Hello, welcome to my introduction to pinmixing and jpao control under Linux talk for the embedded Linux conference 2021 Would I've preferred to be in person in theater, but it's not possible. So let's keep it virtual next maybe next year so first of all and we're going to start at a hardware level to See what is a pin or pad or what is a jpao from hardware point of view? so when you have your chip or your SOC system on chip you can have multiple ways Multiple package types One common one is the QFP equivalent to a QFN Which has all the pin or pads on the sides and the other type of packages are the BGA ones where the pad of pins are in fact bowls underneath the package and There's two different way of soldering the SOC so the BGA match complexity solder The QFN can be done by hand for example, but you won't find a high-profile SOC in QFP package The really complex and high-profile SOC are All in BGA because you can have much more pins and you can Have them much much better Much better layout layout on the PCB But more complex to to design So if you go further in the package You see the die which it's the part which is actually produced And weathers so the die is Put on the plastic Plastic some small Wires soldered and connected to the external pins you see and afterwards the plastic package is It's closed on top so It's globally how it's done inside It's not always like that, but it's a good good example So when now you see where are exactly the pads on the die What's in the hardware Design what are it's not exactly so this is a typical hardware design of a pad Where you have the physical point where the small wires are connected Connected it's going to me is connected to an analog IP which is here here to Deal with all the other parts like the voltage or grounding the pull ups pull down triggers meet and so on and afterwards we have the all the digital parts you have for example a mix for the input of the output for the input mix it's not Always here some as you see the connect the input to all the functions for example and for the output There's always always a mix With an output enabled so it's not the output so to say for example to put in a boot or not put and Typically as a GPIO so the general purpose input output is Is one generally one of the function Sometime when one's the default function or the fallback function where no function has are selected So the GPIO is only a digital way to control the pad the voltage 1 0 input etc. So in the analog parts you see The typical analog parts of a pad We call it push-pull pad or CMOS pad a We it's a three-state pad. So the three states are the two one and Zero-level so one level is driven to the pad voltage. So VCC or VCC IO Zero is driven to ground and There is a first date called high impedance When it's not driven driven by anyone so no no component on the PCB actual drive Nothing on the on the line I say why the high high impedance has a special drawing To say it's between zero and one but nobody knows what's the value in fact So this is a push-pull pad where you can drive to zero and to one, okay For some special application for example why to see or one wire There are some special pads could call open drain pads They all can only drive to ground only to zero they cannot drive to one. So it's either an input or In output but to ground So when you see the drug as a diagram So you can you can manage to have a one or zero on a bus but you need a pull-up on the PCB and This pull-up will actually pull The level to one when the SOC is Input this is how I to see works in fact None of the I to see components also devices Never a drive to one. They're only drive to zero The reverse is open source pad with it. This one is really rarely used but it exists It's a reverse. The SOC cannot drive to ground but only to VCC So it can be used in some specific Hardware, but it's how you are used So like I said, the analog part and I look bad hardware has optional components like a pull-up This they can add a small resistors on all pads to To add a pull-up or a pull-down to one of the two VCC You can select the drive trams for example to to select the some buses need different drive trams or some buses Only you can lower drive sense or you can lower your consumption And other other possibly possible analog stuff So the functions Okay, so The input in the output can be can be mixed it to a function so usually You have an end-ever individual Selection by pad So each pad has a register when you can put a number and the number Identify the function This is not necessarily a case some other engineers. I Are weird and You can have group Selection, for example, and you will you say the function and when you say the function all the pad of other function We will trigger so it's not always the case and You can have real for example pads of what that are only GPIO we only want function But we were GPIO with only functions The function can that sex or bother at one time or for example, when one bit to sex Multiple plans for a function All these might be must be handled in in software So the software what what did we have 10 or 12 12 years ago So it was energy complete energy the arm I so see we're not really What to say majority in the school does so you had Every vendor was really disparate. You didn't have the same support for example you had for some I so see like some some Router as you see some simple one you had really a Simple hard-coded been set up like a single function like you say set this pin to this function really basic To some really complex framework for example in the Samsung as you see support or a TI with a really complex complex checking Code and What we learned of that is Check checking the conflict actively taking the conflict. It's really complex and and you cannot check it. It's too complex. For example You will need a really to describe the lot of hardware to to know what combination of pin is possible or not and in fact this is less because If you do a good good code review of the board support and testing and You implement a simple check We need the dynamic set up for example for follow-up or device when you go to Suspend for example or runtime suspend or sometimes like for complex buses like SDIO or NMC we need to be to switch as a pin conflict at runtime for specific mode and We don't want art coding of board setup at all. So this is why the best tree is here Because it's what I care So GPIO API was also energy. It was older and control It was even worse. You didn't have a Single GPIO.h in each Board or architecture support. We have had a different GPIO So potentially you had a different API different implementation different types different bearview. So it was completely Same that API was too basic Every implementation was different You couldn't handle multiple GPIO controls. It was really complex you Impossible to understand the controllers like I2C controllers, SPA controllers, extenders and Only some SOCs had advanced API with runtime PMC port and so on and GPIO was Too simple and too so specific So first of all what how did it change? In the with the pin control framework, so it was like 10 years ago in fact nearly nearly 10 years ago It was merged and merged in Linux 3.2 So it created the Linux pin control system to handle pin control races. So Like I said in the other part control different aspect of package pins. So The main goal was to remove all of the sparse the different arm arch implementation And simplify everything to have a simple code base to open the same the same thing in the same way same manner So thanks Linux Welsh for your work And still because you're still maintaining the pin control So the pin controller it was split in different the pin controller the pin mixing the pin control so The pin controller Described hardware that control pins Is that you can multiplex? Bias load capacity times for and developing so group of pin top like you see it's defined Is this it was defined for to cover all the possible use case you find on the field So what is a pin like I said into hardware that kept on it's you can call it a pad a finger ball Or whatever whatever goes out of the package and you can control Okay So Instead instead of using the same GPIO architecture while you have a single number across every controller No, you have a single a number space in each controller So there's no as no every pin won't have a single ID You will have the pin controller Handle and an ID in the controller. So it simplifies a lot the architecture Because you can have a lot of pin controllers not not only the so see controllers You can have multiple controllers as you see and we can have external controllers like for example Jepo extender some of them can can be pin controllers. They can offer some features on some pin And one important The pin space is not It may be can make have gaps in the in this space because when you have for example a QFP package from one to 63 Not all pins are controllable. You can have some voltage pin. We can have some analog pins and ground pins So you must cover make sure if you have gaps It's quite limited so some controllers only work with group of pins, so it's a great part to handle and Finally the pin mixing which Was in the main part of the framework is Sexting actinate functions or some some hardware called in motion mode Which permits to to to select the functions on each pins And a great feature of the framework is this can be changed at runtime actually so how how The pin are described in the framework You'll see on the left you can have a list of pins or like Like I used to a letter and number for example So you can't can have the A pins B pins the G pins not They're not Complete so you can have holes in it You will define pin groups for for example, I to C or your art every function groups And for example, you can have multiple function groups for similar for example, you can add a Variant of art you art with different group from for example, you are one can be Can be routed to multiple different group of pins So you can handle this for example la la I hear I I defined four groups one for I to C one for you art and RTS and CTS pins on different groups because for example these are optional and In the function list I said, okay, I to C zero only has one up But you are too one can have three groups You are too one you are too on RTS and you are too on CTS because the three of them can be set But only one you can you can choose which groups of function can be set at runtime So yeah, so instead of to have a Carnell wide number you have a controller wide number and names associated to everything two pins two groups and two functions It's simpler to associate everything via names than numbers so The name must be unique For pink groups, you can have multiple pins one or more for functions. You can have multiple pink groups and The conflict checking is here is The core we will store What are the functions set for each pin or for groups? So if you set a conflicting Group for example, it will be detected. So it's the simplest way to detect conflict The only thing it doesn't detect is when you set the function on the pin before Linux The core doesn't handle cannot load a state of the current pins. It's only limitation So The the framework is pretty simple for example You have free free structure to To fill first of all the pin the pin list. It's only a table of pin control pin desk Which has the name inside? and three Ops ups pin control pin mixing and pink config The the pin control is pretty simple because it's it's only callbacks You can you can really define your own You can define your own table that really match the hardware and You will need to implement the callbacks To give the framework what you need. So the number of groups and of the name of the groups as a and the pin names and of each each Groups so it's much simple than feeding feeding him tables So you you can compute in fact in these functions So you can really describe the hardware like the vendor Does and in these these functions you can compute and give to the framework some processed information or this is for the The groups and same for the function the function with which associates The different groups to function so you have the count the name Which groups and the final will call Simply sets a function in a group Group in a function. So it's the set mix is the is the main call in fact When as all the other calls that have been calls by the core And when the associate support and the driver probes The driver we ask to set the default pin pin mix and The core we will process all the data and call a set mix to set a function on on different groups So it was designed before the rest tree, but but finally Even it was it was before the mapping in DT works really well and Usage isn't change at all. In fact, it's the same way to To set a pin control. So The the code at least here that the pin control get look up state and select state Now is called by the core. So when you probe device Automatically automatically this will be done in fact under the hood So it don't don't need to do anything to set up control only set the the the right Properties in DT or CPI to actually define What are the needed groups and a function for the particular device and it will be done by default so initially it will Set the unit or default state but You can have some special Power management state in fact Which are here to handle all the runtime PM states to lower consumption So here is a DT the way the D how is the defined DT So the first node is a sub node of the pin controller on node So for example for for the pins I defined earlier If you want to define the UARTs one pins You simply need to have a Node a sub node of this one you can have seeps a multiple and all here. I have seen a single mix sub node but in a single in in a DT mapping node You can have you can set up a lot of different groups and functions here only set one for example I Set the three groups or you are to one your one RTS and you are to one CTS and I said I say this this should be to the UART function Because groups can be in multiple functions. So here is in one function, but I could have Set a different groups in a different function so And in the in the in the device node Of the UART controller, for example, you simply put a P handle To the UART one DT mapping In the default node name and automatically at the probe the UART one pins will be set This is like magic, but it's work where we were so now comes to the GPIO framework so the GPIO framework is here to handle the general purpose IEO, so It's the specific function of Pins that can be controlled by software so you can set In input mode and put one and zero and other optional features So the GPIO provider of literature Which defines a single GPIO.h h was submitted in 2008 first for 2625 so It provides an infrastructure that That that that make a single probing interface. So the this program interface It's still almost valid today Because it defined a finally unified API and implementation So it was named a GPIO lib. So it was more designed like a library than a modern framework Every GPIO on the system so on the board Not only the SoC, but only also on external GPIO controllers you had a unique kernel white number for each GPIO so you need to Hack to know what was a white GPIO number to be used by driver. So it was okay in 2008 when you had like 20 GPIOs But in nowadays as you see like the tegra ones when you can have we can have 200 GPIOs In 20 controllers, it's much more complex and it's it it will be nearly Unimplementable at the time so This technique numbering was really made it really limited So it was replaced in the time by you the new implementation Called GPIO D. So GPIO D It's it's named like this for GPIO descriptor it was the it was a So this new framework Use a descriptor for each GPIO pin in fact instead of you still have an unique number But this unique number is not the the the main processing Component of the framework the framework works with a GPIO desk. So you can have a corresponding correspondence with between a number and a GPIO desk But internally it is only GPIO desk So the consumer now only knows GPIO desk for example and not a number, but you still have Compatibility with the legality as I think at the first with numbers But it's not the main The main idea that drives the framework anymore So you can still use the legacy API even if Linus will age remove some features At every reason But now you have a directory we for example consumer h which are designed only for drivers So drivers should only use the consumer h which is the same as the pin control in fact Pin control as the same split between the consumer functions and the driver and system functions so You have driver.h that is only for GPIO controller drivers and Consumer.h which are for the consumers for the other drivers then it GPIOs to To make for the future for them driver.h Here's an example how to how to registrate a new controller So basically it would need a name for example But the main callbacks of the controller are Direction output Get and set With these three functions You have the main callbacks of the controller. So The core we call will call direction output output when an input when an output mode is requested Get value when the driver of the consumer wants to get the actual value on the on the pad and set to set an output value and The other are base base is a legacy because in the time When you didn't didn't have a proper framework You need to say at which what was the start number of your controller For example for the main controller, it was 0 for the external controller It was 100 and 400 and so on With the new framework, you can still set your base for legacy implementations But for for new modern project, you set minus one saying put me anywhere because We don't need to have fixed number for GPIOs and Number GPIO for to say what are what are the number of GPIOs on the system and finally GPIO chip add data which will which will will register the device to the framework On the other side You have the consumer.h and I will only show how it's Linked with device tree, but with ICP is probably the same For a CPI so for example, let's Look to a simple audio amplifier, which is the most basic Node which only has a GPIO To enable the amplifier So if you look at the node You have first of all the name of the attribute which is which is enable GPIOs so the enable is the function name of the GPIO And you can have multiple GPIO For example, the most of the most used names are Reset GPIOs Shustern GPIOs, but you need to respect the function name GPIOs is the new bindings you must use and In the attribute you have for this sample first of all the PANDAL of the GPIO controller Secondly a number that defines the offset It is completely controller by some specific Here it's for amlogic so see so we have Detail bindings header that define this one But for example some from some with some very complex so see we have a macro Where you can you set the which bank and which position on the So on the package You have the pin and finally for the third one is the GPIO flags So what are GPIO flags? So the GPIO flags they express What are the characteristics of the GPIO on on the system and on the How it's interconnected on the board? for example The bit zero which express What is the actual polarity of the GPIO? when When At each which level the as a function is active for example for reset Often you it will be active low So for that active low for enable for example enable it's active high. So you put active high And you have other defines for push pull which will default Open source up and rain like we saw on the hardware the description You have An other specific option for suspend resume and pull up pull down Pull up pull downs can be set ever GPIO often is done in the pin controller in fact So on the consumer side the driver only need to do two calls to use a GPIO So for example simply GPIO GPIO get With the name of the GPIO lock here enable the name of the function and an optional flag Which is which is says how the GPIO must be initialized It says now here we need we want to enable But we want it to be a default to low. So for example, we don't we wanted to be disabled Probe of the device and later We will set the value. So set value 01 So the DT flags will invert automatically the polarity for example So if you set GPIO active low for example, and you do GPIO set one The the framework we set to GPIO to zero so This must be taken in account when you write to your the DT bindings and the driver you you must know how in you want the GPIO to be defined as you want to The active polarity to be taken in account or not So for example for active low if you pass zero to set value, it will be set one and zero in the reverse so In terms of relationship in with pink control GPIO pink control was designed to to take in account GPIO in fact you can link the pin controller to the GPIO controller because in fact in some SOS you you have a common hardware for pin controlling and GPIO so Often you will need to we have a single driver in fact for both Not a problem. It's it's it's designed like that so and On other design you have a different IP for a pin control and GPIO so you can specify what ranges Of pick controller and led by the GPIO controller So for example, you can have a single pin controller for the whole SOC, but different GPIO controllers for example and In DT or in the driver, you can say okay pin 0 to 10 It's this is a GPIO controller pin 11 to 20 this GPIO controller so everything it will go through the pin controller IPI and When you request The GPIO for example it will it will request the mode the GPIO mode in the pin controller This is really handy in fact So thank you for listening for this introduction you can scan the QR code for the slides and I'll be happy to answer to all your questions in the chat


What's up guys, Michael Rajaspis, and we are doing what I believe is our last 2023 Bowman's best You football delight two box break random first name first letter number 22 I'm not 100% sure but at least for tonight It's going to be our last one Got all the names. Thank you to this group for making this one happen all the letters Let's roll the dice and see how many times we randomized Six and a four ten times. Let's do it one two three four five six seven eight nine and ten Ten times there. We have Christopher down to Nathan Pop that into my little list here, and we're gonna go ten times again For the letters here we go two three four five six seven eight nine and ten Ten times again there. We got our down to F and G So we got Christopher with our Brittany last spot mojo with M Christopher with S and V Brittany with W and B Nicholas with C Steve with T and D Travis with O and P Nicholas with L and N Steve with a Brittany with E and all other letters Steve with K and J Nathan with F and G We'll give you guys about a minute to see if anybody would like to make any trades So the trade window is open I'm pause the video and we'll be right back All right quick trade window. It is closed. No trades were done. I actually already printed the list but We are ready to rock and roll here is the official list Thank you. Thank you everybody Let's get this going. It's a it's probably a promo right Oliver here. We go first one. All right Caleb Downs going to see That's Nicholas Got Troy Franklin to 50 T is Steve Brandon Innis to 150 B is Brittany and we've got a rendez Gadson Five out of ten tight end from Syracuse. Oh That's for Travis Nice low number there and we got Braylon Allen to a hundred spot B is Brittany as well Or Brittany again.   All right, then we got a Joe Milton Not numbered elements of the game and the last one is going to oh, sorry the Joe Milton is for Jay Which is Steve and Walker Howard orange 12 out of 25 W that's for Brittany quarterback from Ole Miss All right, so a very nice first box there Let's get into box two. All right looks like a patch auto. Oh Lou fish on who oh is Travis Then we've got John Reese Plumlee to 150 Jay Is Steve? Then we got Jared verse to 75 Jay again Going to Steve Jay's probably the best letter in this right as far as quantity and we got Cooper Lee gas It's for C. Which is Nicholas Mason Smith 148 out of 150 M is Brittany last spot mojo there back-to-back M's Matthew Golden going to Brittany again last spot mojo looks like we have a dual autograph Jackson dart and quinch on Judkins Jay is Steve Q is All other letter letters not listed, which is Brittany Steve and Brittany Little friendly battle there and the patch autograph is going to be Will Rogers Give it to Brittany. Yeah, I was gonna say I feel like it's going to the same place. W There's another one for Brittany. Got a nice Drake may elements of the game D is Steve Locke and The last card of the break Marshawn Lloyd 22 out of 25 some more last spot mojo For Brittany. I'll uh, I'll tag this now. All right, so I tagged it for Q. Which is Brittany But a little recap nice two boxes again Had the dual autograph Lloyd Drake may will Rogers patch auto Golden Walker Howard Drew pine to 15 Kayla Williams autograph Keon Keely Raelyn add Allen a ronde to 10 Do you want me to randomize it Steve? I mean I should but I mean if you don't care. I'll just Said it's going to the same place Okay, don't randomize it sounds good. Well, then that means we are all good for this break Thank you to everyone who got in once again Thanks again, thanks for watching and I'll see you guys in the next one. Peace


This is Kalyani. Like most girls her age, Kalyani has many dreams. But this is not just her story. This is the story of thousands of Kalyanis across India, who can now lead healthy lives. As the wheels of time turn, India is witnessing an unprecedented revolution inspired by the man who believed that sanitation is more important than political independence. In the first two decades of the 21st century, there was little that modern humans did not have at their fingertips. Yet more than two billion people lacked access to safe sanitation across the world. Open defecation perpetuates a vicious cycle of disease and poverty and diarrhea caused by poor sanitation is one of the leading causes of child mortality. Under the age of five. India, home to a sixth of the world's population, a burgeoning middle class and the world's fastest growing cities. In 2014, on one hand, India was amongst the top 10 economies in the world. And yet on the other hand, more than half the country was grappling with the basic issue of sanitation. In India, people had been practicing open defecation for centuries and apart from the indignity and in many cases the security and dignity of women and girls in particular, it was also a major health hazard. Open defecation was leading to chronic cases of diarrhea, dysentery and mortality. And even if you looked at it from a global perspective, India was contributing over 60% of the world's open defecators. So how do you get them to change their behavior and also change their mindset about the then stigma of having a toilet inside your house? You know, some people thought that was impure. And now in a few moments, Prime Minister Narendra Modi will present the country. Do our mothers and sisters face any challenges? We can at least not face any sort of problem. The most important thing is cleanliness and cleanliness. Should we decide that in 2019, when Prime Minister Narendra Modi will be elected, our village, our city, our streets, our neighborhood, all areas will not be marked as dirty. No one had ever imagined this in India or the world. No one had ever imagined this in India or the world. The Prime Minister of a big country like India, who has only 49% of cleanliness in the country, will stand on the brink of red light and declare the country. And with this determination, he will declare that we will only reach 5 years of cleanliness. The Swachh Bharat or Clean India Mission, the world's largest sanitation drive, was launched with the purpose of encouraging. Millions across India to embrace a cleaner, healthier lifestyle. Sanitation has been on the table for the last 20 years in various forms and shapes. It's new government comes, the name changes, but it was always there. One is, I think, the clarity of purpose at the very top helps a lot. I think the Prime Minister of a country prioritizes something as his or her priority. So I think that was a strategic shift. But how do you change the behavior of over 550 million people, especially in the rural hinterland of India? With nearly 600,000 villages spread over almost 700 districts, the sheer scale of this challenge was enormous. One of the first challenges which I faced was in getting our own team in the ministry to believe that this was possible. So we needed a bit of disruption in the beginning within our own ministry.  So the Prime Minister, Chief Minister, the District Magistrate, and the Village Motivator, once you get them all on board and you make it a mass movement, it makes a huge difference. Any successful mission on a scale as large as the Swachh Bharat Mission essentially has to have the participation of the community. And they were the people who took the message forward to every single household. When we started on the ground, we appointed a few women, active women, whom we call Swachh Agrivi. But apart from them, we needed more people on board. So every department has got grassroot level functionaries of at least 15 different departments. All these people were brought on board and the Swachh Agrivis were used to train these people in such a manner that every single household is covered and all the toilets are constructed, they are used and also maintained. We had been involved in the process of triggering the bullets of the gun so that the people in our talks could be affected by the heart and brain so that they could be prepared to make the toilets. We were first made toilets on their brains and then on the ground. It became very clear that we needed to make our 600,000 bullets We needed to make our 600,000 villages ODF. Now this term opened defecation free. What it actually meant was that all the households in a village needed to have access to toilets. We wanted to talk about the nature of the village. So we decided to go out to the mountains and to the mountains. We wanted to talk about the nature of the village. When we asked the villagers to tell us about the nature of the village, they made the village. Then we asked them where they had gone in the morning. You said you go to the mountains. So where did you go today? You all go to the mountains? They started adding the yellow powder. The village was filled with dirt. Then we asked them again how they could see the village. Then they realized that they could see the village. How do you see the village now? We put rice on one side, cooked. We put dirt on the other side. We show them how they can sit on the same floor and put the rice on the rice. Then they can go back to the dirt and the dirt. And the same food you put on the rice makes the food taste better. So it becomes a situation there that people stop eating for 2-3 days. When we go to the mountains, the people come to see the village. When we go to the mountains, they tell us about our problems. They tell us about our problems. Our village, our pride. Our village is clean. Our pride. So we put the rice on the rice. In less than 2 years since the launch of the Swachh Bharat Mission, villagers began demanding and building toilets. But began as a spark, was now spreading like wildfire across the country. My name is Kumari Kalyani. I am 18 years old. We live in the 36th district of Tarigram. I am very proud of my mother because she finished my father when he was 9 years old. She has been taking care of us since then. When we didn't have a toilet at home, we used to be very worried. When we used to go out in our childhood, we used to throw things in the river or throw things in the river. We used to get hurt. Five years ago, we had heard that we had to build toilets in everyone's house. We didn't want people to go out. Everyone was building toilets in our neighborhood. But we couldn't build because of the poor condition in our house. We didn't build all the toilets in our neighborhood. My younger sister used to bring cement and electricity and I used to go to the streets. After building toilets, my life has improved a lot. My friends and I are still fine because they have built toilets in their homes and they also use them. They also spend their time and they come to school on time and attend school. They also study well. My sister-in-law built toilets in everyone's house. But still, no one was building toilets in our neighborhood. All of us kids used to think that our village is not an ODF. We didn't have a toilet in our neighborhood. So we built a toilet in our neighborhood. We used to go to the toilet secretly and follow them. They used to sit in our neighborhood and run away. They would even abuse us. But we used to go to the toilet. We used to build toilets in our neighborhood. We used to tell them that if they go outside, they will abuse us. If they go inside, they will abuse us. We are kids. If we want to build our village in a beautiful and healthy way, then we can build it in a big way. 150,000 children in one state wrote letters to their parents and their school teachers and their community leaders telling them what they expected of them to be part of Swachh Bharat. We estimate that more than 300 million children around India now have access to safe sanitation. That's a huge number. The clean India mission captured the imagination of the country. And rapidness swelled into a mass movement that by none other than the people of India. More than 2.5 lakh people were born. More than 6.5 lakh clean workers worked in the villages to make this solution successful. And above all, this solution of cleanliness is making it more accessible. In the villages, the people worked so hard that women, children, and all of them helped to make this solution successful. When we saw how our children changed, then all of us, women, and all of us, we thought, how do we get rid of waste? All of us. When we went to a school in Nigrani, we were caught by the police. We were told that we were hungry, so we walked towards the police, moving forward in the forest. When we saw the clean India, our family was clean. And our village was clean. We had to go to the grandfather's house. My parents went through a lot. My father had to take me to the grandfather's house. When I was studying, my father had to get a baby. My sister married at a young age. I got married at 16. The SPM scheme, the church barred machine, gave us a training in Kalyatayat. When I was in open-device, a lot of children came, and a lot of patients came. I had a lot of bombs in this town. They told me to build a toilet, but I couldn't build it. When I told them about it, they came to me with a lot of expectations. I told them to build a toilet, and they told me to build it. If you build it, the government will punish you. It will cost you 12,000 rupees. The interest in building the toilet began. At first, only 50 people built the toilet. From here to there, we built a toilet for 300 people in a month. My father was a doctor. We didn't study. My father was a doctor, and I couldn't do anything about it. I was in this community, and I could save a lot of patients, and save a lot of children. I couldn't build that happiness in my mid-job. So, I did this job. The message became a mission. And the mission became a movement. It became a jnanandola. And there were others who spent out of their own pockets. Because in anticipation of funds, this movement from continued. Then village after village became open defecation free. The first state to become Odea per second. So, after second, the question was which state next? Within the district, the villages were competing with each other, the panchayats were competing, and we had all kinds of competitions. There was a push also. So, can states compete with each other in terms of achieving this? If you go to the remotest location in the country, compared to many other government projects, your toilet has been constructed. Which is quite a unique achievement. Once every household had access to a toilet, village after village began proudly declaring themselves as open defecation free. To celebrate the occasion, walks of pride, or gauravyatra, were taken out across the country. As million embraced a cleaner and healthier way of life. Women too can be seen in this cloth. I took the laundry, and made it into cloth. The first time I came to my house, there was no food at all. From the birth of India, sisters and daughters are getting free from insults and old age. This is a great opportunity for the workers. This marriage has most affected the women and women. Because the training has been done, she has been using her experience, her knowledge, and her skills to build a house. Because of the construction of this house, people are happy. The income and family are very similar. We see women have now come into the role of Rani Mysteries. So where sanitation construction was very much a male dominated area. Now we have women who have learned the skill and who are earning it. So throughout India now we estimate there are about 50,000 Rani Mysteries. Which is amazing. The movement was further fueled by campaigns across mass media. Especially those led by celebrities who inspired and influenced millions to use toilets. From over 550 million people to becoming open defecation in 2014 to becoming open defecation free in five years. The Swachh Bharat mission success in India is being hailed as nothing short of a miracle. In India, the people of India have declared themselves free and open. From Swetha, from Swapnada and from Janbhagidari there is power and success. I, the people of every country especially the people living in the villages all the cleanliness of all the cleanliness of all the cleanliness of all the cleanliness of all the cleanliness. As we are moving to the next phase of Swachh Bharat we are moving from open defecation to the next stage of overall cleanliness what we call overall Swachhata we are typically talking about managing solid waste both in urban and rural and also liquid waste. Plastic waste is becoming a huge agenda so this general cleanliness we call ODF plus so we are now moving from ODF to ODF plus. Sanitation benchmarks across India have transformed dramatically. Bharat is a Gantantrik and all the Gantantrik together work together in harmony Swachh Bharat mission has become a huge example. Mahatma Gandhi believed that India's soul lived in its villages 7 decades after India's independence his dream for a clean India has been revived by the very villages he believed in. Thanks to this historic people's revolution the Swachh Bharat mission


Thank you all very much for what has been, from our perspective, a very good conference so far. And we're about at the end, you must be still exhausted. And the challenges we face are both clear and they are urgent. That's why this year alone, the United States has committed nearly $11 billion in humanitarian food insecurity assistance, food security assistance, assistance to deal with food insecurity, including the dramatic surge in the Horn of Africa. And this afternoon, I'm announcing an additional $2 billion in humanitarian assistance to address a few of acute food insecurity in Africa. Madam Secretary. Thank you, Mr. President, and good afternoon, everyone. I'm pleased. I continue to ensure that the G7 and the G20 remain focused on food security. As I announced earlier today, we fully support the African Union joining the G20 as a permanent member.


Is there someone in your life who makes you feel emotionally exhausted just by being around them? Or leaves you feeling upset, anxious, or stressed out whenever you spend time with them? If there is, then you should watch out. That person might be an energy vampire. Energy vampires aren't at all like those people you dislike or disagree with. It's not a matter of you simply finding it hard to get along with them. In fact, most energy vampires tend to be close friends or family members, always exploiting you and zapping away your energy without you knowing it. They're stubborn, manipulative, entitled, and self-absorbed. They're people who want to have you at their beck and call. They call or use you as a psychological punching bag to feel good about themselves. Does this sound unsettlingly familiar to you? If you want to find out whether you're in a situation like this, here are six signs you're dealing with an energy vampire. One, they like to play victim. Energy vampires usually don't take responsibility for their mistakes. They can't hold themselves accountable for the part they play when things go bad, and instead blame everyone else for what happens to them. They are manipulative. For example, they may constantly guilt-trip you into feeling sorry for them, doing favors for them, and staying by their side. Based on a study by Lobel and Tabor, people who behave like this often struggle with extremely low self-esteem and seek constant validation from others as a coping mechanism. Thus, they come off as needy, clingy, and sometimes even codependent on those around them. Two, they're narcissistic. Energy vampires are known to be highly self-absorbed. Have you ever found yourself dealing with someone who constantly only ever wanted to talk about themselves and never listened to anything you had to say? Well, people like this are often charismatic and smooth-talking, which makes it harder to stay away from them. Oftentimes, they have little to no capacity for empathy and will usually only pretend to care about you when it benefits them. They might expect you to always put them first and be upset with you when you don't give in to their demands for attention or praise.   Self-awareness is key. If you enjoy our content so far, don't forget to subscribe for more psychology and mental health content. Three, they want to dominate you. Do you know someone who's loud-mouthed and loves to feel superior over others? Chances are, individuals like this are actually deeply insecure about themselves. They're afraid of appearing weak or foolish, and so they overcompensate by intimidating others and exerting their dominance over those around them. They put you down in order to feel good about themselves. They also feel insecure about your success or achievements because they fear being outdone. A study by Najee and Davis suggests that highly competitive and likely Type A personalities have a neurotic need to beat others. Four, they create unnecessary drama. Chaos can be exhilarating for an energy vampire. As long as they're at the center of attention, they tend to have an exaggerated sense of self-importance, and they enjoy playing the sympathy card on others. This is why they thrive in crisis and love to create problems, either for themselves or others, making mountains out of molehills. They gossip and make trouble wherever they go in order to distract themselves from the emptiness they feel. They go to great lengths just to feel intense emotions, even when they're negative. Five, they constantly criticize you. If someone constantly criticizes you and makes you feel bad about yourself, they might be toxic to your mental health. They prey on your insecurities and emotionally manipulate you. While it seems obvious enough, sometimes it can be difficult to recognize this behavior in others, especially if there's someone close to you. People like this often seem friendly on the outside, but deep down, they might already be harboring malicious intentions towards you. And six, they exploit your kindness. Based on a study by Groesch and others, in 2015, compassionate and caring people are prime targets for their abuse. If ever you've come into contact with an energy vampire and shown them any sympathy or understanding, they're likely to use your good nature against you. For example, they take advantage of you by coercing you into doing things you don't want to do. These people will demand a lot more than you can give. Establishing healthy boundaries with others is incredibly important.   So, recognize the signs and know your limitations. Do you know anyone who fits the description of an energy vampire? And how did you deal with them? Let us know in the comment section below. Share this with someone you think might benefit from these as well. Don't forget to click the like button and subscribe for more psychology content. And as always, thanks for watching.


Good morning, everyone, Basel Chappell for the 11 o'clock Tiger Financial News Network Market Update. You've got the Dow coming off the low. The lowest morning was in the 31,516. It's up $100 from there. That's nothing. But what you really need to see is any kind of rally be sustained. Going into the 130 to 2 o'clock period, you want to see the Dow, which is down $529, maybe only down $365, $325. That will allow some kind of a breather to unfold as the market tries to anticipate maybe lower rates. We don't know because they are much lower right now. So maybe some easing there. But the other aspects that are very important to monitor. So we've got the Dow down, let's see, $549. You've got the S&P down $60 at $38.59. Coming off the low, you've got the QQQ, which actually has been holding much better than the others, down only $2.5 at $294, down 0.84%, which the S&P and the Dow down about 1.4%. So that's a good sign because you also want to see the SMHs, the semiconductor as well, they're still down sharply, down 6%. You need to see the semiconductors come back to really help the market. Now let's go to the gold. Gold has had a very big move up to the upside over the last couple of days, even to days up 18 and 19, 29. And that's the whole financial aspect. If you look at the XLF, which is the S&P Synec Financial Spider Fund, making a new low today down to $31.25, down $1.02. Now what's interesting is that you've got the bonds, the TLT, pulling back sharply, sorry, running up sharply. It's up 3 at 107.22, but it hasn't taken out the 108.90s, which is a very strong resistance if it does. Those yields are going to come down even further. And that really could help the market. So if you're looking at Crude Oil, it just got smashed to the downside. Oh my, it's even worse. It's down 381 right now at 67.54. And that's talking about the economy internationally, I think. All right, so with that said, I don't believe Steve Rose is able to do the show right now. But after that, you've got programming going all the way through to Tom and Brian wrapping it up. Don't forget we started at 9 o'clock with Tommy O'Brien with the morning market kickoff, fabulous show. And see you tomorrow. Have a great rest of the day and good luck with your trading.


The National Centre for Research Methods was founded in 2004. We began by launching our methods training program and we established the centre as a coordinating hub for research. In 2008, we held our first research methods festival and we expanded our cutting-edge research and training activities. NCRM became a partnership when the Universities of Manchester and Edinburgh joined the University of Southampton. Over the next ten years, we launched our library of free online tutorials, welcomed nine new training partners, tripled the amount of courses we run and launched our first online festival. Now we're connecting people in different sectors and helping them to innovate. And as NCRM celebrates its 20th anniversary, we'll continue to equip researchers with the skills they need to make a lasting impact.


I will now leave the floor to Florent Andrillon, who is a global head of sustainability services at Capgemini Invent. The floor is yours. Thank you. If you can put my presentation. Actually, I'm happy because I'm fully aligned with what you say on climate and energy being two sides of the same coin, and we probably have a lot of that offside from the very recent time. And the race we are is clearly, we know race against time. Time is clearly the essence in which we need to move on. So I'll try to give an overview of what we send and do that quickly, because a lot of have already been been said. The context of this transition is that we are moving from crisis to crisis. That's it has been said we are in a poly crisis world and we had a COVID pandemic two years ago, which turns it which transform into a drop of GDP and energy demand. And for the first time, a reduction of GIG emission. And then the rebound, which translated as well into a price and increasing price of energy. So the government started to, at least in Europe, try to protect their consumer. And then we are now in the crisis driven by the war of Ukraine. And while the beginning of the year was a positive in GDP, we see that we are probably entering in more trouble time for next year. And GIG emission will probably not decrease this year, but continue to increase this slide is a bit wrong. That's not the right version, but whatever I'll do with that one. And in the meantime, and I think it was said very, very rightly by the UN Secretary General during the last COP, we are on a high weight well. And we have our foot on the accelerator. I think that positioned the matter very, very well. We see that even though everybody is talking in the cops and are agreeing on carbon emission that we need to reduce, actually we are not because we are not considering this side of the coin anymore. We are rushing into the energy crisis, the energy safety in Europe. So we clearly are not on the wrong path. And all the commitments show that. And what we need to do again, it's a matter of time, is to get up to speed on climate change in all its dimension. My friend Ellen Clarkson from the Climate Group put it saying our biggest threat is climate delayism, putting climate topics further away on the road and focusing on energy safety. Well, what we probably would need to do is what we successfully, what the world successfully did during COVID, which is the operation war speed. How do we put all our energy on climate change and on deployment of the technology, which are already there and on the accelerating the innovation of technology, which exists all around the world, including low tech, because low tech is also a good way and you get innovation is probably something also which we should dig into more to save the energy and reduce our energy consumption. And just one word because why do we focus a lot on carbon emission and net zero goals? We forget planetary boundaries. You said it right. We are on the same planet and we focus a lot on carbon, while we should also focus on all the other dimension of what was widely put by the institute and the planetary boundaries, including social justice. So COP15 started very recently this weekend. And hopefully we will move from focus only on carbon to focus on the other dimension. So very quickly, what happened is that suddenly the threat of lack of power led us to a panic in Europe, at least, due to the increase of prices and led us to behaviors, which are probably a very egoist, I'd say, of the different government. And even in Europe, we see that it's becoming a very complex topic in terms of governance. What also has probably changed a bit is that the overturn window for those of you who are familiar with that concept has probably shifted a bit and is leaving a bit more acceptance on the term which was in the past not accepted, which is sobriety, at least in some countries, not everywhere. And energy sobriety is suddenly becoming something that is at least accepted to be discussed, which was not the case. So how do we suddenly move on to saying we need to save energy and not increase energy? So it's not only energy efficiency, because energy efficiency is continued to do more with less. It's preserving energy, which is a different topic. So this slide is also linked to what Thierry de Montbriel said in this introduction, which is we have to be a very realistic in the short term, but keeping being idealistic in the medium and long term. In the short term, we saw that buying as much energy as possible was what was done, but not enough is done on or probably starting again on nuclear power discussion. Don't close the nuclear power plants. And I know that's an element of debate in many countries, especially in Germany and in Belgium. But energy conservation, there is also a lot of measure who have been pushed in several countries. We probably need to do much more of that. And in the middle term, clearly accelerate the deployment of renewable, but also diversification of older supplies and the energy mix and implementing an electricity market reform. There has been some start and it needs clearly a global governance. But in a longer term, what we need to do is also accelerating innovation. I agree with what has been said. We know that a lot of the technologies that will be needed to reduce our global emissions are not yet ready for implementation or not fully industrialized. So we should not focus only on solar and wind. There's many more technologies that are there available and on which we should invest. And nuclear is clearly part of the picture. All of this has to be done considering that access to energy needs to be affordable and possible for everybody, not just in Europe, but globally. So energy access is clearly a topic that needs to be considered while working on energy transition and the fact against climate change. In the previous session, there was also a big discussion about the supply of raw material. I'll come back to that a bit later. Very quickly on that, I'm sure you've seen the latest IE report which was published yesterday or two days before and which updated forecasts say that in the next five years, the world will add more renewable power than in the past 20 years and they've updated that because of the increase, the surge in renewable power that was added due to the quinoa. So we're not there yet. We're not on the right path to reach the net zero scenario, but it's improving. And that's true not only in Europe, but clearly as well in India and in China and the US are also picking up. Electrification is an energy efficiency and the new, what I said, the new kids on the block and electrification clearly is being pushed as a model for the new economy. And that's probably also difficulty because it needs the need for new electric capacity. So energy efficiency. There is also a strong increase, as you can see on this chart, in energy efficiency measure, especially in building insulation. It's useless to put a heat pump in a house if you didn't do the home insulation work first. And the nuclear relations, we mentioned it as well. There will be a six new nuclear plant next year, a lot in the East. And Europe needs to have open its eyes on the reality of the energy mix. I'll skip that one. I won't say much more about material because I think it was rightly put by especially Mr. Shalman in the previous session about the fact that the energy transition must be looked not with the naive eyes, but considering the need of materials for this transition. So we should be careful of not creating new dependencies and probably as well, Europe needs to reopen its eyes on the not in my backyard policy. We cannot ask the other ones to do what we don't want us ourselves to do. So if we need lithium, if we need nickel, if we need cobalt, let's be honest to ourselves and not tell our friends of Africa, of India, Asia, whatever, or South America to do it for us. So there's probably some ethics to put back in the game there. Green hydrogen is on all the lips. As you know, it's very trendy. There's a lot of money out there. It won't probably reach the level which is required to decarbonize the economy, which is the 15%. We are not on that path. One of the reasons being the lack of green electricity available. So that means that large of green electricity will need to be imported from other regions. So the geopolitics will have to change a bit because clearly some region will be in a new position of exporting energy in the form of through the hydrogen carrier, Latin America, for instance, Australia and Asia and also Africa. So the geopolitics of energy might change a bit due to the emergence of green hydrogen. But we are not there yet and there is also some technology hurdles to move this hydrogen around the world. Climate change mitigation will depend on technology but not also, but not only, also on large effort by corporations and citizens, meaning that there is a lot of technology out there. The electricity mix will be done using several technologies and you need significant effort on R&D, but you also need significant effort in training people for to display this new technology and also to explain to the politicians that those technology are available and that they need some support, not only financial support, but also capability support and political support. Some are sometimes struck by norms that can be changed very easily while we focus a lot on solar and wind. There's much more out there. So very, very quickly to conclude in recent years and we've been saying that for quite a while in Capgemini, energy supply, energy safety has been neglected and this led to be relying mostly on gas network from external. So clearly we have a hard wake-up call. Energy sobriety is a critical and immediate measure for Europe at least to avoid disruption in supply, not only relying on the other ones. Call, clearly there is a wake-up call on call, which also drives a new technology on which the US at least are investing a lot, which is a carbon capture and utilization and not only storage and it would be key to eliminate CO2. It's very easy to tell all the countries to get rid of their CO2 plant, but you all know that those CO2 plants have lifetime over 30, 50 years and they won't disappear overnight and all the countries who are relying on call do not have enough resources to overnight invest in new clean energy, new nuclear plants. So CCUS will be required for the Eastern Europe country, but also for Asia. We point fingers to China who is heading a lot of coal-fired plants, but they need a diverse mix and probably CCUS would be also considered in the equation. Clearly we have to be realistic and the energy crisis will probably delay the reduction of GIG emission. We saw that this year GIG emission in 2022 are back to where they went in 2019, so a stronger increase, but in the in the medium term carbon free energy will also be dependent on more domestic resources. Maybe one last word which was not mentioned in the previous discussion, it's circularity. I strongly believe that circularity is also a lever that is insufficiently used and explored, and which is also a way to solve part of the equation. We discussed earlier about the lack of material that we will probably face, but we don't explore at all or not sufficiently circularity as a lever to reuse and reinject in the economy the materials that we need to support the energy transition. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Very interesting presentation. I would like to make three comments on your presentation and then launch a discussion and to build on what Mr. Taneja just said. First of all you mentioned energy efficiency. I've been recently on mission in Central Asia and when we are talking about energy efficiency we have to mention subsidized. When energy is subsidized it's very difficult to have prices that reflect the real market, so that's a very important topic that we have to tackle in the north as well. The second point is green hydrogen. Some projects are linked with Africa for example that we will have solar farms and then come back to Europe for green hydrogen. I'm afraid it could increase a gap as you mentioned between south and north and this is a topic that we have to tackle and to discuss again because it's a bit contrary and the last point you just mentioned circularity. If we talk about green hydrogen that is produced partly in Africa and then back to Europe it's not circularity at all. So all these topics are on the table and I would be very happy to hear some questions or comments on that. Yes please. So I would like to highlight a challenge which for me is very important. It's a challenge of flexibility of the electricity system. In fact the demand of electricity will grow due to the increase of population but also due to the fact that the share of electricity in the energy mix will increase and there is a consensus on that fact. On the side of supply there is a reduction of the dispatchable capacity. It's a case in the OECD countries but it's also the case worldwide and there is clearly an increase of renewable energy but it is intermittent and so this is creating a clear challenge of the flexibility of the security of the energy of the electricity sector and this has been clearly highlighted by the IEA in a recent report I think two years ago on the World Energy Oak Brook which was showing that this challenge of flexibility of electricity sector is a challenge worldwide in OECD countries but also in non-OECD countries including for example China, India or Africa and I think it's a very very important problem because it's very difficult to store electricity. Thank you Olivier. I see two no yeah okay Hervé Mariton. First a formal remark on the fact that Florian compared the situation in energy with the Covid crisis asking for a warp speed reaction. There's a real danger in using the notion of urgency in the same way about different crises I mean we had answers concerning the Covid crisis that actually challenged our democratic model and I think it would be great danger to have this same understanding of urgency as to the energy and climate crisis because if we answer with the same word and concept on any challenge we have then it's our whole democratic model which is at stake. The second formal in a way remark with a bit of a delay to our Indian friend to our German friend sorry is that the self-criticism you expressed probably would have not have been the same if Germany had not closed its nuclear plants to Florian again and indeed after your remark Valérie. Florian insisted on the affordability of the necessity of affordability to energy and you underlined the point about subsidies and there might be a contradiction between affordability and subsidy and as the economist Christian Gaulier always emphasizes the energy transition has its cost and somebody's got to pay for it and it ends up at the consumer I mean it's not cows that pay taxes on milk. The last point is on hydrogen and also the movement of industry and activity you were stating that the IRA and the competitiveness of the energy supply in the States could have its impact on industry but actually the development of renewable energies in the South could itself have its impact. I've read some analysis that said that the first step is presently indeed maybe a movement from Europe to the States but once there is an important development of energy production particularly solar production the South you may have this electricity being conveyed through hydrogen to Europe but you might also have a movement of industry from Europe to the South and this is a point that's got to be analyzed and the last thing is I read that yesterday an agreement had been obtained between France and Spain has to a pipe a gas pipe and I also heard an analysis found interesting particularly in this period and the fact that France might then resemble and it might have been some of the difficulties in negotiating this agreement that France would not wish to resemble a new Ukraine with a large flow of hydrogen coming from the South Africa through Spain and then through France to Germany maybe. Thank you Mr. Chalma. Yeah just a question because I'm not a technician as Olivier Parth said electricity for the moment we don't know how to store it apart from using mountain dams and as I understand the idea of storing electricity through hydrogen is not efficient enough and when I heard about the future of hydrogen my friends at EDF Electricité de France tell me that you need to have a constant source of power to produce efficiently hydrogen so my idea is that you could produce hydrogen to store intermittent energy seems not to be valid and also Hervé Mariton said that we would build hydro pipelines I've heard that it wasn't up and that you're more an engineer than I am but I heard in chemistry that the hydrogen molecule was so thin that it was pretty difficult to develop so those two for the moment and for how long do you think the idea of storing power will be almost impossible and all what I heard about hydrogen and so on is it real stuff or mere illusion at least for the 10 years to come but I'm not a scientist so so please you have the floor so I would like to bring some answers because I dealt with hydrogen I'm Franklin servant driver by the way for transmutex so I was working with a boat that had 500 square meters of solar power and we had to have batteries in order to sustain the boat when there was no sun and so we had eight tons of batteries which lasted for one and a half days of power on the boat so we installed hydrogen and the hydrogen tank the storage I think is solved okay but it took 30 days to fill 200 kilos of hydrogen but 200 kilos of hydrogen lasted six days compared to eight tons of batteries for one and a half days so yes hydrogen is the future in many ways it's not such a long future I think it's pretty much like the RNA vaccines I think if we hurry up we can make it happen there are some amazing technologies coming out of of some research in argon labs in Australia about mixing hydrogen with diesels and we would need to retrofit the diesel engine without replacing them and this would reduce CO2 by 80% so you know those are really very important but the one thing about hydrogen is you need a lot of water and people forget that you need a lot of water you need 18 tons of fresh water to make one ton of hydrogen and if you use salt water which is most of the case in Saudi Arabia the hydrogen hub in Saudi Arabia or in Africa then you reduce that efficiency by 50% in energy so hydrogen is the future but the future is probably in the northern latitudes and in the Andes where we don't have agriculture where water is not in competition with agriculture thanks absolutely right thank you so much


Mae'n clym Jones. Mae gyntaf willa plutôt어� 게임 hwnnw dd cuidado gwnaliad ar gyfer gwaith hefyd a'r�영 charity gaminiaeth. Mae aud y mynd i'sg salio ar-gским i gaelais ei gennych hwnnw i sefydlau gweld Gwympario yn fadebwys ungardol ar gaelas hyfforddiadau ac lefaddedd dros fe – esgamaf prospects mewn'r cider accommodate caelsogi a'r schematic to rebuild their portfolio. Up to £5 million match funding has also been announced for Glasgow School of Arts Macintosh building fire fund and additional support for any longer term funding requirements for building recovery and restoration following full evaluation of insurance liability. The Scottish Government and our agencies have been working tirelessly to support GCA staff since Friday afternoon and will continue to provide technical, logistical survey and conservation advice and support. Can I restate our gratitude for the remarkable work of the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, whose professionalism and early strategic decision making saved 90 per cent of the building and 70 per cent of its content? I thank the cabinet secretary for that answer. I would also like to thank the Fire and Rescue Service for the fantastic work that they did last Friday. I don't think I'm alone in thinking that it's difficult to remember an occasion when a fire, which thankfully there were no fatalities or even injuries, has been met with such an outpouring of shock and loss. To know that, thanks to their work way above and beyond the call of duty, we'll be able to rebuild this iconic masterpiece as something that we should be eternally grateful for. I know my colleague Sandra White, who's away in parliamentary business, would like to have spoken on this and asked the question. I'm also aware that she's been speaking to herself and residents and students and community council. She, like me, would like to know what assessment has been made of what can be salvaged from the fire damage west end of the building and what has been lost. I thank the member. I have tried to keep all the interested parties updated. I spoke to Sandra White on Saturday and I have communicated with regional MSPs to make sure that they have been updated. On what can be salvaged, it is very early days, but I can say in terms of conservation The early actions that have been taken over the weekend and continue to be taken are really important in terms of restoration. We have world-class expertise in glass of school of art working with Historic Scotland in terms of 3D scanning of the building as it is now. Some of that emergency conservation is very important indeed. In relation to what is being salvaged, we are looking at trying to make sure that we have conservation not just for the works of art, but for the content of the building, but also for the students. It is very important that we retrieve their works of art and can serve as much as possible. Historic Scotland is taking a lead in both those exercises. I am delighted to hear the comments about the work that is going to be done to protect or help the students with some of the work that has been lost. I spoke earlier about the shock and loss and this goes to show you the deep affection for the Markintosh building, not just in Scotland but across the world. What support can the Scottish Government provide to the Glasgow School of Art to take advantage of the international interest in raising funds to return the building to its former glory? I can confirm that the Scottish Government will use all our networks and agencies internationally to raise the profile of the Markintosh fire fund and encourage contributions to that fund. I would reiterate that we love the building and the building has iconic symbolism, not just in Scotland. It is a work of art in itself but also internationally. I would stress that, at this time, it is important that we support the students and that they are the artists and the geniuses of ideas for the future. I associate myself with the comments of the cabinet secretary and Mr Donan regarding the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service. I am sure that the whole of Parliament would echo those and I can also thank her for the update that she provided to Glasgow members over the holiday weekend. We do not know if a more advanced fire prevention system would have been of great assistance in that case, but it is, of course, a tragic idea that that work was planned but had not been completed before that fire broke out. Can the cabinet secretary say whether she has asked Historic Scotland to review the fire risk that might face other buildings of, if not quite the same significance and affection that the School of Art has, certainly the estate of many other significant buildings in Scotland? Can I confirm that the Glasgow of Art Macintosh building had appropriate fire protection for a grade A listed building that is always difficult to ensure an appropriate system? It was doing the right thing in implementing that, but clearly in terms of the interruption over the period for understandable reasons, that had not as yet been completed. Historic Scotland is constantly working with those in the heritage aspects. Many of them are privately owned buildings, but it is not just those that are in the public sector or under protection of government agencies. That is under constant review, but I am absolutely clear that Glasgow School of Art has always been very conscious of the risk. Unfortunately, that risk was realised over the weekend, but also in terms of tributes and thanks. I also met with the staff of Glasgow School of Art, Professor Tomins and Miro Gray, on Saturday, and their senior management team. Some of them have gone through a great deal over the past 24 hours, but they have been working tirelessly to make sure that there is continuity for students. I also reflect and will feedback the question and the points that have been raised to start Scotland. Can I acknowledge my party with the tributes to the fire and rescue service? I heard what the cabinet secretary said about recovering as much student work as possible, but what measures have been put in place to support those students whose degree work has been damaged or lost and who may be embarking on a future career at the moment? Not only the academic results but also in terms of the retail value of many of their paintings and works. Of course, in terms of insurance, that assessment is on-going, but in relation to particularly the works of art of the students, we want to help them to rebuild the portfolios that were necessary and to take advantage of the opportunities that are now being transmitted in support from other art schools across not just Scotland but the rest of the UK and internationally. Indeed, Edward College of Art was one of the first to respond in terms of what support it can provide. I emphasise that the Phoenix Bursary scheme that we are announcing today is precisely to help and assist students going forward. It will have a bright future. We will all rally to its cause, as we will to the building. We have very talented young artists and we owe it to them to make sure that the recovery of Glasgow's art is not just about the building but also to support the on-going careers of those very talented artists. I confirm that the strong affection for the Glasgow School of Art is something shared right across the country and far beyond. I associate myself with the comments that James Donnell made in moving the question and the cabinet secretary in their response. I also put on record the gratitude of myself and my party for the efforts of the fire and rescue service. Following on from Mary Scanlon's question, the Bursary itself, obviously there are students that are coming to the end of their degree period. What duration is the Bursary due to last for? Is there specific help for those who are at the very end of their course? Can you give us a little bit more detail of the nature of the support that might be available in that sense? My colleague Michael Russell has also been in close contact with Glasgow School of Art and, indeed, we were in constant touch over the weekend. In terms of the discussions that are taking place, both with SASS and the funding council, more details will come out over the next period. It is about financial support for students who need more additional time to complete their portfolio. We are very conscious of the importance of that, and that is why, although a lot of the international and media focus, understandably, has been on the internationally iconic building, it is really incumbent on all of us to make sure that there is continuity for students in terms of their academic work but also in terms of completion for those that are reaching their final year. Every effort is being made by all the agencies, but particularly by Glasgow School of Art in terms of their responsibility to their students. I can give reassurance to that regard. Presiding Officer, I declare an interest as a member of Unite the Union, who organised at Devro, because I have friends and family who work there. To ask the Scottish Government what steps it is taking to support Devro and its workforce following the announcement of major job losses. Presiding Officer, John Swinney, the Cabinet Secretary for Finance, Employment and Sustainable Growth, has met Peter Page, the CEO of Devro PLC. Since the announcement, the Scottish Government through Scottish Enterprise has been working very closely with the company. The majority of employment at the Scottish sites is protected and our partnership action for continuing employment pace initiative is actively involved to provide support and advice. The Scottish manufacturing advisory service has also been actively involved. Devro has been manufacturing in Scotland for more than 50 years. Scottish Enterprise has met Devro and will actively support it through this difficult phase to help them to develop their future plans and ensure the long-term sustainability of their business. My ministerial colleagues and I will be kept fully informed of all developments. I thank the minister for his response, Presiding Officer, and I say that the news has come as a shock since Devro is investing and prospering abroad at the moment. Does the minister agree with me, though, that the potential loss of 130 jobs—a quarter of Devro's Scottish employees—is a devastating blow for the workforce, for the local economy and the community, since Devro is one of the biggest private sector employers in my constituency? What firm commitment can the Scottish Government give to fully support the workers who may lose their livelihoods, and can further meetings be held with the company to see if there is any practical Government assistance that can be given to try and keep those jobs here in Scotland? I respect and appreciate the member's close interest in this. She mentioned that her family and friends have involvement at the factory, so that is an extremely serious matter and is taken in that light. That is why John Swinney met the chief executive of the company, and why Scottish Enterprise has met the company as well. At the top level, the involvement discussions have included Lina Wilson, the chief executive of Scottish Enterprise. I am able to further advise the member that there is a follow-up meeting with the company on 30 May. Plainly, we will take every possible step to help to secure the long-term future of the company. It has around 520 employees at its plants in Williamsburn and Bells hill. The member is correct that the proposed reduction is 130, a substantial number indeed. The PACE initiative, which has the function of assisting those who are made redundant, finds other opportunities, has already been alerted, advised and is already willing and available to provide the assistance to those employees as they do to all other persons who find themselves facing the unpleasant threat of redundancy. I am happy to assure the member that we are doing everything that is possible with and through Scottish Enterprise. Secondly, I will personally make sure that she is kept fully informed of all major further developments. I thank the minister for saying that he will keep me informed of developments. Is the minister aware that, two years ago, Devril moved his financial team from Middysburn to London and that, in a letter from chief executive Peter Page, who the minister has mentioned, he says that the current changes are part of a programme to refocus and streamline the group's manufacturing worldwide? Can the minister give any examples of practical assistance that Devril can offer to ensure that it continues to manufacture here in Scotland and that it keeps its HQ in Middysburn? More generally, can he comment on the Scottish Government's plans to try to stop the decline overall of Scottish manufacturing? Yes, I can and yes, I will. First of all, in 2007 Devril was offered RSA of £1.64 million as assistance in implementing a project to improve productivity and product quality to safeguard 200 permanent jobs and to incur capital expenditure of £9.1 million on plant and machinery. That grant, Presiding Officer, was paid in full and the final instalment in 212 and project jobs and assets are due to remain in conditions until 21 June 2014. Secondly, I understand that in the discussions with the cabinet secretary, Mr Page, stressed that this decision was very much part of a review of the company's global operations. The member will know more about the company than I do from her local knowledge, but my understanding is that Devril is a global company operating in many other countries, including the USA, the Czech Republic and Australia. That, Mr Page, took pains to stress to the cabinet secretary at their meeting that this was very much a review of their global operations and reflecting difficult market conditions. Finally, members will know that the difficulties facing Vion, the main sausage producer, led to problems on going for the sector. Of course, Devril produced collagen sausage casings and Vion was a major customer. We can see that there has been a difficult market situation. We are aware of that, but we continue to provide through Scottish Enterprise every possible support in relation to ensuring that the technology at the factory receives investment where possible and that, therefore, that helps to secure the long-term future of operations in Scotland, as the member correctly exhorts us to do. I also declare an interest as a member of Unite, the union that organises the Devril plant. I also put in record my appreciation to Peter Page, the chief executive, for taking a conference call on Friday morning to discuss the various issues in relation to both the plant at Bellshill and particularly the one at Moody'sburn. Could the minister give assurances that not only the constituency member will be kept up-to-date with any developments, but also the other constituency member who has an interest in this, Michael Mopahan, and the list members for Central Scotland? I think that we have all got a duty to assure the communities in both Bellshill and Moody'sburn, and in particular Moody'sburn, because of the long association that Devril has had with those two areas, that not only the workforce but the communities have to be kept fully informed of any developments in the future of both plants. Yes, I am happy to provide Mr Wilson with that assurance that all members have an interest in their constituencies, whether the local constituency or the regional constituency will be kept advised of any major developments in relation to the Scottish Government's involvement. Yes, I can also agree with Mr Wilson that these are extremely important matters and one that we take with the utmost seriousness. The redundancy consultation period has, I believe, begun a few days ago and is a 45-day period. It is planned, I believe, that there are to be redundancies operative in around July and then a further tranche in quarter one next year. Therefore, it would appear that this will be a two-stage process. Obviously, because there is more time, PACE are better able, with the benefit of some notice to be of practical assistance to many of the individuals involved. People are made redundant in units of one. Each one must be provided with whatever help and assistance can reasonably be provided by PACE, who are very good at that particular function in Scotland, and have seen relatively high success rates in the work that they do in helping people to find other opportunities, whether it is employment, training or other fruitful activities. I am happy to give the undertaking to keep all members advised of what work we can do. As I mentioned already, Scottish Enterprise is meeting again with the company in a couple of days' time. That ends topical questions. The next item of business is a debate on the local government and regeneration committee's inquiry into the delivery of regeneration Scotland. Members who wish to take part in this debate should press a request to speak but no


Hi everybody, I did my research with this amazing book and I learned so much about it that I had to make a video. Today we're going to talk about grow lights for house plants. Okay, coming up. To get energy to grow. And plant photosynthesis is actually the reaction to energy transfer. That is when the plant converts light into usable energy, which is pretty amazing if you think about it every leaf on our plant is like a mini solar panel. When the leaves and the stems receive the sunlight they're actually able to convert it into usable energy. Now, light indoors is significantly lower in intensity as it is outdoors. So we really need to make sure that our indoor plants are getting enough sunlight or enough sources of light so they can get enough energy to thrive and grow. So let me tell you some signs that our plants give us to know that they're actually missing the sunlight. Number one, long, leggy and thin grows. When we have a plant that is growing really thin, long and very leggy, this may be a sign that they're missing sunlight. This tends to be very clear with succulents. Most succulents grow very compact. But if they're missing sunlight, they will start to grow very thin and long. Another sign that plants are not getting enough sunlight is when your variegated plants start losing their variegation. Many variegated plants actually need more sunlight than their solid colored sisters. And this helps them maintain their variegation. Now, something to note is that some plants that are variegated don't need so much sunlight. This is for example the case of the golden photos. This plant has beautiful variegation but they actually prefer low light conditions. So make sure that you understand your plant needs before you bring more light to her. And plan number three is if your leaves start losing color. If the color starts fading away, this may also be a sign that your plant is lacking sunlight. Okay, so let me share with you some of the factors that you should consider before choosing a grow light. Okay, so now that you know some ways in which you can check whether your plant needs supplemental light or not, let me share with you some factors that are important when choosing a grow light. Number one, the spectrum of light provided. And that is the balance of cool and warm colors in your light. Just so you know, blue and red are the lights that are most efficiently used by plants. Blue light generally helps prevent elongation of the plant and it helps her with the production of antioxidants. Whereas red light generally helps with leafy growths. Now there are actually grow lights that specifically provide red and blue light and they come in different ratios. So you may have five to one, so five red one blue, or 10 to two, so 10 red to blue. So depending on how you want to help your plant and what kind of plant you have, you may want to get a grow light with more red light or with a smaller ratio between blue and red. But generally blue and red light are very good for your plant. You can also get grow lights that are full spectrum. This means that they have all the colors in the spectrum, including blue and red. And if you get a grow light in the full spectrum, the light that it will produce will look white to us. But of course, it will include blue and red, even if we cannot see them. So these are also very good. Number two, the lid surface. If you only want to help one plant with supplemental light, you may want to invest in a smaller grow light that is going to be maybe a spotlight fixture. But if you have lots of plants and a large surface to lid, you may want to invest in a bigger grow light or more smaller grow lights. Number three, the heat output. This is very important when talking about grow lights for house plants because since we're using these lights inside our homes, we don't want a very high heating output. This can be dangerous for our homes. Also if you have a low heating output, you can place the grow light a little bit closer to your plant and it will not cause scorching of the leaf or burn the leaf. So this is also a very important factor to consider. And we should also consider the amount of light and the time that we're going to have our grow lights on. This is when we see how many watts they're going to use. So we know that our grow lights are going to be efficient and not so expensive for our electrical bill. Another personal tip that I can give you related to this is that if you are forgetful like me, I would recommend that you get a timer. So either a grow light that comes with a timer or a lamp that you can connect to a timer. That way you don't have to worry that you forget to turn it on or forget to turn it off. And your plans will be okay. Okay, so now let me show you some options that are great for houseplants and success like us. Number one, CFLs or compact fluorescent light. CFLs are great to light up small spaces. So if you have a small plant or a group of smaller plants to which you want to provide some extra light, the CFL is great for you. These ones tend to provide the full spectrum grow light and they're usually on the cooler side. So the light will look more white and a little bit more on the cooler side. But for our plants, they're really great because they come in the full spectrum. Although they're not so common, you can also find some CFLs that are a little bit more on the warmer side. This is in case you don't want your house to be really on the cooler side in terms of light. Another very cool thing about the CFLs is that you can use them in standard fixtures. So you can put them in your lamps around the house or on the ceiling closer to your plants. So they're just like any light bulb, but they provide the full spectrum for your plants and they're pretty great. Oh, and one thing to remember about the CFLs is that you want to put them closer to your plant, about 30 to 50 centimeters away from your plants. This way you will make sure that most of the volume of the light will be focused on the plant. The second type of light that I'm going to talk about today is the LED lights and this one is my favorite. LED lights have become really popular, not only for grow lights, but also for general use. This is because these lights are great for low energy costs and they have low heat outputs. There are many types of LED lights that you can use. First of all, you can always use an LED light bulb for your lamps around the house. You should always check that these light bulbs are full spectrum and you will provide light for your plants. You can also invest in some grow lights that are LED. For example, I'm using this one right here. This is a Sansi LED grow light and it's a full spectrum grow light. I am using this one for my succulent and it's working really well. So what I love about this light is that it's full spectrum LED light. So it gives my plants all the colors that they need, especially blue and red, but the light actually comes out white. So it is also pleasing to the eye. So yeah, I really like it. You can also find LED lights that provide a mixture of red and blue lights, as well as ultraviolet and infrared lights, which are really good for plants in small amounts. But focusing on the blue and red light, as I said before, this can come in different ratios. So depending on what you want to provide for your plant and what kind of plants you have, you may want to provide a little bit more red or a little less. But again, blue and red light are very good for our plants. So these lights are also really great because they focus on these two colors. Now, one big difference between the LED in full spectrum and the LED lights that focus on blue and red light is the color of light that they produce. So you will notice that the LED lights that focus on blue and red light will have a color that is more pink or purple, whereas the full spectrum LED light will produce a white light. So if you don't like the pink or proper color, I would recommend that you stick to the full spectrum light. But if you don't mind the color and you want to focus on providing blue and red light, these lamps are also very great. And as LED lights are becoming more and more popular, they're actually coming in many forms and sizes and different types. So you can get a small light like this one, and this one is an E27 so I can easily just fix it in my lamp, or you can get a light string with red and blue light or even lamps that you can clip to your furniture and move them around so they can actually focus on one or more specific plants. Now, let me tell you how I use these grow lights. Depending on the light that you get and the intensity of the light, as well as the type of plants that you have, you will see how far or close you will place your grow lamp. But if you get a light like this one, or for example the other one that I have that you can clip to the furniture and is red and blue light, these ones I usually put them about 8 to 12 inches from the top of my plants. So for this kind of light that would be my general recommendation. Of course, always observe your plants, because some plants may want the light a little bit closer, whereas others may want to be a little bit farther away. So if you see that the light is actually burning the leaves, make sure to put it a little bit farther. This may be too direct on the plant. Now, when I discovered that I needed to bring grow lights for my plants, especially in the winter, one of my first questions was, how long should I keep my grow light on? And this is a great question. Generally, our plants want 12 to 16 hours of sunlight. So generally, I would recommend that you provide that amount of light. For example, with my sockets on the window, I have these in front of a south facing window. So they get some amount of light during the day. In this case, I don't turn my grow lights on for the whole day. I usually turn them on when the sun is coming down. This is about 3 30 to 4 o'clock. And I leave it on for about an extra four hours. However, depending on the plan, you may want to provide more hours of light or less hours of light. This is related to photo period. Without getting too scientific, photo period actually relates to the amount of light and darkness a plant needs to thrive and flower. And related to photo period, there are three types of plants. First is long day plants. These are plants that need long days to thrive and flower. And there are usually many succulents or plants that generally flower during the summer months. And a long day means more than 12 hours of light. These plants are usually happy with 14 to 16 hours of light. And we should provide this light accordingly. Then we have short day plants. These are plants that need longer nights to flower. And a perfect example is the Christmas cactus. As you may know, the Christmas cactus flowers in the winter. And this is because they need longer nights to flower. The Christmas cactus needs 14 hours of darkness in order to thrive and flower. And this means that they need 10 hours of light. And hence is a perfect example for a short day plant. So third types of plants are day neutral plants. And these plants don't rely so much on the photo period to thrive or flower. They're usually happy with 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness. Again, in order to keep your plants happy and prevent them to go into dormancy, I would recommend that you generally provide 12 to 14 hours of light. This can be a combination of sunlight and supplemental light or the full-time grow lights. But if you want your plant to thrive and flower, it's also good to know about their photo period. So much information. But what I would recommend is that you go back to the video and watch it by parts. If you have any questions, of course, let me know down below and I will make sure to reply. And as always, I will see you in the next one. Okay, ciao!


Hi and welcome to the session. Today we will learn the construction of a line parallel to a given line through a point not on the line. Here we are given a line L and a point P outside the line L. So let's start the construction. We will construct the line M parallel to line L using ruler and compasses only. First of all take a point Q on line L and join PQ. So our first step of construction will be take a point Q on line L and join PQ. With Q as center and any radius draw an arc to cut the line L and PQ like this. Let this arc cut the line L at point R and PQ at point S. So our second step of construction is with Q as center and any radius draw an arc to cut line L at point R, PQ at point S. Now with P as center and same radius draw another arc say arc AB to cut the line segment PQ at point C like this. So our third step of construction is with P as center and same radius draw an arc AB to cut PQ at point C. Next open your compasses and place the pointer of your compasses at point R and the pencil at point S to measure the length of the arc RS. Then with same measurements place the pointer of your compasses at point C and draw an arc to cut the arc AB at point D. So here we have drawn the arc and this cuts the arc AB at point D. As the fourth step place the pointer of compasses at point R and pencil at point S. Then with same measurements place the pointer of compasses at point C and draw an arc AB at point D. Now join PD and produce it to both the sides to get the line M. So this is the line M which is parallel to line L. A sixth step we have join PD to get line M parallel to line L. Now here in this construction what we have done is we have drawn an angle APQ equal to the angle PQR. Now as these angles form a pair of alternate interior angles so that means line M is parallel to line L. Thus in this session we have learnt the construction of a line parallel to a given line through a point not on the line. With this we finished this session. Hope you must have understood the construction. Goodbye, take care and have a nice day.