Hello and let's talk about the English Premier League. Yesterday saw two major teams in the league, Manchester United and Liverpool suffering drubbings. Liverpool, the reigning champion, was thrashed by Aston Villa by a 7-2 margin, while Manchester United suffered a 6-1 defeat at the hands of Tottenham. There were records galore as both these top tier clubs saw some of their worst defeats in their history. A key aspect is the sheer number of goals scored, which reflects a larger trend that has been noticeable even in other matches in the league this season. So what explains the sheer number of goals? We talked to News Clicks Leslie Xavier on this issue. Thank you Leslie for joining us. So quite a couple of interesting matches yesterday, lots of goals scored. Some giant teams faced a bit of a setback. But the number of goals scored is not an aberration because we have been seeing this in the tournament over the past few weeks. So could you kind of quickly take us through both the matches themselves and the reason the scorecard was so skewed? So firstly, when the teams who are at the receiving end of such a huge loss are teams that you don't like then you tend to be really happy about it. So a good way to start Monday by discussing the two defeats. But yeah, the results Tottenham beat Manchester United 6-1 at Old Trafford. And Aston Villa beat Liverpool 7-2 and Liverpool are the different league champions. So huge loss for Liverpool. In fact, they're standing the goal stally. It's completely destroyed that goal stally now because they have scored 11 and have received 11. And so in the Premier League, in the start to the new season, we have seen 38 matches so far. And a huge number of goals, 144 to be exact, they have been scored. So that takes the average to 3.78 goals per match, which is quite substantially higher than even the Premier League record, which happens to be a couple of seasons from a couple of seasons back, which is 2.82 goals per match. Of course, you see more than 1,000 matches in a... I mean, sorry, more than 300 matches in a season. And generally the goals scored would be around about 1,000. So it's a long season. It's also a difficult season considering the raging pandemic, etc. So whether this trend would sustain itself, that needs to be seen. But as far as the start of the season is concerned, it's great entertainment because as we know, goals make things very interesting. It's fun and especially sitting in India and watching these football matches, we are not exactly very connected with these clubs that we're as fans. We watch it, I mean, at least I speak for myself because there are many people who are... Oh, they're not. There are some really passionate fans. Yeah, so for me, it's more or less a neutral viewership in this side. So I enjoy these goals. And of course, yeah, it's a little surreal when you consider that you're talking about a league and not even a tournament kind of a setup where we know that this is a two-week or three-week kind of a burst. This is, I mean, teams who consider themselves to sustain this kind of... I mean, sustain performance through the season. So that way it's a surreal start, but yeah, it's totally enjoyable. So yeah, so could you sort of go through what are some of the reasons being talked about for this kind of goals? So it's, again, I mean, there are many, I mean, there's no definite reasons listed as such because the pundits have been trying to analyze what exactly is happening, why is it so happening. But again, nobody is willing to comment, nobody is... I mean, if you look at, again, making a calculated explanation to this when it requires much more matches and a sustained period of performance, so to speak. But having said that, goals are goals and we need to figure out what is happening, right? So one reason that has been attributed widely but not accepted as such because it's a slightly subjective reason is that the absence of crowds is fueling goals, which is something that we initially thought would be the opposite effect because players without a crowd noise, players would find it a little difficult to play, get the muscles motivated and all that. But considering the league setup when teams travel to the rival teams then it's always an intimidating atmosphere to be there.  So that has been absent. So general assumption is that, or general explanation is that the strikers find themselves free in front of goal these days. So they're free of pressure, they are not facing, booing, jeering, all these things while in front of goal and they just play their natural game which is to score and so that's resulted in some of the goals that has happened. So aside visiting Manchester United for instance, regardless of whatever the stature of the side is, it's very difficult to come out with a result, a 1-0 result even from old traffic. We are talking about Tottenham beating them 6-1 and so that itself shows that the factor, the crowd factor, the heavy games factor is no longer existent in the Premier League. Having said that Liverpool lost, I mean, lost away from home. So that, I mean, so it's, home factor is there but again it's also a mixed back. That's why it's very difficult, that's why I said that it's a subjective factor that we are discussing where we say that the home crowd is missing so sides fall but then Liverpool's loss talks about the contrary, they were visiting Aspen Villa and then they're lost by a huge margin. So on the pitch, as far as match play is concerned, there are various factors that come into play which also is incidental, also plays a major role in this gold festival that we are seeing. When we discuss that first and foremost, one of the factors that come in is the general evolution of Premier League and where it stands now. So off late we have seen some, I mean, when we started watching the Premier League, when Premier League was started in fact in the 90s and then it obviously started getting air to India because of the cable network coming in. And so we knew certain clubs being the stronger ones, Manchester United, Arsenal being right up there, Chelsea being there. And then we knew that the rest of the fight was for that one Champions League slot and also the mid-table positioning and of course relegation battles also happened. But now in the last few years we have noticed that there is mid-table, it's not exactly mid-table. There are genuine sides who consider themselves to be right up there. They could make it to the top three, they could make it to the Champions League. So I would say the top 10 Premier League sides consider themselves to be the Champions League. They consider themselves that they belong there. And also if you look at the team compositions, we have quality players across the board in all the sides. Yeah, we have superstars in sides like Liverpool or Manchester United with the bigger sides I mean. But then we also have genuine talented players, stars in their own right, in all the sides including Fulham who is right now in the relegation zone. And we also have sides coming up, promoting from the second division. Like for instance, this year Leeds United has come up from the division. We have a brilliant coach in Marcelo Bielsa in the side and they again are not getting into the competition, intimidated or with the idea that the first season our idea is to survive. They are again pushing themselves so that mid-table or higher they want to create themselves rather than they can play it safe. So that kind of a small, attitudinal shift has happened, evolutionary change I would say in the Premier League. So if you consider this and talk about, compare Premier League with Spanish League, it's not happening. So Spanish League, we know for sure that there is a top three or a top four beyond that. It's beyond that they will fight but again Barcelona, Real Madrid, Atletico Madrid. So these three sides between them they have been sharing the title. So, but in Germany it's somewhat similar. So I would say Premier League is more or less getting closer to our Bundesliga dynamics work where there are many clubs who consider themselves to be genuine competitors for the title and then play towards it. So that is a major factor here where sides go into a match and they wouldn't sit back just because they are playing away or home or whatever.  So that is, I would say, a non-subjective factor here. I mean, the subjective one being no crowd and players being free to play. There is also there seems to be a new handball rule and that has seemed to have contributed to an increase in penalties. So could you talk a bit about that also, what it really implies and how it's affecting the game? For a change, the entire Premier League is united in this aspect. They are all critical about the new handball and inside the penalty box. And so there are many defenders who have come out saying that they are terrified about this rule. And so, yeah, that could be a factor because then if this is playing in your mind as a defender and if ball is coming in or being floated in, then you would be, I mean, drilled in when you would be a little careful about because you are mindful where your hand is all the time you're thinking about that as well. And it's a high-speed game you're talking about. So yeah, I'm sure this has thrown in a variable or a spanner into the defensive setup of Premier League teams. Penalties have been there, but I'm not the one person we spoke about. Penalties have been a small percentage in that. So I don't think the annual rule has directly impacted the number of goals as such, but indirectly it has because everyone has come out, even coaches who are at the receiving and who have benefited from the new penalty role and because their side got a penalty. They themselves have said that I don't think that was the penalty. After post-match, they have come on record saying that I don't think that was a penalty because now the idea is that the subjectivity of whether the annual was deliberate or not is taken out of the equation. So if a defender is jumping up like this and if the ball ricochets off his hand and deliberately there were instances when it was not given as an annual, but now everything goes on to the spot game directly. So of course that's a factor, but an indirect factor that way because being professionals and being the kind of defensive setup defenders, the high-quality defenders, the best in the world that you see in professional leagues across the world. Premier League, yeah, we have always spoken about this saying that if you look at the top European leagues, maybe Premier League as sides have the weakest of defensive setups, but still there, I mean by weak you don't mean that they are weak per se that way. So we are talking about a professional defensive line, any of these teams you pick up and so I'm sure they would figure out ways to cope with this additional pressure that they have to deal with. Right, absolutely. And Leslie, finally just a quick look of course at the health biobubble situations because these are massive tournaments going around and how have they generally fared with respect to these kind of issues which is also of interest to us because we are also running, in India also is seeing a tournament and we are not in game geography. Yeah, so there is no biobubble aspects in the Premier League, individual clubs are managing that. I mean if you consider biobubble being something like what IPL is being conducted in. So IPL is a centralized system where the entire league is put into a biobubble to end up on tournament. But we are talking about Premier League which is close to a 10 month tournament, so 10 month league. So they are getting a Valentine's facility and getting these players into it. It would be like giving them a Jay-Z term. So it's impossible that way and also we are not talking about centralized venues here. We are talking about matches happening in each club stadium. So the clubs have been managing it and protocols have been set. If you look at it from the restart that happened to finish off the pending matches from the previous season. They have set protocols and fine tuned it. Of course aberrations happen, there are some cases that is turning up here and there. But then they have a bellowing system also working around this so that the matches are happening. Premier League, I mean our cricket league is happening in the Middle East and of course we are not getting exact details as to how things are transpiring. We are only getting the match news out of there. Hopefully I would like to believe that things are all smooth happening over there as far as the pandemic is concerned and as far as the health of the players are concerned. In the meantime, Indian football is restarting. We are going to have a small tournament which would be the third division so to speak of Indian football as far as domestic tier is concerned. It is a five team tournament and a qualifier for the second division for the ILE. So these players are already there in the Biosecure bubble in Kolkata and the tournament is supposed to start on the 8th and will finish on the 19th of this month. So already two cases have turned up going by reports. One from Bangalore United and the other from Bhavanik pool actually. So and this happened inside the Biosecure bubble. So it's a pretty, I mean a tricky situation because the teams have finished their mandatory quarantine and they had started training along with each other. So that's when this was discovered while testing. So let's hope that it doesn't result in an outbreak or a cluster of cases. Just the football authorities as well as journalists like as we are closely monitoring this. We have a couple of coaches of these teams are regularly at news click. One of them in fact was on our show for 20 grams a week back talking about training and talking about being in the Biosecure bubble. So that is one and then another Biosecure bubble has been set up in Goa for the ISL. Some teams are already in domestic players only because of foreigners visa procurement and all this are not happening yet. So and Bangalore FC for instance is training in their own facility. It's an inspiring sport in Bangalore and they would shift to Goa couple of weeks before the tournament. So again that's where the real tricky part is because ISL is a longer tournament. I mean if you consider IPL being two months, that's two months. ISL is a five month tournament and so the players once they enter the bubble they would remain there for five months. So it's a long term commitment. So it's going to be a huge toll on players physically and mentally to remain in that bubble and focus on their game. And of course one school of thought believes that they would rather be happy playing than be not playing. So because as a player your idea is your idea of being comfortable or being safe or being happy is when you're playing. So that's one school of thought, the other school of thought being that it's like I said earlier it's like a jail term. So why conduct a long league like that in a secure bubble? I mean if you can't figure out the logistics where we can do the league like it's done in Europe, it's understandably difficult in India. So then why not shorten the league? Of course the calendar is undecided so as far as ISL is concerned. But I mean it's almost sure that they would have a full league and they also have an additional team as well. East Bengal has been introduced into the setup. But yeah once the league starts let's see how whether the English Premier League goal first of all would be replicated in India. So that's the thing. So getting back to that part, yeah we are enjoying the matches but these players are also taking their own risk getting out there and playing. And of course it's distance, of course it's sport plus business there is the financial side of it why they are playing over there. So respect for that. And at the same time when we organize in such a large scale over here, I would hope that the organizers of our leagues, they also show, I mean get into the understanding that these are humans, these are individuals who are involved here. So respect them for what they are bringing in and ensure that things are in place so that the matches and sport in general can be conducted smoothly. Because again success and failure in this venture because it's restart for India as far as football is concerned. We will have a huge bearing across sport in India because these are the first tournaments that are being organized. So it comes with that kind of a responsibility as well. Thank you so much Leslie. We will be tracking these events as they happen in tournaments as they happen over the coming weeks. That's all your time for today. We will be back tomorrow with more news from the country and the world. Until then keep watching NewsClick.


Welcome back to Carlucci Auditorium. So we've reached the closing plenary in our second annual dialogue on War Legacies and Peace in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, thanks to everyone who's joined all the roundtables and sessions today. For me, the only regret is that I could only be in one of the roundtables at a time and wasn't in the others that were concurrent, but I'm sure I will hear about it from those participants. We have saved some of the most compelling presenters for the last session, and several of them have recently arrived back from Vietnam, and others have been also traveling recently from different places. As we did with the opening, we will have several groups, and as time is short, we do want to try to finish close to five o'clock as planned. So the title of this closing plenary is Further to Go, Next Steps in War Legacy Remediation and Peacebuilding. The Further to Go comes from a statement from Senator Patrick Leahy, which is we've come a long way together and we have Further to Go. So we're interested in hearing both about how we've gotten to where we are and what the next steps are among our countries and peoples. So for the first group, it's my honor to introduce Ambassador Mark Napper, who is US Ambassador to Vietnam and has served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of States, Sharjah Dhafer is in Seoul and Deputy Chief of Mission there. He served in Vietnam earlier in his career as well and speaks Vietnamese very well. He's been centrally involved in the visit of President Biden and recent events in Hanoi that he'll share with us. With him on stage is Senior Lieutenant General Nguyen Van Ring, who is the President of the Vietnam Association for Victims of Agent Orange Dioxin, VAVA. He is a long time serving VAVA President, has been an executive member of the Central Committee of the Vietnam Fatherland Front and a member of the National Assembly of Vietnam since his retirement as Senior Lieutenant General. And third, we welcome Dr. Pham Lan-Zum, who is the Acting President of the Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. She's also the Vice President of the Asian Society of International Law and the Secretary General of the Vietnam Society of International Law. And she has a Master's and PhD from the Fletcher School at Tufts and from DAV. So welcome to our three distinguished speakers and Ambassador Napper. Welcome back to USIP. Very well, thank you Andrew. Thank you Andrew. Thank you USIP for giving me a chance to receive your invitation. I'm sorry, I'm sorry. I'm only here to show you this last episode. I feel like you guys have very interesting episodes with Ms. Tinh Sĩ Mira Cooper and this morning's episodes. I think I've received a very special support from the US and the United States. Before I start, I would like to thank Mr. Nguyen Tri Vinh and Mr. Nguyen Tri Vinh as well as Mr. Nguyen Tri Vinh for their relationship with the two sides, especially in the process of getting married and getting married to a loved one. And I would like to share my sadness with the past of my life. I just came back from Hanoi. No one can say goodbye to a very successful trip. A very successful visit by President Biden. We use the words, we use the words, we use the words, and when we talk about a visit like this, it seems like, if I say it again, I would like to emphasize that this is a positive point in our relationship with the two sides. And how to ensure that we can keep our relationship for 10 years at full level. When we look back at the process we went through in the two sides of the relationship, we will see that there is a investment in science and technology and the defense system, such as NIN, and the training of the two sides. All of these things are in Vietnam and the United States have experienced so many realities and in the past 10 years, so much more. So this reflects the view from Washington that this year we have reached many different groups from Vietnam. That is a part of there are many high-level groups from the United States that are a part of the United States. We have also come to visit Vietnam. We also have the aircraft carrier, Ronald Reagan also came to visit and on the side of the people and the United States also have the visitation of the international community. We also have a group that is very strong because of the events of ASEAN, the United States and ASEAN, which was held last month. So I think this visitation has a more important meaning, which is to mark a famous memory of the two sides if we have any activities to commemorate the whole 10 years of relationship. I have worked with colleagues in Vietnam, in the leadership, as well as in the leadership of the United States of the United States and the United States and have been created by the president of the United States on the 9th and 10th of September. To mark the relationship, but as you can see, from the whole of the effort to take a step to the highest level, the highest level, you can see that it reflects very strongly a result of the cooperation effort of the two sides to invest in this relationship. To mark the relationship to the highest level, this can not only reflect the will of the two sides, let's see if we can make a cooperation with each other and expand all the cooperation activities in a new era in the future. You have also seen the achievements that have been carried out by the White House after this visit, that is the public contribution, that is also the public contribution of the United States and the United States to bring it out at the same time, to bring out the ideas for the future, the efforts for the future, to work together to help Vietnam, to work with Vietnam, to help Vietnam on the field of manufacturing, science, to be able to boost economic development, especially in the midst of the supporting programs, training programs, to increase the capacity of the labor force in Vietnam, and this is also what Vietnam needs to be able to adapt to the challenges of the 21st century. I think that there are very, very, there are very firm statements that have been announced in this visit, that the United States has put itself in a position to work with Vietnam to achieve all the goals that the hope that Vietnam has brought in the future of our country is a country that has brought the total responsibility of zero and become a strong and strong country and has a high income. That is all the goals that the United States itself will stand with Vietnam to help them to work with Vietnam to achieve these goals. I think this is not a... This is also a focus that the United States and Vietnam are also very, very, many of the goals that Vietnam has achieved. We also feel that Vietnam also wants to be a partner of Vietnam in all the goals, to help Vietnam achieve the goals that we have achieved. At the same time, I also think that the United States also wants to be closer to the relationship with Vietnam and find ways to make us more open to new things that we can cooperate with. But the focus is that we are fully focused on high-tech as well as the Prime Minister, and the President to meet with the two leaders of the country under the professionalism of high-tech such as VINFAST, FPT, MOMO, Vietnam Air, I know Betaxco is also there, and there are big companies of the United States, big groups of the United States, M-Core, Global Foundries, Marvel, that is a very attractive production company, Intel and Google are also there. So I'm looking for ways to think to find ways to create conditions for high-tech groups of the two sides to support and work with each other. In that case, Vietnam and the United States are two countries, two different economic countries, but we will now cooperate with each other to prove to the world that the United States and Vietnam are currently going to the future and working together to the future. In this firm relationship, our plans for the future and the information that you have discussed and the points that you have discussed in the last two days in this meeting, I think that is also the work that has strengthened our relationship to this day. When we say that we are starting to cooperate with the diplomatic relationship, we have just 30 partners that are together with each other, between VNSOP and DBAA, to be able to work together in the areas that are looking for high-code to help Vietnam to find out and to gather all the high-code of the history of Vietnam that is still missing. I know that there is a... I met with Tony Kho. I said, thank you, Tony, for your effort in this area in the U.S., all the related issues related to the military. The diplomatic side has also moved this program and both in the peace plan of the support side of Nha Uy, and also in the peace plan of Binh Hoa, that is to deal with O'Sheen, Ngoi Gung Theo, the peace plan in Da Nang a few years ago, this reflects the relationship, I think it is the relationship between the two countries, I think it is the connection between the two countries, in this effort. In the visit of the President, we have also made a very touching event, where there is a person from the U.S. Army, and the Vietnamese Army, along with the Vietnamese Army, who has given a note that this note belongs to the Vietnamese Army, from the side of us and the side of Vietnam, there has been a gift that belongs to the U.S. Army has also been handed over to the U.S. Army. I would like to thank the results of the Harvard School of Engineering. In the course of the visit, as I said, from the high technology, and we want to emphasize the cooperation, the cooperation to carry out the cooperation of the war-hunting industry, I believe that the United States is very committed in this field. Before the President took the plane to the airport, I think you all saw that the President came to visit the Miracle of the President, where I think this is a very touching experience, and Mr. Nguyen Ngai and the President of Cary also went with the President. You can see that together with Cary and the President standing in front of the Miracle of the President, the Miracle of John McCain, these two people are the people in front of the Miracle of the President. I think this reflects the importance of the work that is being carried out by the United States since we established diplomatic relations. I think that when the President took the plane to the airport, Ngai came to visit this Miracle of the President, and this difference shows the importance of Ngai for the relationship between the two countries in the future. Once again, I would like to emphasize that Melissa Brown and our foreign minister have been sitting here and have also visited the Miracle of the President. This is a very difficult experience to have in life. Thank you very much. Ladies and gentlemen, I am very happy to welcome the President of Washington to hold a conversation about the impact of the war on our country. I would like to thank the President for inviting me to attend the Miracle of the President. We know the conversation about peace and war. There are many issues related to the impact of the war on our country. The impact of the war on our country cannot be described by the history of the world. We have recorded images of the war, of the war that broke out, and the consequences of it. Anything can be described. The destruction of the war has caused a lot of damage to the people and the property. A lot of work has been done on the destruction of the war and it will never be recovered. The consequences of the war are extremely great. The destruction of the people's property and the property of the war has caused the people to have to spend many years to recover. In Vietnam, we have eaten and cried during the war. Although the war has been going on for nearly 50 years, the impact of the war is still very important. Vietnam has caused a lot of damage to the war. It has created a lot of damage. It has destroyed the peace, and has overcome the consequences of the war. It has taken care of the government, the society and the people. The war has been going on for a long time. A lot of damage has been caused by the heavy consequences of the war and a lot of damage to Vietnam. Over time, with that spirit, the past and future generations of Vietnam and the United States are continuing to strengthen the law that is more effective and hinder the war. After 28 years, the United States and the United States have been peace and harmony, diplomatic relations, and 10 years have passed the war-related relations. On September 10, the Vice President of the Communist Party of Vietnam and President of the United States signed a treaty on the high effect of the war-related relations to overcome the war-related relations. It is an important issue in the relationship between the two countries, the most important part of the peace process and the future of the country. We have to open up a new agreement in the relationship with the spirit of the 10 projects that have been signed by the market in Vietnam about the recovery of the war in which we have to complete the independent market, the new sin in the sun and the sun and continue to open up the independent market, the new sin in the sea. The new sin helps the market to improve the lives of the people. The independent market in the 8 provinces, the people in the 8 provinces in Vietnam have signed a treaty on the tradition of the peaceful, peaceful, scientific, and spiritual revolution by the Vietnamese government and the US government have signed a number of programs for Vietnam in the last three decades, such as the U.S. Army, the U.N. Army, the U.S. Army and the U.S. Army. Although the U.S. government was able to do a lot for Vietnam, the support for that is also very serious, and the consequences are serious. I think for the Vietnamese people, the support for that, with just focusing on the solution to the problem of the environment, and also the development of health care for the people of the U.N. are still very serious. Many people have spent a lot of time waiting for that, to talk about the consequences of the war, to talk about the people who are still alive, not being able to solve the real problem. In the meantime, with the help of the U.S. and Vietnam, in dealing with the consequences of the war, the relationship between the U.S. and the U.S. and the U.S. in dealing with that, I would like to thank the U.S. for performing some of its duties. One is that the U.N. needs to develop an agreement to solve the consequences of the war in a stable way, to solve the consequences of the war in the U.N. The other is that the U.N. does not want the U.S. to continue with a stronger agreement in dealing with the war, to overcome the consequences of the war in the U.N. and the U.S. in dealing with the consequences of the war in the U.N. I would like to thank the U.N. for supporting the war in the U.N. and the U.S. in dealing with the consequences of the war in the U.N. The next is that the U.N. does not want a war in the U.N. and the U.N. do not want any more in a stable way, to solve the consequences of the war in the U.N. I would like to thank the U.N. for supporting the war in the U.N. and the U.N. for making an agreement to solve the consequences of the war in the U.N. as to the consequences of the war in the U.N. I would like the US government to help build the centers of education, the centers of analysis of the Diocese of the South-East countries, the research of the disease, the recovery of the potential and the emergency, to help human beings die of cancer, to improve their lives, to change their way of life to a different world. This year, we have a strong, traditional, strong, traditional, successful, advanced, advanced, advanced, and the United Nations of Vietnam, and other universities, which are full of science and medicine, to ensure that the military, the city, and the military are able to fight the military in the region, in the airport. Six organizations, organizations, organizations, and other organizations, to provide the resources to the people of the country and the ability to communicate with our friends in the United States to give them the confidence to be together and learn a lot from each other. Ladies and gentlemen, it is a great land that has a lot of resources for fighting. We always want to call on the United States to respect the United States not to let the war stop the research and use of chemical weapons, science and chemical weapons outside the country to survive in peace, stability and cooperation. I would like to thank the United States. First of all, let me First of all, I would like to thank the United States for giving me a chance to participate in the talks today. I remember that the first half of the talks was the head of the Ted O.C.S. He said that we had to look into what had happened in the past and talk to the youth about what had happened between the two countries. However, many people do not agree with what he said, but we understand that this is a responsibility of the education issue. Today, I have been given the opportunity to talk about the education issue in the industry that is limited to the youth. They understand that this is a very difficult issue for both sides to look into the war and to find the common sense because the two sides are completely different. There are three sides, the North, the South, the South and the United States. After listening to the content of the talks, one and a half days later, I saw that all the efforts, as well as all the contents of the program by the United States helped us understand the feeling of each side and there is also a book in the history of the United States about the Vietnam War. I know that there has been a part, it is now a study in Cali, in Ban Cali. It could be that we have to study for 2 weeks, 2 weeks on the Vietnam War. But I still do not have enough. There are still many things we need to do again to be able to handle the war. However, we usually have positive things. There are also programs to study in Vietnam in all major universities. In Vietnam, the Foreign Ministry, the Foreign Ministry is also one of the universities that have research programs in the United States. Just now, we also signed a memorandum with the Columbia University to be able to have the research program of the United States in Vietnam and the United States. I think that if it comes to the degree of education, there are still a lot of efforts that we need to perform to be able to achieve a sense of emotion about the efforts that we need to do. That is, to help everyone to understand that the hurt and pain from the past 900 years, the consequences of pain, there is a positive point in the pain. Those are the programs to exchange culture between the people, between the public and the public. There are a number of students who study in Vietnam. There are a lot of students in Vietnam. We are only in the South, South and South Korea, and the number of students who study in Vietnam is more than 30,000 students who study in the United States. That is one of the six students who study in the United States. This is meaningful because for a person who is in Vietnam for 10 years, for the education and education of the child, it is the value of the product. That is why their parents are ready I think this is also a part of the contribution of the effort to the end of the war. What happened on Sunday everyone has admitted that our relationship has reached a new level. In the course of education, we need to focus on the goal in the period of this strategic confrontation. I think this is a very good time for education, especially for the leader to be able to achieve all the goals that are set out in the joint contribution of the two leaders. About high technology, about manufacturing, manufacturing, and high technology, manufacturing. About the question of manufacturing, the ability of the labor force of Vietnam is also the solution of both countries. I know that in Vietnam you can keep the role in the economic market and in the financial market. If you look at Taiwan, it takes 10 years For the next 5 years, to allow Taiwan to establish a high level of labor, we have been waiting for this cooperation between the United States and Vietnam in this area to establish a high level of labor. In the end, there are many things we can learn and pull out from the support of the relationship between the United States and Vietnam from both sides. And the members of the group that fought for this relationship, including the President of the United States, Mark Napper, and President Biden, I have also been able to meet with the President of the United States, Mark Napper and the President of the United States, Captain Brown. All of us have had some very positive comments about our relationship. As the President of the United States, I have also been able to see that this is a miracle because the demand of the young people who have brought the country, the two countries of our country together, with this I would like to conclude my speech and I would like to repeat the words of the President of the United States. Thank you very much. I am the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Southeast Asia. Please come up to the stage. Ambassador Keoh, I am happy to welcome you back to USIP. You are now in your second year as Ambassador in Washington. And before that, Ambassador Keoh was the Deputy Director General of ASEAN and had a Special Programs Division in the ASEAN Secretariat and External Relations Division. He then returned to Cambodia and was Dean of the University of Cambodia and Advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as Undersecretary of State. And joining him is Melissa Brown, who is the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State with responsibility for the Office of Mainland Southeast Asia Affairs and Maritime Southeast Asia Affairs. And she's previously served in Jakarta, Singapore, and also has experience in Vietnam, where she was just recently with the President and the whole US team there. So as we're discussing Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, we're interested in how the progress that we've seen in the region can contribute to each of the countries and to continuing and expanding our relations. Mr. Ambassador. Thank you. I hope, yeah. First of all, let me to allow me to express our appreciation and thanks to USIP for inviting me into this program. And this is my second time to join the program. And I'm glad that Cambodia can be included in the program of legacy war, legacy and peace these times. Before I begin, let me also congratulate US and Vietnam for their new chapter in signing the elevating. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Ambassador. In the United States, many people know that Vietnam War was actually a war in that area. There were three countries in the East Coast, Cambodia, and the United States. From 1968 to 1978, there was a different reason why. And in Cambodia, the war was affected from 1970. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the United States of America, the United States of America and the United States of America went to the bottom of Cambodia. The bomb blasted the city of Cambodia from 1968 to 1967. It also affected many people in Cambodia. About six people in Cambodia were affected. The reason why is that I am very proud of the United States, the United States of America, for joining us in the program of war, legacy and peace. There were many wars, three wars. We had to participate in the war. There were many activities. We had to focus on our own bombs and the unenviable weapons. There were many people. After the war ended, there were still many. Until 1998, when we performed, the government always won. We were left behind. We were left behind. We felt peaceful. That is why we hope we can not end the war. We have to end the war with peace and harmony. That is the reason why we believe that the program can include both China and Cambodia. What can we do in this program? We ask the US government to support the three countries. We have to support the movement of the war. After the war ended, there were still 40,000 or 60,000 bombs. We have to continue to work on our own land. For years, hundreds of thousands of people, and thousands of people with bombs, we believe that the bombs and the unenviable weapons need to be banned. We continue to work on our own land. We are doing very well on our own land. We are experts on our own land. In 1990, we supported the UN, the world and the United States in the work and destruction of the bombs in that area. We are experts. We are participating in the efforts of the UN to remove the bombs and the unenviable places in the world. We are supporting the people who destroyed our bombs from China, Sofia and the Middle East. We are supporting the people who destroyed our bombs in the war in Ukraine. We are working with the United States to help the people who destroyed our bombs and to cooperate with the United States. We are working with the United States to help the people who destroyed our bombs in the war in Russia. We are working with the United States to help the people who destroyed our bombs in the war in Russia. We are working with the United States to help the people who destroyed our bombs in the war in Russia. We have a lot of people who have studied in the United States, and we have a full ride. There are only a few students who are able to enjoy the experience of the full ride. We set a high price. We set a high price to help the United States. We want many people to participate in many programs in the United States. It's a program that provides the best performance for the young people. People are influenced by the education of the youth. They are influenced by the young people. Then there are 4 or 5 young people in our country. And finally, the last thing I want to say is that we have been left behind. The war, the deaths. I want to thank the people of Hoa Kyi for their support. I have the privilege of being your life. I want to thank the people of Hoa Kyi for their support. I have the privilege of being your life. I am still working on the success of the presidential election. There are a lot of efforts from both sides. But now it is about to become the leading role of the ASEAN. The conflict in Ukraine is still taking place. When we talk about Cambodia, there will be a chance for us to do something new. From the success of the presidential election, I remember that it was the first time for me to study. When I started working, it was very difficult. It was very difficult to study. I think I want to focus on my colleagues who are sitting here. I also want to talk about Cambodia. In Vietnam, there are always discussions about how to respect the situation and the things that have happened, as well as the programs in the effort to deal with the conflict. A lot of high-ranking officials, including the leaders of the high-ranking officials, should not forget the past. The United States has invested $665 million in the region since 1993 to focus on the areas that have not yet been moved. It helps the communities to live and continue to develop. Why are we doing this? Because the people in Cambodia, in Laos and Vietnam are the people who carry out the daily work related to the current situation. Their self-respect for this effort is very significant. Our relationship with Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam has helped us to get real money in the last year, which is $8 million. We have shared the effort to deal with the current situation in this region. It is very important that we have to take a step back to look at the reason why we are doing this, so that we can live a peaceful and safe life in the region since 1993. For Cambodia, we have started since 1993. As I said, there are 93 million people who have not yet moved. It also helps Cambodia to develop their ability. The goal is for us to continue to cooperate to deal with the consequences of the current situation. As the ambassador said, there are also workers, such as the group of workers or the group of hello. I know that you are sitting here. Cambodia also has an ability that has been recognized on the international level. It is the center of movement on the bombing. I think that there are very positive and positive developments. I think that the strong cooperation between the two countries has really created conditions for us to have good progress. When you talk about the problem of MIA in Cambodia, there are over 200 people from the United States who have been trained and brought home. The MIA has also maintained the leadership so that we can continue to support the 48 people who want to thank the government for supporting us in this project. I think that one of the people who have been in the embassy for the longest time in the last four days, when I came to the Dinh Quang village, in Laos, you also know that this village still has the largest population in all three countries. It is a region that has not been developed and has not had any action to focus on this region. What I feel is the advantage of the MIA is that the meeting of the MIA and the city, there is a cow running on that side, it's just that the women, they work in the kitchen. Then gradually they work in that organization until they have the power to bring the people to the center to see how the young people, the older people, when there is something that looks a little surprising, you have to be careful. For hundreds of millions of dollars, from 1995 to now, we have been using the effort and the effort we put in. In the past year, we have been trying to increase this budget. At that time, I was in charge of working with the foreign minister, Herman, in Laos, and we also made a decision to bring the budget to 5-6 in Binh. I hope that we will move on to the issue that we have been discussing with the whole management. There will be a step to the whole management, and then I hope that we will increase 200 groups of people, to manage the areas that still exist. We need to take care of those areas. If there is anyone working at Laos, you will see that if we talk about the public sector, I would like to say that the most important thing is to work in these three countries, so that we can understand the progress that we have seen with our own eyes. As the minister said, at that time, I was in charge for Vietnam. I was in charge for 15 years at that time, I saw the efforts that have changed the policy of the U.S. about the foreign minister. In the past, we have been working together to clean and manage the foreign minister, and to continue to invest in more foreign ministers. I hope that I will be able to see that in the past two days, I would like to continue to share this feeling and hope that in the future, if we continue to work together, I would like to say that the U.S. is very concerned about the role of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. I think this will help our relationship to be stronger and stronger. Thank you. Actually, for everyone who participated in the leadership of the U.S. U.S.SIPPY has worked a lot with online programs and exchanges and exchanges with the U.S. and the youth of Vietnam. We have 12 people in the program to share their experience. I'm Nguyen from California and my second brother is a student here in Washington D.C. We have heard about their experience in the U.S. and their experience in the relationship of the U.S. and the U.S. and the U.S. Hello Hello everyone. I would like to repeat my opinions and my experience before the last episode. I'm very proud of this. I'm Tommy Nguyen born and raised in Vietnam and my family came to the U.S. in 1990 in the H.O.S. I'm proud of the U.S.SIPPY and the U.S.SIPPY and the U.S.SIPPY in the U.S. and the U.S.SIPPY and the U.S.SIPPY and my family and the U.S.SIPPY and my family have had to go through my life to know how to communicate with my family especially about the things I can't forget. Those are the words of my teacher. There are two Before I was born, but the story is still there. I don't know what it is about. I don't know what it is about. I love water and the United States. I love you. I don't know what it is about. The show about the fun-bye, the show that is about our future. I know Vietnam has come to my country. I participated in the ICAPE, the show about the United States. I experienced the United States. I felt the challenge that was really happening. When I was born, I came from Lang Son, Vietnam. When I came to Vietnam, I was only 10 km away from Vietnam. I was really scared because I didn't have anyone to come to my country. In my family, I came from Saigon. I was really strong when I came to Vietnam. I came to Lang Son, the 3rd floor. My experiences were really great. I met people who were really passionate about the show. They were very different from the stories in my film. I was one of the first people to meet the United States. I was very different from many people. I was very impressed. They were very passionate. I was very hopeful about the new world of Vietnam. This is a great opportunity. The big part of the fun-bye show is the American people. 20 years ago, there was no such thing. My job was to teach, to divide the family. To talk about the American story. I really had a big challenge when I became an American. I had to make a big part of the story to get to the point. I had to make a big part of the story. When I was in the Chinese-speaking world, I really wanted to take part in the show. I wanted to take part in the show. I wanted to make a big part of the story to get to the point. I wanted to make a big part of the story. I wanted to make a big part of the show. The story of Vietnamese culture has always been a part of Vietnamese culture. We have always been a part of Vietnamese culture. I think there's a lot of difference between what I don't understand and what I don't understand. I think it's a bit different. I think it's a bit different. I like the stories of Vietnamese people who believe in Vietnamese culture. But I feel very good and confident in supporting Vietnamese culture. The US has to do a lot of things to do that. So I think it's time to become a US citizen. My experience is supporting American culture. When I first came to Vietnam, I changed my life a lot. When I came back to Vietnam, I didn't think about the war. I only thought about my students, my show, the Vietnamese food, bread, grilled bread, white bread. That's what I really want to say. Thank you very much for the cooperation of FUNBOY and the cooperation of the United States of Vietnam to build the support of the United States of Vietnam and to build the community of the United States of Vietnam and also to build the culture of the United States of Vietnam. It's very difficult to communicate with me. It's very fun. It's my whole time in Vietnam. For example, with this issue, I want to talk to all Vietnamese students to understand. I hope to continue sharing my experiences in the youth leadership program. It's wonderful. It's wonderful. I really like listening to your story. I've been here in this country for five months. I never thought that in my dreams, I would not think that in my career, I would be invited to join this community to become a role model to share my point of view about the relationship between the United States and Vietnam. My story is very different from Tommy's. I was born in 2001. I grew up in Boulder, Colorado. My mother is from Canada. I have a son named I. My father is from the West Coast. They grew up in Louisville, Kentucky. When they came back from war, they were not in the war outside of war. When they came back, they were not... When I grew up, when it comes to war, I didn't listen to much of your stories. Usually, I read more. I think my experiences with you have some similarities. The relationship between us, the relationship between us in Vietnam, is the same as it used to be. We are connected to each other from what we read in the newspaper. Because this is a world that after the diplomatic relationship with Vietnam has been established. But for young people like us, young people, we care a lot about the relationship between us. Because I know that we have to admit that we have always been in a struggle to fight against each other and to have some psychological struggles. When we get sick, I think we have to invite the development of peace from the world that we don't know about war. We have to take this effort to make a foundation because I believe that the participation of young people is very important. It's not just about time. Because if we say it right, now it's been 50 years. Since the end of the war, all the problems that still exist are like... ...hospitalization. I have had this opportunity to come here, to write my thoughts about the Vietnam War and my experience. I have to say that I have come here to see how my thoughts are and there is a group of soldiers who come here each year to give their thoughts. I have seen a lot of obstacles and very few young people in their thoughts. This is a difficult question for everyone who wants to participate in this effort. How can we encourage young people to focus on these issues because young people don't have their own experience in these issues. I also... I am like a member, I am also in the committee to support the points that can help students to remember this war or not to remember the war but to remember the war and the and so we need to research more to see what young people remember about this war. In the U.S. there are 2,200 commemorations about the Vietnam War and only 189 commemorations were written by Huà Bình because I think this is a very good opportunity for us to use it as a starting point so we can change the direction of the word change the heart to see this is a change the result of this effort of this effort we have to work hard to have a better relationship I don't want I think we can see the value of the war but we have to respect the respect and the fact not to respect the purpose of Huà Bình with the aim not to never happen again I believe that the relationship between the U.S. and the U.S. is true but I think if we start the process of Huà Bình then in the film in art we have to call the next generations to put their hands on the new relationship also like the exchanges such as the four-pride I learned a lot from these experiences and I have a chance to learn more about this thank you thank you Tommy and Andy and all the actors as well as the actors in the last half of the day I think you can't thank the chance that we have created so many exchanges to focus on a problem that everyone cares about that's the goal of Huà Bình when they organize this project both the U.S. and the U.S. as well as how we can strengthen the partnership between the two women thank you see you next year


My talk is called Safety Not Guaranteed. It's based on the title of a movie that I really like. Movie is about time travel. And I highly recommend that you go watch it, even if you don't like the talk. I'm only going to talk about what's on the client. I'm not discussing anything on the server side at all, which makes sense. This is a JavaScript conference, but there are a lot of Node.js fans. The whole point I'm making, I'm making an assertion that safety is not guaranteed. Guaranteed when? I'll come to that. And it's important that you should think about it. I keep saying that because that's what I do. Okay, so I'll explain how I reached here, maybe in the first five minutes, and then discuss more technical things.  They're there. The first time I heard these things, it just seemed very, very complicated. And we are going to talk about Ember just once, angular, and maybe underscore. I'll show you one example of view. I don't know if you've used it. This is just based on my references. What they do is basically they provide templating, data binding, routing, and I don't know, something else. But most of these frameworks and libraries, and I'm not making the distinction that libraries don't do enough, frameworks do enough, because I think that part you already understand, and you already have the idea of which is the framework or the library that you want to use, which makes sense for you. I'm the outsider here. I'm not a JavaScript programmer. So when I started looking at MB star, JS MB star frameworks, this is exactly what I felt like. I felt like this person who's outside trying to look in and it's already too late. There were just too many options. There's just too many things. And if you notice the image, I'm outside the glass wall. And there were just so many people talking about so many different things. And I just felt I've kind of missed the bus. Where do I start? So I actually started reading this person. I don't remember the name. I think it's called Funny Ant or Craig. And I started reading his blog about which is the best JavaScript framework and which framework you should choose. Just to get an idea what are they talking about? What are the different attributes? What are the ways people evaluate and benchmark frameworks? And this is what I felt like. I talk about application security everywhere, wherever I get a chance. I do this as a part of my living. And the whole thing was so complex for me to wrap my head around that I just felt like I don't understand these things. Because in the end, all they do is make web requests in most times. So eventually that's what I like to do, see how getting posts work and what you can do on the server side. And this was new to me. I work closely with the security community called Null. And there are also not many people talking about these things. We had Nafiz talk about NodeJ security yesterday. Continuous security with that. So he's one person I regularly talk to and understand what's happening. And this is how I started to deal with it. First of all, I reached a point where I realized I know some things. I thought everyone else knew a lot more, which is quite possible. But there were some parts that I am aware of and there's an overlap. So let's see if I can come here, make an assertion about the JavaScript frameworks and libraries that you've been talking about in the past two days. And can we reach a conclusion? At the very least, can you ask these questions at the end of the talk? So how do I start learning about all these JavaScript, MVC, MVStar frameworks? Google. So that's where you start. And I just Google for JavaScript MVC security. What does it do? What does it take to understand security in this sense where data may not go back to the server? If it's not going back to the server, what can I trap? What can I see? What kind of interaction is happening? And data just looks like some kind of JSON or some other serialized format or something for me. So I ended up with these things. The first result being Mustache security, which is a Wiki dedicated to JavaScript MVC security pitfalls. So if anyone has not heard of this, and if this is going to be your single take away from this 15-minute presentation, please go look at this. You may not like some of the things they say about your frameworks, but we might as well address them now, then get hurt later. So one of the interesting things they have done, Mustache security people, there's mostly one person Mario behind it, but maybe there are contributors, they have created some six qualifiers. These qualifiers help us estimate a framework's security level. We don't have time to talk about all six. But the interesting ones are our template expressions executed without using eval or function, because some of the modern browsers, the newer versions, will complain when that happens, especially if something called CSP is enabled. The one that I'm going to mention now or go in a little more detail is Sec5F. Does the framework allow or encourage safe CSP rules to be used? So if you've not heard of CSP, and this was the resulting matrix they created, this matrix is basically around seven to eight months old. Okay, this is not the latest data. So the versions may not match, but they just looked at a bunch of these frameworks. Is there any framework that you use which is not in this list? Anyone? So Backbone uses underscore basically for a lot of stuff, right? That's how they explain it, or that's how I understand. Maybe it's time to update the wiki. But it's a very simple matrix to look at. Even if the data is not updated, these are some of the security concerns that you might want to think about. So SecF talks about does the framework allow or encourage safe CSP rules to be used? And obviously, yes is a pass. What is CSP? Is everyone aware of CSP? Okay, I'm just going to go ahead and talk about it. I have the slides. So what is CSP, content security, policy? It's a policy, okay? The application, the people who build the application think about this policy, and it is for the content on a web page. That's where the policy gets applied. And what is it for? We need to look at what is SOP and XSS, okay? Same origin policy. I think a lot of you will be aware of this. Because you didn't like SOP, you wanted cores, right? Okay, that was a joke. All web clients need to follow SOP unless there's some additional work done from the server and the client so that they can enable cross-domain, right? SOP basically means that if I have my website, mybank.com, if the code loads from there, the data on the browser of mybank.com is the only thing that's available to me, okay? That's what SOP says. There is an attack in web application called cross-site scripting, right? Injecting scripts across sites, which bypasses SOP, which is why it's a little problematic. It is technical nightmare. All data that loads from the server, including the attack code, is trusted by the web clients, right? Because the attack happens before the client gets that. And if it is already injected, the web browser or the client is going to trust it because there is no way for the client to figure out that, oh, this particular script SRC was not meant by the original developers. This was injected by an attacker, right? So cross-site scripting allows for third-party code to be executed and has many bad technical consequences, starting with stealing of data, session IDs and all that. So CSP basically, it's a policy to allow white-listing of trusted content sources, right? What does that simply mean? First of all, it's a header. How you implement it, the server needs to send that header. Earlier, there were multiple implementations. Firefox had a different one, a different header. Chrome had a different one. Everyone except IE supports this now, okay? I don't really know why they don't, but maybe they have a different idea about web security. The content security policy header, where you say script source can be self and can be a trusted site. You can have multiple of these things. You can have multiple different content types, right? Images, fonts, other sources, things like that. So if the framework that you use for whatever reason is not supporting it, supporting CSP, it's a big deal. Why is it a big deal? Let's search for security issues with some of these frameworks on Jithub, okay? So it's pretty straightforward. And this was the next part of my journey. When Mustache Security says these are the six qualifiers and these frameworks have problems, I wanted to go see, have the frameworks address this. What are the frameworks saying about it? Otherwise it's just someone, you know, one person's view of the world. This is for underscore. There are multiple people who have faced this, multiple developers, because of the browser supporting CSP, right? So they have raised issues and marked them as tag them as security where they say the new function needs to be replaced in order to let underscore work with CSP, be more CSP friendly and couldn't use Mozilla mobile platform, right? The ones which are marked in X actually refer to problems. The browsers disallowed some code to execute because of this CSP being enforced. So it's almost like that the developer is not a fight against browsers. That's been true forever, right? But now there are security elements. Now it's not only about that different types of JavaScripts will do different types of things on browsers, right? In underscore, this problem is actually solved, okay? The good news is it's solved in underscore. What the developers say you need to compile and create your template on the server side and then send it, which is great. But if you really look at the documentation, if you really look at the awareness, unless someone has encountered this or considered this to be a problem, they will not know about it, right? And that's the point I'm making, that safety is not guaranteed when you use these frameworks. The other issues are cross-site scripting issues in templates. Oh, okay. I just have two minutes. Mustache security, Wiki, gives you these code samples. You just have to copy the code, paste in your browser, any modern browser, and see if it executes, okay? For some of the versions, like Angular, this is not going to work. The older version will work. So you just need to go figure out which is your framework, go to this Wiki, right? And copy the code, create an HTML file, see if it executes, right? So you can get some kind of a sense that is your framework really thinking about security, and you could do this for yourself and, you know, other codes. Frameworks are making changes. That's what's happening because now someone's talking about it, there's more awareness. Maybe they were already aware it was not a priority, which usually happens. Security, usability, performance, business reasons, all of that comes in place. Some, you know, even responding to ensure that security tests are reproducible. I'll show you an example of this after this next slide. Ember has set up a dedicated mailing list for security. So if you go to that mailing list, they will only post to it if they feel there's a security issue they need to reveal about. There are five issues, all of them closed, right? Which means that's a good mature way to look at it. And in my personal discovery so far, Angular and Ember seem the ones who are really doing a good job and thinking about it, okay? It's quite possible other frameworks are doing that as well. I am not aware of it. Maybe you can help me out. This is Angular's response tool to the security Wiki. This is a Google Doc. Anyone can go and have a look. It's a really good reference for, you know, understanding what these security issues are. Sometimes security people also tend to go overboard, right? They want security first, which means like plugging off your computer and not being on the internet. But it's good discussion. It's an open document. So people have added their comments as well, right? You can do that in Google Docs. And I recommend that you go through this. And they have basically fixed some of these things, which they think are a problem. For everything else, they clearly claim that CSP takes care of it, right? So if you're using Angular and if your app, you know, has some data and if you're not using CSP, it's time that you think about it, okay? This was my assertion. And this is about the movie. It's got a really high IMDB rating of 7.1. I think you should go check it out. It's about time travel. And these are some of the sources that you can follow. I'll add the Google Doc link as well and I'll post it on Funnel so you can go from there. And anyone else with security issues that you have encountered and have solved? I'm done. 15 minutes. Thank you.


Dear students, in this topic we shall discuss the structure of a generalized elementary canal. An elementary canal has a tubular organization. This tube extends between two openings, mouth and anus. We can take the mammalian digestive tract as a representative example of an elementary canal which can be compared to all other animals. The mammalian digestive tract has four major divisions. First division is called the head gut which is specialized for the intake or intake or ingestion of food. It comprises of buccal cavity and pharynx. The second division of elementary canal is the fore gut. It has specialized regions to conduct, store and partially digest the food. It includes asophagus for conduction, stomach for storage. In some animals crop is also used for temporary storage of food while stomach stores the food as well as partially digest the food. The third major division of mammalian digestive tract is the mid-gut. The mid-gut has small intestine. Small intestine is a large part which is divided into different small components which are called duodenum, gjunum and elium. The major function of mid-gut is to complete the digestion of food and absorb products of digestion. The fourth division of digestive tract is the hind gut which comprises of large intestine. There are also large intestine components that is colon, cecum, rectum and anus which collectively form the hind gut. There are two major functions of hind gut. One is absorption of water and electrolytes and the other is defecation that is removal of undigested waste. Dear students, we have seen that mammalian digestive tract is divided into different regions. All these regions are specialized to carry out specific functions. This is called regional specialization. Due to regional specialization, different digestive actions take place in a stepwise fashion. For example, mechanical treatment, microbial treatment, enzymatic digestion, absorption or waste storage are in different regions of the digestive tract. Regional specialization also permits the maintenance of acidic and alkaline pH at the same time in different parts of the elementary canal. This maintenance of different types of or different levels of pH is necessary for various enzymatic reactions. Dear students, with an elementary canal, there are some acessory glands also associated which secrete the digestive juices through their ducts. These acessory glands include three pairs of sliver glands, gastric glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder.


Do you remember tripping over as a kid and cutting your knee, and then magically the bleeding suddenly stops? Or have you ever wondered why this happens? Our body is very clever and produces substances to seal off the open wound. In this video we are going to look at how and why blood clots. Clotting prevents us from bleeding to death and also protects us from nasty disease causing organisms called pathogens entering our body. When we injure ourselves we can damage the blood vessels just below our skin. This can cause blood to either leak into our tissue and form a bruise or if the skin is broken to openly bleed. To prevent these horrible things happening blood clotting occurs. So let's have a look at how this happens. Starting with platelets. These are tiny cell fragments that float around in our blood. When a blood vessel is damaged collagen is exposed. This collagen exposure attracts platelets to the injured area. The platelets then stick together to form a plug. They've quickly built a barrier that stops us from losing too much blood. However, this platelet plug isn't that strong so it needs to be made stronger. A protein called fibrin does exactly that. In our blood there are soluble fibrinogen proteins. At a wound these soluble fibrinogen proteins are exposed to outside chemicals that aren't normally found in blood vessels. Like with the collagen and platelets this exposure causes the fibrinogen proteins to turn into sticky fibrin fibers. The fibrin fibers form a mesh holding all the platelets together and making a much stronger clot.  This clot stops more blood escaping the body and also prevents nasty pathogens entering our body from the outside. The clot develops into a scab which protects the wound as it heals and new layers of skin form underneath. So really all a scab is is just platelets trapped in the fibrin mesh. It is like putting a plug in a sink. When the new skin is fully formed the scab will fall off revealing the lovely brand new skin underneath. A final thing to note, remember that I said the exposure to the collagen causes the platelets to stick together and the exposure to the outside chemicals causes the fibrinogen to turn into sticky fibrin. Both the platelets and the fibrin only become sticky after the exposure. This means in a normal healthy blood vessel they won't randomly cause clots. So from this video you should understand the magic of blood clotting. Platelets are first to the scene closely followed by the fibrin fibers, our blood clots so that we don't lose a lot of blood and don't let lots of nasty pathogens into our body if we cut ourselves. If you liked the video give it a thumbs up and don't forget to subscribe, comment below if you have any questions. Why not check out our Fuse school app as well. Until next time.


Hello, and welcome to Global Political Economy News Docs. I'm Lynne Freese. In this News Doc, we're going to be looking into how a world lacking a bankruptcy code for sovereign nations is massively ill-equipped to deal with the sovereign debt crises that's unfolding with the COVID-19 pandemic. In most all countries, there's a bankruptcy code for individuals, corporations, municipalities, but there's no such equivalent bankruptcy code for sovereign nations. This is a gap in the post-war international financial architecture, one that's persisted since 1944 when the Bretton Woods Agreement was established between Allied powers. The dire consequences have been escaped by one country, Germany. As a defeated, heavily indebted nation, Germany's debt sustainability was restored due to a comprehensive debt restructuring agreement given to them by their Western creditors, the Allied Nations as victors of World War II. That agreement was the 1953 London Debt Accord. In one made it out of the debt trap published in 2013 on the topic of the then current debt crises, including that of Greece, Jürgen Kaiser wrote that principles from the London Debt Accord would have delivered faster and more sustainable results had they been applied. Here to talk to us about lessons into the present from the London Debt Accord is Jürgen Kaiser. Based in Dusseldorf, Jürgen Kaiser has been coordinator of the German Debt Crisis Network, the German Jubilee 2000 campaign, and the Germany Jubilee Debt Network from 1995 into the present. The Germany Jubilee Debt Network is an NGO with around 700 member organizations throughout Germany. Welcome, Jürgen. Hello, welcome then. Jürgen, in your writing, you've made it clear that the whole agreement has to be understood in the context of the Cold War and that this strong confrontation between East and West played a role in why the West German government was able to win such large concessions from its Western creditors. But Germany has gone from being on its knees in economic terms to running the world's largest current account surplus for the fourth consecutive year, as we've seen on the back of results in from the IFA Research Institute in Munich. So a real exporting powerhouse. What was it that the German delegation fought so hard for in negotiating terms of this agreement? Start by telling us something about Germany's lead negotiator, Hermann Joseph Abbs. Yeah, I mean to start with Hermann Joseph Abbs was a somewhat controversial personality in German history. I mean, he was a leading figure of the Deutsche Bank. In that capacity, he also played a somewhat controversial role during the Nazi era. I mean, he played this down in his memoirs saying that he simply was no hero, like most other Germans weren't heroes either. And there's still some controversy around how actively he was involved in what they called Arisirum of Jewish property, for instance. So in that sense, he was certainly a controversial person. He was a great banker. I mean, he knew what he was talking about when in terms of state finance and banking systems. So he was very, very apt for this role, like for a few others that he later played in context of other debt crises. He led a delegation that was to negotiate. And his aim was to actually negotiate a substantial relief and to provide balance of payment and fiscal space for a reactivation of the German economy. And he knew that Germany needed more fiscal space, that there was a huge demand for infrastructure investment after the destruction of the war, and that the more Germany could finance out of its own resources of this, the less dependent the country would be. So that's what drove him actually. And so he was really a tough negotiator on behalf of Germany in confrontation to those who had just less than 10 years ago been at war and have actually defeated Germany in order to win this kind of relief that he wanted to have. Jürgen, talk more about these negotiations for debt relief and the connection made between debt management and trade. A principle pointed to in various Germany jubilee reports on the London Debt Accord is that in response to pressure from Herman Joseph Abbs, Germany's transfer capacity, in other words, its ability to earn the necessary foreign currency to cover ongoing debt service from export earnings, became the principal criteria for estimating the debt relief that was given to Germany. The principle that you mentioned that was really certainly one of the most interesting aspects of the London Debt Accord. But it was only one principle. I mean, there were a few other key aspects that made the agreement so valuable, like the overall amount of debt relief that Germany got, the way how this was calculated, the possibility to have arbitration courts in terms of different interpretations of the Accord. And one of them was that Germany found a claw or managed to get a clause into the agreement that would allow it to actually seize payments if it did not have a trade surplus with the respective individual creditor country. That meant that creditors found themselves in the situation to either buy German goods or to forgo, at least temporarily, the payments on the Accord. We do not know of any case where this clause has ever been invoked, but still it took its effect because the incentive for trading partners to actually buy German goods, which was still relatively cheap because in its earliest times, the mark was not as overvalued as it later became. So that all this taken together led to a situation where West Germany practically from the beginning started its career towards becoming world champion of exporters. Germany's foreign creditors took a haircut by forgiving half of the debt they were owed by Germany. Germany also got a lot of room to maneuver from its foreign creditors when it came to having to meet payment obligations for the remaining debt. Talk more about this point that debt servicing was to be financed from export earnings. So Germany didn't have to resort to using up currency reserves or to taking out new loans in order to make payments on the existing loans. Germany at least didn't have to touch reserves on a net basis. They may have used on making their daily payments there. They may have taken resources from the reserves, but on a net basis it's the way that you described it. They only needed to use trade surpluses. And the effect of this was to avoid what we today call a debt trap. That Germany could not be caught in a situation where it actually had to use up its reserves, then replenish them by taking out new loans and out of such resources make regular payment. You're going to explain the situation where if West Germany wasn't able to meet payments on its debt obligations, there were arrangements for consultations between debtors and creditors and arrangements to seek the advice of an appropriate international organization. And in contrast, what goes on today, where creditor governments like Germany and creditor institutions like the Paris Club, the IMF, the European Central Bank dictate terms to debtor nations. Yeah, indeed. What we are having right now and what still is regularly confronting countries that find themselves in insolvency situations is that they have to negotiate with the cartel of their creditors, which is called the Paris Club or the London Club if we talk about private creditors, which as I said only covers a part of the all the external payment commitments of that particular individual sovereign. And the principle of the Paris Club is actually a pre-democratic one, because the Paris Club is a group of creditors that listen to what the debtor has to say and then make a decision in the absence of the of the debtor countries delegation. As well documented by Jubilee Germany and others, the implementation of this process has a long history. Briefly, what does that history tell us? We have seen in a lot of countries in the developing world that actually insolvency situations, including by the international financial institutions, were not taken as insolvency situations, but as illiquidity situations where providing new loans would be logically the right instrument in order to help cover a temporary illiquidity. And by doing so, we had in the developing world, we had in the 1990s the effect that debt crisis in Latin America and African countries that had started as a problem between private investors and private exporters and the importing states, then turned through the continuous refinancing out of development budgets of richer countries, and particularly out of the multilateral financing institutions, World Bank, Regional Development Bank, IMF, into a crisis between official creditors and official debtors. And that could not be resolved anymore because countries were literally in a trap by taking always out new loans in order to pay off the old ones with the debt indicators rising. And so you had extreme cases like the Senegal, which renegotiated more or less the same debt 14 times before it was finally cancelled under the HIPPIC initiative. And only from 1994 onwards, they started providing also cuts into the debt stock, into what really the problem was, but also then to a certain amount. And that was a long, long and very, very painful story for quite a lot of countries.  Because if you keep refinancing the debt over a long timeframe, and then ultimately have to make the debt cancellation, that's even more expensive for the creditors. And Germany and Germany's creditors were spared from that process. On the one hand, because from the outset, Germany got not only a flow rescheduling, but cancellation of around 50% of what was actually due. The rest was rescheduled over a long time frame and under relatively favorable conditions. So Germany never had a problem. And should there be any problems? For that case, there was not only one, but actually four arbitration fora established for various kinds of problems that there may have been. And arbitration meant that it was neither Germany, nor its creditors that would ultimately make the decision. But in arbitral body, that would be independent of both sides and would be in a position to make an informed statement on the basis of an independent assessment of the situation and the need for and that's practically the opposite of what data countries of today are facing. What seminal work recognized that with no formal bankruptcy code for sovereign nations, devastating sovereign debt crises throughout the developing world was a systemic problem. And with this laid out a detailed proposal to establish a sovereign debt restructuring mechanism to close that gap in the international financial architecture. That started with quite some academic work that was done at that time. There was the Unktat Trade and Development Report in 1986 15 years later at the IMF, this kind of analysis resurfaced in a formal proposal for an in-house debt restructuring mechanism at the IMF. What happened to that? The drive towards the sovereign debt restructuring mechanism in 2001 was first endorsed by a large group of countries from north and south. And then it was basically one quite important member of the IMF who actually halted the whole process. A resolution to establish a sovereign debt restructuring mechanism for a fair and orderly insolvency procedure for sovereign states had been brought to the UN General Assembly with the support of the G77 plus China and Unktat as a technical advisor. When it came to vote in 2015 only six UN member states cast a no vote, along with the US, UK, Japan, Canada and Israel. Germany was one of the six no votes. Yeah that was a very very sad story. I mean it was it was just the latest of the major attempts to establish something like such a sovereign insolvency framework. The Greek crisis for instance that was still in full swing at that time. It was pretty clear that had such a mechanism been established at a place as remote as New York to which all parties could have turned even that crisis could have been solved more easily and in a more efficient way. Our hope to turn the crisis that we are now all facing with the COVID into something that actually changes structures and and development hurdles that that have been there for a long time is that this crisis could be taken as a good reason to to actually implement such a mechanism. And a concluding thought as we wrap up. That is destiny. I mean countries are going to take out loans for a very long time. They are forever. I mean there is as long as global economy works in the way like it does today. People will take out loans and it will make sense. It's right to do so. But over indebtedness and debt traps they are not destiny. Yeah. Crisis will come. But the crisis do not have to develop into catastrophes. And that's in order to to make that sure. That's what we need. A mechanism that we long since have in our domestic context. I mean the domestic insolvency frameworks were developed when capitalism in Europe developed. And it was clear that you could not have a stable social situation when you had more and more groups of deprived desperados that were over indebted did not have any chance to reintegrate into ordinary citizens life and therefore had no other option than then taken to weapons to robbery to to everything. And in order to prevent this the principle of individual insolvency was developed within practically all our jurisdictions. And it makes a lot of sense. And this is what we are lacking. I mean people still think too much that that you can leave half the world in a desperate situation and live on an island of prosperity. And I think this is something where COVID is also different from what we used to have. I think it was Antonio Gutierrez who said we either beat the pandemic worldwide or we don't beat it. If we allow pockets of infection hotspots to persist they will reach us sooner or later. And therefore I think this crisis can only be resolved if everybody has the means to combat the pandemic. Jorgen Kaiser, thank you. You're most welcome. And from Geneva, Switzerland, thank you for joining us for this episode of Global Political Economy or GPE News Dogs.


Alright, take a frostbite to the cart wash. Me and the little turd Got him buckled up in his harness ready to rock. You ready to get this truck clean? You gonna clean it? You gonna clean it? No Ain't no help. What's up Mopar fam? As you can see we are inside frostbite still and we we have a little bit of an update on the harness bar That we have pretty much made up or fabricated made to work For the truck. So here we go. So this is where we're at. We have the harness bar I painted it myself with my spray gun and the dupla color Paint shop paint that you can buy the auto zones and all that stuff. It's already ready to spray Didn't turn out too bad As you've seen in the previous video before we painted it. That's the extension bar that goes all the way inside the original tube we have it bolted to both pillars and What's awesome is it man this thing really fits like a glove. We didn't have to trim any of the Original paneling out or anything to bracket literally fits out there perfectly. It clears the trim. It doesn't touch anything. I mean it is It is awesome guys. I mean it fits it fits like it was made for the truck I mean although we did make it for the truck But yeah That's pretty awesome. I welded these on this bar did not come with these It's not a necessity, but what this little bar does is it retains our straps? So they can't slide around no more than this allowed room right here So it does so it'll keep the straps from walking around on the bar and kind of keep them in place We got good clearance behind our carpeted back panel here and I mean, it's perfect guys like it's this thing's coming along really good the next step is going to be Making these bars That the kit came with What we're going to do is we're going to come off at this point here Like so either on the outside or the inside whichever way fits better And we're going to come down here to the seat right to the seat bracket that mounts to the floor so This should work out pretty good. I ended up fabricating some brackets that I'm going to weld on the bottom of the seat brackets And those are going to be stationary because obviously that seat frame will be bolted to the floor and it's not going to go anywhere And it's going to work out pretty good because we're going to have an angle about like so Which kind of rides along with the seat The way the slope the seat slopes back The bar is kind of right in there with the seat. So you still have this usable space to get in here So the bar will not be in the way. It will still be Pretty much like factory The way the bar is going to ride against the seats can be pretty cool But yeah, that's where we're at Making progress. We're almost done Hopefully I'll be done with this thing the day. We will see we're trying to get this done the day without uh Dehydrating and dying out here in the driveway. So so we got the driver's seat all done And the harness installed the bar installed everything is good to go the only thing we got to do Only thing left we need to do is The passenger side. I got to actually buy another harness for the passenger side And then then we'll be a hundred percent done, but we got the driver's side all done. So check it out so this is what we ended up with same seat same harness I already had and uh This is how we attached it. So you see this adjustable bar right here this is coming off of the Harness bar that we fabbed up You can see how we got it connected on the passenger side over there So yep Works and fits like a glove no trimming of the uh the actual paneling or nothing It fits in there perfect Then we come off of this little ear mount with an adjustable bar that came in the summit kit Like so try to back up a little bit And then I welded I actually made this bracket and welded it to The uh bottom of the seat frame And then we have the other end attached here like so so pretty uh Pretty easy really not bad guys. Um, not bad at all And this thing is super stout. It ain't going anywhere We got the harnesses all strapped up on the bar on the driver's side. So we are ready to rock and roll Driver's side lap belt Is mounted down here at the factory Belt location just like I used to have it before And then same thing with the other strap It's mounted On the other side where the factory seat belt buckle would be Came out pretty pretty jam up guys. Let's go over here to the passenger side It is absolutely toasty down here in Georgia right now Pretty sure I'm sunburned But there you go I think the sun Is more on our side this way where you guys can see a little bit better, but that's it Pretty uh Pretty jam up. I'm really liking it It doesn't interfere with none of the paneling The seat goes all the way back Plenty far enough for me And uh works good So that's kind of how we have have it mounted on the driver's side as well Again, we don't have the other seat in yet because I got to get the Um another harness, but that'll mount down on the seat frame as well Same thing. I've already welded that bracket to the seat And uh, yeah matter of fact here it is Still have it in the back of the dingo the dingo So that's the bracket that I made We actually boxed it in So it's uh really strong.  So she is not going nowhere. Um The whole frame is going to come with that buckle Let's put it that way. So yeah, so that's it. That's uh Pretty much how we just made this universal summit harness bar work For our application Some modification necessary Some welding necessary and uh All in all Not really that bad pretty easy Um, this was a lot easier Then I really thought it was going to be I thought this was going to be kind of a nightmare. Um, I was afraid that we were going to have to Either trim this uh trim The paneling up a lot Um and or just have to leave it off period and just kind of have like a naked truck back here for this to work So i'm super stoked that that bar fits in there Without having to cut nothing. That's that is awesome. I did not expect that I was hoping for that, but I did not think in a million years. I was actually going to happen so pretty stoked that that worked out on our side and uh Hell yeah, that was pretty cool. So that's going to do it for today's video guys As always stay safe out there give the video a thumbs up comment down below what you think of the finished product And uh, we'll see you guys on the next one


Now let's go back over to the lateral side and this is the only case we're gonna we're gonna seek to understand today And I want to I want to focus on a few terms And we're on the we're on the other side And I'd like you to notice that as we scroll the meniscus really never comes back together There's always a connection to the bowtie. That shouldn't happen, right? If that happens you've got meniscal dysplasia The most common type of meniscal dysplasia is in the either an incomplete or a complete form of disgoid lateral meniscus, which this is But I'm not so interested in the dysplasia right now. I'm interested in some terms Okay, we've established that there is a dysplasia, but look at the signal The signal is not just a sort of bunny ear signal in the outer third It keeps going into the middle third and the inner third and it is equal in intensity compared to the outer third That can never ever happen. You are not allowed to have equal signal if that's a word in the inner third compare with the outer third Disallowed. Does that mean it's surgical? No. Does that mean it's abnormal? Yes Lots of people have signal in the inner third. In fact everybody does who's over 860 because everybody over 860 has a cleavage tear But we're not going to operate on it So you've got to learn to distinguish. You've got to learn when to hold them and when to fold them Because if you fold them, once the meniscus is out, you can never put it back in There is no procedure that works where you can put it back in Another important aspect of assessing this signal is the signal should never continue running all the way through It should never run with equal intensity through the body Let's see if I can convert back over for a minute I'll try it. So let's see if that occurs here Well, it isn't quite equal. It starts to faint in the middle third. So I don't think that phenomenon is very well illustrated here But believe me, this tear is communicating all the way to the front You might say, well, there's a tear here. There's a tear here.   Of course, they have to be connected, even if you don't see it.  Don't try and overthink it It's a meniscus that's turning into a turkey sandwich What's happening is just this See if my drawing tool works. Here it is. It's purple Here's my discoid meniscus. The tear is just going right down the barrel, the center of the meniscus Right through those weaker collagen bands that are normal that conducts an ovium It's a little looser in there Unfortunately, in these dysplastic menisci, that loose area starts to come apart And if you put it on the table and you turn it like this vertically, turn the meniscus vertically The thing will go like this. This half will fall that way. That half will fall the other way.  Nothing Currently, the state of the art is there is no good treatment for this scenario But that's not why we're here Unfortunately at some point the meniscus blows. You got to leave it until it blows and then it has to be resected But there's more Let's talk about what's happening in the front In the front we've got, as we said, this little tiny round globular thing Which is a meniscal pseudosist Why is it a pseudosist? Because it's not lined by epithelium or synovium It's lined by fibrous tissue as opposed to a trussist which is epithelial line So we say there's a peri meniscal small pseudosist of meniscal origin That is, you know, four by three millimeters in size Sometimes you'll get them in the meniscus. That's okay Just describe it Sometimes out of the meniscus When they're really, really big, you may have to fix this and then resect from the outsides You may have to go outside and inside So then it really starts to matter If it's not a meniscal tear, like a ganglion, it'll do something like this It'll make a big mass and it'll go above the meniscus So the tail goes above or the tail may go below, but it doesn't go in the center So it's like belly buttons, ganglia, belly button outie, outie Whereas meniscal pseudosist, belly button right in the center, it's an innie