coronary artery disease and hemorrhagic stroke. There is a working group on autoimmune inflammatory disease, which has approved projects in inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes and asthma, and one in neuropsychiatric disease, which has approved projects in autism and epilepsy. All told, current plans over the initial two to three years are for about 80,000 whole genomes and 60,000 whole exomes. Project plans, as Eric Green said this morning, are posted at the coordinating center website. And this is the breakdown of the allocations so far to each of these areas, and you can see roughly half the capacity is up with cardiovascular. A quick look at some details of the atrial fibrillation project. Again, this project was actually proposed, oh, I forgot to mention something. Each of these projects were originally proposed in the applications, and they were reviewed. But in bringing together the consortium, they had to be refined and reprioritized, that the result of that is those posted project plans. And AFib was one of them, but wouldn't have been, couldn't have been prioritized without the co-funding, so we're really, really grateful for it. New sample, you can see the breakdown. It's going to be about 6,000 samples, the breakdown of cases and controls. That's new cases and new controls. New samples will come from 21 studies. African-American samples will be about 40% of the new work. There is already a whole genome sequence data for 2,900 cases done under TopMed, and the plan is to use other cardiovascular disease project controls for analysis. And the co-funding from NHLBI is $5 million a year for two years.  And that raises a lot of, it sounds easy to say, but it raises a lot of practical issues, which immediately makes us think about data and how to handle the data, because these data have to get to two different groups with two different sets of expectations that all has to be worked out, and it has to be technically smooth. In the CCDG program, the data flow is pretty simple right now, we're just at the start. This is all, I should say, this entire plan has been worked out and implemented by the CCDG data working group. Harmonized processing will be done at each CCDG. Right now the centers are testing out their harmonized data processing pipelines to make sure that if they get the same inputs, they get approximately the same outputs. There will be combined variant calling with a different, slightly different emphasis at each CCDG center, so some will emphasize single nucleotide variants, some will emphasize structural variants and the results will be brought together. Right now we plan to share data directly within the consortium for initial QC and analysis, including with analysis centers. And of course data will be deposited in DbGaP for wider sharing with the community. The data flow in TopMed lends itself to collaboration pretty easily. I'm just going to go over this again very quickly. TopMed sequencing centers send data to an informatics research center. The data are processed, VCF files go to an exchange area in DbGaP for TopMed consortium analysis, they also go to DbGaP for community analysis, and then the underlying data go into NCBI SRA for the long term. It's extremely straightforward for CCDGs to integrate with this. In fact, the CCDGs already, as you heard already, are producing TopMed data, so they have the right relationships already established. And the PI for the TopMed IRC is also a co-investigator for the CCDG coordinating center, so that works and is already integrated with the data working group. Moving on to the analysis centers. Again Eric Green introduced these at the beginning of the day. Their intent is to come up with novel and creative analyses of the data produced by the genome sequencing program that will cut across individual projects, grants, and programs, and is again not disease specific. They are also asked to help with certain cross program analyses, so work on common control sets, and helping us understand when a project really has reached a point of diminishing returns. Just in practical terms, two of the analysis center PIs are already independently involved in TopMed analysis, and one of them, Dr. Shi Hong Lin, has already organized a joint analysis retreat that's coming up in a couple of months. And to end with the coordinating center. Coordinating center has a dual role also, administrative and logistical support and outreach, but also is taking a leadership coordination role with this issue of common controls, specifying common controls. I think this is going to be potentially extremely interesting, a practical area of interaction between TopMed and the CCDGs, because already all these plans, all the CCDG plans incorporate using controls from other studies, including TopMed studies where they can. So that's really all I wanted to say. The genome sequencing program is an opportunity for collaboration. We're already off to a great start with NHLBI and TopMed. It's easy to find, as was pointed out during the questions just a few minutes ago, that there are plenty of common interests around specific disease phenotypes. The program itself is designed to add new projects over time, and I just want to say finally that this is not the only collaboration. We have collaboration ongoing with NIA. There's co-funding independently. There's funding going to the New York Genome Center for very highly complementary work on autism, and the Centers for Mendelian Genomics also have co-funds from NIA. So I think I'll stop there and ask for any questions. Right. Yeah, so thanks for the presentation. These cross-institute collaborations around human genome sequencing are great, and I'm wondering if you can give us a little perspective on the history and the context of what this TopMed proposal or program now is. Vs IVs, sort of the history of NHGRI. So of course the one that I now think of is TCGA was a previously launched collaboration around the particular disease. Was that the first or were there others, and I guess most important to get to the point is, are there lessons that you can learn from those previous efforts for how what you just described might be designed? Yeah, there are so many lessons that it's from the very low level to the very high level. So yeah, of course TCGA is a great example of very successful and long-standing collaboration. There have been others over time. We have collaborated with NIDDK on some of the diabetes work, and that was very productive. We see many different kinds of successful models. So at some level, each of these is its own thing, but you can see some common features. The most important lesson that I've taken away from all of these together, an overarching lesson, is about the data actually, and it came up just in the last talk. That without a really robust data resource and really well characterized data that's available for analysis, this becomes very hard because it has to be, such a resource has to be kind of recreated with every project, and that's a burden and has to be done slightly differently. The technology is constantly changing, and it ends up getting split up across many different projects. So that's something that in an ideal world, I think that's my sort of number one, this would make it easier lesson. The other is that there's no substitute for just bringing people together. It's an enormous amount of work. People have different, each of these collaborations works differently, and each IC we collaborate with has somewhat different expectations. Maybe what I would add to it is, and I think Adam answered it correctly, there's sort of these very concrete things, especially around data and some of the routines that we just have learned the lessons so that any collaboration we go into just sort of must have. But then the truth is, and I don't mean this at all negative, is that every institute has a slightly different culture, including ours. And every organization has a slightly different culture, and there's, boy, huge cultural differences between even different NIH institutes, and I'm sure people think the same about us, which is fine. And so I think it's that sort of the style with which the extramural programs do their work, and then bringing together these groups. So I think if you've seen one institute, you've seen one institute, because everyone's a little different, and so every time we have different relationship, new collaborations, those elements have to be handled differently. And yet the working groups all end up looking fairly the same and having somewhat the same names and same functions. So we have that template. I think that's very helpful. So the working groups are working? Yeah, yeah, they have to, yeah. Nobody wants to be on another phone call where it's not useful. So, Adam, as I recall when these programs where we're discussed here a year and a half ago or two years ago, the idea was we were going to be phenotype agnostic, and the decisions about which phenotypes to pursue, and I think that you've probably chosen the right ones, was going to be driven a lot by what other institutes were going to step up to the table. So Gary would argue that therefore they should all be cardiovascular. With all respect to Gary, I don't think that would be a great decision. But can you talk a little bit, or do you feel comfortable talking a little bit about interactions with other institutes and why other institutes aren't on this slide? So, first of all, I think it does take a little time. I do want to point to NIDDK because there was quite a good synergy. We are working closely and continue to work closely with NIA on the Alzheimer's E-Sequencing Project, and that does, that will continue. So, and again, NEI has contributed to the, I, yeah, I don't know. Can I make a point that most of these projects were in the applications, were peer reviewed? These are the projects that the applicants worked very hard to bring together. Some of these collections were huge. So, this is not a criticism of you, it's more a question about the culture around other institutes and why they are not investing in making them. So I think everyone will have a slightly different story, sort of what I was answering before. I would point out, for example, that when you have an institute that doesn't have permanent directorship leadership, they have acting leadership. There's a certain conservatism that probably they're not supposed to make long-term decisions, and I don't blame them. I don't think they should be. Notice in my director's report we have two new institute directors starting child health, mental health, that could be very relevant. They have a pretty significant interest, one would imagine, in genetics and genomics, and so that'll be some very exciting discussions when they both come on the scene. As just two more examples. I should also say that we've had good interactions with NIMH as well. Any questions from our phone participants? Anything else from the council? Okay, thank you very much, Adam. Thank you. We're just a little bit behind schedule, but basically in good shape. How about if we reconvene at 1.30, new council members just latch on to one of the old hands, they'll take you up on flight to the cafeteria, okay? And there'll be people in this room, please take purses and wallets, things like that, but you can leave your laptops. See you at 1.30 then.


Now, let's take a look at a 15-year-old, a Sohei Ozimu, who is part of a group of youths taking part in community clean-ups, tree planting programs and trash and shows in Lagos.  Literally. Their clothes are made from discarded plastic bags. The event is run by teenage eco-warriors, such as 15-year-old, a Sohei Ozimu. The trash and show means a lot to me. I've been doing it for years and it's like a way of showcasing to everyone what we can do with the trash we so carelessly discard and I really think it's just like us making a statement and showing that we care about the environment and you should too because we're just teenagers but we're trying to make a change in the world. The environmental activists stage their shows in shopping malls, mixing fashion with advocacy in a bid to spread a green message. Plastic waste and litter is ubiquitous in Lagos, the commercial capital of Africa's most populous country, Nigeria. With more than 20 million people, the mega city generates 10,000 metric tons of waste every day. Ozimu and her group participate in community clean-ups, recently wading through a mass of plastic pollution that blocked a waterway. They're supported in their mission by Greenfingers Garden, a not-for-profit conservation group founded by Chinedu Mobile. Together we went out, we picked up the plastic, we cleaned the environment but rather than just taking everything maybe to a dumping site or so, we felt we get creative with it so we decided to cruise things up and start the fashion show, the fashion show. Ozimu says she hopes the shows make shoppers think about their actions and cites Swedish teenage climate activist Greta Thunberg as her inspiration. Generation who are going to be like leading in a few years and like the older people at the end of the day they will end up leaving this earth and will be the ones left with it so we need to start now because in a few years it's going to be too late to do anything.


Hi everybody it's Sam at Mixed Up Craft and thank you for watching my tutorial today. This is project number five, yeah number five of the creative card series 2018. This is also a hobby base kit tutorial so I usually do them on a Wednesday but because I'm doing this series and I'm uploading every other day it's fallen that Tuesday is the day for the upload so it's coming to you a day earlier. I absolutely adore this card I think it's wicked, it's not my idea. I found this, I forgot the ladies channel, it's a five-year-old tutorial. I don't think she's going anymore but I'll share her when I find it again I'll share it below in the description box and she called it a twist and fold card and it is so easy. So I've sammified it, I've put my touch on it and I've done this for a friend and you can see there if I just see lovely little flowers there, these were in the kit, the papers were in the kit, this is a wood veneer which I've heat embossed which was my own stash but I'll show you how to do that and then basically you open it up and inside it has this little tuck here. Now I've just made this tag but this is perfect and the lady whose tutorial I saw she put a gift card in here and I thought that was a really good idea but if you weren't putting a gift card in here and she had a sentiment stamped here I've just made this tag to put another little message on you could put a few tags in there you could even put a little envelope with a little kind of flat gift in there as well piece of jewelry that would work as well so it's got lots and lots of you know uses and I'm going to talk you through the envelope at the end as well so that is the one I've done here and it's got these grays and kind of light greens you know all the kind of gray kind of tones but I really like the way it's come together. So the one I'm going to be using today or making today even is green with greens the base color and then this paper here which we also received in the kit and now I've already gone ahead and done all the the bits that you don't need to see me doing but I'm going to talk you through the basics. I am not going to I'm going to do this one as a friends card as well again but I'm going to leave all the inside plain and I'm not going to do the tag because again that was from my own stash so it's you know a tag is easy to do you can a lot of people have died and tag punches as well so we'll leave that bit out but what you need is for your main card base is a piece of six by twelve okay so that's really easy then to mat this piece here on the front and this piece here on the middle on the inside story is a piece of five by six and one eighth so you need two pieces of five by six and one eighth okay then you need one piece of three by six and that is for your first mat here so you see I've got that light color just there then to layer on top of that I've got a piece of two and three quarters by five and three quarters okay so that is all the paper that is needed so scoring you don't need the scoreboard I'm just going to get rid of that but get your stylus and a ruler down there so what you want to do okay so with your green piece here I've already just done one just to make sure I get it right for the video so your ruler we're going to score on the diagonal from the bottom left here to the top right now the ruler won't stretch so if you grab another ruler and just butt it up to the end there and just get it so it's all lined up so that your line from your rulers runs perfectly from corner to corner okay start scoring to all the way to the end of your 12 inch your normal ruler there and then you can get rid of that now because now you've got that score line you can just follow that score line to the end of that corner there okay so just so you get that continual line which you can see there then what you want to do is with your ruler is along the top you want to put a pencil mark at four and a half inches okay and then down on your bottom right hand side you want to again come in at four and a half inches then join those two lines up okay I wasn't sure which way I want to fold so I've got a slight fold there but you won't see that so you should now have this long score line here and then this from four and a half inches in pencil mark four and a half inches in on the bottom there pencil mark and then score that one then what you're going to do is fold over in half so you've got a perfect crease there get your bone folder that's all nice and then with this one you're just going to fold it in half and where we folded it it will give you that perfect fold now if it buckles a little bit like mine is there you just need to light down flat and get your bone folder and just really heavily burnish it to smooth it all out okay and there is your card so if you stand that up that's how it will look burnish this one again nice and crisp and there is the card so that is the I guess where she's got the name of twist and fold because you're twisting the paper across itself and then folding it in half so that's the card base done now for your all your kind of mats and layers so the bigger one of your two here depending on what it is that you decided to use grab your trimmer pop it in so this is the piece of three by six pop it in on an angle so you're going to do in my case I'm doing so with this the shorter I've got it in portrait mode so you want to go from top left to bottom right we're going to cut so pop it in your trimmer pop your points so they're in the track like so and then what I do when I'm cutting from a corner is I actually start in the card and that way you won't buckle your corners you see they have still got two nice sharp corners so now I've got two pieces which is perfect that's what we want and then the same with your other piece pop it in line up in the tracks if you've got directional you will have to do two of these pieces so the ones where I said it was two and three quarters by five and three quarters you will need to cut two because this one is going to go on here and then open it up and it's also going to go in here and because it doesn't matter which way my paper goes I can use both those pieces but if this was directional this piece would now be upside down because it was on the top like that you're then turning it around so bear that in mind you may need two pieces of your pattern paper so now that's all of our triangles done so they are now going to all sit on top of each other and you probably can't really pick it up so much here but when you see it and when it's against the green bring it in here it's got a nice it does give it a border you can kind of just pick it up there so and you'll see it better in the pictures so that's that piece then with these pieces here so these are our six and a quarter by five along the six and a quarter inch side you want to with your ruler just come in and put a pencil mark at four inches along the top here so you can see already I've put a little pencil mark just there four inches then along the other side you want to put a pencil mark at three inches and I've already done that so three inches up here four inches here pop it again in your trimmer and you're going to cut from those corners those points sorry so like so and then from that four inch one you're going to cut down to the bottom right hand corner of that card that will now give us a perfect layer Matt even for inside there it's gonna go in that pocket sorry like so okay see how that one goes in just need to move it around a bit so that's that one there now what you can do is cut it again or just sit it on top of your second piece and just trace it or you can sit it in your trimmer which I'm going to do here and lay my bit on top so I can see now that's in place and I can just go straight in and cut that and now I know that that's cut point there I just need to line that up to the bottom like so so now you will have those two pieces okay so that's all your mats and legs done so now you want to start sticking them all down so like I said these ones are going in here and in here and then your bigger so your plain pieces so that one is going to go there with more pattern on top and then again on the inside there and then we can start decorating with all the bobbits pieces so I'm just going to go ahead and get all that stuck down and when you go also when you go to stick this one down if you just open it up and then you can sit it in there and it just makes it a bit easier for you to obviously work where it needs to go okay I wasn't happy with this mat when I put it down it's not I mean I've moved it a bit on that background you're not going to see it so it's okay but when I put it on here it just doesn't seem to be doesn't work right so what I've worked out is actually you want to come in so this one was at three inches coming up on the side that one's fine but then the the marker that you've done along the top there I think it's actually going to be better let me just line this up with my grid but you want to come in at three and three quarters so come along there three and three quarters and come up this side at three I'll put it all on my blog but yeah I just it wasn't giving me that nice border and I done this all by hand at first and then I measured it and I think I've probably just measured it slightly wrong so now open up the front one see that sits in there perfectly you've got a nice like quarter-inch frame all the way around okay so like I said everything will be in my blog and I will also write that up on this video as well just so you know exactly what it is you've got to do okay so there is the card with all of the mats and the layers done and there's inside as well so it's it really starts come together and you start to really see the shape now one thing I did do on the one here is I oh I've got a bit of glue there and it's not got worried then I thought I dropped a bit of glue and I've sealed this pocket on the front so here it's open at the moment I'm gonna actually seal that shut but entirely up to you because you could imagine this is here you could do something with the front there and you could have a little tag you know have that with something on it if you wanted to but I've kept mine in the inside I just quite like it kind of poking out the top there so I am going to stick that down so I'm just going to open this up and just put my glue just all in that top triangle and what I found as well by gluing it down is it did kind of make it a bit stronger and kind of stay in place you know this doesn't want to like pop open or anything so again once you do it and you can you know see for yourself you can decide which way you prefer so just stuck that one down just gonna flip it over just make sure that glue and just really burnish all those lines again get that all spread out and by doing this as the glue dries you you really flatten it and straighten it as well I mean this glue is paper friendly so it doesn't warp anyway but this would just help just to make it really really strong okay so you can see now I've got a real nice sharp side there to my card and it just I just personally I think I prefer it that way okay so I went ahead as I showed you at the beginning and I die cut all of these I don't know what color I was gonna have on the top basically I've done six flowers because with these ones that we got in the kit remember if I showed the diet the beginning or not it's one of the dinky guys we've got to and this was the flower one that we got and I really like it so I'm just layering them up so I don't know whether I'm gonna have the darker on the back like I did on this one and then starts layering them there or whether I'm gonna have the the darker color on the front and pop them there so I'm just gonna have a little play around and see what I decide to do okay so I'm gonna go for the green on top so I think I'll do first is just on the one that's going on the back and just spudging some glue in the middle there and then with the one going on top you just want to overlap them slightly just so you see little bits of the one underneath okay so again it just brings them to life a bit more just you know it's better than just a flat flower nobody likes a flat flower and again just move it around until you get all of your points underneath poking through okay so that's those in place then I'm gonna start popping them down so the back one there I'm just kind of mirroring what I've done here so pop some glue it's kind of coming over the edge there and then these ones went on some dimensional stickers so just put one there and on that and this was so that I could feed these kind of leaves behind so that one is gonna go there I can there will do and then this one overlaps all three of them like so okay then I've got all of these here so again I've used what four so too dark and too light so I'll pop them away with the other bits and pieces for later and then it just literally there's no kind of rule with this just pop them in I always trim a bit off because I don't want them too long a little bit of glue on the very ends there and then with my pokey tool because this one's flatter just gonna lift it up a little bit and just pop that under and then with the lighter one cut it at a different length so you just got you know they're not all the same okay so you can see now how cool that's all coming together so I need to get my sequins but also what I'm gonna do first of all show you how to heat emboss any kind of wood for nears or anything really as long as it's not plastic because you'll melt it so as long as it's and if it's metal you need to be careful because that will obviously get very very hot so just be careful but wood is okay as long as you're careful with the heat so again it could it could burn so you just want to be careful with it so I have got my okay so grab some VersaMark and I've got a piece of copy paper here and just ink up just covering that like so and then my silver embossing powder here just going to just drop it over the top there and just kind of with the back of my spoon here you can see I'm completely covering it just so I can press down on top just so that it does completely cover it I'm gonna do two layers you can do three it gives it more of a metal look but I think two on that one was fine it does almost give that effect anyway and then just find where you popped it and shake off any excess and then we want to heat set that so I'm just going to pop that over there for a second make sure it heats all nice and hot first and then just as you would just keep it moving don't keep the heat in one area because that's when you will cause it to walk or even burn and that's not what you want to do because some of the embossing powder has gone on to the sides I'm gonna heat set the sides as well because you don't want any of this powder like still kind of tacky or not set it's just gonna end up coming off on your card so you do need to make sure it's sealed right up to the end and then just go along the sides and you can see any bits that you might have missed okay so that's that one done there and I've noticed that some of it is just inside I'm just going to carefully just get rid of that like so and then bring over your powder again just give it a little bit longer than you would usually just to set but already that's dry and then just ink it up again and just repeat but what you can do this time is just with the powder that's already on the paper there as I can just move that around making sure it's completely covered and the good thing about this is if you've missed a bit you can just go back into it again and let me just check there that all looks good again always tap off any access any excess so and then just heat set that again okay so let's just bring that up now and you can just see just with two layers gives it almost like a bubble effect and it looks brilliant it's really really cool so it's just a fun way to transform any wood veneers that you may have and you're just like actually I don't use them like that you can paint them which is what a lot of people do but you can emboss them as well so heat emboss should I say so I'm just going to let that just set a little bit while that one's just drying I'm just going to pop some embellishments on my flowers here sticking with the silver theme and we got these in a kit couple of months back so everything gets used there we go okay so that one is dried pretty much I think so I'm just using my tacky glue here it's very lightweight and this glue dries completely clear so I'm just popping some glue on the back and then I just popped it across on an angle of course you can pop any sentiment you want stamp sentiment I just thought this looks quite nice across the card like so so there are the two twist and fold cards like I said I'm not going to do the tag for the inside this was just a nest of tag dyes that I had but you could just cut out if you've got rectangle and dyes you just cut the three sizes down hole punch it pops and ribbon and there's your tag but I thought I'd leave this one playing because I may want to use it for a gift card or another little envelope in there or just something different so I'm leaving that one playing for the moment now envelope I'm going to just let that one sit so I'm going to use this one here so the envelope I'm going to make is to match the green but you will use this sorry not use this I'm not thinking for the minute where's my oh here's my punch board right so we are coming in along the longest point here at six and three quarters so it will have to be a seven inch width and then our height is five between five and a quarter it's five and three eighths so let's say five and a half so five and a half by seven so we grab our punch board here five and a half by seven is an a seven size so it's telling us we need a piece of ten and one eighth by ten and one eighth so just going to get this trimmed so ten and one eighth and then we need to a seven ten and one eighth so four and a half is where we need to score so line this up here four and a half punch and score if you haven't used the envelope punch board before I will share a tutorial on how to use it there are lots of uses for this and it's a very very handy gadget to have in your kit okay so you can see now what you end up wanting is this shape which resembles the same as what's on the front there so just pop that one away and just fold in all of our grab my double-sided tape and you just want to rub rub run even just on the two small inside side edges here so one two this paper is all from the Be Happy dovecraft range and I already had the 12 by 12 papers so that's why I've been able to do the matching envelope here but you can obviously buy extras that match the kits as well that you receive so you can round off the edges if you want I'm going to leave these ones and then that one which is dry now some embossing powder on the back which I need to brush off so one more time there's the card and like I said it all stands up lovely and then that will fit inside perfectly like so there we have it so I hope you enjoy enjoyed this project number five but also another hobby base kit tutorial you've now got until the 21st of July to register for August kit so getting quick because we're already what we know yeah we're halfway through the month so you'll need to register to receive the kit for August any other questions or anything you've got about the kit just leave them in the comments below but also check out my blogs I have all the links to that and I'll have the links to the hobby base subscribers page as well so there you go so I hope you enjoyed today's tutorial if you have please give me a thumbs up and subscribe to my channel to see more thanks for watching bye


Anyone who's read the work of Kim Stanley Robinson knows how meticulous he is about detail and realism. This book is a future history account of the colonization of Mars. In particular, it follows the first small batch of colonists who were professional astronauts, and the trouble they have dealing with the massive influx of poorly trained and unqualified workers being sent in droves by the private corporate concerns, which result in accidents and deaths and even a crime rate. It's a very long book and very detailed. I found it very believable, and I was eager to read the follow-up book, Green Mars. But unfortunately, I found the second book to lack the believability of the first. It even had a different tone, and I didn't finish it. You can support 30 Seconds Sci-Fi and my other projects by becoming a patron. There's a link in the description below. And visit the 30 Seconds Sci-Fi Tumblr, that's my headquarters. In addition to my videos, I publish links and updates there every day.


hey guys check this shit out yes you saw that right the garbage man thrown our trash can out in the middle of technically our neighbor's yard I'll show you where he threw it at the cameras right up there on the corner of the house right there picked it up trash cans were right here you can probably tell that but he threw that from right about here or here and he threw it overhandedly you saw that and it landed over in here and it rolled over and it was laying right here this morning which is the neighbor's yard it was laying right there now I just go show you kind of asshole dealing with oh it's heavier whatever the case may be but you took the job that's your job well monkey call them put in a complaint and I thought well you know fat a lot of good that's gonna do right 45 minutes later she gets a phone call back it's a manager he says I'm outside right now cool so I came out and he says you know first off I need to apologize for I said no you don't he says well we don't run business that way and I'm not gonna tolerate it he said that's just very unprofessional not to mention just pretty much said it was bullshit he said so you got a videotape of that I hear I said yes sir I do he said boy I'd like to take a look that little video clip I said I'd like to get a little video clip I said come on the house and I showed him and as soon as I as soon as he's seen him through that on the video camera he was on his phone texting somebody he gave me his card I sent him a copy via email and but before we he came in you know he says well as we was walking in I took him over and showed him exactly where it happened and he said yeah he says um they're denying it he says they're not they're saying that they didn't do that so because they he apparently asked him about it and it was like no we never throw no trash cans we never throw no trash cans so anyway it's kind of shit yeah take him pride in your work whatever look making hot dogs barbecue hot dogs and hamburgers on the grill so but anyway guys just wanted to share that with you you know put cameras up because he said a lot of times you know people say they got it on camera and then he goes and they and finds out that they don't so he said I'm so glad to see you had this on on camera so that's really cool that guy's a stand-up guy he's awesome man those other guys are assholes and I told the guy straight up I say you know you don't need to apologize they don't want to do the job or if that can was too heavy why not just take the trash bags out one at a time or if it's more than what they're allowed to live put a note on the door or card on the door look it was just too heavy and I would have took care of it I would have no big deal but they want to do that shit well oh Shabir don't play games anyway I thought I'd share it with you guys here's another look at it again Shabir the myth man legend gone for now bye bye guys take care


Hey everyone, Nintendo Prime here and today we're going to take a look at a game that is unlike literally unlike anything I have played before. When it comes to simulator games, well I'm pretty unfamiliar with many of the entries outside of Microsoft's Flight Simulator. The idea of these games is to take real life activities, jobs, experiences and provide a virtualized version of that experience. Sometimes these simulator games are actually used for real world training as an example, but for the purposes of the everyday gamer it's often just about having some fun or pure curiosity over a job you may never do yourself. Today we are sponsored by Bus Driving Simulator 22, a game that recently released on Nintendo Switch for $27.99. I have certainly written my fair share of buses, whether it was going to school when I was a kid, public transportation in cities or even renting a bus for certain party situations. One thing I have never done is driven a bus, so I do have a little bit of interest at least in seeing what the life of a bus driver is really like. One neat thing about going for drives in the real world is well just taking in the world around us, and Bus Simulator remembers this by offering a free Rome game mode. Considering the game comes with three large areas to drive in, it's pretty nice to just free roam and take in the views. I've driven in Los Angeles myself in real life, but seeing it from the perspective of a massive bus is quite interesting. You can then do the same thing to explore Munich, Germany, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. That last one has my favorite vista views simply because I've actually never been there. This is probably my favorite mode in the game simply because I don't have to worry about the same ins and outs you do in the career mode. It's basically a blank canvas experience in these cities and areas, and it's nice to be free of the actual job portion of driving a bus and just enjoy randomly driving around. Of course, the Brux of the experience really takes place in career mode, which has a linear progression, but one which can be pretty challenging. Yes, you are doing exactly what you think you are doing, completing a bus route, picking up passengers at various bus stops. I mean, this is a bus driving simulator game. If that's not the sort of gameplay you expected, then I don't know what to tell you. A lot of the challenge in the game comes from making sure you are driving flawlessly. You are in a huge bus, so turns are quite wide, and that means it can be a lot easier to end up in an accident, something that will subtract points from your total. You have to follow traffic laws, stop lights, signs, turn signals, hazard lights, and more. Unlike a game like Grand Theft Auto that can basically encourage you to run over pedestrians, you actually will fail the level if you happen to hit a person, which I think you can agree, that's probably a quick way to lose your bus license. You can unlock other types of buses and various customizable things, and there is an overall score that you can look at telling you how good of a bus driver you are on a per level basis as well as overall on the home screen. I'm just going to kind of sit back and let you enjoy some time watching raw gameplay, and if this tickles your fancy, there will be a link to the game on the North American eShop down below. Thanks again to Bus Driving Simulator 22 for supporting the channel.


Okay. Hi everybody. Thanks for joining today's Jenkins Advocacy and Outreach SIG. Today is January 11. On the agenda, I have GSOC 2024 update, change Twitter to xunchenkins.io and FOSTA 24 discussion. Is there anything else that we should add to the agenda? Not that I know. Awesome. All right, we'll get started. So the two action items that I carried over from our last meeting was, and these two items are still work in progress because I foresee that it will continue to be a work in process for a while. So as to continue to recruit GSOC mentors for 2024 and then our FOSTA logistics. So that's going to be ongoing for another couple of weeks at least. So GSOC 2024, I am planning for a January 25th Jenkins online meetup to discuss how to prepare your proposal. And this will be dedicated to the new contributors, potential contributors. So I will be circling the slide deck or that this week. And then we also need to scrub and finalize the project ideas list. I know that's also on Chris's to-do list as well. I know they are thinking about it. So we need to work on that. And then an important milestone or date that is approaching for us is mentoring org application that will begin on January 22nd. And I will be driving that effort as well. Mark, you have a question? Yeah, so one of the one of the on the scrub and finalized project ideas list. I've certainly got an action that the get, plug in, use, bear token authentication probably will drop. And I've got to do the back end extension indexer create. So that one feels like it's, it's viable, but I've got to do a prototype or at least do some exploration before I can be comfortable putting it on. So one, one is going to drop the bear token thing doesn't look like it's viable to me. And the back end extension indexer looks very much viable, but needs a prototype. Okay. Great. Thanks, Mark. I think I was from for GSOC 2024 before we move on. How is the activity on the on the social network? So do we see positive activity or I'm seeing actually a lot of activities. So yeah, be ready.  Where do they get started? So, okay, so there is interest. Yes. Yeah, I'm not sure I'm seeing as much traffic as we've seen in years past, John Mark. But, but again, every year is different. And, and every pool of potential contributors is different. So there's activity around. Well, I'm looking that from too far to to judge correctly. I see indeed activity to. So reminder, Alyssa, I'm trying to follow as much as I can, but I expect Chris or you or Bruno to shout if I need to jump in specifically. Otherwise, I'm just. Yeah, in the back seat. Yeah. Got it. Thanks, John Mark. And then the next item I have is. So, I'm on the Jenkins.io homepage at the moment at the bottom here. I think perhaps maybe we change this to letter X to the X logo versus Twitter. Just, just something that is all minor stuff. I think I hear it's a good idea. So I, I confess though, I'm, I won't understand if I just see the letter X there, could we put Twitter slash X for, for those like me who, who think that the choice of X as their, as their name confuses me very terribly because I happen to have a thing called X windows running on my Linux computer and I have quite a number of other things that use X in their name. And okay, not everybody has that problem. Not everybody has ancient experience with old Linux things, but, but for me, replacing with just X is short. Yeah, yeah, it will be unclear. My, my recommendation would be there to paraphrase the newspapers that that's a X previously known as Twitter. Okay, that that would be fine. Yeah, I think we have enough room there. Go ahead. So this is showing the image of the X logo and what is the X logo that part I understand. But that place you were showing on the on the Jenkins site really doesn't have a great facility to put the X logo in right if we're going to put the X logo in we should probably put the Reddit logo and the GitHub logo and and so I think, I think that's just words right now and words and hyperlinks and putting a logo in there would be a little unsettling at least for me. Okay, yeah, and I think it's fine. We put, you know, Twitter slash access. The other way around. Yes, yes. Okay, people might get upset and these people are powerful. Okay, and Kevin also wrote in the chat X formerly known as Twitter, but also he wrote like Prince I didn't know Prince used to be called Twitter, but anyhow. Because X of course is an unpronounceable symbol just like Prince's new name is an unpronounceable symbol that's good. Thank you, David. Okay, so do I speak with Kevin about this or what do I do. Yeah, I can help out with that with no worries. I think you just put the action item on Kevin to propose the pull request for the change because he'll go figure it out. Okay. Let's see what other projects on doing. Right. And that's a good Kevin's Kevin's exactly well suited to that kind of thing on the on the dock side look, look to see what how other people describe it how they say it, because other people other projects have the same exact challenge. Right. Okay. Great. Thank you. Thanks Kevin. Okay, so foster 2024 are just to know our. Our stand usually is on the second floor of building K. This year we are at the bottom of the first floor. So once I believe once you're, you go through the entrance were towards the back end of the building. Please. Yeah, sorry Bruno for for your remembrance. It's under the stairs leading to the to the to the to the first floor, as we've seen your so second. Yeah, I see now. Thank you. Yeah, yeah, not far away from the bathroom. Yeah. So Bruno, I'll, I'll catch up with you via slack, but I should be able to help you with all the setup and all that stuff to get ready. On that subject the list I can report that the logistics. So the different sending of stickers and other material arrived at my place correctly as I discussed that with you. And I already know who's going to make the cab driver on Saturday morning. To to build a stand. I'll exchange the boxes. Yeah, on during the contributors summit and congratulation for the new t-shirt design. That one, the beekeeper is a donation from cloud bees. Oh, great. To donations one from cloud bees with our beekeeper t-shirt the design and then the other one I believe it's just a plain Jenkins the generic logo and that's donated by CDF. And some socks too. So we got t-shirts and some socks. Yeah, the socks, the socks. It was a terrible thing for my dog. So I had to fight to protect them from the over enthusiastic interest from my dog. Okay. And has has a price as a selling price been set for the items. Do we need to discuss the selling price here is that already a standard thing. What we've done in the past as we walk around to see what others are selling it for. That was my point. Yeah. Okay, so competition based pricing that's very good. Okay. We have some some very good people very smart on these kind of things that are going to react very fast on that. So we all agree that the collected money goes to the Jenkins fund or is it worthwhile to give a word on that. That that was my assumption that's what we've done years past. Yeah, I was assuming now how we do that transfer. We'll do it better this year than we did three or four or five years ago when it sat in someone's basement for multiple years. Let's get the funds transferred to the Jenkins account promptly if we can. Yeah, last year between smoothly, if I remember correctly, very good. So I think with this year with you being there, Mark, you will, you will be the keeper for that. I thought we had Bruno planned. Yeah, but that you chimed in and say I'll do that. So you might not be there. That was the plan. But since you'll be there, I am happy to take care of that. That is a very reasonable thing. I am happy to do that. If there was a fee because of the currency conversion, feel free to reach out so I can do that without any fee just in case. But maybe we have to give the money in dollars anyway. We have to donate the funds in dollars. Okay. And therefore there's going to be a conversion, a currency conversion process somewhere. Yeah, if it's me or somebody else, somebody will have to do a currency conversion.  So we'll explain that. Right, right. If I cannot import more than 10,000 US into the US without paperwork. So we must not sell more than $10,000 worth of items. Okay. We need to tell Stefan. Okay, I'll stop the nonsense. Sorry, Alyssa. So the last item which we have, Mark needs to sign off or he needs to hop off in about 15 minutes on Mark. So I thought we'd talk about the contributor summit, the format agenda. This is a topic that raised quite some discussions and where I have very mixed feelings about. So the current format, I can show the paperwork. Do we need to run in on the details of the contributor summit or we just talk about the agenda? I think we can talk about only about the agenda, right? So the general principle of the agenda is that and what I proposed to the first circle of reviewer was that we start at 10 o'clock in the morning. Because this is when the meeting room is made available to us officially. And the morning, so the hour and a half of the morning or little bit bigger than that will be spent on know each other presentation of the day. And a review very short of the different officers. The officers talk, I try to steer that as much as possible because it can very easily get boring is not to look backwards, but to look in front. So what do the different groups, SIGs or officers plan to do? What are the challenge? This is normally to trigger discussions later. That's inverted from what I usually present. So it's important that you set it that way. I usually look backwards and then rely on the rest of the meeting to look forward. I like that. So you're saying look forward as the first preference. Okay, because normally most of the people attending will be will already know if they read the Jenkins newsletter and a little bit knowledgeable about Jenkins. We just need to do a very short refresh where I'm more personally about here officers are free to organize that as they they want. The format that I proposed, but it's still open is that either we do a formal presentation, which is a lot of work to prepare to get efficient information in a 10 minute format. So the format is 10 minutes presentation, five minutes buffer and probably a technical break in between allow people to stretch their leg shortly. But I tried to keep that as compact as possible. The other format that can be used is that we have a the the way it would work is an interview like of the officer where we give prompts and eventually a control. That's what's the English word for that is as an orchestra conductor, where we keep the time correctly and we can guide the officer in the direct the general direction, depending on the cues given by the audience, either by this particular topic, or they get excited by this other topic we can then dig so this this interactive format could be powerful really depends on on who we're we're talking to. Now, this was my proposal, because I received a limited amount of classical communications for a contributor summit. And the one that I collected and the people that stepped forward and I'm thankful for those will be for the afternoon so I at noon I have foreseen one hour break, because we're going to grab a sandwich nearby and eat stretch legs smoke cigarette for people that require that. Oops. Oh, yeah. But the afternoon so from from 1pm to 5pm. This is where we'll really dig into the more technical presentation. One is about the changes that have been made to Jenkins in order to implement a high availability on the cloud B side for CI so some some interesting technical things there. The second topic is the debates on debate strategy and the difficulties account encountered to remove blue ocean, which was from the base distribution from Jenkins. This was announced already sometime ago, remember in Lisbon, Portugal. This must be before the COVID long long time ago. And now we need to take actions for that. So there's the third presentation, the second presentation, the third is about the directions issues and opportunities for the user experience where a lot of work has already been done but there is some interesting things that could be discussed and where the audience can interact in the afternoon is much more debate triggering explaining things. And then we have fourth is more general where we will open the discussion to any topic that we heard during the networking in between. We plan to finish a little bit before five o'clock in the afternoon and give either. So two possibilities either people are completely jet lagged board or tired and want to get a change at the hotel or or just take some some fresh air, or people can stay in the court or places where we can stay and we would then organize a coding session or people knowledgeable we can start interaction is still a bit obscure to me I know what I would like to do for my personal plugin and the type of advice I would like to get. I need to get a few people in probably will ask basil to lead that that effort. And then we go together for for a networking event so we go together to restaurant which is about 12 minutes walk time so this is what I proposed. The reactions have been that first where there were several ideas that were thrown on the table. I have my personal opinion there. But I'm happy to to discuss that and listen and let other people decide but I made with what I had available and try to have the best program with what I have first comment was why not start earlier. So that we could have a longer break. This is indeed a good idea but there are two practical problems for that the first one is being that room is only available at 10. The second one is that the lunch possibilities nearby are scarce and will be difficult to time correctly and so it's easier to just let people go and grab a sandwich nearby so logistically and I think Bruno knows also the place. It will be less invasive that that way so this is why I propose it that way so personally I am not in favor. Or or stuck the other comment with which was also interesting and worthwhile was that why spend so much time on the officers presentation. Which is a good point so first I believe that the office so I say what my point of view is. Well now to be honest. Officer presentation can be boring. And the person wanted to have more beefy or more interesting or technically oriented presentations for that. A first comment I have with that is officers have an important role. I think we need to give them the opportunity to present it and expose their challenges for the future so I believe this is important and more practically. I didn't have any other presentation proposals. For that so it's it's interesting to say well I want more technical presentation debates or whatever I just tell me and I'll organize it so. This is this is the state so I organized everything with the current. Thing and what was the last I don't remember what were the. Basically in a nutshell. There was. An expectation to have more profound. Future oriented discussion technical presentation or whatever so I say well. Tell me do it so. So back to you Mark then for your reaction or if somebody else in the audience is. Yeah this is the state of the plan so I like I like your guidance I appreciate very much your guidance. Officers we want to be sure they have some time and charter them to do look forward rather than backwards that that feels really good. I think the blue ocean deprecation and the you use you X the three topics you identified. All feel like very very important topics for for the project so so for me that that feels good in terms of. If we could shrink the the officer presentations to be less. I don't see any shame in that if they can get their message across. Replaced by what so this is 10 minutes is already short in challenging knowing me for instance if I had to do it in 10 minutes I would die. Exactly well and and for me more challenging is the replaced by what question and the the open thought on my mind was. Possibly replaced with free time at the end of the day for group coding exercises as discussed right if we were to accelerate the arrival of group group coding time. By just 15 minutes that actually could be quite valuable but but that's a that's a relative because we'll all be physically there. That's a thing we can be we can be elastic to. On the day of the event hey get get done quickly with the officer reports and with the look forward and get to the the meaty topics to the to the significant and relevant topics very quickly yeah. Yeah. So I don't see that I would change anything in what you're proposing John Mark. Okay, so well it's reassuring. My experience with these kind of things and this is why I would like to to start with the officers in the way I'm going to introduce it will be very strong. The point is that the planning allows some improvisation depending on what topic we capture, and this will be your my responsibility to take the opportunity of some free time during the afternoon or where we can arrange squeeze something or so or even in the morning. And so I'm ready to to and I think it will be necessary to adapt the presentation depending on the I really want to grab opportunities. And I agree and I think you've you've said it very very well, you and I will be there physically, and we will certainly intervene to try to make that meeting as effective as we can, based on already the preparation that you're doing and that you'll continue to doing as we do as we get closer to it so for me I think that's a that's a good assumption and a correct plan for us that we will adapt the agenda as necessary while we're there. So why this this the spirit, I might reach out to you personally and also with the officers that different formulas I don't want officers to feel because doing such a presentation 10 minutes is challenging. There are other ways to do to do it. Maybe we could. I have several ideas trying to optimize the time and the purpose is that it's not a boring experience. Anyway, if I see somebody fall asleep, I will wake him up. So this is the the planning. And I apologize I have to drop off for my other meeting but I think I think you've got the right right approach, we can talk about it separately we can also talk about it in the advocacy channel or on, you may be even better on the community forum and say we're here's where we're headed. This was my question about the next steps with that proposal, can I move ahead in the next announcement. So one will be a blog post, maybe waiting first to do the community and give opportunity to the audience to interact with that and then I'll do a blog post to I like that I think that's a great that's a great way to approach it. Absolutely. Okay, so if you agree with me, then I go ahead but I'm ready to listen to comments or. Thank you. Thanks very much for what you're doing. Alyssa, I apologize for having to drop off. Thanks very much. Thanks. Thanks, Mark. Thank you. So, John mark, perhaps. So I think who attend the contributor summit is will kind of dictate our agenda. That's how I see it. And I've I've been to enough contributor summit where I've seen both spectrum right so where we had a full room of let's over 50 people that just wanted to sit and listen. And then we also have a room of let's say less than 20 people that are heavy Jenkins contributors. So I think if if it helps, you know, so we know that the room is we're limited to the 30 capacity. And then if we take, I know that you've already started like the register or you know who's going to be attending the contributor summit. But we, if you want, we can set up a form and people can, you know, sign up register as as you will. And then they'll give you an idea like where our agenda should be in advance. Yeah, yeah. Try to steer that as much but no as a military know that plans holds just the first minutes of the battle. So we have to adapt. Exactly. Exactly. And I think Mark has been there and often enough and he I've seen him just, you know, throw things out there on the fly and it works out just perfectly. And it will be perfect. Don't worry. Yeah. Okay, that's that's good for me I'll work out with you the logistics part because at a certain point. I need to know how many people will join us for the evening dinner. Okay. Okay, I need to confirm the numbers. Yeah. Okay, that's that's it for me. With the community post I published the link to the different work documents so people can review them. Okay. Sounds good. Thanks. Thank you john mark. All right, thanks everybody. Thanks for joining. Thank you. Oh, I'm sorry. Hi, Chris. I'm here late, but I've been wondering if you have to confirm the time for the January 25. So that will be the same time as our previous one, which is eight a.m. my time and your time. Yeah, so that will be really late for you as usual. Yeah, it's kind of like, I think it's night but not too late though. Oh, cuz like harsh has been asking about it because I need to tell him in advance so we can make arrangements to attend. Okay. So is that okay? Is that time okay? Do I should I change it? I think it's okay. Yeah, it's a good time.


This paper provides a systematic review of existing recommender system approaches that incorporate deep learning techniques, categorizes them into four types, introduces challenges and proposes a comprehensive framework for their research advancements, and discusses future developments in the field. This article was authored by Hong Nizhou, Fei Xiong, and Hong Xiuqin.


A lot of funky stuff happened in the top of this third inning. This breakdown is brought to you by DraftKings. Miller on the bump, 99 mile per hour sinker it looked like. Maybe they say four seam, but that's hit into left field. You got a leadoff runner on first base, and there you go, a nice slider for strike one. Curve ball, no swing. Curve ball again, strike two. I was interested, the slider and the curve, they're not that different in shape.  Just looks like he's throwing a tight curve and a slow curve, but that's his slider and the curve. And then after that pitch, we have a delay and everyone's looking into the outfield. What's going on? The alien's coming, we got another drone attack happening. Miller's like, what? It's a bubble, Altman's all over it. He's letting everyone know, yeah, we're good. It's a bubble. Yeah, look, it's just a beautiful bubble. Little bubble inside of it. Empire says, okay, one ball, two strikes and fastball outside, the count now evens up. Next pitch, wow, slider way into the ground or the curve because it was 82 miles per hour. It's kind of in between the two we were talking about. Kelly gets the second base. So now you got a runner in scoring position, a three, two pitch. You had a bubble delay. You're just not clear in the head anymore because you thought maybe it was aliens, but it was just a bubble. As Altman said, you walk the guy. You lose the zone a little bit. Okay, here comes McKinstry, the lefty now with two runners on the first pitch, curve ball, fouled away, 0-1.  Oh, he hit some.  Come on, come on.  That wasn't on purpose. That's twice. What do you mean that's twice? What are you talking about? Hey, hey, I'm not saying anything. I know. Get the first. What do you mean that's twice? What's he talking about? McKinstry's laughing now. He's trying to let everyone know like it's okay. It's all good, you know?  I'm just saying. Twice. Yeah, I'm good. I'm good. What he means by it being twice is the first game of the series. Lance Lynn hit him up and in. So it's twice in the series. He got hit by a pitch, not a fan of it. The inning continues. Base is loaded, 2-2, 100 mile per hour fastball. Smoke, but Altman tracks it down. The power of knowing what a bubble is comes through, gets the ball in, only one run scores.  He needed that. Look at this catch. Full run, tracks it down. Boom, right into the glove. Pops up real quick, throws it in, 0-2 pitch and grounds out, inning over. How about that? A bubble attack, you know, hit by pitch, words were exchanged in the end, baseball. Thanks, DraftKings, for sponsoring this video. We appreciate you. Everyone appreciates that you sponsored the video and if you guys enjoy the videos and you wanna subscribe to the channel, I appreciate that as well. Thanks.


Hello and welcome to the session. The given question says, a bat contains five black, five red and three white balls. A ball is drawn from the bag at random. Find the probability that the ball drawn is first, red, second, black or white and third, not black. Let's start with the solution.  Therefore, total number of balls at the bag contains is equal to five plus five plus three and this is equal to thirteen. Now probability of an event E is defined by the number of outcomes favourable to E divided by the total number of possible outcomes. Now let us find out the probability that the ball drawn is red by using this. First we have to find the probability of drawing the red ball. So the number of red balls are five, so the number of favourable outcomes to the event that the ball drawn is red in colour is five and the total number of balls are thirteen. So we have five by thirteen. Second is probability of drawing the black or a white ball. Now drawing the black or a white ball are two mutually exclusive events, so this is equal to probability of a black ball plus probability of a white ball.  And probability of drawing a white ball is three by thirteen, so this is equal to eight divided by thirteen. And then we have to find out in the third part probability of drawing the ball which is not black. So this is equal to one minus probability of drawing the black ball and probability of drawing the black ball is there are five black balls so we have one minus five divided by thirteen and this gives eight divided by thirteen. Hence our answer is probability that the ball drawn is red is five by thirteen. This is answer to the first part. Answer to the second part is eight by thirteen that is ball drawn is either black or white and answer to the third part is eight divided by thirteen that is the ball drawn is not black. So this completes the session. Hope you have understood it. Bye and take care.


On NPI, this week, brought to you by Digikey at Interfurt, is RichTech. That's right. I don't think we've done RichTech before. I try to make sure that we get every different company because they all have their unique products. So this week is from RichTech. It's the RT3549, if I got that part number right, memorized. So it's a, it is a BGA component and it's very new. I thought this was a very cool design, a product idea, something you would normally expect from one of the bigger, more expensive companies. But RichTech, I do really love their power supplies, their boost converters, I use them all the time. So I thought this was a very neat design. So especially it's intended for laptops, but I think in tablets, but I think it could be useful for people doing other lighting projects as well. So like I said, this is the RT4539. So this is a like, for me, it's like a four in one product. It's an NPI that does four things in, you know, as one chip. And that tight integration, you know, is going to make it first off very small, but also very efficient, power wise. So this is a 36 volt, high efficiency boost converter with I squared C controlled, six channel LED driver. So you know, there's all the specs on the right. So let's go through the basically the four things that it does. So the first thing is, it's a boost converter. So the input supply voltage is, you know, three to 24 volts. It can give you up to 36 volt output. Let's go the next image.  The switch is built in. You just need an inductor and a forward diode. You program in the boost converter specifications over I squared C. But basically you can drive this from, you know, because it goes from three to 24 volts, pretty much any battery that you're driving your system from, you can give the V in and the logic level for the MCU is different than the V in. It's actually like you can use, you know, 1.8 volts or higher for that signaling. So your V in can come from the battery and your MCU can still use pullups on the enable PWM, SCL, SDA, I squared C pins to do the control. So for example, just as one of many registers that are available, you want to change the boost switching frequency. This can be handy to avoid, you know, beat frequencies between the PWM, to avoid interference with the RF. Also changing the frequency will change your efficiency versus your power output and, you know, your inductor usage. So you can tweak that in software. Of course, there's a lot more settings that you can adjust in software. But the first thing is that this is a boost converter. So that's that's first up goes up to 36 volts. Second thing is it's a six channel, constant current mirrored sync driver for LED strands. So actually let's go back to here. So when you have LED backlight, again, this is designed for a tablet, although, you know, you could probably use it for other lighting projects. You want to have all your LEDs at the same color temperature and the same current so that you have consistent, even color throughout the entire LED panel. And one way to do that is to have all the LEDs in a strand. You know, they're all serious characters. Why do you need that 36 volt boost converter? Because you can have 10 LEDs in a row and now they need like 30 volts to drive them. But at least it forces you to make sure that they all have the exact same current between them.  Once you get to like, you know, over five inch diagram or 3.5 diagonal, you'll have multiple strands of five to 10 LEDs. But you want them also to be balanced between them as well. Like not just obviously every LED in the strand has the same amount of current, but you also want each strand to individually have the same amount of current. And so if you look inside, there's actually a little current mirror on the bottom left there. There's a box that provides the constant current control. Again, the constant current is control is all done by I squared C. And it's mirrored to each one. Each one has a matching transistor, you know, emitter, whatever, source, resistor, comparator. So they all get equivalent current through them. And then there's also like a feedback loop that will let you know if the LEDs strand is open or closed. That's good for debugging as well. So you don't have shorts or if your LED panel is damaged, you can feed that back to the microcontroller that's running it. So part one, boost converter, part two, constant current driver. Part three, PWM driver. So obviously you do have constant current to set all the LEDs to the same brightness. But then constant current can do like very rough brightness control. But PWM is where you'll get a lot more precision. And what I thought was really neat is one of the things we have a guide on is why you don't want to use linear control of PWM for LEDs because our eyes are logarithmic. And that's why if you do linear control, you'll notice that as you get to dimmer effects, you start to see more flicker and you have a lot less granularity. Whereas what our eyes really look like, that's especially true if you're using night mode, right? At night mode, it's like there is like off and then just a little bit light and then really light and then much much wider like it goes very quickly. Unless you have existential controls, you see here the PWM duty cycle is is done exponentially for you so that you get the smooth curve where there's a lot more control at the dimmer lights and then as it gets brighter, it goes up very quickly. And this is what our brains like more than linear. And that's handled for you. So it's kind of nice. It's all built in again over this I-squared C connection. And then number four is there's all this other extra stuff that they added in over I-squared C control to make the lighting easier to handle. So for example, slope management, like you want to go from one brightness PWM curve to another, you can actually tell it, hey, do a ramp for me or a slope. And here's how gradually I want you to do it to control. So you're not sitting there like manually tweaking the PWM rate over and over again to get your linear slope. You just say, hey, go from this range to that range, do it in, you know, 512 milliseconds. And then you can check when it's done. So it's kind of like a four-in-one LED driver, kind of neat. I thought it was like a really nice design. And again, it's designed for tablets and laptops because they get the best stuff. But I think this would be very useful also for there's user projects or if you're doing like LED lighting, not backlight lighting, but just like, you know, you're controlling LEDs. All of this extra capability would be so great. I mean, just even the exponential PWM control is miles better than most LED drivers that I've seen for like automotive or commercial use. OK. And available on Digi-Key. Check it out on Digi-Key's site. It's non-stock. It's very new. It's super new. It's super new. So it's not even a sign-up page yet. However, if you're interested in this, do contact Digi-Key sales and they will get you samples. I've found that's a very effective way to say, hey, I'm only interested in this chip. Can you get me samples? This is cutting edge ion. This is the NPIs of NPIs. I prefer to go with the ones that are in stock, but this one I thought was too good to pass up.