I'm glad that you managed to find your way to our new room for the department of seminars for the rest of the term because of exams. We'll be here from now on, and it's my pleasure to introduce our speaker for today, Lauren Gunn, who doesn't really need an introduction because she's one of our homegrown speakers if you want. Lauren's been at South since 2015 with the ELDP post-doc project and is sadly leaving us to go back to Australia to Latrobe but we're happy that she's been here for a few more months sort of doing both things at the same time. I'm really happy to be here because sadly it's not as often as you would like necessarily that you get a chance to hear your colleagues exciting research and this is things that I sort of feel that I've heard little bits of so I'm really happy to hear about the findings. So yeah, over to you Lauren. Thank you very much Hannah. Hannah and I have sent me regular writing meetings and so she's heard about this at the more painful stages of the process in the data coding and kind of preliminary writing phase so today I'm going to present something a little bit more cohesive than maybe what she's been used to hearing. Today I'm going to share with you kind of the thing that I've been working on the most continuously while here as an ELDP post-doc which is beginning to look at the gestural repertoire of Shuba speakers in narratives. If for some reason you would like the slides I don't have a printed handout but there's a link there the link will be at the end of the slides as well or just get in touch with me and I'll send them to you. So I'm going to talk about two different gestures today after a kind of brief introduction to kind of why we might care about looking at gesture in this community and in this context I'm going to look at one that's called the Rotated Palms Interrogative and one that is a gesture that's used with negation. And these two have been my focus largely because of this single example that I have here.  I'll just play it a couple of times and have a look at the movement of Pathang Maya's hands while she's telling this story. So this is a story that is in a really nicely illustrated picture book that a student in Singapore put together for me while I was a post-doc at NTU. It comes from this telling of the story and it's about this old woman who lives alone and she's just quite miserly and she gets very upset when the crows come to eat her food and she complains. And then there's a very nice kind of I guess charred and froid a moment at the end where the crows eat her food. She has no food and she dies. And then in the afterlife, because she told the crows to kind of get stuffed, they managed to reciprocate in the next life.  But here she's complaining she has no food and as Pathang Maya is talking as the woman, you'll see she makes some gestures. Oh, except that this is going to be fun because I don't have audio. Just a moment.  Let's try this again. Let that person come in. I'm not entirely convinced we're going to have sound. It's one thing I should be testing. There we go. We'll go back to the start. So this is possibly not the most exciting examples of gestures you may be expecting but we have some very small movements of the hands there but these rotations seem to be moving in two different directions and they seem to have two different functions. So we have a rotation upwards. She's asking what should I do? She says I have nothing to eat. She moves her hands back down. And so there's a kind of a question and that involves an upward movement and there's discussion of having nothing and that involves some kind of downward movement. And it was watching her tell this story and then watching her tell it many, many more times during the transcription process. I was interested in what was happening with those gestures and also in other narratives where I saw other speakers making similar hand movements and so pulling apart what is happening with those very subtle hand movements there. They're very easy to miss or not pay much attention to what they can tell us about the way speakers structure their language, what they can tell us about the relationship between gesture and speech. This is one of a couple of slides I have in this talk which I like to think of as my like performed authenticity slides. Here's some nice, some field work but it kind of gives you an idea of the context in which we film these stories. So what has happened in the Schubert documentation process and that's been a really nice process for me because it's been driven as much by the interests of what the community want to have recorded and what they're interested in documenting as their language, as it has been by my linguistic interests. And so what usually happens is that I will turn up with a camera and then we'll have a chat and we'll go visit some people. So here we have Karma and we'll see some of his recordings later on. That is actually Pasang Maya over there and our language documentation kitten which came along for this session here. So we kind of go along and there's a bit of a process of discussion. It's a live cat. It's not a dead cat which is a useful tool in recording. This is a live cat, not so useful but very cute. And so what happens is we kind of go with the camera. We kind of have a bit of a negotiation about what is to be recorded and then people share with us kind of stories or oral histories. So a lot of what you'll see today in the recordings is people either sharing folk tales or kind of personal history or history of life in this community. And that's been really nice for me. In fact, I have completely stepped aside from the filming. One of the younger guys took a real interest in it. And so I don't even perform this level of performed authenticity often in the documentation. This is the kind of background on what gesture has been studied in this area. You don't need to read any of the text because the answer is basically nothing. So Shuba is a Tabeto-Burman language, one of about 480 languages in the Tabeto-Burman family. We have almost no research into the relationship between speech and gesture in the family at all. I found an unpublished master's dissertation so I have something to put on the slide. That's great. And in terms of research into gesture in Nepal, we have very little. Again, I found a kind of one subset of one study that was in Nepal and Laos and Thailand. So this has been the kind of complete lack of literature both within the area and within the language family has been part of my primary motivation for wanting to create a better account of what people are doing with their gestures during narrative in Shuba as part of the documentation process. I think that's really important. A lot of the time people who work on gesture kind of trot out these, when people talk they do this with their hands and it means this and that is really grounded in a very limited set of studies. So this is a slightly facetious map that I've put together of languages in which we have at least one published study on the gestural repertoire of the speakers. And what we see is there is a slight gap in the literature also known as South Asia and so this study is trying to fill one tiny part of that gap. I have to say though, even compared to when I started looking at the gesture literature five or ten years ago, there are a lot more points on this map than there were. It was very, very much and it still is today focused on that continent. To give you a bit more background on to the language into the language itself, my research has been on a cluster of languages that are kind of the Yolmo languages. I did my PhD with Lumjun Yolmo speakers. They're called Kagate on the map here but the Shuba speakers I've been working with on and off for the last kind of six or seven years to document their language and the last three years we've had an opportunity to really build that documentation. Although they have a different language name and cultural group name and that name is currently in flux as well, they are linguistically related to this larger chain of languages. So at some point two to four hundred years ago people moved across the Himalaya and settled in the Malumchi and Hulumbu valleys and that is where the kind of traditional Yolmo communities are and then one to two centuries ago we had groups migrate to Lumjun to the Shuba speaking area and down to Ilam and all about the same size, one to one and a half thousand speakers in these isolated groups and they've remained isolated up until recently. I was very excited and lucky to go to Ilam as part of the documentation of Shuba. I took a couple of Shuba guys with me there and that's quite a very different landscape. It's full of tea plantations whereas Shuba speakers and other Yolmo speakers live in much more rugged mountainous rather than hilly terrain. So they all live in hills or mountains to some extent. They have been isolated, they're increasingly making intergroup links but the projects have begun to kind of document all of those. The corpus of materials that I am using for today's analysis is kind of a subset of the larger set of materials that we've built for the ELDP project and for my post-doc at NTU in Singapore before this. So we now have in the corpus actually this is a bit out of date, we probably have about 15 hours of recordings in Shuba across a range of narratives. For this today I have worked with four hours of transcribed materials with 10 participants. They're archived, I've given the link for paradisec there, they're also about to be live on ELAR as well. You can access those. Every recording I talk about today has a reference code so you can find the recording at the archive if you want to listen to it again or see the example or see the example in its larger context. Because it is a somewhat opportunistic corpus we're sometimes limited by for example a lack of very good light in this middle panel here, but this was the only day these gentlemen were in town so we kind of had to make the most of it. You can kind of make him out that it's a bit hard there. Otherwise with Passaung Maya and a lot of the others were sitting outside so the light is great, it occasionally gets a bit windy. And part of it is always, people always like to kind of look at the videos afterwards and I think that's an important part of the process is making sure people feel comfortable with the recordings we've made so that they feel comfortable with the idea that I will show them to other people. From that four hours there are about 20 tokens of the rotated palms gesture and there are 13 tokens of this away negative gesture, both of which I will look at in this talk. And the full set of tokens for each is given in slides at the end of this talk. They're very unexciting, detailed, oriented slides. It will give the speaker the time in the recording the speech and a translation. So this is some work that I presented at the International Gesture Society Conference back last summer and I'm now in the process of writing up on the repeated palms interrogative gesture. So this is that upward movement that we saw in Pasangmaye's recording and if you have ever worked or lived or travelled through the larger kind of Indian influenced area this gesture may not be entirely unfamiliar to you. In its use without speech it can be more emblematic so it can this is a gesture that can be used without speech and if I do this to someone it would mean something like what are you doing if I did something like that with a bit of a head flick it usually means where you're going. So it has a pretty stable meaning in the absence of speech and I have this kind of just some illustration of its broader use so on the left here we have two of the Ilam Yulmu speakers and one of them used this gesture during one of his narratives. This is a photo I took of a woman through a window in a public square in Kathmandu, a very lovely example of kind of valley architectural carving there but also a really nice example of gesture so something for everyone in that photograph and the photo on the right is a woman in this was a photo that was attached to a lot of Facebook posts and public media post the night the 2015 earthquakes in Nepal and the rotated hands along with the shrug indicates a meaning of like well in Nepal it's kerkane and it's kind of a meaning of like what are you going to do it has a kind of fatalistic quite quite useful if you've ever had to navigate Kathmandu traffic or if you've ever had to sit at kind of immigration lines in Kathmandu this is a very useful one what are you what are you going to do there's it's beyond your control. So the kind of you know this woman with her fatalistic shrug of what are you going to do and the crumbled building in the background kind of encapsulates a lot of the sentiment as people were trying to put their lads together after the earthquake and the orientation of the hands I'll talk about but it can be kind of open like this or up like this. So this gesture occurs kind of around questions and so just to kind of give you a a brief introduction to questions in the language there's no change in word order but you'll often get a bit of rising intonation. There are a variety of question types and they'll be relevant when we're talking about kind of the functions of this and they're the question types you get in in all languages polar questions where there's a kind of one or two options alternative when you're given multiple constrained options other than just yes and no and then content questions which are kind of more open in terms of how you can respond. And I've done a bit of work with the question structure in Llamjongilmu which is closely related in terms of the evidential structure. So there's a set of evidentials that mark source of knowledge and these are about anticipating so if I ask you a question I will try and use the evidential that I think you are most likely to respond with which is not the same for evidential languages across the world. There are a variety of strategies languages use and so this is kind of what we know syntactically but we need to build a bigger picture of the pragmatics of interrogativity and how that works in these languages. I think sometimes you know we get as far as being out of kind of pick out the basic syntactic functions but it's good to have a bigger picture idea of this. So the thing with the command gestures kind of fun or challenging or very frustrating to work with sometimes is that they have compared to what you might be used to with syntactic features a great deal of underspecification in terms of how they're performed so what you're going to see in the discussion of the features and today I'll be looking at the handshape the orientation which hand people use and the trajectory or movement of the hands not all gestures conform on all dimensions to the kind of summary that I'm giving but what I hope that I can kind of convey to you is that all of these gestures are kind of of a broad type. So as I mentioned the handshape tends to have um as I kind of was doing but it can have a kind of a seven hand or a pistol hand kind of shape or it can be a bit looser but there's usually some kind of you know if you if you wanted to really over articulate this as an emblem in the absence of speech you might do a kind of full clenching in of these fingers an extension of your thumb an index finger um but often what we find is in speech it's a very underspecified so that introductory example from Pasang Maya it's hardly more than just a little flick and the hands aren't particularly loosely or tightly bunched. The hand orientation as I mentioned can vary um either it can be horizontal or it can be vertical um my again kind of only looking at this corpus but also um bringing in kind of anecdotal examples that I can think of in the face to face uh while talking using these with speech orientation tends to be this kind of horizontal um but in the absence of speech when trying to use them emblematically you get a more vertical example and this is a really nice just illustration of that. This photo on the end here is of a young Shuba speaking man at his wedding um and in this really noisy environment he's kind of trying to signal someone far away and he's kind of sending them this kind of question the question is possibly what's happening or what are you doing um but in the absence of speech it has a more vertical orientation and um I have a to kind of show that these things aren't always fixed and they can be kind of played with in interaction I have a really nice example from Kathmandu and a speaker of Newar who I lived with um and Nepali so this is not a Shuba speaker but as we were approaching each other on the busy street um and I kind of we didn't expect to see each other um walking down a street near the house and as we're approaching each other I get this from her and so instead of being a kind of publicly displayed use of the gesture it's just it was just a little flick around and so this is kind of a personal use of the gesture even in a public space so orientation although I say you know it's either vertical or horizontal um these things can be played with in context um the handedness of this gesture so whether people perform at one-handed or two um varies depending on speaker which given that everyone who's in this corpus was only recorded on one day it may be that there's inter-speaker variation it may be depending on the context the speaker is more likely to use one hand or two um Larchel on the right here is a fabulous over articulator of gestures um both for this and for the other gesture that I'll look at in both cases whatever the most extreme handshape or trajectory is going to be you can put money on in the fact that it's going to be Larchel who's going to be my example for that um whereas Jude here has he spent the entire recording fiddling with bits of grass from the so he always had his other handful so it's not clear if it's a preference for one-handed or he was just kind of distracted by fidgeting um but there's there's a mixed preference and there seems to be a mixed preference in terms of we saw the young guy in the still photo was using one hand the old woman with her kind of shrug in the earthquake was using two so the handedness doesn't appear to be particularly fixed um in terms of the trajectory speakers move their hands upwards um or they just rotate them from wherever they're resting at that point um it seems like the upward movement is a a thing that can happen but it's the rotation of the hand that's primary here and uh interestingly or kind of a thing to discuss more broadly is that we know cross linguistically the gestures that are palm upward tend to get convey some sense of presentation to people um so i'm kind of i'm presenting you with an idea or the topic of conversation or something very concrete and physical like miming a tray or something but um palm upward gestures tend to have a sense of showing stuff um the rotation and interrogativity appear to be somewhat interrelated um so when i presented this at ISGS Adam Kenden who spent many years working with Australian Aboriginal Sign Languages was like oh are we exactly the same function with exactly the same kind of gesture occurs in these languages and obviously the fact that it is exactly the same is to some degree kind of the kind of coincidence where the word for dog is the same in English and Baba Ram sometimes there's a bit of just a confluence of um chance but to the same extent i think that there is something about the way and we'll see this more strongly with the negative away gesture that i'll come to in a minute is that there is something about the turning of the hand that indicates the kind of metaphorical so to speak kind of turning over of the the responsibility in the interaction so i'm kind of if i'm asking a question i'm kind of moving the burden of the interaction over to the other speaker and the opening of the hands upward but the rotation seems to be part of that in terms of the function of this gesture um as an interrogative it tends to have three broad functions and i will go through these um these functions are all a pragmatic function so when a lot of people think about gestures the first things they think about are diactics which point to stuff um or iconic gestures that refer to objects in the real world um so i might refer to um my cup of coffee that i had earlier um or to the computer and these kind of represent physical things um another function that gestures can have and that this gesture is having is marking something about the pragmatic structure of the interaction um and here we move from pragmatic functions that are very much grounded in the overtly grammatical nature of interrogativity and move through to something a bit more abstract than that so i'll go through those the first is that it occurs with interrogative utterances um in the examples that i have it tends to give it a bit of an interrogate a rhetorical sense um that might just be because i have a lot of narratives where people are saying quite rhetorical kind of silly questions um again we have Parthang Maya and the story of the the crows and she's like well what do i have to eat so this is the example that we saw earlier she's saying she's sandy what do i so when she says what do i eat she turns her hands this way it's a bit facetious she's like well what am i going to eat i've got she doesn't have anything that is abundantly clear from the story um but the uh because it's kind of a question that she really wants to impress upon her interlocutor you know i don't have anything crows what am i going to eat um that's kind of what the gesture helps to mark um we see it here again so during the during the these kind of talking he's like well what do i say and he's kind of he's kind of asking me and the other people who are sitting there while we're recording he's kind of asking himself he doesn't really want an answer it's a rhetorical question but it does have a grammatical question structure and this is another story Parthang Maya had a great collection of stories um this is one about the jackal who tricks someone into admitting that they've done something foolish by doing something foolish and prevent and asking them to um challenging them to kind of admit that the jackal has done something foolish and by extension themselves um and so the jackal puts on uh he rubs his face with coal and he walks past this guy and the guy's like what have you been doing your face is covered in coal what's happening and the jackal's like oh i've been so busy lighting fires in the river and the guy goes well you've been lighting fires in the river like how do you do that and then the jackal says well you can't light a fire in the river can you and you also can't say that your oil extraction machine gave birth to that guy's horse so give that guy's horse back um and so this this very rhetorical question is accompanied by this rotating gesture and she holds it all the way through she holds it through the you also can't light a fire in the river can you so she holds it even for the tag to really enforce the kind of fact that this is a larger rhetorical question we also see that these gestures are used with non-interrogative utterances and in these cases um you might say well it's used without a question so it's not really doing anything questiony um but in these utterances they tend to have either a sense in which the person is posing a hypothetical um or the speaker is uncertain about the content of the utterance um so this is uh talking about the difference between cats and dogs so that was very quick there i have just a a cap to show you that there was a very quick rotation of the hand there um but what we see here is he's posing a hypothetical um cats get fed because they beg this big difference between cats and dogs um dogs don't beg if they begged if it could eat so we have um this kind of quick rotation of the hand there as part of the hypothetical structure and uh in this one we see Sung Boos talking about as though the events were a dream so there's some kind of uncertainty or unreality to the events and so he's kind of not not staking in particular certainty on it in the same way that some people might use an interrogative to mark reduced certainty he's using this hand shape here as part of that we also see here a nice example of a kind of middle ground between this full blown emblematic use um and use that's independent of speech but very closely related to the following content um and so conveniently this is a question we get quite a few times throughout the recordings where people kind of talk and then they're like oh uh what what should I say um and it turns out that these are great as a location for this kind of of gesture it's great for these kind of rhetorical questions so what we see here is karma um is uh he performs the gesture and then there's actually quite a bit of um time between the gesture and the utterance so he says he kind of stops and he's like what do I say and it kind of gives you an example of how this gesture can move away from being something that's closely tied to speech into something that is a full blown emblem by itself without any speech and it still conveys this kind of question sense this corpus obviously doesn't lend itself to the use of this gesture in the absence of speech because it is a corpus designed around people speaking um but what we see with this gesture is that it is um although we have this kind of unified hand shape across the different uses um it can occur in a range of pragmatic functions including with questions in question like scenarios and in the absence of speech um and so what we have now is a much broader idea of interrogativity um in Tuba and how it is used interactively beyond justice in tax but also in terms of of how people engage with that in interaction and how they mark things has been kind of rhetorically interrogative um and that things like hypotheticals their dates might actually be closer to things like interrogativity than a purely grammatical analysis might give you the so we've kind of covered the bit where Pathlmyra in the video puts her hands up so we're like one second in and now we're going to look at the part where pretty soon before after she she flicks her hands down and away and so we will have covered kind of two seconds of the video um in trying to understand what's happening with the gestures in it um so an earlier version of this work was presented at the gesture conference in Portugal earlier this year um and I'm writing it up this week so Hannah we'll get to hear all about the writing process in our next session but for now you kind of you get the the videos and the fun bits so as I mentioned before raising the hands up across the world's languages and the gestural repertoire that they have seems to indicate some kind of often presenting something either concrete or abstract to to your interlocutor there is also a strong set of literature that some use of awareness in the gesture and the awareness might be kind of holding something with your handshape away or it might be the trajectory of movement indicate some kind of negative thing um so unsurprisingly again the majority of this literature comes from European languages um Kenden described this um for Italian and English and we often find in the literature there's a lot of agreement people say you know so for Kenden Italian and English both have the sense that a holding away gesture indicates something that's denied negated interrupted or stopped um we've also seen other people work on English work on French and Spanish and Bressam and Muller have put together a kind of survey paper that draws together a lot of that research um and attempts to define some kind of larger action scheme for the relationship between a way and negation um Bressam has also extended that to Savo Savo which is a Papua language of the Solomon Islands so that is a very exciting Lee not European data point for that and Brooks in her survey of the repertoire of um Galten young men who are so like young black men in urban Johannesburg um in that repertoire set there are quite a few gestures that have some kind of relationship between a way and negation and the kind of the theory is that um the action scheme demonstrates some kind of embodied root of negation so if we move something out of our immediate space then we're kind of absentee it from the discourse space or negating it from the kind of conversational space the Schubert corpus is actually a really useful place to look for the relationship between negation and a wayness um partly because of the genre in which a lot of people speak and something that is kind of can be translated as kind of suffering stories so whereas we might be taught to always put on our braver space and not bore people with sad news and always try and be upbeat in a Schubert narrative what we see frequently is that it is not only perfectly acceptable to talk about your sufferings but it's a way of kind of marking your legitimacy um and to be honest I'm not really like a narrative studies person so I don't want to kind of um over overstate this but um here's a nice uh excerpt from a song that was illustrated as part of the picture book series and this kind of conversational tone is pretty common in the area not just within I would say the Schubert community but kind of across this area more generally so you know we don't have buses we don't have electricity um you know we do it pretty tough but we kind of it's it's a kind of uh you know as an Australian English speaker the battle of mentality um kind of comes to mind pretty quickly like people doing it tough and proud of themselves for doing it tough um but it leads to lots of situations where people talk about what they don't have which is really useful for this kind of gesture analysis um so I'm going to look at one particular away gesture which involves a something of a sweeping away of the hands um I don't want to say that this is the only negation gesture that we get in the language it's part of a larger repertoire I'm just going to be focusing on this one today just to kind of prove there are other negative gestures in the language we conveniently have someone doing a kind of wiping away and a head shake at the same time for saying you can't do something you want to play too much negation it's not going to do it it's not the kind of so he's got the head shake and he's got this kind of wiping gesture they are two things we are not looking at um but I wanted to just kind of let you know that I'm not saying this is the entirety of negation um but it is one function of it so as a kind of overview holistically of this type of away gesture and what it's doing the hands are loose um they tend to um the fingers tend to splay outward and open up towards the end of the stroke of that gesture palms are down there's a kind of a movement away it's often an opening of the hand and just an extension of the finger laquel my great over gesture performer will give you the kind of full forearm movement but for other speakers it's generally just the hand mostly two-handed I only have one example of a one-handed performance so unlike the interrogative where kind of people would do two or one for this both hands seem to be important um and it's aligned with a negative noun phrase which is often a negative indefinite pronoun so it's something like we have nothing or there's no one um and it has a function of pragmatically emphasising the the lack of something in the speech and it's closest to as I said Bressam Emula did this survey um it's closest to their sweeping away type so they sub-categorised the away negative gestures that they had I'll come back to closest to as a phrase um towards the end of this analysis so this is kind of my for me personally the kind of the prototypical performance of this gesture we have two here one where he says we have no roads and one where he says we have no light or electricity it's kind of sweeping away the handshape has a trajectory as I said of down and away and there's a bit of a small rotation there which kind of gives it that sweeping away feeling that Bressam Emula talk about so just now that you've been introduced to the interrogative gesture and now that you have been introduced to kind of the basic idea of this negative away gesture we can revisit um Hasan Maya's uh narrative that I played at the start and you can kind of look at that hand movements again with that in mind so these are pretty underperformed in terms of if you weren't looking for them it would just look like she's kind of moving her hands around a little bit um but they occur in the kind of prototypical area even though the fingers aren't very articulated we get those movements of the hands um yay locale always there with a kind of extreme example so now you've seen these tiny little flicks of the hands um in similar situations we get this from good old locale so we get extension and then even more extension there which is really great and this tends to be this is not quite the same brushing away but it's definitely a moving away trajectory there um the palm downward orientation is still more or less maintained um and we do see some degree of openness from everyone else that definitely not this fully extended um I alternate between wondering if this is like a slightly different gesture or if he is and I think this is possibly more the case just a very exuberant performer when it comes to telling a good story um this is my only example of one-handed use and I don't know if you'll see from this clip or not but I think it comes directly after another one-handed gesture so the fact that it's one-handed might just be constrained by the previous previous gesture use right so I've clicked that he's so he's got one hand down and he's already used his hand for something else and then because it's just sitting there he goes straight into a one-handed performance of the gesture and you really see with Sungwoo this opening out and flicking away handshape um one thing that is really neat about the negative away gesture is how neatly it aligns with the speech um and I say that but this is actually true for a lot of gesture um the integration with speech is incredibly well timed and whenever whenever I teach gesture courses I feel like at least 50% of the courses may just saying really stupidly obvious things but even to this day it completely blows my mind how the human brain works so these people are hitting the stroke so they're hitting the bit where they kind of flick the fingers outward at the start of the negative and the negatives in this language will start with a me or a ma so um as they're saying me or ma their hands are doing this now in order to get your hands to be doing that at the point that you are saying me or ma you had to have started moving them at some earlier point so you have to know and this is like it's pretty obvious in order to do this at this point you have to be doing like the getting to that point earlier but the fact that our brains can know that they're going to have to be hitting this in the speech and this in the gesture but they have to know that an earlier time point constantly amazes me um and what we see consistently there are only one or two examples that don't fit this and I think they both have good narrative reasons why they don't but what we see again and again is that the onset begins at the start of that negative phrase or the onset begins at the start of the noun phrase more or less and the stroke hits the stroke with the negative content um not only is it cool that all the speakers do this across the corpus but this actually conforms to what Harrison has found for English so Harrison looked at the temporal alignment of the stroke and the negative in English and found pretty much the same thing so this is something that is kind of how humans do negation um something is inherent about that node of the negation so in this language it's me or ma in English it would be something like not or won't um but speakers structure their negative utterance and structure their performance of a negative gesture very temporally tied around that that one node in terms of the function the gesture kind of unsurprisingly probably at this point is used to emphasise the negative value of the noun phrase so we don't see this away gesture people aren't saying oh we have roads we have electricity this gesture with the outward away movement only occurs when talking about what they don't have or what the person in the story doesn't have um so if they have nothing um if they've got no electricity if they've got no roads then this gesture is used so the fact that we have some close relationship semantically and functionally between negation and away means that it fits Bressam and Mueller's away family broadly but if we look at their 2014 paper they specifically say that it motivated by keeping or moving things away from the discourse space and I think we can agree that's kind of what's happening but they say that the space is cleared of annoying or otherwise unwanted objects in the discourse and my feeling is that it's very hard to argue that super speakers do not want electricity um or do not want or the the woman in the story did not want food um so I think what we need here is actually a broader approach to the relationship between awareness and negation and this idea of unwanted things doesn't quite fit um because these objects that people very much want so for these what we have is a set of gestures with co-speech pragmatic functions they emphasise negative noun phrases particularly indefinite pronouns um as I said there's no use these occur with positives um it broadens the survey so now we have you know four or five European languages and we've got wow we've got like three non-European languages um that indicate that this relationship between awareness and negation fits with our idea of embodied gestures that we see across different languages um but it also indicates that we need a broader understanding of what that relationship is so there's two studies that I've been working on while I've been at SELAS um it's just another opportunity for some performed authenticity but an opportunity to kind of do something I really like to do in Nepal which is just sit and take stock of all of that you don't really need to take home any of those specific points um but if there was a conclusion of things that I would like you to remember in descending order of importance um video your documentation if I had just made audio recordings I'd be sitting here going hi I vaguely remember she did something weird with her hands but I can't feel like I remember what that is um remember that gesture is part of the linguistic content um so when you're thinking about questions or negation go back and look and see if there is any of this kind of consistent performance of gesture that corresponds with it you don't have to study it yourself you could always drop me an email which is at the end of these talk um you know there are people who are very interested in this stuff who I think would be very interested in seeing more data from languages that are outside of Europe um and those other places and then remember that gesture can be useful in giving you insights into the structure of speech so here we saw that kind of the structure of negation is very consistently performed both lexically and gesturally um the pragmatic function of speech so there are non-interrogatively marked speech hacks that have sentences that seem to have some kind of relationship to interrogativity um in this talk and the embodied nature of cognition so there is something about a lack of something or removing something from the discourse space that relates to negativity and there's something about rotating the hands that appears to be kind of turning over the interactional turn um and that is one of the reasons that I think gesture is cool and one of the nice things about doing this research and having the opportunity to come here and work on an ELDP fellowship is that I can now do this and that has been very satisfying as I promised here are the tokens that I talked about these are the references and I have the slides in the link that is conveniently cropped there but I can send those to you if you would like so thank you very much thank you very much Lauren um do we have any questions comments other people's experiences that they want to to share or draw anecdote always welcome I was just wondering in general is that like this is new to me like with that inversion for the interrogatives that I'm going to do with inversion in syntax as well that people use to make questions don't they we would need a lot more gesture but I mean people and this kind of you know I don't want to even like say words because I'll just hum out with some offensively stereotypical accent but the like twisting your hands and you know this is when I tell people this about the work I'm doing in Nepal people are like well obviously like and I just I just did it yeah obviously that is going to be a question um so the you know we're still figuring out the relationship between these things um but there is but there is no inversion in questions in Shiva yeah they don't happen but if it's all cognitively based then it's yeah I don't I have no feeling for the cognitive basis of lexical inversion in sentence structure but if someone does it cool yeah did you have the so did you segment for the form the gesture and then you turned the sound on and found the all right so there's a paper Bressam and Mueller have a new paper coming out in linguistic vanguards that I was just reading so that's going to be the springboard for my answer in which they say looking at the relationship between speech and gesture in these kind of studies tends to either come they go speech first and then they go oh it's happening with the gesture or they go form first for the gesture and then they say what speech does that link with this process has been in as much as it can be much more kind of both at the same time because I've been grappling with the basic transcription and documentation while also keeping an eye on these forms so the process has generally been I would say from my un-interrogated instinct is that I've been looking at the form confirming that it has that kind of lexical relationship and it's not someone saying you know I brushed off the dusty clothes or something making sure it doesn't have that kind of lexical relationship and then going from there so it is very much analysing an opportunistic collection of data and then in an opportunistic way analysing that and I'm I'm aware of that but that is kind of the challenge of working with this kind of corpus yeah um that just includes studies that have been done on um gesture so but I mean different sign languages have had differing degrees of gesture analysis done as well as basic sign but there is um so one really cool thing that we have for the interrogative is that in Indian sign and Pakistani sign this hand shape is actually the WH question marker so it is a sufficiently common emblematic gesture in the area that it's been grammaticalised into the local sign languages so that was a really nice um someone at ISGS at the end was just like oh you mean just like in in Indian sign language and I was like um yes apparently exactly like in Indian sign language so it kind of gives a good indication of the the strength of that aerial spread of that gesture okay a question so actually maybe you followed on from the previous two so um one was kind of related to your question so I don't work on gesture but I do work on syntax and it may be just by challenge but the two examples that you draw on so interrogatives and negation are things that are cross-linguistically like marked one way or another right um so you talk about yeah I think even in some of your negation examples there's an emphatic marker before them so I want to know if you can if you have any thoughts or comments on the idea that if you take something like that which seems to be what most of your speakers are doing and most of them are sitting down as unmarked and anything else as somehow marked um whether you would find or expect so like cross-linguistically you have like negation um interrogatives other type of focus constructions relative clauses all those kind of things also come up co-articulated, co-gestured um yes the answer is yes the majority of papers on pragmatic functions of gesture look at questions or things that turn the interaction over to someone else or negation or emphasis so the there's a paper on the ring gesture in German um and I know as an English speaker I sometimes use this as well but when you really want to make a point clear or really when you really want to make a point clear you used to um and so um these interactively and syntactically marked and gestureally marked constructions I think it's a it is a a confluence that happens there and then maybe a related point because you mentioned the grammationalization perhaps in Pakistani and Indian sign language so you have this point where um Breson and Wula study they have this kind of brushing things away or refusing or not wanting them um and you say that that's not like they're not saying oh we don't want and it's just still we don't want this um I wonder about the idea that actually it is a grammaticalized version so basically kind of metaphorical and semantic extension from not wanting something in a much more literal sense to negating and and those kind of things rather than actually we don't yeah I mean my gut feeling is two things there are two directions I'll go in here my gut feeling is that um and this is kind of what what I'm working on now is that it's actually the opposite and the kind of just general negation in a way is is a bit the absence of something is what's being marked and then the kind of thing that they're talking about is an additional meaning but that would involve working on more languages than Shuba and I feel like I already have enough going on there um and the other thing is that um there was something I was going to have a drink of water well I think about the other thing I was going to say which is um in their study they talk about this brushing away gesture as being um it it is for things that are like trivial or not you know in the way that you like for them the extension of you flick stuff off it's it's a very deprecating that is the word I want deprecating action um and I think to some extent that captures something what's happening here it's like we don't have roads but like it's it's not a thing to be made a thing of um and I think there's something about the way these hardships are discussed where this deprecating sense is is a useful way of thinking about it but that's as far as I've got with that so far so yeah I I mean what we need to do now slash me need to do now is go back to an English corpus and start building examples where we find a way being used with um not necessarily disparaging senses and then yeah whether it's grammaticalized one way or the other is then the next thing to figure out perhaps different types of negation so not so well this is so there their analysis was that like all negation and awareness is embedded in this things are unwanted and I think that is an overgeneralisation um if you're just talking about one type and then one kind like if it was just the brushing away you could make a case that it's grammaticalized but when it's all saying that all negation and awareness is centred on this thing being unwanted um I find that's a bit of an overstep I was wondering you're saying that um it's uh so the negative gesture is time to go inside the negative material whatever that might be in the language I was wondering is where you get kind of bite past like marking the negation you do you see that you have I wonder too um so what one thing that's really interesting is that the difference between Harrison's analysis of English and my analysis of Shuba is Harrison gets a lot more long holds of negation gestures and that's because in English anything that's bound to the negative anything that's subordinate to it is occurring after it and so the gesture gets held for the scope of the negation whereas because in Shuba the verb is final um even if there were and and the problem is really that a lot of these sentences are very short but nothing pre the negation is included in the scope so um it only seems to cover the head and nothing that's in its scope that occurs before it so the possibility that different negation structures in different languages engage that timing differently is really quite probable and by party it would be super fun so you've also got for eyes English that have negative negative comment on those that don't yeah really interesting enough there was french in one of the one of the studies not one of your studies I think one of the yeah maybe not negation but yeah there was yeah some french away stuff yeah go back and look and see if they've got anything overtly mentioned about temporal stuff but yeah gesture timing and like lexical structure is a massively awesome but under under examined field so as with as with most of these talks the answer is yes that would be awesome for someone else to find out Peter was just wanted to ask you another a sort of unrelated question you said that gesture wasn't used for dyctic functions did I misunderstand that and I said gesture is used it was was it at the start when I was like when people think about gesture they think about diexus and did you say that you didn't find people do use diexus yeah point like dyctic gestures it's just I'm not looking at those in this talk I this talk was not looking at diectic gestures just in case there were any fans of diexus in the house I wanted to let them know early there's lots of really cool stuff to be done in terms of diexus and hills unsurprisingly in this narrative that's what I was going to ask you is because I don't know if you get it in sugar but in curanti for example yeah you have this above the line of sight below the line of sight marked in the dyctic system not lexically no but it's grammatical in the yeah so so you talk about obviously doing ongoing documentation work and encouraging people to use video so I mean how do you do all of this given that presumably you're also trying to work out how negation in the language works and how integratives work as well as then how gesture so step one is work on a language that's really closely related to the language you've already written a grammar of so do that um yeah for me like I I think for every grant application I've written since my phd it's been I mean look at the grammar and also the gesture and it's taken me seven years to but now that the corpus is built the next postdoc at La Trobe is just finally doing some analysis and so that's the answer is that I spent four years five years figuring out grammar stuff and now it's time to finally really get into the gesture stuff so the other thing is try and get postdocs or students to code stuff for you it's my other these are useless tips for most people but know the language already and have lots of money to pay codes um and then get someone like me to help you do all the literature stuff easy then um yeah or just at least collect the data and flag to someone that there is cool stuff in there because you sit there and you watch it for so long even though you don't really notice it you kind of develop a sense of what is common and uncommon so yeah


Good afternoon, sir. Good afternoon, ma'am. Good afternoon, sir. Yes, sir. Your name is Sri Kumar, or do you live in Kumar? Your name is Sri Kumar, sir. Sri Kumar. Yes, sir. So, Vinder Kumar is your father? Yes. So, Rukun Kauri Kaur. Yes. Found a cricket. I find I think a lot of interest in cricket. Yes, sir. I am an avid watcher of cricket, though I have not played it very actively. Okay. What is your father? So, my father was a migrant labourer in the state of Doha in Qatar. But he returned from during the wake of COVID crisis and is now in the home. Another type, yes. Tell me something about Kudambashtri. Kudambashtri? Kudambashtri. Kudambashtri. So, Kudambashtri is a large self-help group in Kerala, which is led by women particularly, who is into the social sector and creating employment opportunities for women, entrepreneurial opportunities so that they can gain financial independence mainly. How it's working? So, it is working in a very good manner as of yet, especially during the COVID crisis, when a lot of women were at rendered unemployment and was facing financial crisis, Kudambashtri was helpful for them. Okay. In what all areas it is working? Is that including a lot of things? Yes, sir. It is mainly in ensuring food security for women, secondly, in the entrepreneurial opportunity, gaining self-employment opportunities and the health sector as well. Okay. Yes. Local self-government. Yes, sir. If you compare with any other state, what are you doing? How those are working in Kerala and those are working in other states? Yes. So, with respect to local self-government in Kerala, I think it is one of the best examples that we can state out in India because of the development of power to the government official representatives in the local level. And also the accountability that is also ensured through model code of conduct and an ombudsman that has also been appointed for local self-government is a method in the right direction. With respect to many other states where we can witness. No, it is only development of powers. Powers are devolved by many states. Yes, sir. I think with respect to the development of power in the 12th and 11th schedule, Kerala was one of the early runners in the development. It is only powers or something else also? Yes, sir. The people's participation is also very active and also the social sector. Development involves three things, three Fs. Yes, sir. What are those? Functions, functionaries and funds, functions and functionaries. Yes, sir. So, functionaries is also important? Yes, sir. The functionaries is missing in other states? Absolutely, sir. And funds are also missing? Yes. How they could do that functionaries? Sir, I believe through development of grants from the Kerala government budget and that can be done. Secondly, also by ensuring that the taxation collection. Functionaries. Functionaries. Yes, sir. Recruited so many people? Yes, sir. Or? Sir, they have recruited a lot of people for the local self-government. Secondly, it is also about the appointment which is from the Kerala. Executive is also higher on the highest. Yes, a lot of persons are on deputation. Yes, sir. That is why that is functioning well. Yes, sir. Okay. Tell you something about bureaucracy now. If you compare bureaucracy of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Yes, sir. Two positive things in your mind, two negative things. Yes, sir. I believe the attitude of the bureaucrats in Kerala towards the people is also very compassionate, which is also witnessed in other states. This is one positive aspect I have witnessed. Secondly, the kind of public awareness about how to approach a bureaucrat and how to attain the public function is also very witnessed in Kerala. I am not really aware of how it is functioning in Tamil Nadu per se. So, I may not be able to articulate. Any other state? Sorry, sir. You are not able to... You are not able to... You have not tried also to find out. As of now, I have not tried. When you are filling your choice, you would have thought about it whether I should fill Kerala, what type of bureaucracy will be there which you know in other states, how different it will be. Yes, sir. Sir, I have... If I can point out one reason, one thing which I have noticed is that people in many states have a feeling of subordination towards the executive that is there. So, I believe that should probably witness a change and should see public servants from a more democratic perspective is what I have witnessed. Are you sure? Are you sure? Yes, sir. Sir, I believe it is one of the most medicinal plant with medicinal qualities that is found in the forest areas of Kerala. Which area? Sir, I believe it is found in the Idiqui region, Idiqui district of Kerala. Agastya... Agastya Malha in the Idiqui district of Kerala is what I found. Okay, by some name, particular name is the Arab tribe. Sir, Irola tribe is what I can... Kani tribe. Kani tribe, sir. Irola tribe is in that region. No sir, Irola tribe is primarily found in Tamil Nadu region, however, born in... Northern Tamil Nadu, entirely different direction. Yes.  Yes. So, PM Gatishakthi is one of the central governments plan to coordinate all the infrastructural activities and ensure that the bottlenecks found within different departments is overcome, especially with the road transport, water transport, water mission and electricity is overcome and to make sure that infrastructure development is done in a seamless manner. Yes, sir. You know, is it a new plan or what... what does this... Gatishakthi, what are all these aims? I am not able to understand what... Gatishakthi master plan. Yes, sir. Is it some new plan they are giving or what else is happening there? Sir, I am sorry. I am not able to recollect at this point whether it was a new plan or not, sir. Okay. Right. In Kerala, under Gatishakthi, what are all the projects implemented? Yes. So, one of the major projects is done between the Kerala road-based department and the KICB, Kerala State Electricity Board and the Water Corporation and ensuring that when a road work is being done, there is a clear communication within the water department so that the roads are not broken in an haphazard manner and affecting the traffic. So, this is one of the coordination programs that is being done in Kerala right now. Okay. Is it part of Gatishakthi? No. Is it part of Gatishakthi? Okay, sir. I may not be able to recollect that, sir. Sir, yes. Your mother... Yes. ...is a retired teacher. No, sir. My mother is a working teacher, sir. Working teacher? Yes. My father is retired. Working teacher? Yes. Which class? So, she is a primary school teacher for classes from 1 to 7. She taught you also? Yes, sir. She taught me as well. Yes, sir. What are all the advantages and disadvantages of being a son of a teacher? Yes. So, primary advantage is that we have an easier access to resources in the school and easier access to teachers, fellow teachers.  One of the disadvantages is that there is a great deal of attention on yourself on being a teacher son and you are being restricted in expressing your opinion at some point of time. So, this is one disadvantage I had faced personally when I was in school. And secondly, my mother being a lot more stricter towards me when she is personally teaching me in the classes also. One disadvantage I have faced, sir. Yes, we are on the same page. Thank you, sir. Thank you, sir. Okay, tell me something about... What do you know about FATF? FATF. So, Financial Action Task Force is one of the global organization under the auspices of G20 and G7, which was also created to ensure that the money laundering and trafficking of and illegal sponsoring of especially drug trafficking and terrorist financing is stopped. So, it is an mechanism between the countries to stop the illegal financing. Yes. FATF is what? Yes. So, they have different mechanisms under FATF to ensure that there is no state sponsoring of such illegal activities. So, they list down the countries based on grey list, black list and ensure that... What is the basic document on which they list grey, black or red list? Sir, if I can recollect, it is the platform or the document with an FATF that is ensured. I am not able to recollect the exact name of the document FATF recommendations. FATF recommendations. Thanks, sir. Year 2020 is one of the crucial years Yes. for India. Yes, sir. When it comes to FATF, why? Sir... So, 2022, sorry, sir. Sir, I believe 2022 was one of the years in which the FATF had decided to ensure that Pakistan remains in the grey list, which was one of India's greatest demands on FATF to ensure they do not fund terrorism. That is... India will be evaluated this year. India will be evaluated. Should have been evaluated in 2020. Okay, sir. COVID doesn't happen. Okay, sir. It didn't happen. Now, this year, they are going to evaluate India. Okay. So, then we will come to know where we are placed. Okay. Thank you, sir. Okay. In taxation... Yes, sir. What is the... big picture of Indian tax collections? Yes, sir. So, if I may ask you, are you referring to the figures that is being... Big picture figures. Okay, sir. What is the total revenue which is collected? So, I do not know the exact figure of the tax collections for this figure. However, I could probably shed some light on what are we aiming towards in the future. So, with respect to tax collection, I believe we are looking at simplifying the tax labs in terms of direct tax collection and ensuring that there is a rationalization of tax collection and improving our tax base is what I can recollect at this point. What is the difference between simplification and rationalization? Yes, sir. So, both are essentially in a similar manner where we reduce the complexities within the tax labs and ensure that we reduce the amount of rebates or exemptions. Or the complexities. Yes, sir. So, I believe now we have multiple tax labs both within direct tax and within in direct tax such as GST. So, I believe there needs to be a simplification of these tax labs. Reducing the tax lab and broadening the tax bracket is what we can do at this point. What is the bracket? Sir, I believe in the direct taxes up to 3 lakh is now tax-exempted. So, now what we can probably do is that the higher tax labs can be broadened and the bracket can be widened. The income tax bracket can be widened. Okay. Going back to my original question. Yes. What is the big picture in terms of percentage of various taxes can go? Sir, with respect to GST if I can come, I think from 0% GST up to 28% What is it? Out of total collections, how much indirect taxes contribute? How much direct tax contribute? Okay. Do you have any rough idea? Yes, sir. So, I believe our indirect tax collection is higher than our direct tax collection and within the direct tax collection I believe it is a corporate taxes. Sorry. Within the direct taxes, I believe it is a corporate taxes which have the major chum and the rest is taken by the income tax. Thanks. Very good. Sir, you are fairly familiar with budget. No, sir. I have not gone through the budget in details. Yes, sir. The major point. Yes. Tell us something about crystal currency. Crystal currency. Yeah, crypto, sorry. Crypto currency. Right. So, crypto currency is one of the latest technologically innovations in the tech currency sector where we are trying to digitalize that particular currency and ensure that rather than the paper money we are using the digital version of the currency which is much more secure and much more harder to manipulate. Is it ever possible to have only crypto currency and do we have this paper currency? Is it possible? Or a country like India? No, sir. I do not believe a complete elimination of paper currency would be possible in a country like India because many of the majority of the population are not digitally illiterate or probably do not have an idea on how to use such crypto currency. So, it is not easily eliminated. You think taxing crypto currency will be easy? No, sir. I would not believe that taxing crypto currency will be easy because the regulations yet needs to come because the entire area of crypto currency is still yet to be explored to be a lot because especially the security concerns with crypto currency remains now. So, I believe taxation would require a lot more research and development into it. In the budget some tax has been proposed. What is the extent of tax? Sir, sir, I am not able to refer. 30% 30% Thank you, sir. Who will be paying? The receiver or the giver? Sir, I believe it should be the particular currency. Why do you say that? Sir, I believe because the owners or the tax incidents that is being levied is upon the receiver, I believe. That is the reason they are supposed to pay the taxes. And crypto currency, the incident cannot be shifted? I am not able to recollect at this point, sir. Okay, that's it. So, what is the extent of deficit in the budget proposed? Sir, I believe the fiscal deficit at this percentage is about 6% of the GDP. 6.4%. Okay, but as per FRBM, what it should have been? Sir, should it be? Yes, sir. What is FRBM? So, fiscal regulatory and budget management. How fiscal? Fiscal regulation and budget management. Fiscal responsibility and budget management. Okay. So, what it should have been? So, it should be below 5% of the GDP is what I have reconnected. 3%. But then now we are almost double of that, no? Yes, sir. So, what is the point in having a roadmap? Yes, sir. Is there any sense? Yes, sir. I believe there is a purpose for having a roadmap, but I believe the current fiscal deficit is also partly as a result of the current COVID-19 waves and the existing pressures on economies such as inflationary and the global slowdown as a result has affected it. So, I believe the roadmap will help us to have an idea about where we should restrict ourselves and give us an idea that the economy should be restricted before going into a dangerous trap. Good. What do you understand by monetization of an asset? What exactly is monetization? Yes, sir. Monetization of an asset refers to the transformation of that particular asset into monetary terms and ensuring that we have returns or we have considerable returns from an asset before returns into a bad debt. Now, we had a concept called national monetization pipeline. Yes, sir. Why was it called pipeline? Why did I plan? Sorry, sir. I am not able to... Team for a minute. Yes, sir. So, I believe the reason why it is told as a pipeline is because it is a progressive plan that will realize in a particular number of years rather than a plan which would be probably in a lot more shorter term. Yes, pipeline means it's a flow. Yes, sir. It's not a constant thing. It's a constant. More can be added already if you have been listening. Okay. So, it's not a one-time thing. Okay, good. Now, what is the level of corporate tax in the budget? Any idea? No. Sir, I believe it is north of 22 percentage. Believe. Yes, sir. I believe it is north of 22 percentage. Yes, sir. Okay. It's good to believe, no? Yes, sir. Okay. Tell me. You studied in MES Indian School. Yes, sir. MES is a short form for Middle East Educational Society. But it's run by Government of India? No, sir. It was situated in the city of Doha in Qatar. It was in school which is affiliated to the CBSE. However, it is run by private entities. Oh, syllabus and all the same. Yes. CBSE. Yes. Teachers are the Indian? Yes, sir. Teachers are mostly Indians. We had one or two teachers from Bangladesh. I know. One teacher. Yes. So, you are able to join college education here. Yes, sir. Yes, sir. Yes, sir. Yes, sir. You worked in UNS and Eng also. Yes, sir. How was that challenging? How did you find it? Yes, sir. So, I got into or I joined Ernst & Young through a campus placement drive that happened during the final year of my college. I joined in the capacity of a tax analyst who was serving my clients in UK with respect to serving their tax requirements in UK Revenue Department. Oh, you were there for two years, huh? Yes, sir. That's really great. Thanks. And before that you were in University, right? Yes, sir. What were you doing there? Yes, sir. Actually, after Ernst & Young, I joined University in the role of student faculty to associate with a project by government of Karnataka, named Project Jnana Saminvaya, which was a public education outreach program to improve the quality of higher education in Karnataka. So, I was... Therefore, almost... No, few months. Yes, sir. Three months only. Yes, sir. Okay. Last question. Yes, sir. Your first preference is foreign service. Yes, sir. This one I don't know very minor thing. What is persona non grata? So, persona non grata is a diplomatic term where we use when the diplomat is not allowed by the host country to serve any more in that particular country and is being asked to repatriate into their home country. And that diplomat... Normally, 24 hours. Yes, sir. 24 hours. But whenever it happens, immediately the other country will also do the same. Yes, sir. It is an retaliatory measure by the other country. And it is an example of Indian case. Sorry, sir. I'm not able to recollect an Indian case. However, I recollect a case in USA and China where China had declared a lot of U.S. diplomats person non grata. India, Pakistan also. Yes, sir. They did so. Yes, sir. Thank you. Okay, last. What is this stapled visa? Visa, you get stamped. Yes, sir. But stapled visa, they give Chinese. Stapled visa. Do you know the context? Sir, I couldn't hear the word properly. Stapled visa. Stapled visa. Stapled visa. Yes, sir. No, sir. I have not heard about it so far. I have heard Arunachal from people who wanted to go. Okay, sir. They didn't put it on the stamp. Why did they do that? Sir, personally, I have not read about that particular incident so far. Take about a minute. Sir, I believe Arunachal Pradesh being a bordering state with China, I believe some of the individuals had crossed over to the Chinese border. No, no. They were very much Indian. Okay. Yes. Okay. To show that Arunachal is still there. I'm sort of... Fine, sir. Okay. You said that you were working with the university. Yes, sir. On higher education, how to make it better or improve. So what was your take away? So, three takeaways which I took from the program was the rural universities in Karnataka and in the semi-urban regions faced a lot of difficulties with respect to funding and with respect to the bottlenecks that the student faces in terms of soft skills. Many of them were highly talented. They were working in soft skills to get into a proper corporate job. Secondly, I believe the quality of the teaching had also to improve in such universities where the teachers were also not aware of the recent developments in the edu tech sector. Thirdly, I also believe the syllabus that needs to be in line with the recent developments in the educational industry. So, was it in the same university or you were going out somewhere to attend schools or was there a tie up with some government schools? How was it? Yes ma'am. So, this project was designed in a way where the private and deemed to be universities in Karnataka was asked to adopt a particular university in the rural areas of Karnataka and helped them by designing the modules to train their students, teachers as well as their governance. Okay. Yes ma'am.  Yes ma'am. So, what is your view on Angan Vadis? How important they are? Ma'am, I believe Angan Vadis are very crucial for a child's early development and ensuring that those students who are those children who come from very economically poor situations. This is a place for them to ensure that nutritional intake is also ensured along with the early child care is provided to them. So, I believe in that respect Angan Vadis are very crucial for a country like India where there is a huge set of malnutrition and educational care. So, has there any recent changes in Angan Vadis where they are operating from? Ma'am, I am not able to remember any of it at this point. Okay. And how well they are working there in your area? Ma'am, in my home state in Kerala and as well as my whole home district which is Kori Kori, I believe it is functioning in a very positive and efficient manner because they have been able to ensure that the messages of healthcare immunization is being spread to the students at a very young age as well as mothers are also being asked to take necessary health. So, I believe it is working in a very efficient manner. Okay. So, you also mentioned about SAG, self-help groups. Yes ma'am. So, how are these made? Ma'am, self-help groups are formed with an association of women or association of individuals, like-minded individuals who come together with the similar objectives and they pull up the finances to ensure that their group objectives are being met. How big is the group? Ma'am, it can be anywhere from four to and above. It can be any group starting from four members and above. Suppose there are four women or ten women. They want to form a group. What is the process? Ma'am, I believe the first thing they have to do is that not aware of the regulatory process. However, if a group of women wanted to start an SAG, they can open up a bank account, a formal bank account with the help of an SAG bank linkages program under the auspices of NABAR. And they can ensure that they have a particular objective with respect to entrepreneurial and start up the businesses. Okay. Debate. You were the best speaker at the National Debate Championship. Yes, ma'am. So, what is the difference between a debate and a declaration? Ma'am, I have not heard about a declaration yet. Okay. Louis Hamilton, you have heard? Yes, ma'am. Okay. So, you are watching Formula Asus? Yes, ma'am. Okay. And which team is he representing? Ma'am, Louis Hamilton drives for Mercedes-Benz AMG Petronas team. And since how long he has been with them? Ma'am, he has been with the team since 2011. And before that? And before that, he was with the McLaren team. Oh, yeah. And cooking is one of your hobbies? Yes, ma'am. Why is this, you know, cooking industry, if I am talking about the industry in particular? Yes, ma'am. They are mostly male chefs. Yes, ma'am. Why is it male dominant? Ma'am, I believe that the usual glass-ceiling effect that is seen in every industry is also particularly, is also there in the cooking industry as well. And secondly, I believe the social stigma that is attached towards the profession of cooking and being seen and being imposed on women as a household job. In terms of cooking, women are cooking at home. Yes, ma'am. So this is an exception where women are the ones who are cooking at home. But when you come, go out, you see in the profession, they are not there. Yes, ma'am. Ma'am, the concept of patriarchy, which comes in and imposes cooking as responsibility on the women rather than a profession that they could take up. And this social taboo or the social myth needs to be, is one of the reasons why we cannot see a lot of women professional chefs. Okay, one last question. Yes. What is happening to Patreon? Ma'am, not recollecting over it. You're not familiar with it. No matter. How are the stocks happening and what is the situation of the stocks of Patreon? So do you know about Patreon? Yes, ma'am. I know about Patreon. What is the revenue model of Patreon? How do they make money? I'm not aware of the exact revenue model of Patreon at this point. Okay. No ideas, no guesses, nothing. What could be the revenue model? How do they make money? You have never thought about it? Haven't thought about it yet, ma'am. I believe they work on the commissionerate model where the transactions, every transaction that a customer does on a Patreon, a similar percentage of commission goes to Patreon. You use it? Yes, ma'am. I do use it. Okay. Fine. Okay. Thank you. Thank you. What is your assessment, self-assessment? Sir, I believe some of the areas are lacking in giving the precise answer to some of the topics, simply because I have not gone through those topics as of yet. So these are one of the, this is one thing that I felt that I could not give precise answers for many of the questions that was being asked. All you have done well. Yes, ma'am. All your knowledge is good, quite confident and you are quite honest in telling that I don't know. No. It's not any diki. Okay, sir. It's random. It's random. It's not, like I believe, I believe, just change over sometimes. I think in my view, in my opinion. Yes, sir. Every time telling, I believe, I believe, I think. Okay. Otherwise it's quite good. Okay. Just keep on reading international affairs. And I contact with other members and you are responding to one diki. Listen to the question carefully and understand. Okay. You are very good. Thanks, sir. Just, when is your interview? April 19th, sir. April 19th. You still have time. Yes, sir. Current affairs will be very important. You have foreign service. Yes, sir. You know. So, so many VIPs come and go. Yes, sir. And keep track of the final handout given by the fictional others. If you go to the other departments, you know, Sri Lanka and all that. Oops. So, all that. And the economic issues, they say, a lot of foreign issues, we are carrying these people. Oops. Thank you. Yeah, good. Very good. Thank you, sir. Thank you, sir. Thank you. Yes, sir. I'm planning to wear a dress that I haven't purchased. Yeah, thank you, sir. Thank you. Thank you, sir.


What is up Freedom Family? Welcome back to another episode of the Brotherhood of Gamers. My name is Al. Welcome! Let's go! Freedom Family, this is Episode 7. Thank you so much for all your support And if you want to support us more you can send your funniest jokes, your epic moments, your funniest gameplays ever, and then even maybe your status misplaced to our Google Forms and the Freedom's Forms media page Yeah, so get to it guys! I have a very special announcement for you guys But first let's dive into the content. DJ, spin the most funnest jokes ever! Here we go! And by the way we're featuring Tarrarys for his amazing joke. It's really really funny. So let's go! What do you call a belt that's made of watches? It's a waste of time! Yeah, because you know belts and wastes Yeah, I don't know. Come together. Thank you so much Tarrarys for that amazing joke. So guys, you know what to do? Visit, sub, and collaborate with him in order to grow as a family. Freedom way! All right, let's get into the gameplay with my buddy Cornish Games We're gonna be playing PAIN A2. So it's time for me to steal some cash and do organized crime streams. This claimer, Freedom does not condone any acts of violence against humanity Especially copyright. Especially copyright.  How did you do this? Look at this, Tarrarys on the rail! Look at this, how did you do this? How did... I can't do it! No, there we go. There we go. There we go. Yay, I got one. I got one. I got another. I got four. Let's go. Four sentry guns. I just need ammo. I have five sentry guns on the rail. I need more ammo though.       There we go. There we go, the turret wall. The turret wall is online, friends. It's so beautiful right there. Look, this look. That's so beautiful. We don't need to get out, we just need to stay here, like watch them fire.  The freedom wall is online, folks.  No, you're not dead. Alright, alright, alright. Oh, you're down, you're down. Wait, wait, wait, hold on, hold on. Yeah, I got a Jagger note. Oh, is this the Jagger note? Yeah, I got him, I got him, I got him. Whoa, you're dead? Are you dead? Are you dead? Okay, okay. Alright, so how long have you been with freedom, then? Three years. Three years, awesome. The first time I was with freedom, it was actually with a group of taser who messaged me. They said like they wanted to see my channel for a bit more. Yeah. Because they liked people at times. I kind of was more with freedom, when they joined in, but they were good, nice people. But they were very quiet. It was like out in the dark when they did that whole third party move in and freedom looked at mine. You know, subscriber ends how much view they got and it would be okay because ever since then, you can't have freedom. Right, very well. George is the happiest guy ever. He is actually, he never gets really angry with us. He just smiles and hey, it's okay, it's going to be okay. We're going to figure this thing out. Oh, this guy is so cheerful. He is like one of the most, I love about freedom. He's a good piece of guys. Yeah, he is. But I want to listen to one of these clip videos about the tagging. He was with the ad. Yeah, he was just, he was always happy, always out there. I loved it. Yeah. So that's your experience with freedom. You like the network, right? Yeah, you guys helped me out for a fair bit. There was one point where I used this little music clip. Right. And basically I got the copyright for a song I used on position music. I was kind of disappointed by the contact between them about it. Who helped you with it? Yeah, within an hour. Nice. Who helped you with it? Was it support? Oh, Chico. Yeah, Chico. She was really good. He's a really good man. What's your message to all freedom partners and non-partner YouTubers? Uh-huh. It's quite funny because I never thought that I normally think about my... Think about your privacy, mate.  I always have that. I'm very, very active in the family. Really, that's crazy, you know. Make sure you get involved. It's a mission to win over the hashtag freedom family. Right. That always helps you. I've actually met a few people who've been with the hashtag freedom family, too. I did a couple collaborations. One with the guy who's the one you should have to that guy. All right. I know. Eat yourself, really. What do you do in your video? Thanks. Thank you so much, Kurdish Games Night, for that amazing and awesome gaming session. I hope you can do that again sometime. So, guys, you know what to do. You should visit his channel, subscribe, point, and collaborate with him in order to grow as a family the freedom way. Let's go. You know, it doesn't end there, guys. So, let's go to the second half, which is right now. DJ, drop my needle now. Nice, Shaolin. That's my first time playing as Shaolin. Awesome. Let's see, let's see, let's see. Oh, nice. You can see you. I was going to play late this morning. Who's protecting the base? Go, go, go. I've got these guys. Don't worry. These guys are no harm right now, but you need to keep an eye on yellow, because they've definitely been terrifying in the past. Oh, it's blue. What? It's the guys that they've done that the whole time. They ender pearl. I heard their e-pearl. I heard the e-pearl. I heard that e-pearl. This guy. Get rid of him. I'm going. I'm going. He went invisible, guys. Guys, he's killing me. He's killing me. No. I could need a block off now. I could use my blocks to save myself. How's everyone else doing? We're all dead. They wiped us out that fast. Dude, they were doing the best strats, acting like moves the whole match by just being bad at AIM, not even making a peek hole for themselves, just by one guy sneaking out and him shooting out in the open, not even making a peek hole. We were the news in that round. I thought we were doing something. All right, freedom family. That's the second half of our episode, so you guys know what to do. You should visit their channel. Subscribe, point, and collaborate with them in order to grow as a family. The freedom way. All right. I got that new catchphrase, by the way. The actions and everything is really cool. So just do it, guys. All right, guys, before I end the episode, I would want to share to you this very special announcement. So here it goes. Guys, as you know, PUBG is a very fast-growing video game, which is now on e-sports locally and internationally. What we want to do is to build a team of people that can compete in these kinds of tournaments or just play games with us and maybe just have fun. If you want to be part of our team and if you just want to play with us, it can actually go to our Discord server in Freedom Discord and find out the channel or the voice chat named Freedom PUBG Elite Team. There we go. And if you want to be part of the captain's squad or my squad, which is Nulled or just Cause, here's our team leaders. So just chat them up, play games with them, add them on Steam, and just do it. Maybe one day, if we find out other tournaments that are available internationally or locally, we can set up a team of people that had experiences together, synergized their strategies together, and made a lot of teamwork together. So guys, go into our Discord server if you're a PUBG player or if you are interested in joining the game or the team. So just go into our Discord server, chat us up, and do some stuff. Okay? That's a big announcement, guys. But today, we'll be doing a lot of trainings because we will be competing on a local tournament, which is G-Star here in the Philippines. And it's going to be held on Saturday, Manila Time. So we will be doing a lot of trainings together. Kaz, our team captain, will be teaching us the core mechanics of the game. Looting, aiming, everything that you need to survive. So I hope you guys will be rooting for us. I hope you guys will be watching. I'll be posting down the details of the tournament down below in the descriptions. So yeah, Freedom Family, I hope you guys vote for us or root for us because it really gives us confidence if you guys are on our backs and we have your support and everything. So yeah, thank you so much, guys. That's the big news. So yay! Guys, I hope you liked that episode. My name is Noel and you're watching another video of the Brotherhood of Gamers Episode 7. Whoa! Want to know more about our gaming brand? Check out our MGM channel. And if you want to play with us on Steam, check out our Steam community. Do not forget to visit our Freedoms forums page where you can get all the materials you need to grow your channel. Materials like intros, outros, banners and of course, Freedom Partners you can collaborate with. If you're not yet partnered to our amazing network, check out our Freedoms page.


Okay in this video we are going to talk about a new kind of isomer. We're not going to get to it until the next slide. There needs to be a little bit of background information that you need. One thing that I will point out to you, this is supposed to be a carbon. These are supposed to be hydrogens, although it's a little bit weird. This is, let's pretend that this is methane, because methane is CH4, that's one carbon for hydrogens. What I'm trying to point out to you with this picture is that these molecules have a three-dimensional shape. When you have a carbon and four things pointing off of it, the shape of the molecule is almost always like a pyramid.  I don't really care that you know that, but I want you to know that that molecule has a three-dimensional shape. If you have two carbons connected to each other, and then there's three things sticking onto this carbon, there's three things sticking onto the other carbon, shape is going to look something like this. The point I want to make here is that if you have a single bond, single covalent bond between the carbons, then these atoms over here and these atoms over here, they can rotate around like a propeller relative to each other. So these atoms, they can spin around, that's supposed to be an arrow of them, arrows of them spinning, and these can spin around too, and they can just spin around relative to each other. I think there may be another video or a video of my son when he was younger showing you this. So here is a video of my son just turning these atoms attached to the carbon on the left with respect to the atoms attached to the carbon on the right.  You can rotate around that bond. And this happens in real life too. If you had this molecule in real life, what would be happening, a fair amount of the time, is that these atoms over here would be rotating with respect to these atoms over here. So you can do it in this toy, and it actually does happen in real life with the real molecules. If you have a very similar kind of molecule, but this time there's a double covalent bond in between the two carbons, you can see the double covalent bond here with these two springs there, supposed to be a double covalent bond. You can't rotate anymore. These two atoms are stuck in place relative to the other two atoms here. You cannot, you can't rotate across that double bond. So these chlorines here are stuck pointing in the same direction, and these hydrogens are stuck pointing in the same direction as well. And that's only true if you have a carbon-carbon triple bond like that. If you have a carbon-carbon single bond, that's not true. All of these guys can rotate like a propeller, and these ones can rotate like a propeller too. Here's my son showing you the atom, the molecule with the carbon-carbon double bond, and showing you that you can twist, but the atoms snap back into place. They don't rotate. Twist and snap back. The fact that you can't rotate anymore when you have a carbon-carbon double bond gives us a new kind of isomer. And here it is, almost. So if I showed you this molecule and I said what's its name, you would say, oh well it's four carbons in a row. So that's kind of like butane, but it has a double bond between the carbons. So it's not going to be called butane. It's going to be called butene, and we have to number the carbon. So that's one, two, three, four. And the double bond starts at carbon number two, so this molecule is called two butene. And that's pretty good, but it turns out that even this drawing is ambiguous, because there are two different versions of two butene that exist. Remember you can't rotate across this carbon-carbon double bond. You could have this CH3 and this CH3 pointing off of the carbon-carbon double bond, and you could have them pointing in the same direction, like they are here. And you would call this two butene, or you could have the CH3s pointing in opposite directions coming off of this double bond. And you would call this two butene as well. But this molecule over here and this molecule over here, they're not the same thing, because in one case the CH3s are pointing in the same direction, and the Hs are pointing in the same direction. And in the other case, the things are pointing in opposite directions, the Hs are pointing in opposite directions. So they're not the same thing. And you can't rotate these around because you have this carbon-carbon double bond. So this molecule on the left and this molecule on the right, they are isomers of each other. They have the same simple formula, but the atoms are attached in different ways. And this is a special kind of isomer. When the hydrogens come off of the carbon-carbon double bond and point in the same direction, you say this is the cis isomer. When the hydrogens come off of the carbon-carbon double bond and point in opposite directions, you say that this is the trans isomer. And trans means across from, so the Hs are across from each other. So this is the trans isomer. And so there are many of these kinds of isomers, cis and trans isomers, in biology and chemistry. You might be saying, well, I don't really believe you. Those two molecules are actually the same thing. They aren't. They have completely different behaviors. This one melts at negative 139 degrees Celsius. This one melts at a completely different temperature. So they have different behaviors. They are different things. Those two things are real, cis and trans isomers. You may have heard of trans fats.   I haven't the foggiest idea of which one is good for you and which one is not. But there's a little bit more biology that maybe you learned. Maybe you didn't. Maybe you knew that already. All right. What do I want you to know? I want you to be able to recognize the difference between a cis and a trans isomer. You can ignore this bullet point here. You should also be able to look at cis and trans isomers and figure out which one is cis and which one is trans. So you can pause the video and look at these and figure out which one is the cis isomer and which one is the trans. Unpausing the video. Well, this one has a carbon-carbon double bond, hydrogen's pointing in the same direction. So this is the cis isomer. This one has a carbon-carbon double bond, hydrogen's pointing in opposite directions. That one is the trans isomer. And that is the end of the video on cis and trans isomers. See you in the next one.


I am Zor. Welcome to Unizor education. Today, I will continue problems related to graphing functions which include absolute values. Basically, problem number two was introduction to this type of problems, and this is a typical problem in the whole series, actually. I presented here for you just to take a look, press the post button, think about what you can do yourself. Obviously, the methodology which you can use is exactly the same as I was using in the previous problem, just basically determining the critical points and considering pieces of graph on each segment between the critical points. It's relatively straightforward, and the only problem is to do the accurate calculations. So try to do it yourself first, and I will continue with my solution of this particular problem. Okay. First of all, critical points. Critical points are those points where each of these expressions within the absolute value signs equal to zero. In this particular case, that's x equals to minus two. This one is x is equal to one critical point, and this one obviously is two. So I have one, two, three critical points, which means I have to divide my x-axis into three segments. This segment, this segment, this segment, and this segment. Four segments, actually. Three critical points, and they divide the whole x-axis into four different segments. Now, within each segment, I can determine the sign of the expression within the absolute values. It's always determined since it's in between these critical points, and that's why I can transform it without using the absolute values, right? So segment number one, minus two, sorry, x less, less than minus two. Okay. If x is less than minus two, then this expression is negative. So I should write minus two x plus four. This will stand in a way. So let's put it here. Minus two, one, and plus two. These are three values. Okay. So if it's less than minus two, then my function is equal to... This is negative, so I reverse the sign in front of the parentheses. This is negative as well, so I reverse the sign to make it positive. Now, two minus x, if x is negative less than minus two, is positive, so I can use it as is. So positive number in absolute value remains. Negative number, reverse the sign. Negative number, reverse the sign. Okay. And what is it equal to? Minus two x minus three x, that's minus five x, and minus x, that's minus six x. Minus four plus three is minus one, plus two is plus one. Seems to be like this. Case number two, from minus two to one, this becomes positive. So y is equal to two x plus four, that's positive. This, since x is still less than one, is negative, so absolute value I have to reverse the sign. Three x minus three. Now, if x is less than one, this is positive as it is, so it remains. Equals to two x minus three x minus one x, and minus x is minus two x. Plus four plus three is seven, plus two nine. Now, here we have to do a mandatory check. This function is for values which are less than minus two, and this function is from minus two to one. And when x is equal to minus two, they should come up with the same number. Let's check. If x is equal to minus two, this is twelve plus one, thirteen. If x is equal to minus two, times minus two is four plus nine, thirteen. Good. Check. So far, we didn't make any written to carers, which is a good sign. Now, three. From one to two. Two is our next critical value, right? This will be positive, so we can retain the sign. This will be positive, so we can retain the sign. And this will still be positive, so we can retain the sign. So, the overall result will be two x plus four plus three x minus three plus two minus x. So, all plus is here. Two x, three x, five x, minus x is four x, plus four minus three is one, plus two is three. Mandatory check. Mandatory, I mean mandatory. It really needs to be checked. It's very easy to make a mistake here. I'm doing mistakes very, very often. Okay. So, the common critical point for these two expressions is one. So, what is y if x is equal to one? In this case, it's minus two plus nine is seven. And this one, if x is equal to one, four plus three, seven. So, they needed the same point. Good verification is satisfied. And the last segment which we have to consider is when x is greater or equal to two. So, when it's very positive, this is positive, this is positive, and this is negative. So, we should retain the signs of these guys and change this one. So, y is equal to two x plus four plus three x plus, sorry, minus three. And here we have to reverse the sign. It's minus two minus x. Okay. Let's calculate two x, three x is five x, and x is six x. Four minus three is one, minus two is minus one. Looks like this. Check. The common critical point is two. This one, if x is equal to two, is eight, eleven. And this one is two times six, twelve minus one, eleven. So, we are good. Great. So, we basically have concluded our calculations. So, the only thing which remains to be done is to draw the graph which contains four different segments. And we have to draw it from these four different functions. Let me just rewrite that thing. I think it would be easier. So, we have x is not less than minus the first. x is less than minus two, then from minus two to one, and then from one to two, and greater than or equal to two. And the values of the function will be minus six x plus one, minus two x plus nine, four x plus three, and six x minus one. Okay. So, let's just draw these four functions. We'll probably do it quite approximately, as you understand. So, minus two, one, and two. Okay. Minus six x plus one. Again, let's calculate it on the critical point, minus two, which will be what? Thirteen. Right? So, if x is equal to minus two, y is equal to thirteen. This is where our e is supposed to end.  So, it's something like this will be the line which we are interested in. Next. Minus two x plus nine from minus two to one, so let's calculate it at one. At minus two, by the way, we already know that's thirteen, and at one it will be minus two plus nine, it's seven, so it's somewhere here. So, the graph will go on this segment as a straight line between these two lines, between these two points. Okay. From one to two, it's four x plus three. Let's calculate it at the critical point two, which is eleven. So, at two it will be eleven, something like this. This is seven. So, it will go like this. And finally, six x minus one, and again at two, it's equal to eleven, so it's the same number. And then it grows quite steeply, steeper. This is four x, so six x will be steeper than that. So, our graph contains four segments joined together, which looks basically like this graph. Well, again, if you have ten different absolute values, ten different expressions each containing absolute value, you just have to have ten different critical points and consider one of them after another sequentially. And within each segment, you know the sign of each component, so you can get rid of the absolute value. So, that's the general approach when you should take. Well, that concludes this problem number three. Thank you very much.