Hello, hello, hello, I'm Matthew Horky and I'm Sherin Tan. Together we are Exotic Wine Travel. We've spent the last three years traveling around the world writing and speaking about unique and exciting wines. Our journey has taken us to both lesser known and established wine regions. In 2016, we came to Croatia for the first time. We fell in love with the country and the wines, prompting us to write the book Cracking Croatian Wine, a visitor friendly guide. Now we're at it again. We're going to re-tour the country and bring our book to life. We aim to take you deep into the Croatian food and wine scene. So sit back, relax, and join us as we go Cracking Croatian Wine! There are no shortages of medieval hilltop towns in Istria. Croatian is a village that was falling into obscurity until some artists moved in during the 1960s. It's also home to a fabulous jazz festival in the summer. We stop by for a quick go round but have to move on quickly for our next appointments. Damjanic produces one of my favorite red wines in Istria named Clementi. I found love with this wine after the first sip, but Sherin hasn't always been convinced. We stop by and chat with proprietor and winemaker Ivan Damjanic. Let's see if he can convince Sherin on the quality of the Clementi red. Can you tell us a little bit more about the story, the background, and the meaning of Clemente? Clemente is one of the projects I started to make Clemente ten years ago. For the first was Clemente Noar, with Merlo Cabernet Tehran and Borgonia. So you mentioned to us earlier and we laughed about it, the name Clemente means good guy. Good guy, big guy, guy with heart. Is there a reason why you use that name for your wine? No, it sounds good. Yeah, for Clemente you can drink entire bottle and nobody will be angry about you. We're tested! Sherin is finally convinced and Ivan invites us down to the cellar to taste the newest vintages still in the barrel. He has recently began making a Clemente white, a blend of Malvasia, Chardonnay, and Pinot Blanc. Ivan also produces a delicious fresh Malvasia. His wines should not be missed when in Istria. In the afternoon we head to the village of Umag. We're heading back to the wine bar It Is Istria. It's a partnership between a few restaurant owners and the wineries Coronica, Tzu'i, Degrassi, and Kozlovitch. A few years ago, we visited the wine bar with Moreno Coronica. He's one of our favorite producers in all of Croatia. He's widely considered to produce the best Tehran and Malvasia in the country. At this wine bar, you can get his top wine, Gran Tehran, by the glass, which is a real treat. It's a big red with juicy acidity and pairs perfectly with the Angus beef that the wine bar offers. On this particular day, the wine bar has a cameo chef. Wine maker Moreno Degrassi took over the cooking duties tonight because the chef called in sick. Although we've tasted his wines several times, this is the first time we're meeting him in person. He whips together some beef carpaccio and then starts opening bottles. All of Degrassi's wines are delicious and deliver great value, but Shurin is most infactuated with his Terabianchi Pesito. It's a sweet wine made from dried grapes. This one just has a very different nose. It's kind of like dried up, a little bit jinseng, a little bit sweet, a little bit spicy. He has everything on the nose and then in the mouth, it's so concentrated. The Pesito style heats you. I love it. I really, really love this. Stasho, really stasho. I really love this wine. If you're in Northwest Istria, this is the place to be. Who knows? You might bump into a few winemakers too. The next day, we head to the seaside village of Rovinja. It's considered to be one of Croatia's most beautiful cities. It's also home to the restaurant Monte, which was the first in the country to earn a Michelin star. Today, we're here for a different food and wine experience. We're at Villa Dobrovac to taste the new vintages. This hotel boasts beautiful views of Rovinja and welcomes guests from all over the world as proprietor Natalina Dobrovac tells us. Last year, we had more than 36 different nationalities in our house and we are very proud that we can also present Croatia. Natalina's husband, Damir, makes the wines and the couple have brought on talented sommelier Karin Rupina Perdeč to run the tasting. With an advanced appointment, Karin assembles bite-sized tapas to accompany the wines. The sonata has more body, it's more full. The chickpeas and cucumber go great with the Dobrovac sonata, which is made from Malvazija starska. This pairing makes Karin a true believer. I find this pairing to be a little bit more complex or more dimensional than the first one because the chickpea almost adds some kind of earthiness to it but what really works is the saltiness from this dish really adds to the civility on the finish. So it literally stretches out the finish of this wine and also for sonata I thought it has more mineral flavour so it binds together well. For the red wines made from Tehran, how about some Istrian ham pate topped with a few slices of lard. The pairing that wins me over is the polenta plum and bacon dish that pairs with Dobrovac's top red wine, a Tehran named Fuga. Most wineries give preserved meats and cheeses to their guests during wine tasting. We find this unique and exciting combination created by Karin to be a fresh and delicious experience. In the afternoon we head to the hilltop town of Buzet in central Istria. We're in search of the culinary treasure known as the Istrian truffle and the prodon family is going to help us find it. Vishnia prodon shows us some of our family's products and then starts us with some homemade rakia. This man, gigante Giancarlo, he was the one who found the truffle. Now it's time for our truffle crash course. She explains the history of truffles in Istria. And when they find the truffles they didn't know those were the truffles. They thought it's some smelly potato from the ground, nothing spectacular and it was a very big amount of truffles found in that time that they mostly give it to domestic animals to feed them, to the pigs. The pigs loved it, they enjoyed it very much. So that was the start of truffles here in Istria until Italians discovered that we have this precious mushroom here. They started to come here to take our truffles for a small sum of money either for nothing.  So in the beginning it was a nice exchange until people here realized how much money they're making out of our truffles. So here in Istria it's microclimate, especially in Central Istria where you today. It's very hot, it's a lot of rain and never snowing. It can snow once in like five, six years, but then the snow melts after a few hours. It never stays on the ground. And the place where truffles grow here in Istria it's basically all around the valley of River Mirna. Now it's time to suit up. What do you think of your vest? Awesome, man. While Shireen has a great nose, we're going to need some reinforcements. And it's off to the hunt. Whoa! Before we go that it can happen that we don't find anything. While there's public land to hunt truffles on in Istria, the Proton family have their own tract of property. We don't expect to find anything, but then... You can see here? It's all out. It's on the top of the surface. Now it's time to reward our fellow companion. When it comes to truffles, most people only experience truffle oil, which is often made with chemicals and not real truffles. These fresh truffles aren't very pungent. In fact, they're a little more earthy. I won't be able to tell, you know. Right now it just kind of smells like the rain and the soil. Oh! Oh! After a while, the dogs start to lose focus and are content with laying down in the shade. So we return to the house to wash the truffles and prepare dinner. Structure? And now that's easy to break. Yeah, you can... We start the meal with simple bites using the Proton preserved products. So the first one you left is our spread or product. It's white truffles and porcini mushrooms. Then the next one. It's a black truffle pesto or tartufata. I mix it with cream cheese. One spoon of tartufata and cream cheese and then this spread is made.  We fry the burnt. A little butter here. A lot of truffle there. That's a lot of truffle sauce. And a few farm fresh eggs. Some stirring with a little bit of love. And voila! Some truffle cheese and truffles on top. Also, yeah, from here. It's delicious, but the dessert is what gets Shireen really excited. Vanilla bean ice cream topped with white truffle honey. I smell the truffle in here. At first glance, Shireen looks a little skeptical. So good! Proton tartufi is a great place with beautiful views of Bouzet. We wish you could stay here all night, but there's so much more ahead for us. In the evening, we're invited to the Vinistre Gala dinner. Steven Spur is the guest of honor, and he's brought the wine from his own vineyards. The Bride Valley Blanc de Blanc sparkling wine. It's sharp and delicious. We manage to tip back a few glasses before dinner starts. Then the dishes start rolling out. When in Istria, the cuisine seems eerily similar to Italian food. Regardless, it's probably the best and most creative cuisine in Croatia. They're all good, but it's the sweet wine that steals the show. Ben Veruti's another stellar producer in this vintage of their San Salvatore sweet muscat is a knockout. It's been a long day. After all the formalities, it's time for bed. Our time in Istria is running out. In the next episode, we go spearfishing in the Adriatic Sea. Eat at one of the most famous restaurants in Istria. Introduce the wine grape Tehran. And of course, visit a few wineries including one of the largest wineries in Croatia. A minimal intervention winemaker, a producer that makes macerated amphora mauvasia and what is allegedly the oldest sparkling wine producer in the country. If you would like to learn more about Croatia and Croatian wine, keep a lookout for our next episode and check out our book Cracking Croatian Wine.


so we have been talking about this plug flow and i definitely now think that you will not forget about definition of plug flow then mathematics are required so you have that equation zero to that simplest equation and i also told you why you should have this plug flow assumption why i told you why you should have plug flow assumption what will happen if you do not have plug flow assumption when you are making noise i want signal very clearly what you consider the diffusion yeah straight forward action i say okay yeah unnecessarily you do not have to use your brain for mathematics when it is required you have to use it right so as engineers you first simplify things so that you will get the simplest design equation then you want to complicate complicate right so that is what is the thing that is why you have to assume that and in the beginning and if you are really fussy guy so naturally you will now try to go for deeper and deeper and then use all terms that you cannot neglect in the real flow and those are the terms which i am going to write now for plug flow plug flow the actual it is not plug flow tubular flow the actual design expression i will write we will simply write here still plug flow okay it is a differential equation i will explain the i am not deriving that but i will give the differential equation most of you would have seen this equation but only thing is we will know what are the terms i think you know in the equation you should know what are the terms which term is representing what phenomena equation always comes from physics please remember that okay physics means you know you understand physics are the problem not resonic and holiday physics means resonic and holiday book is there you know very famous you have not seen oh my god you are not prepared for JEE really JEE it is Vedam you know Vedam Bible okay okay so that is why everyone uses we say Vedam or Bible or Koran because everyone supposed to use that you know everyday so that is why that is the reason only we will say so this reason we call it a when i say physics of the problem we are talking about the physical phenomena that is happening not physics means immediately our mind should not go to a book you know physics book that is what i am what physics book you have used you understand the state books state book or towards no more extension of physics particularly in physics there are wonderful books because physics is a wonderful subject where everyday you see right chemistry you cannot see everyday you feel chemistry everyday because in the stomach reactions and all that okay yeah and i think you cannot see a reaction even though you have a you know that there is some reaction you cannot see but the advantage of the physics is that everything you can see okay so that is why many people try to explain and all that you know physical phenomena okay and also the physics around the world and the universe so that is why you have the maximum information on physics and people are so much excited about physics the best physicians and i am not physicians i mean physicists okay physicians means again you will go to different way yeah doctors right now we do not want to go there yeah so best physics is you know noble rates and all that they started propagating that in very very simple language that is why there are many popular books on physics why i am telling all this is if you are able to read those books your chemical engineering also will be very clear if you are able to and sometime you know you have to read read read i say okay till atleast to 25 years 30 years i think only you have to read read read read and think about that okay because he has been seeing that physics everyday what happened was you know it is challenger one spacecraft went into space and then after 3 minutes or 2 minutes it exploded and 7 8 people died okay challenger no challenger i think yeah it was challenger so there there was a committee to find out what was the actual reason for this explosion you know this is very good this example you know then he was in the committee and they called all the people who have designed and we have also fabricated and we have operated all these people and then finally he only proved that that you know between they have the first part i think is the people who sit there the first part and the bottom parts sections all the fuel is kept at the bottom okay is the solid fluid or liquid fluid solid fluid i think what they have used there okay liquid fluid hydrogen liquid hydrogen they use okay so that fluid is used different sections we can also see when our people also send ISRO people also send first part will fall first second part will fall first third part also will fall first that third part should not fall okay that should go but anyway i think i am not joking about ISRO because i think in every history of any racket science it seems everyone has faced these problems even americans also lost many rackets like that when they were trying so that is why it is only learning curve so we are on that learning curve so that is all that is why but our people are successful in many things now they are sending and all these satellite connections and cell phones and this classrooms various places all that is through that only i think we are also doing excellent job in that so that parts will come in one and between these two okay first part bottom part i am talking where the fuel second part another fuel tank and may be depending on how far that goes may be third part fourth part also they will have right so in this one i think between third part and first part second part i think so there was a gasket wear ring they call i do not know whether you heard of those things because when you joining two metal parts yeah these metal parts will have groove so okay like this okay so here here they will have a groove the other side also they have the another groove right and in that groove you put that nice wearing circular this is circular and the the diameter also is circular diameter that is like that okay circular so that they put and then tighten right so then what happened was they found that they know that the reason is the explosion occurred in the hydrogen tank when it is coming to the second stage first stage has gone and that has to that has to propagate to the second stage so when it is going to the second stage something happened and then suddenly it broke and explosion occurred and then died all the people died i think you can see you know two parts it came and even now they will show in TV sometimes when that same day when it occurred that's what i was thinking here there are moving bed reactors right i think one beautiful example is you know gas fires can be used as gasification can be conducted in moving bed not packed beds so that means the entire bed will be moving when the entire bed will be moving depending on slowly you know the conditions inside and how much is coming there will be some gaps between the particles those are the gaps which i saw between you know there is one group which is talking another group which is talking there is a voidage between that so throughout that i was thinking now what should be the voidage what should be the porosity so all that i was thinking i was thinking you know so that's why i enjoy you know those i don't get bored because i'm now thinking that okay all these particles they are moving some with different velocity some with same velocity okay i mean the same velocity means another velocity so if it is if all the people are moving with exactly same velocity plug flow okay yeah so all that kind of things if you are able to relate you will never forget that so that's why i'm trying to tell you all the stories because by storytelling you definitely remember at least few people will change they don't erase the files immediately the moment they cross the door okay you have no delete after deleting files computer will tell you how successfully deleted the files i mean the most stupid stupid you know congratulations i have ever seen that you have not done anything you know computer deleted it says that we have successfully deleted the files so that is like that only another thing also you know windows to switch off to stop the computer where you have to go start what a wonderful command okay or to switch off the computer you have to go to start and then open find out where you switch off and then switch off that okay that happened because this bill gates was not educated correct no he was not educated in the sense that he dropped out from sometime okay if you could have formal education that is my addition probably would have taught where is the correct correct button but anyway so the final expression which we have to use is that doh ca by doh t this is unsteady state also okay i think i will write everything together minus minus da doh square ca by doh z square minus dr doh square ca by doh r square plus 1 by r doh ca by doh r ya plus u doh ca by doh z equal to minus r a okay so this is the real equation for tubular reactors where there is no plug flow right so now this equation is with this is unsteady state unsteady state tubular flow tubular flow reactor with axial and radial dispersion okay ya what are the units of that equation ya for unit volume per unit time okay ya so this you see can i identify where is the axial dispersion now i am asking you you are telling something u ya what is your name anupriya ya don't be afraid to say ya tell dr i am asking axial dispersion now where is the axial dispersion what is axial direction for us z z okay so where is that anupriya da that's why i also put da there okay this is diffusivity coefficient in axial direction and what is this one radial direction okay this is a cylindrical coordinate because that is a cylinder right so that is why this term will come that's what phenomena all of you must have been experts i think definitely all of you would have taken no that's what phenomena right ya not taken second i am not able to repeat it flashback do not forget your past i say otherwise i will tell you like this every movie tells you like this that is a flashback okay okay good so this is the one radial dispersion and this one you see convection term and this is the one this one state so now actually in reaction engineering what are the terms we have used from this equation in our class when we are deriving that equation v by f a not equal to d x a by minus r a and all that so what is the equation i have used what are the terms i have taken from this equation minus r a alone if minus r a alone where do i put it you check my notes is it dc by dt no no you introduce it yeah where conduction end what was it i told you all reaction engineers are steady state people correct no i told that where is the convection term there okay so out of all these terms how many terms we have taken and what are those terms minus r a and that is all only those two you see how much simplification we have done so we said that unsteady state i am not bothered because i am only steady state guy okay so this term has gone by plug flow assumption you have been telling all the time that action mixing equal to zero without understanding why so when action mixing equal to zero means d a equal to zero right so then what is the radial mixing infinity so this is infinity so i cannot put infinities in the equation so then how can i eliminate this term good question you see we said infinity fusion infinity is you cannot put in any equation you cannot solve it r tends to zero means there is no reactor very happy correct no when r tends to zero where is the reactor reactor disappears dc is zero because it is uniform no throw where is the gradient see those things i say please try to sharpen your brain okay go to central workshop okay open your brain okay so otherwise i think it is not happening so many things i am telling you but i think still it is not sharpened you are not at that ignition point okay so i want to see some ignition in the minds okay you see now this is a very general expression and you know teaching wise also i can tell you highly mathematical people there are very large number of professors who are very happy writing the equations on the board okay so they are not wrong because their approach is different and engineers approach may be different okay i mean practical people approach may be different so what idea is i take whatever is necessary and we write the balance equations that is one way whatever is necessary for plug flow we said that by assumption there is no axial mixing the radial mixing equal to infinity and flat velocity profile these two also enough okay and of course all the time taken by each and every particle is same all that assumptions will tell me that you do not have axial mixing you do not have radial sorry you have infinite radial mixing so these two terms i drop and then i write only this equation simply what is entering what is leaving and then we write and develop the equation that is one way of approach the other way of approaching is that you take the most general expression take all non-idealities into account okay so then you now develop and write an equation this is the that kind of equation where all the terms we have taken all the phenomena that is happening in the tubular reactor we have taken right we have taken that we have axial mixing we have taken that we also have radial non-uniformity that means it is not infinite okay there is some change with the change in the conversion along the radius you know when that can happen it can happen in packed beds and i told you all packed beds can be imagined first approximation as plug flow why you know flat velocity profile what is the kind of velocity profile you will get in a packed bed so i have packing here okay i am sending the reactor there it is coming out this is packed bed so when it is entering you assume that you know it is entering state as it is entering by plug flow that means before that i have uniform velocity profile and you know there are many assumptions like this is only academician way of representing the packed bed but in reality you will never have packed bed like this so you will have a pipe like that right if you have a pipe then all this will go because it has to expand slowly you know so that is why before putting all this into the packed bed you just draw here itself cone right your actual reaction should start from here why you are doing all this i am doing all that so that i can easily quantify in terms of mathematical equations so if i do that then it approaches almost you know this plug flow and from there it moves as plug flow the velocity profile is assumed most of the time like this and again you have to use here high renors numbers what are the high renors numbers for turbulent region in packed bed 500 and above almost flat velocity profile and in packed beds you can easily get this that is why low renors numbers itself you are able to get that because the there will be small fluctuations that is later right so because this kind of uniformity will come because of this solid presence when you have the solids those things will try to balance the flow somewhere here it goes faster somewhere it goes slower but and the average again that goes faster this goes slower so if you look at that on the average you have only flat velocity profile that is our assumption at the end so that is why please remember all packed beds are imagined as packed bed reactors that is the first assumption right then if you say that okay no i do not want to take only ideal plug flow so i want to take axial mixing that is the first non-ideality ideal mixing non-ideality because ideality will simplify my equations okay good that is the one so then second one is radial radial can occur here because you know any reactor or any reaction will be reaction will be either exothermic or endothermic so imagine that i have the exothermic reaction easy to remember hot means easy to remember okay so then i will put a jacket outside this then of course it enters and then comes out right so then it is exothermic reaction throughout the bed the reaction is taking place right so then when it reaction is taking place throughout the bed then you will have now temperature maximum wear and you are removing heat continuously yeah at the walls you will have yeah at the center you will have maximum temperature and at the walls you have yeah some temperature which is you know which depends on the coolant and all that so that is why now you have a temperature gradient at the center you have more and at the wall you have less so temperature gradient is there so whenever you have the temperature gradient now concentration gradient also comes into picture correct no how because you have gas phase reaction how do you calculate concentration partial pressure divided by R into T now the temperature is changing at the center you have high temperature that means you will have low concentration and at the wall you will have low temperature that means you have high concentration that means there is a concentration gradient which is not allowed for ideal plug flow so that has to be taken into account if you are really worried about that because i think in packet beds you have to really worry about that you know the size of the packet beds in industry it starts with may be 1.5 1.5 feet right 1.5 2 3 and it can go to even 5 5 feet means 5 feet 5 feet means may be 6 feet means 2 meters okay so then you can imagine how much that so that big diameter packet beds so that is why heat removal also is the biggest problem in packet beds you cannot put only outside jacket sometimes you have to put also inside heat removal systems inside here like this so all this will disturb the flow right so that is why the real expression what you have to use and when you are also studying the first time then unsteady state also will come into picture you have to solve this equation and then you have to find out when the steady state comes like you know most of the process control graphs will be with time and variable how it go it goes like this like this like this that is what is steady state okay so we are not bothered about all that we are only bothered about that particular thing you know you have seen many times response curves will be always it goes up goes like this goes like this sometimes it shoots up like this like this like this goes like that okay so that is why for starting point you also should have this term this term this term and all other terms you should have and then you have to solve that is what is the most difficult expression it is not that easy to solve okay so you do not have an analytical solution for even simple expression there right you have to go for some numerical technique where you have to use delta r here delta z here delta c a delta t so finite difference methods various methods are there you can always see you see I mean how complicated the reactor design expression the moment I go to the real world that is why I want to be in Levenspiel's world Levenspiel's world is imagine the world beautiful very simple problems and with jokes and all that so but the real problems you will see in Smith book James Smith chemical engineering kinetics particularly if you see the last few chapters 13 chapter I think 14 chapters non catalytic reactions 13 chapter if you see you will definitely see wonderful problems solved by him one dimension this is two dimensional this is two dimensional okay that is axial direction and also radial direction he has really solved the examples all this of course we will discuss more in chemical reactor you know chemical and catalytic reaction engineering next semester okay good so this is what is about the packet bed reactors and minus r a sir minus of minus r a death minus r a in place of minus r a if it is a first order reaction k c a sign problem okay that you can take care of when you are writing for when you are writing for which component okay yeah that is okay I mean that minus sign you can take care of that properly when you are writing for either reactant or product so that is not a problem okay so but only thing is you have to see that correctly what are the other terms that are there and what also bother about sign because you can also realize that when you use wrong equation concentration will be increasing instead of decreasing correct no because if you mistake that so then I think you can really check but I don't think any student as far as I know I have solved this equation using all the terms do you know anyone who solved I don't think m2 calls who is m2 calling we are talking okay I don't think do you think object we don't know I think project also I don't know anyone who has done it that is what I am trying to say okay so that is what this is also a good project for you where you have tremendous learning good mathematics we have to use good physics we have to use and then you have to calculate what do you calculate concentration if it is isothermal reaction and if it is non-isothermal then similar equation exactly will come for temperature so concentration profile and temperature profile that is what smithya has solved in that book temperature profile and concentration profile okay transport phenomenon approach is just nothing but transport phenomenon approach and even transport phenomenon also I don't think anyone will will talk about this equation so much because this mass transfer reactions coming in the last chapter no so by the time you come there you are already tied because this moment of transfer and heat transfer will kill you so I think that I think in only first chapter you do and then you read other things you never read anyway so that is how I think transport phenomena also we don't go deeper right good anyway so that is the one and I have also not given the actual graph for that equation V by f not equal to 0 to xa dxa by minus r a right so this is what we are plotting so you can tell me how we have to plot this is xa this is 1 by minus r a please make a habit of immediately marking x and y coordinates what is that simply don't draw two lines and then draw the curve right I mean that should go to you into your blood as engineers not only engineers anyone has to do that initial converse 0 yeah first of first I have to draw 1 by minus r a versus xa right so initially minus r a into k c a k into see first order if I take for example k into c a not is c a not square if it is second order reaction then I will have some value it is not 0 right yeah so somewhere it starts here and then finally when r is 0 that should happen when I have 99% conversion almost it is going to 0 so it goes so in between it may go like this but this is not the universal shape I am drawing there actual first order half order and also 0th order all that you can plot you will get slightly different curves right so general curve only I am drawing so x f I am just show that is what my conversion is 90% conversion for example so then area under the curve will be yeah in fact I just plotted only this side it is our elementary calculus which we learnt in school probably we have forgotten also in school right but here we are using that elementary calculus y dx this is nothing but y dx y dx means we will remember correct now integral y dx is area this 1 by minus r a is y for me so that simply becomes y dx right so that is area under the curve this will give me v by f a not okay so then if it is a new reactor I should assume what is x a f correct no for a new reactor you are designing a new reactor so then you have to calculate volume that means you draw a line because x a f you know x a f you know you assume 90% draw a line and then count the area if you are doing simply graphical integration then that will give you v by f a not what do you do if I have the volume already and then I want to find out conversion what do you do I know the volume I have 1 meter cube what is the conversion how do I use this graph why so much time tell us where is the concentration we are talking about the same graph we are not redrawing any other graph at all that because these are the things which you are going to do when I give you the assignment anyway I think this mood and all that I think you know it depends on its mood these moods are not matching so that is why I think please collect all that and we will go to the simple assumptions and then I think we will go I will upload whatever I want I will give the fund of people like that it is simple for me if you I think collect already some many people have given please give your emails and when I really expert become expert in mood then I will tell you you also go and see mood because I am not restricted every time I do not have that much time to learn also if I have that much time I will learn otherwise there is another simple because I think yes mail will go to all the people throughout the institute may be I think yes mail for MS I mean for chemical separate we have only for CHE anyway okay so but here what we do is we now start counting the area first so V by F A naught I know because 1 meter cubed I know divided by F A naught I know because F A naught is input for us then you start counting the number of that area number of squares and then finally whenever you are getting this value draw the line that is the conversion and that you have to do anyway when you are not able to integrate analytically otherwise you can go for some other numerical technique so these are the things which you have to and now you have to stop there are some applications also for this plug flow reactor you know applications instance say that I want to give you some real life examples like thermal cracking of hydrocarbons quickly you know that reactions conducted in P F R that you write reactions conducted in P F R because then you know you will also have a feel that you know we are not talking just like that reactions conducted in P F R just below that what you write homogeneous reactions homogeneous reactions you would have heard of these things but I think probably you may not know this thermal cracking of hydrocarbons to ethylene that is one thermal cracking of hydrocarbons to ethylene you know ethylene what do you get ethylene you are producing what is the use of ethylene polymerization so that is what I think you also should know what is the use of that second one is oxidation of nitric oxide you know why oxidation of nitric oxide is done one of the steps all gas gas gas gas homogeneous reaction this step comes for producing nitric acid that is intermediate step for nitric acid and incidentally this is the only third order reaction example I do not know other reactions but this is one of the if someone asks you in interview what is the third order because third orders are not many okay first orders are many second orders are many third orders are not many but if someone asks you because it is not many people may ask what is the third order reaction can you give an example this one this goes straight to stoichiometry this is two moles two one third order with respect to this second order with respect to this first order third order reaction okay so I think this step comes in HNO3 production next one sulfonation of olefins olefins what are olefins you remember organic that is why chemistry gopinath we should have when we studied we studied five chemistries organic one organic two inorganic one inorganic two and general chemistry physical chemistry later I think totally till three years we have studied six semesters at that time it is five years course around six semesters we have studied so I mean doesn't mean that we remember weird thing but you know that much chemistry exposure is there I think you will really appreciate chemical engineering right what is olefins double brand things also can be called as olefins so cn h2n cn h2n or olefins sulfonation what why we do sulfonation detergents so that is why for every reaction we have some use but unfortunately we are not telling you you are also not bothered to know okay good that is one so next one is fourth one decomposition of acetyldehyde decomposition of acetyldehyde the reaction is CH3 gas sorry CH3 CHO gas giving a CH4 gas plus CO gas CO gas so to get methane for example acetyldehyde decomposition okay and CO also then phosphine decomposition you heard of this reaction phosphine decomposition oh I think getting late know phosphine decomposition so that is for pH3 gas giving us P4 gas plus 6 H2 gas you know the beauty of the reaction one 4 moles giving 7 moles so disaster if you put this in plug flow reactor expansion is too much you know so then you know here beautifully it comes what is T bar mean residence time and what is tau all that will come here so these are homogeneous reactions for heterogeneous reactions sulfon dioxide oxidation ammonia synthesis ammonia synthesis and sulfon dioxide oxidation okay these two are enough


You're welcome back. Our next hot topic is getting it right on International Day of the Girl Child. And so let's use this time to say happy Girl Child Day to every girl, no matter the age. Okay, so we're going, we are being joined by Francesca Obunaya, a broadcast journalist and women in leadership advocate who will be helping us make sense of whatever is surrounding the celebration of International Day of the Girl Child. Good morning and welcome to the program. Good morning. It's nice being here. Okay, I understand. Okay, happy, happy Girl Child Day to you. Thank you very much. Thank you very, very much. Okay, so the theme for this year is invest in girls' rights, leadership, well-being. Let's try to understand what made the international body choose this team. Okay, first of all, the celebration of the Girl Child has come of age and then, and I think before now is the much of talk talk talk with that much of actions, I think that's that would be one of the things that formed the decision to team today's celebration in that manner. Because we've been talking, it's time to invest, because without proper investment, all our talks would be nothing but rhetoric. I think that's why the United Nations and all the bodies decided to concentrate more on investing in the Girl Child. The governments, the laws of agencies, they've been doing much on talking about the Girl Child with that much of physical investment and relatable investment. So I think that's why we have to actually make it explicit this time around. We have to invest in the rights of the Girl Child, investing her well-being, investing her education and everything about the Girl Child. We're asking for investment now. We're not saying, we're saying less of the talk. People have talked too much about the Girl Child. Most of you have just paid too much high 30 feet and leave 30 feet to the issues concerning the Girl Child. We want to see, we want to see investments and that's why. So what is it that the Girl Child needs that every other child does not need? Because you're advocating for the Girl Child, the Boy Child is not being considered. So what are the special things that are missing from the lives of a Girl Child that must be concentrated upon? Okay, I have to look at you from the Nigerian context. In the Nigerian context, as long as you're born a girl, you're already losing one zero to demand. It's like that. Because first of all, have a look at the social cultural factors that hinders a Girl Child from actually maximizing his or her destiny. For example, most of us girls in homes where they will tell you a girl, go and you concentrate more on cooking because you consume more on running house just because you are expected to end up getting married to a man who they would send to school or send to go and learn hand work. So they don't really, it's expected, it's such a cultural, some cultures, you have it in the southeast part of the country where I come from, you have it in the northern part of the country, a Girl Child is actually not expected to do much. They're expected to actually groom yourself or be groomed only for you to get married. So, and but that's not unlike, they can be whatever the men are, especially in leadership. They can be whatever the men are, even in career, want to tell the Girl Child to stop asking questions, which is what social culturally they are not allowed to in many cultures in Nigeria. A girl is not supposed to ask questions, you're not supposed to be heard, you're not supposed to speak, you're only supposed to speak when you're asked to speak. Some many places in Igbo culture, there are many places in Malwa, even in southwest, they'll say, no, you're a woman, don't go there, don't touch land, don't, you are not supposed to build, you're not supposed to own homes. Then you, so far with your parents, so far with your parents, maybe along the line where your parents are trying to raise wealth for the family, build houses, you are denied some certain things as much as they deny your brothers. But when they are gone, when your parents are gone, they'll say you cannot inherit because you're a girl child, then the point begins to inherit. Forgetting that when your parents were building their houses, you were denied some comforts just like the boys, so that they can raise this money for whatever they were building. And when they finish their day, deny you those accesses. So, so many things, especially in Nigeria is concerned, you are already disadvantaged as a girl child. So, and that's why we want to see more about the girl child and asking more for the girl child. So, is it a matter of policy or just a matter of orientation of the people that you're seeking? The orientation of policy works together. For example, policies are collections of sexual beliefs, orientation, conventions around, they all come together to make policies. And policies in turn influence orientation. Whatever make up policies today as for the girl child, the generation of my granddaughters, I wouldn't say my daughters because my daughters are already experienced, so I'm a vegetarian now, and the generation of my grandchildren, my granddaughters will now begin to have a totally different orientation as a result of the form of the policies that I and my generation must have made today. So, they work hand in hand, time plus one. Okay. So, is that the investment you're talking about, or there's something more to this investment you're asking for? The investment we're asking for, we're asking for investment, legal frameworks, legislative actions towards the girl child, what we look for policies, what's established bodies that will be responsible for the girl child. We're asking for ministry for the girl child, a ministry dedicated for the girl child, to the girl child and for the girl child. We're asking for proper agencies, capital of ministries of the girl child, even there are some state government that have established special advisor on the girl child, something something, the girl child. That's not enough. We're asking for a full-blown ministry on the girl child. A girl child needs to be encouraged. A girl child is a job who has been told for many years that she cannot be what she wants to be. And if you want to make them understand they cannot be what they want to be. You have to put your success in place to make them go to school, to make them, make the environment favorable for their employment. A girl child's advantage in so many ways, you want to go get a job.  But a higher man who is of same age with you. Why? Because some of them will categorically tell you, we realize that you just got married, maybe they are going to see you. We are latex or they've done some background check on you, they say, we realize you just got married recently. So you're expecting a child, right? It's there. Okay, if we hire you now, what happens if you become pregnant? But a man who is of same age with you, who also got married, will not be asked those questions. He will be hired. We are not getting hired on our computers. We get hired based on, they have to consider some factors before they hire us. These are issues we are trying to look at.  And we need ministries to enforce this. We need legislative actions to enforce this. We want girls to be speaking and women to speak out. Shouldn't that just be a department in some of the ministries that we have? Women affairs, humanitarian ministry, so many other ministries that could talk directly to the welfare of the child and especially the girl child. Why do you need a full-blown ministry? If it cannot work in the ministries that are existing now, how do you think a full-blown ministry will work? Okay. Before now, people didn't know that the full-blown ministry on humanitarian services would work until people began to take that into actions. A girl child is not a woman. A girl child is a child from the point where she was born as a child. As a child, she went, she's like 35, 40. That's the whole lifespan. A girl child, a minister of the girl child, we consider the area of abuses, sexual abuses, supplied by young girls, molestation. A minister of the girl child would take care of the issue of education, social cultural factors, courses, customs, young girls are not allowed to go to a school. A minister of the girl child would talk about women who get abused, especially young women who get forced into marriage. So many, so many about the girl child. So much more about the girl child. Women are totally different. Women affairs is totally different. So I think we should concentrate on the girl child. But if you get a girl child perfectly raised, you have a well-groomed woman. Okay, let me not ask what is on my mind right now. How far are you going with this advocacy to the people that need to get the right policies in place and all that? What is the level of success that you have achieved over the years? Okay, over the years we worked with agencies, over the years we worked with physicians, but like I said, most of the time they end up talking, talking, talking with their actions. That's why most of us are not really girl child activists. Most of us are women and leadership advocates. We all decided to encourage women to get into political offices. It is when women like us get into political offices, we can dedicate them to advocate for our own daughters, to our own girl child. A man doesn't really understand what we go through. They don't know what it means for you to wake up and get molested by your father. They don't know what it means to get molested by somebody you're selling.   They don't understand. They don't get to children. Nine months they don't understand what it means. So that's why I encourage women to get into political offices. Especially legislative offices where laws will be made. Even the executive, we don't know about this appointment. We're out of our stance. We're people suggesting some of the men will serve, to the governor to serve and you know and they'll say okay, this is your policy. My mind's one. We're coming back to the law. We're asking women get into political offices. We have lost a lot in 2023. Let us make the goods of 2027, strive, work hard, get this position so that we can personally advocate for our God children. Nobody can feel our folks better than ourselves. Yeah, as you talk to the policy makers and everybody who is concerned, the stakeholders who will help bring this about, how much are you also talking to the women folk? Because sometimes there is this general understanding that the problem of women is the women themselves. So how much are you? I want to just stop that. I want to quickly correct that notion. People go about saying women, they end up saying women are supporting women. It's just a list of women. The problem of women is not true. Men fighting the nationalism, they break their head. Are they not men? On the state deputies versus government, are they not men? Go everywhere. But in most state government has just removed his deputy and replaced with the woman. What was happening between them? Men fight men every day, but nobody talks about it. But one single thing between man and woman and women, they say, no, I want you to know today that the problem of a woman is not a woman. The problem of a woman is the social cultural factors. The problem of a woman is the society we find ourselves. The problem of women are men like you. Who don't want to feel that women should not be on top of them. So go on. When you said men like you, I was looking at myself like, are you saying that I don't want women to succeed? Anyway, this is how much we can take on this segment. But if you can in one minute, in one minute, yes, 60 seconds, what would you tell the National Assembly if you had the opportunity to stand before them? Okay. Like I said, first of all, I would also don't suggest push out the economy for the minister of God chart. That's number one. That's number one. You know, I want to have to employ them to make laws that will make forms for women, elected positions, you know, free and set up a fund bank specifically for sponsoring many politics. So that makes it because politics is capital intensity. And with that politics, we can't get legislative offices, we can't get people in place of authority yet and it can affect changes in the life of our God chart. All right. Thank you so very much, Francis. Allisa Obonaya for coming on the show this morning. Thank you very much. Okay, Francis. Allisa Obonaya is a broadcast journalist and woman in leadership advocate. She was talking to us on how to get right on the day that we're celebrating the girl child, which is today 11th of October 2023. And remember, the theme for this year is invest in girls' rights. Leadership are well-being. We do hope that in your small corner, wherever you are, you're making sure that that girl child is heard, is seen and is recognized because of her ability and the right to be a full human being with all the rights that everybody else enjoys. And eventually, this is how we're going to wrap it up on the show this morning. We're hoping that you had a wonderful time and let's do it again, same time tomorrow. On behalf of the entire family of the breakfast show on the Plus TV Africa, my name is Nyam Gul Akgaji saying thank you for being there.