Okay, so could somebody lead in prayer? Radhna, are you okay, comfortable to lead in prayer? Okay, maybe not Lubega. Okay, just wanted someone else to lead in prayer. Let's pray. Okay, sure. Okay, Jan, go ahead. Father, we want to thank you for this morning Lord Visapadas. Dear hands of God, as a class we come before your presence. We pray to God that you would speak to us today. Help us to understand your word. Help us to walk in the authority that you have called us for. We accept in person and see also to your hands of God. We pray that she'd be able to deliver your word in its fullness. Lord Jesus, we thank you. Bless each one of us God in Jesus' name. Amen. Amen. Amen. Thank you. Thank you, John. Okay, alright. So Lubega is traveling, that's alright Lubega. So in the last class we talked about the complete victory that the Lord Jesus has won for us on the cross of Calvary. We saw how he has defeated, not just defeated. We saw how he has crushed, expelled, condemned, disarmed, destroyed and made Satan powerless.  Is he still in battle with us? Yes, because his time on the earth is not yet over. So he will continue to target, continue to plot, scheme and cause attacks against mankind in general and particularly God's people or the believers. So he will do that. He will not stop doing it later on in one of our upcoming chapters. We will see that now that he is completely defeated he is all the more eager to cause destruction and damage to God's people. So he in that sense, ready to attack. But the truth that every believer needs to settle in our hearts is that the Lord Jesus has won the victory over Satan. And I have been telling us right from the start, there is no comparison of our Almighty God and Satan in the first place because God is an eternal spirit. He does not have a beginning. He does not have an end. He is the Alpha and the Omega. He is the Creator. He is all powerful. So this is our understanding of God. He is all knowing. He is ever present. He is present in all places at all times. So he is an omnipotent, omnipresent God. And these are terms that we only assign to deity or God. And when you consider Satan, we have talked about the origin of Satan but an angel of God created with utmost beauty, wisdom, anointing and gifts, blessings that God created him to be a worshipper. And we know that pride was something that Lucifer gave place to and that pride led to deception. And that is the reason there was a war in heaven and he was thrown out of heaven. He was cast down and he took with him one-thirds of the angels of heaven who function as those disembodied spirits or demons that we also talked about. So he has a kingdom with some structure which is opposing the kingdom of God. But you see here that Satan is but a created being. So there is no comparison to who God really is. And in addition to all of that, the Lord Jesus has defeated Satan. First of all, he was never a match for God. Now in addition to that, the Lord Jesus has redeemed us and defeated the devil all over again through the cross of Calvary. And thereby, when you think about the devil, yes, there is a real threat. I'm not saying that's why Paul wrote to us and he said, you know, don't be ignorant of the schemes of the devil. That's what Paul told us. So we are not supposed to deny. Sometimes that is the problem with believers that we deny the existence of a devil or we deny the existence of an enemy. Excuse me. So it is equally, you know, what would I say? The term would be it's not beneficial for us to ignore the existence of the devil. We have to acknowledge that there is a devil, but we have to understand, you know, what is his capacity? What is his position? What is the caliber of this enemy that we have? And because of the work of the Lord Jesus, you know, it must be very, very clear for all believers that the enemy is defeated. And so when we talk about Satan and his demons, this very abnormal sense of fear that a lot of believers carry, you know, it's not well substantiated from Scripture. So we can be bold and we can walk in victory. We can know that we are victorious and there is complete mastery over the enemy. We have dominion and authority over the enemy. We have protection from the enemy. We saw how this concept of the enemy having legal rights over us. Yes, if we give him, then he would have. But otherwise, you know, the Lord Jesus is already closed every door for us and therefore he does not have any legal rights. The Lord Jesus has taken care of all those things for us and also, you know, fear of backlashes, fear of as you grow in the Lord or as you grow in the ministry. Having this fears, a lot of people have fears. They say, what if the enemy tries to target me or, you know, keep me in bondage? We must overcome these things. I remember, you know, once, I think it was the very first time that I didn't plan to cast out an even, but I had just gone for prayer. Those days, there were lots of students in the congregation where I used to serve. So I used to visit them often and pray with them. So one such student home that I went to and they had a visitor, like a new student had just come from their country and joined them. So I had gone for prayer. But when I had gone for prayer, little did I know that, you know, there's one student who started manifesting. And it was the scariest experience of my life because the manifestation was, I mean, the person was behaving like a snake, you know, writhing on the floor and moving about. And all these other, there were not many students actually, only a few students were there. And everyone is looking up to me because I was the, you know, at that time serving as a pastor in that local congregation, associate pastor, of course. So they were all looking at me like, okay, I think you have the solution. And there I was really scared. I was like, okay, you know, I know that I have authority over Satan, but what's going on? You know, how do I handle this? It's so disturbing to see the way this particular student is behaving. But thankfully, I knew something about the cross and I knew something about, you know, our authority in Christ Jesus, not fully though. But yes, I took authority and I prayed over that girl and I cast out that demon and the manifestation stopped after sometime. And you know, there was a sense of come, but with this particular girl, she was very, very bound. She'd also come for one of our youth camps and there again, she started manifesting. So there was a lot of work required with that girl. But what I'm saying is like, even as somebody who was serving God, I did not have full idea that I have mastery over the devil. And after having prayed over that girl, I still remember I came back and I was so scared. I was so worried that now that I have cast out demons, you know, are they going to do something to me and my family? And I went back to, you know, our office. On that day, two pastors happened to be there in the office and I still remember. I spoke to both of them and I told them this happened yesterday. I went somewhere to pray and I cast out demons. Do you think these demons will be upset with me and they will do something against me? They said, no, no, please don't think like that. Because we have the authority, you know, we have the power over the enemy and they prayed for me. Because the challenge that I had was actually fear. Remember I said that at the way Job said, whatever I feared, Job 325 has come upon me. So when we fear that Satan will do something because I'm growing in the ministry, I'm serving God, Satan can use that thought to enter and that itself is an open door for him. But we must recognize that, you know, there's always a threat from the enemy, that's nothing new. We will keep overcoming it, you know, and also sort of avert that danger through our intercession and all that. So we can pray protection over ourselves and we don't have to function in fear. So I'm talking from a very practical aspect. As believers and ministers of God, we must overcome this fear of the devil. Be aware of the devil. Yes, that is correct. Because Paul said that be aware but be fearful. What will he do? What will he do? Demons are like this, they're manifestation. No, please, because if we have seen, particularly in the last class, we read verse by verse and we have meditated on those scriptures. Jesus has overcome, Jesus has defeated the enemy. So we are victorious. Now, let's move on to the next chapter here, which is about the basis for our authority and dominion as believers. Before that, let me just have a small pause in case, you know, you have a thought or a question, something regarding the previous topic here about the Lord Jesus being victorious on the devil. So I'll just leave this time open for a few minutes. Hi, Pastor. Hi, yes. Hi, John. Go ahead. Pastor, just the last point we mentioned regarding, you know, having boldness while casting out demons. So let's say, for example, if a person is having doubt. Okay. My question is, can the demon do something to them? Like by casting out if the person is having fear. I'm asking from the other side, can the demon do something to them? Yeah. Okay. Good question, John. When the person is having doubt. So I would say, John, that can the demon do something? The answer would be yes. Okay. What can the demon do? The demon, we will study about this later. Basically, they engage in mind games. So the demon can start playing mind games with the person. Will the demon really do something to hurt the individual? I think no, because, you know, when one is a believer, we already have that protection and we already have that confidence that we can carry. Because I, in somewhere a little bit, you know, I'm having these doubts. It's possible that the enemy starts from mind games and he will, you know, try to up it and see how far he can go with that particular believer. Okay. But then again, it all depends on the believer. If the believer is walking right with God, does it answer your question? Yes, Prasad. The reason I'm asking this is, you know, and especially in Kerala, in Pentecostal background, they always kind of teach, not everyone, but some of them kind of teach, like when you cast out demons, you have to protect your family with the blood of Jesus and they will fight back and things like that. We know that it's not according to the scripture as we read in Luke 19, right? Yes. My question is, so if they have experienced and they are telling no, now people will tell they won't affect you at all, but this is our experience and how do we correct them or how do we, you know, make them understand the importance of the truth? Okay. Yeah, John, I know where you're coming from. So see, it is established scripturally that we are protected. Jesus has won over the devil. So we have the authority and he has given us the authority to cast out demons. Okay. So that is very, very clear. Now, coming to the experience of people where they say that, you know, the demon, it spoke back. It said this, it said that one is John, as I told you, whatever we fear. Now, if this is what they are being told that the enemy will do something, then obviously they have that fear and the fear is an open door and that is why these experiences also happen. So that is one point. The second point, we will come to that later, that is known as the overcomer's lifestyle. Okay. So when I'm engaging in deliverance ministry, this is also very, very key. Jesus, he made this statement, right? Like I said, he has nothing in me. He has nothing in me. So when a believer has opened doors of sin or it could be, you know, anything else that he's in agreement with, with the devil. So fear is another very important anxiety, something, you know, he's in agreement with the lies of the devil. Through that also people have had bad experiences while casting out demons. Now, based on these experiences, they say, no, the devil can attack you. But why did it happen? There were open doors, John, based on what they believed. And so that is why they had those experiences. Does it make sense what I'm telling you? Yes, yes. Yeah. So we don't deny that people have had these experiences. That's simply because of open doors. One is through fear or through something else that they were in agreement with. I was like, just the other day, I was listening to a sermon. And that past, he talked about how he had gone with somebody to cast out a demon. At that time, the other person was teaching this pastor to cast out a demon. So they both had gone. And when they went there, the demons spoke up and said that, how dare you, you, you cast me out. I know what you did yesterday, sort of a thing. So apparently that mentor of this pastor had done something which was not correct. And the devil knew about it and brought it up. Mind games, mind games.  Now, at that moment, I'm just thinking. So in this particular person was saying that, so you should not engage in deliverance. If you're not perfect. But see, my point is, of course, we have to be perfect. We need an overcomer's lifestyle. We should stay away from sin because even that passage that we read in first speedup, where we said that the enemy will not touch, the enemy will not touch us. That is for somebody who walks a righteous lifestyle. When we deal with sin in our lives, when we repent, when we confess and we go to God, we are in a place of protection and the enemy will not touch us. So that is where it is applicable. But if there are open doors that can be something Satan will use, demons can use, but I'm also thinking. Now, even if the enemy is playing mind games, even in that very moment, as a believer, I could say, okay, Lord, if there is an unconfessed sin in my life and that is diminishing or decreasing my authority, I come before you Lord. I surrender, I repent before you. It's not about being scared of the demon or being threatened by what the demon said. You might just want to suspend that deliverance session and say, okay, brother, I'll come back tomorrow. You go back, pray fast, pray before the Lord and ask for forgiveness. Sort it out and come back. You can engage in the ministry. So the point is, Jesus has done it all. And when we are walking in righteousness, in alignment to the character of God, Satan will not have any, we in fact have mastery over the devil. So don't get shaken up because demons have this habit. We'll study later also. They like to shake the boat a little bit. They will accuse. They will taunt. Who are you? How much do you know? Are you the main person? Bring the main person. We have to do these things because they like mind games. They will try to intimidate, accuse us and we must be aware of it. We must be like, okay, bring it on. I know where you're coming from. I know how to deal with this. So John, just to make a little more practical so that when we encounter this, then hopefully what we have learned in theory, you will know how to use it in practice. Yeah, I guess, thank you so much. Okay, thanks John. Lupe, I saw your raised hand. Is that for a question or was that by mistake? I don't see it anymore. Pastor, there is one time some years ago, almost 20 years ago I was in church. And one pastor was praying for a demon possessed lady. And the lady started talking, but she was a lady and the voice was for a male. And it told the pastor, before you cast me out, tell us where you were yesterday night at this time. Yeah, yeah. It was so terrible because the pastor started shying away. And it said I will continue talking if you don't move out of my face. The pastor ran away. And the lesson I learnt all these years now is like, if you are ready to pray for a demon possessed lady or somebody, I think you should confess all your sins before and ask for forgiveness and guidance before you attack the devil, because it's great as you said with mind games. It's excellent. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Very true. Yeah, thank you, Lupe, thank you for sharing that with us. And so that's the reason, you know, we need to also maintain a lifestyle of purity and do not be intimidated. Some like what Lupega shared and what I shared, of course those people were guilty of doing those things. Now the demon can say a lie also. Maybe there's nothing wrong, but the demon might want to make it look like you are wrong in front of others. So main thing is don't get scared. Okay, don't like, as long as you know, okay, I have gone before the Lord, I have done my best to confess everything that I know and I'm trying to live a righteous life. You know, the way Jesus said, Satan has nothing in me. So as long as you can say that and you're going out there to cast the devil, for some time he'll play all these games.  Be strong, keep using your authority. Okay, keep using your authority. Sooner or later the demon has to come out. Okay, so yeah, just an encouragement there in practice and just because Satan plays these mind games. The other thing that happens to believers is everyone gets very scared and they don't even want to take that leap of faith. They say, what if, what if he say, demons say something. So, you know, we shouldn't go to that extreme also. In fact, we can be prepared. There can be mind games here. You know, there can be manifestations here. So, but I'm not getting distracted. So that is his key thing.  Don't get distracted. No. So in those moments, we'll see the, there is one full chapter on steps of deliverance. What we encourage is you could just begin to speak the truth of God's Word and say, you know, Satan, Jesus has defeated you on the cross 2,000 years ago.  You have been expelled. You have been condemned. You have been destroyed. The blood of Jesus protects me. I have been forgiven. So you start speaking the truth. If he's speaking the lies, you start speaking the truth. Okay. He can't take the truth and sooner or later, you will see that, you know, that, that battle comes to an end with the victory of the cross. Okay. So yeah. So that's how we do that in practice. Okay. If there are no more questions, we will move on here to the next topic here, which is on the authority and the dominion of the believer. So the first basis on which we have authority and dominion would be through redemption through redemption. So we have what we call as redemptive authority. We will also study a few more aspects for the basis for our authority, but, you know, one by one, which would be inherited authority, positional authority, delegated authority. Okay. So these are all reasons why we have authority. So we'll look at it in depth. So the first one, redemptive authority. This authority we have because the Lord Jesus became the sacrifice and the one who shed his blood for our redemption. So what is redemption? Redemption is to buy back usually from bondage or slavery. Many of our nations, you know, the participants on this class, you would relate to this, you know, we've had freedom struggles and people have paid a price to see the nation, you know, come back under their own people, you know, from, let's say, there was a foreign rule over, you know, many, many of the nations, but there was a struggle and there was a price which was paid for freedom. Okay. So that is the idea of redemption. Now when we look at what the Lord Jesus has done, he paid for our earthly as well as our eternal freedom, redemption through his own body. Revelation 12, 11 says, and they overcame him by the blood of the Lamb and by the word of their testimony and they did not love their lives to death. So as a sign of that redemption, as an act of that redemption where the Lord Jesus hung on the cross and he died a very painful death for us, there was also the shedding of the blood of Jesus. Now if we look at the Old Covenant and the Old Testament practices, we see that God had instituted, excuse me, the shedding of blood. If you go back to the book of Leviticus, it says that the shedding of blood is necessary for the atoning of sins. Atoning is to cover, to cover sins. So the shedding of blood is very, very important. So the Old Covenant, people under the Old Covenant, they practiced this. They used to take animals and those pure animals. There was an entire criteria of what kind of animals should be sacrificed. So they would be taken and their blood would be shared for the price for sin to be paid. And that is how through the shedding of blood, throughout that entire time, after these laws were set for the children of Israel, they practiced it until the Lord Jesus came as that perfect and complete sacrifice. So the book of Hebrews talks about it, that once and for all, he became that sacrifice for us. And now that the Lord Jesus has paid the price by the shedding of his own blood, the blood of the Lamb, what Lamb are we talking about? The Lord Jesus is that perfect Lamb of God. John the Baptist said, behold the Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world. So Jesus has become that Lamb for us and his blood has been shed. Now the blood of the Lamb speaks of what? Our redemption. The shed blood of the Lamb talks about my freedom from sin, from Satan, from sickness, from oppression, from the works that the enemy is doing in circumstances, situations. When I talk about the blood of Jesus, the enemy has to tremble. The reason is the blood is the symbol or the sign of my redemption. So that is why here in this scripture, Revelation 12, 11, it says they overcame by the blood of the Lamb or the understanding of what the blood of Jesus has done for us. So when I recognize that, oh, the blood of Jesus has set me free. And remember, we talked about how we have been translated from the kingdom of darkness into the kingdom of Jesus Christ, the kingdom of light of the Son of God. So through redemption, I also belong to a new kingdom. Or let me put it this way. I am the redeemed of the Lord. So there are things that are applicable to the redeemed, which are not applicable to the un-redeemed. So when I am redeemed, I know that my spirit is redeemed. I know that my soul is redeemed or my mind, will, emotions, they are redeemed. My body is redeemed. All my possessions are redeemed. My family is redeemed. So the equation has changed now because I am the redeemed of the Lord. A price has been paid for my freedom.  Would you be quiet? Obviously no. All of us would revolt. We would fight and say, how can you come to my house and take my possession? It belongs to me. Now if your neighbor asks the question, how can you say it belongs to you? You know, if we have a bill or something, we might show that. We have some proof to say, this is my laptop. I'm using it for whatever, you know, five years now. How can you take my laptop? It belongs to me. It's the same thing. When I say, whenever you say, I am the redeemed of the Lord, this is the understanding. I belong to God. I belong to the kingdom of God. And thereby, when Satan comes to stake claim, not anything. He tries to stake claim on my health. He tries to stake claim on my mental peace. He tries to stake claim on my finances. I can say, hello, I am the redeemed of the Lord. I belong to God. I belong to God's kingdom. Nothing of me belongs to you. So you cannot use the term trespass. Trespass is when my home has a boundary. It has a boundary wall.  You are trespassing. If you try to enter without permission. So when I say, I am redeemed, that's what it means. I completely belong to God. You and I completely belong to God. Our lives belong to God. So now that we've understood through the blood of Jesus, the blood speaks of my redemption. And every time I bring up the blood, the enemy doesn't like it because he understands that you are now part of another kingdom. You don't belong to him. He cannot play his games with you. Okay. Now that, you know, we've understood what redemption is, let us also recognize that as people who are part of a new kingdom, there is an authority that we carry. And this authority, this power has been given to those who belong to the kingdom of God. Believe us. We've seen Jesus say, all authority on heaven and earth is mine and I give it to you now. So we have authority over sin, sickness, poverty, any action, any work of the devil. And this is what we call as redemptive authority. Redemptive authority by virtue of belonging to the kingdom of God through the sacrifice of Jesus, through the shed blood of Jesus. I have been given authority. So, in other words, you can say, when we go against the devil, I go with the authority of the kingdom that I belong to. Now, when, let's say, I'm just, again, just a simple example for us to understand. If I go to a certain nation, there is, if they have cleared my visa and all that, I still have the backing of the nation that I'm from and the permission and the benefits that come from that nation. So, I go with that authority. I do have some authority to enter another border because I'm not from nowhere, I have the authority of that particular nation. So, in the same way, when I go before the devil and we were talking that the enemy likes to taunt and he likes to ask us, make us doubt, who, after all, who are you? That kind of a thing. What is your experience? Every time we have doubts like that, just tell yourself, I have redemptive authority just by virtue of the fact that I belong to the kingdom of God. Devil, I'm coming against you with the authority of the kingdom that I belong to. Amen? So, we need that understanding. I am redeemed and I carry redemptive authority because I am coming to you from the opposite kingdom. Kingdom of darkness. I'm coming to you from the kingdom of light and you have no reason to linger around. I command you to leave Jesus' name because I have redemptive authority. So, in our notes, this one statement, it's put so beautifully. It says, everything Satan gained through the tree in the garden of Eden. So, through one tree, he gained access. He lost the tree on Calvary. So, the Lord Jesus, he paid the prize in full and through one man, sin came into the world, but through one man, redemption also came into the world. And now, those who believe in the Lord Jesus Christ, we are redeemed and carry the redemptive authority. So, the blood of Jesus, we generally just put it as the blood of Jesus. But when you say the blood of Jesus, remember, understand redemption. So, this whole thing of redemption comes back to us and that is why the mention of the blood of Jesus is like a war cry. It proclaims the redemptive authority that you and I carry. Now, when it comes to some of these sessions of casting out demons, believe us understand that there is power in the blood of Jesus. We sing about the blood of Jesus. But also, unfortunately, sometimes we don't have a deeper understanding of the blood. It's just we might say, I overcome by the blood of Jesus. I overcome by the blood of the Lamb. And there's no understanding of that. And so, when there's no understanding of that, we don't really gain fully from it, from the power of that word. So, I mean, I've seen once we had gone, again, most of my experiences are mission trips only. So, one mission trip and it was a session of casting out demons. And in that session, I, okay, I'm just wondering if okay, all right.  Non-stop they were going on within and I was wondering like, okay, that's good, blood of Jesus, the mention of the blood of Jesus, but how is it helpful, you know, to, like, chant it constantly. You see, it's good. It's really good.  Then, you know, it's not required, isn't it? If you fully understand what the blood has done and we apply authority on account of it, then it is beneficial and useful to simply say, blood of Jesus, blood of Jesus may not really be necessary. Okay, so, yeah, let me just stop with that. Any thoughts, anything to contribute from your side about redemptive authority, blood of Jesus. So, when we talk about the blood of Jesus, it's important for us to, you know, people also say apply the blood. So, how do we do it in a practical sense? Understand what the blood of Jesus means and what we have talked about today is redemption.  It speaks a better word than the blood of Abel for us. So, the blood has, in that sense, set us free, justified us like the blood which was applied, you know, during the Passover when the children of Israel, left Egypt and moved to find the promised land, it speaks of our protection because that time the blood was applied to protect the children of Israel. So, things like that can study about the blood more and more and with that understanding, when we pray the blood, apply the blood, you know, it really makes a lot of sense and difference. Okay. So, Sitkenu has a comment here. He says, same thing happens whenever the demon possess man manifests, just aunties in the church start shouting blood of Jesus. Okay. So, yeah, Sitkenu, I think they believe in the power of the blood, but more than just shouting it like that, it's more important to understand it. Does it make sense, Sitkenu? Yes, ma'am, thank you. Yeah, sure. Right. Okay. All right. So, that's about our redemptive authority. Now, let's go to the next one here, which is inherited authority. Okay, our authority, as the name suggests, very easy to understand. Something that you get by inheritance as sons and daughters. So, this is to do with us receiving authority as an inheritance. So, Colossians 1 and verse 12, maybe somebody can read that for us. Colossians 1 and 12, please. Colossians 1 and 12. Giving thanks to the father who has qualified us to be patekas of the inheritance of the saints in the light. Okay. Yeah. Thank you. So, we have a father and he has qualified us to be patekas of the inheritance of the saints in the light. Okay. So, that very clearly shows us that we also have a close relationship with our God and we have received many things. Inheritance involves a lot of things, but one of the things that we have received is the authority just by virtue of inheritance. So, when my question is, who are you? How could you?  We can say, I am the redeemed of the Lord. I speak the power of the blood of Jesus against you. We could come against him through the redemptive authority. We could also simply say, I am a child of God. God is my father. I am a son. I am a daughter. I have inherited inheritance. I am inherited. And so, I am coming against you with that authority. Okay. So, in this manner, just have that understanding that now we are children of God. Again, the passage from Romans 8 verses 16 through 19 16 and 17. It says, the spirit himself bears witness with our spirit that we are children of God. And if children then heirs. Heirs of God and joint heirs with Christ. If indeed we suffer with him that we may also be glorified together. So, not only are we children but we are also heirs. Heirs means those who will receive inheritance of the father. And notice this joint heirs with Christ. So, the kind of inheritance that is promised to Jesus similar. We also have a similar inheritance and when we talk about being an heir in this case, if we have an actual family and then our parents inheritance, we are quite proud of that. But in this case, we are heirs as like a prince and a princess because our father is the king. And so, when we talk about being heirs, it's beyond our natural understanding of being heirs. We are heirs in the kingdom of God and we have the authority of the throne of God so, when I say I am an heir and stand as an heir with authority against Satan, I have the backing of the throne of God. So, I carry that kind of an authority as a son and a daughter. So, I am not just a representative of the kingdom. For example, if let's say there is an official meeting in our state and the government calls for people from different institutions to come and they say, you must send somebody from the management. Our organization cannot send anybody. If it was just a general there is a ceremony and some special occasion anyone can go. Maybe the people in the administration don't have time to go. They say, okay, you go. Somebody, go. Represent. That's different. But if, let's say the government calls for a meeting and you want to send somebody with authority you would send, you know, maybe your CEO or the vice president or the chairman or someone goes there. Not just a representative but somebody with authority. You represent the authority of the institution that you come from. So in the same way when I go before Satan it's not like go somebody from the kingdom has come. It's not like that but I'm standing as a son and a daughter. Think of yourself as a prince or a princess with the backing of the throne of God as an heir of the kingdom with the authority of the kingdom princely authority, you know, authority of an heir you're telling Satan, you can't do this. I come and I come with inherited authority. So alright class, let's just take a break now, 10 minutes and let's come back at 11 a.m. and we will complete the rest of the sections here. Alright, thank you.


She speaks as you don't like Mrs. Warpichart. Can that be true? She's become a superstition. A lesson in American history when you take her through the White House? I'll be showing her all the... well, I don't know if it's American history or not, but I'll be showing her all things historically in the White House. You know those problems. Has she discussed the throat problem in the Soviet Union with you? No, she hasn't. Why did you take her so long to respond to your invitation? At the point where I had to know, I had to fill in the schedule. So I did say I have to know. I tried to stand back to you and break your back once you said you weren't going, thinking she wasn't going, then she went. Other people think she tried to do the same thing. Not as much as my husband. Oh, my husband, yes. Sure he sure is. There's not much choice, is there?


Let's go Nate. Congrats, buddy


Judge orders nine months in jail for heroin overdose, two dead in Wauwatosa home, second body recovered on Lake Wissoto. These stories and more coming up on Community News Review. This is Community News Review, a service WSDS-TV news content divided by WHBL. I'm Maddie Fister, and this is Community News Review for Thursday, August 23rd, 2018. A new Holstein man will spend nine months in jail and five years on probation with his part in a drug overdose in May. Cody Lawrence was sentenced by Judge L. Edwards Stangle after Lawrence pleaded no contest to two of the felony charges he faced. The criminal complaint says police were called to a home on North 10th Street in Shevoigen on May 19th after getting reports of an unresponsive woman who had overdosed. First responders arrived and rushed the woman to the hospital, where detectives later learned by talking to her that Lawrence had helped arrange a drug deal for her in Milwaukee. The woman said she was already on probation, went to the detention center to give a urine sample, and then drove to Milwaukee with Lawrence to buy heroin. When they returned to Shevoigen, she used the heroin and became unresponsive. The woman was charged with possessing narcotics and drug paraphernalia. A referendum question about legalizing marijuana is set to be on Eau Claire County's November ballot. The county board approved the question Tuesday night, and voters will have the choice of making marijuana legal for medical and recreational purposes for those over the age of 21, only legalizing it for medical purposes with a prescription or keeping the drug illegal. It is an advisory question only and does not have the power to change the law. That needs to be done by the state legislature. Governor Walker has opposed a rollback of marijuana laws, and currently the only medical use allowed in Wisconsin is cannabis oil in pill form, which can help children who suffer from seizures. If marijuana is legalized, Eau Claire County supervisors say money from taxes on the drug would be used for education, health care, and infrastructure. Milwaukee County supervisor Marcella Nicholson will pay a $794 fine and undergo alcohol treatment as part of a no-contest plea to a charge of driving with an excessive blood alcohol level. Nicholson was arrested in July after crashing her car into a median on Interstate 43 with a blood alcohol level of more than twice the legal limit. After the crash, she initially said that she had only had one drink. The morning after the incident, she released a statement through her attorney, I will make no excuses. I made a horrible mistake and I am embarrassed by my actions. I apologize to my constituents, colleagues, and community members for my inexcusable decision. The 30-year-old says that she will not resign from the Board of Supervisors where she serves as the vice chair. Defense attorney Michael Mastelman says he entered the no-contest plea for her in exchange for getting other operating while intoxicated and failure to control a motor vehicle charges dropped. Under Wisconsin law, a first offense drinking and driving case is not a criminal matter. It is a violation with a civil forfeiture. Madison firefighters recovered the body of a man who was swept away by floodwater on the city's west side Monday night. Two other people in the vehicle, the man was driving, were rescued by people who came to their aid. Dang County Executive Joe Parris declared a state of emergency in the wake of tarantial rains in the western portion of the county. Reports ranging from 8 inches to 13 inches, West Madison, Middleton, Cross Plains, and Black Earth were especially hard hit. There was extensive flooding of city streets and rural roads and highways, and law enforcement agencies stressed that motorists need to avoid the roads and intersections with standing water. Hundreds of people were stranded overnight at businesses in the area. Authorities say they have found the body of the second boater missing since the weekend. The search ended Tuesday morning when the body of 22-year-old Antonio Robinson was located in the water near the dam on Lake Wissota. Both of the deceased men were from Minnesota and were in town on a camping trip with family. A pontoon that was towing an inner tube was adrift on the lake and eventually ran aground with only a dog on board. The two had been staying at a nearby O'Neill campground and were reported missing when they did not return at nightfall. The circumstances of the two deaths were unknown and still under investigation. It is thought that one of the victims was in the tube, got dumped into the water, and the other victim drowned while trying to save him. Police say two men were found dead inside of a Wauwatosa home after a report of shots fired. Authorities found the men inside a residence in the 7900th block of Warren Avenue Wednesday afternoon around 5.30 p.m. A gun was found near the bodies and no names have yet been released. Police say they are not seeking any suspects and there is no danger to the public. The two high-profile political races in Wisconsin for Governor and U.S. Senate are statistical ties according to new Marquette Law School poll. It is the first poll taken since the primaries earlier this month. In the race for governor in Cuban Republican Scott Walker and Democrat challenger Tony Evers are tied among likely voters. 46 to 46.6% of those surveyed preferred Libertarian Phil Anderson and 2% were undecided. In the U.S. Senate race, Incubant Democrat Tammy Baldwin leads Republican challenger Leah Vokmor 49 to 47%. And that result is within the polls of 4% margin of error. Voters ranked jobs and the economy as more important issue in the state followed by the kindergarten to 12th grade education and health coverage. Scott Walker's approval rating was up slightly from 47 to 48% and Donald Trump's job approval rating rose among Wisconsin voters climbing from 42 to 45%. And 87% of the registered Republicans had a favorable view of the president. 92% of the Democrats had an unfavorable view. The survey of 800 registered voters was conducted between August 15th and 18th. And finally, Freddie Peralta and two relievers combined to a five-hitter as the brewers blanked the Cincinnati Reds four to zero in Milwaukee on Wednesday afternoon. Peralta struck out seven over seven innings of three-hit ball for the win. Jeremy Jeffries got a final four outs for the save. Kristen Jellick went four for four with a home run and two RBI. Lorenzo Cain added three hits and an RBI as Milwaukee won for the third time in four games. Robert Stevenson allowed four runs in five plus frames to take the loss. Jose Paraza had two of the Cincinnati's five hits in defeat and also stole a base. The brewers took two of the three against the Reds and the crew has Thursday off, then opens up a three game weekend series against Pittsburgh at Miller Park. Wade Miley gets the start in the opener for the crew while Joe Musgrove pitches for Pittsburgh. The brewers are a half game ahead of Colorado in the race for the top National League wild card spot. And that is all we have for today. Join me again next week for another recap of our local news. From all of us at Community News Review, have a great day.


فشرف بالشتغالي بالعلم ولا تبغي به ما عشت يا بدا بدا وياله من شراف عظيم إن الحمد لله نحمده ونستعينه ونستغفره ونعوذ بالله من شرور أنفسنا ومن سيئات عمالنا من يهده الله فلا مضلله ومن يضلل فلا هادي له واشدوا الله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له واشدوا أن محمد عبده ورسوله يا أيها الذين آمنوا اتقوا الله حق توقاته ولا تموتن إلا وانت مسلمون يا أيها الناس اتقوا ربكم الذي خلقكم من نفس واحدة وخلق منها زوجها وبث منهما رجالا كثيرا ونساء واتقوا الله الذي تساءلون به ولا رحام إن الله كان عليكم رقيبة يا أيها الذين آمنوا اتقوا الله وقولوا قولا سديدا يصلح لكم أعمالكم ويغفل لكم ذنوبكم ومن يطع الله ورسوله فقد فاز فوزا عظيم أما بعد فإن أصدق الحديث كتاب الله تعالى وخير الهدي محمد ابن عبد الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وشر الأمور محدثتها وكل محدثة بدعة وكل بدعة ضلالة وكل ضلالة في النار My beloved brothers and sisters at this time of the year the emails that come through the questions that the people ask are generally regarding sadness, depression they ask those questions and our religion of Islam observes time, situations that the ummah are going through every situation that the ummah are in the Quran and the Sunnah has a cure and a solution for them the NHS for instance they coined a term and they called it Seasonal Affective Disorder which basically is a type of depression that the person goes through and it comes and it goes on a seasonal pattern when the sun is not out the person's depression goes up and they become sadder more and more so what does the Quran and Sunnah say about this الله سبحانه وتعالى and the way he has created this universe and the way he made this world الله سبحانه وتعالى has created it for him to test and to put people through trials and tribulations this is the Sunnah and Allah el-Kounia it's the universal signs of Allah سبحانه وتعالى and the reason why Allah does that is اختبارا Allah wants to test you سبحانه وتعالى and Allah also wants Allah wants to purify you and get rid of your major and your minor sins that you have come with and he wants to see who is sincere and truthful about their faith which they claim ولي ذلك الله سبحانه وتعالى he says in the Quran he says ولي نبلوكم we are going to test you Allah says اما ونبلوكم بشيء ولي نبلوكم we test you وما ونبلوكم we will test you and test you بشيء من الخوفي some fear we will test you with وَالجُعِ will test you with hunger and poverty ونقص من الأموالي we will test you with reduction in your wealth وَالسَمَرَاتِ in the crops Allah will reduce it from you and then Allah says وَبَشِرُ الصَّابِرِين give glad tidings to those who are patient give glad tidings to those who come with patience with this test that they are put through الله سبحانه وتعالى he also says وَنبلوكم we will test you بشرء الله says we will test you with harm and evil so Allah put the sharpest وَالخيرِ الله will test you with good and some people only assume and think that the harm and the calamities are what tests is but the truth of the matter is even when you are giving children and Allah gives you wealth and things are going according to how you want it it's also a form of a test it's also a test from Allah سبحانه وتعالى and then Allah says وَإِلَيْنَا تُرْجَعُونَا and to us you will come back also Allah سبحانه وتعالى he says أَلِفْ لَاَمْمِيمَ الله أعلمُ بِمُرَادِه Allah knows what He means by that أحسيب الناس who do the people assume do they think and you trust that they will be left and يقولوا أَمَنَّا that when they say we believe do they think they will be left for that claim if everybody who says I'm a believer will be left and we're not going to be tested did you think that Allah will leave you with this statement I'm a believer and you won't be tested no that statement of yours needs to be tested is it true or is it not وهم لا يستنون and then Allah tells us that He tested those who came before us ولي ذلك the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم he said إذا أراد الله if Allah wants and wills سبحانه وتعالى بعبده He's slave الخير if Allah wants for Him good عجل له العقوبة Allah hastens for Him عقوبة بحام and calamities Allah hastens it for Him سبحانه وتعالى في الدنيا in this world if Allah wants good for you He hastens the pain and the agony in this world for you and He doesn't hold you or does not bring anything to you for the day of judgment everything will be brought to you in this world وإذا أراد الله بعبده if Allah wants for His slave الشره evil سبحانه وتعالى سبحانه وتعالى يوم القيامة will be punished based on that also the Prophet said إن عظم الجزاء that the great reward is in accordance to عظم البلاء is in accordance to the great calamities that a person goes through وإن الله very little Allah إذا أحب قومن if Allah loves a slave or a slave or a slave or a slave or a slave or a slave or a slave or a slave or a slave or a slave or a slave if Allah loves them إبت لهم الله test them سبحانه وتعالى فمن رضية فله الرضاء anyone who is pleased with what Allah has brought them then Allah will be pleased with them سبحانه وتعالى ومن ساخيطا and anyone who shows discomfort and hate towards the calamity that he's been put through now فله الصخط he will gain Allah سبحانه وتعالى his anger the greatest people who ever walked on this earth were tested when a little calamity is brought to us best people أكملوا الناس ايمانا the people who are the greatest form of of iman were tested rather their tests were the severest and the hardest that's why the prophet said اشدوا الناس بلا and the people who are tested the most are who the prophets ثم الصالحون and then the righteous ones ثم الأمثل وفلأمثل and those who come after and after يوبت لرجل a person is tested على حسبي ديني in accordance to his religion the test that comes to you is in accordance with your religion فإن كان في ديني يصولبه if this person's religion is strong and there's upright and steadfast اشتد به بلا the test will become more the calamities will become more you're being tested more and as you all know when the gold is burnt it shines even more the believer the more calamities that he endures the more hardship he goes through the more he shines the more his iman comes وإن كان في ديني رقطا if his religion is light and it's not strong and he's not upright or steadfast يبتولي على قدر ديني he will be tested in accordance to wherever religion he has فما يبراح البلا pay attention the person will be tested so much so that he will be walking on this earth حتى يتركه يمشي على الأرض وما عليه خطية all of his sins would go through the calamities that he has endured and the hardship that he has gone through let's take examples of prophets and how they were tested and how much calamities that they were put through الله سبحانه وتعالى يتوزن القرآن he says وقد آتينا موسى الكتابة وقفنا من بعده بالرسل and after him came messengers and prophets وآتينا عيسة من مرية ملبيناتي نبي الله عيسة was also given clear co-evidences you have to realize brothers these prophets they came to this world to save the people from the hellfire this is their job they shouldn't be put through calamities by the people somebody who's helping you who's trying to save you from the punishment of the hellfire who's working towards your salvation your prosperity in this world and hereafter and you are harming him prophets went through that وليدارك الله then says وعيدناه بروح القدس نبي الله عيسة ونبي الله موسى they were supported within جبريل فكلما جاءكم الله says every time it comes to you رسول a messenger بما لا تهو وأنفسكم that is not in accordance with your desires every prophet comes and he tells you something that goes against your desires and what you want إستكبرتم do you become arrogant and become hard headed ففريقا كدبتم a group of those prophets you disbelieve in them وفريقا تقتلون and another group you kill them وليدارك the prophets for them was never to be followed their job and their aim was only for them to disbelieve in them that's the minimum and if they want they actually took it a step further وليدارك they came to the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم and they set him أحيدة we took an oath with Allah سبحانه وتعالى اللى نؤمن لرسول حتى يأتينا بقربان تأكله النار we have taken a covenant with Allah a promise with Allah that we will never believe in a prophet unless a fire comes from the sky and it takes our spoils of war then the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم was set him say to them قل say to them a prophet قل قد جاءكم رسول من قبل messengers have come to you before me they have come with clear evidences and they also came with what you guys are claiming what you are asking for فليما قتلتم why did you kill them why did you get rid of those prophets in those prophets many prophets were killed on the people's hands these are people Allah can protect رعدالك الله was testing them سبحانه وتعالى a prophet will come the day of judgment and no one will follow him يأتي نبيون وليس معه أحد a prophet will come and there is no one with him is he not right he is right is that not what he came with was wrong what he was preaching was not wrong the way he preached was not wrong but it was a test from Allah سبحانه وتعالى وليدالك الله سبحانه وتعالى he told us in the Quran نبي الله موسى also said to his people وإضقال موسى لقوم يا قوم موسى when he said to his people لما دونني why are you harming me for why are you putting me through hardship and pain why are you doing that to me وقد تعلمون and you all know أن رسول الله you know that why are you choosing to harm me إليكم فلما زاغوا أزاغوا الله قلوبهم والله لا يهد القومة الفاسطين the same is when بله إبراهيم what did they say قالوا حرقوه بابهم وانصروا آلهتكم and give victory to your idols ban this man get rid of him and give victory to your idols your idols need you today get rid of this man ينقونتم فاعرين and then Allah tells us in the Quran يا نارو كوني برداً وسلاماً على إبراهيم الله made the fire which they put نبي الله إبراهيم خليل الله the five chosen from one of the five chosen prophets نبي الله إبراهيم was thrown into the fire but then what did Allah do الله سبحانه وتعالى took away from the fire the heat that it would give الله then says وقرادوا به كيداً they plotted and they planned against نبي الله إبراهيم فجعلناهم الأخسرين and we made them the losers and those who were beneath his feet I say what you hear and I ask forgiveness of Allah for you and the Muslims from all of them so ask forgiveness indeed he is the Forgiving الحمد لله رب العالمين له الحمد الحسن وثناء الجميل واشد أن لا إله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له يقول الحق وهو يهد السبيل واشد أن سيدنا ولمين محمد صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وأصحابه والتابعين لهم بحسان إلى يوم الدين ألمام ابن القيّم هي سيز نسكتاب الفوائد يقول الطريق طريق تاعب فيه آدم The path is a path for which Adam exerted himself وأناح لأجله نوح This path of calling the people to the religion of Allah is a path that نبي الله Adam exerted himself and it's also a path which نبي الله نوح he cried ورومية في النار الخليل and it's the path in which نبي الله إبراهيم للدبح إسماعيل and it is the path in which نبي الله إسماعيل was laid on the earth to be slaughtered وبيع يوسف and it's this path in which نبي الله يوسف was sold بثامن بخسن ولبث في السجن بضعسنين he was sold for a very small small amount of money and he remained for a great portion in prison ونوشل بالمنشار زكريا وزكريا was split into two وذوبي حسيد ويحية ويحية was slaughtered and killed ونبي الله أيوب lost his loved ones lost his children and his wife and all of his kids and his health went also وعالج الفقراء وأنواع الأدى محمد ونبي الله محمد he went through poverty and hunger and every type of pain they were ولي ذلك ونبي الله محمد came with his message and he first came out ورقة ابنو نوفل said to him يا ليتني فيها جدعا he said I wish that day that you're coming out that I would be a young man ليتني أكون حيا if only I was alive إذ يخرجوك قومك the day when your people are going to expel you from Mecca and then the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم was shocked he looked at ورقة ابنو نوفل and then he said to him اموخرجيهم are they going to truly expel me from my own hometown Mecca are they going to take me out قال لنعم the prophet said لم يأتي رجل ايمان ها never come قطن بمثني ما جئت به no one has ever come with that which you have come with محمد إلا عودي except that he was he faced great hostility from the people when you dricken if I reach موارقة يومك that day which you're لئن I will give you victory نصلا مؤذرا I will give you victory and support a great amount صلى الله عليه وسلم محمد was told this at the early stages but والله الحمد لله every test الله puts a people through always comes good طرد الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم من مكة the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم was kicked out of Mecca and what did الله bring about with that فأقام في المدينة دولة he established in the city of مدينة a government that he didn't have so when he got kicked out الله broke about good for him and the world heard about his governor his leadership his prophet his army they heard about it عليه صلى الله عليه وسلم سوجنا أحمد ابن حنبل الإمام و أحمد ابن حنبل was imprisoned و جوليدا he was whipped but that whipping went towards something what did he go towards فصاره إمام و أهلي السنة he became the إمام of أهلي السنة والجماعة ووضع السرخسي the great مالي كسكولا سرخسي أحن في سكولا he was placed in a well he was placed in a well he was imprisoned in a well and all he had with him was pens and papers what did he do فأخرج عشرين مجلدن he bought out 20 volumes in فق ابن أثير was also house imprisoned فصنفه he authored two great books جامع الأصول أن الكتاب النهاية في غريب الحديث شيخ الإسلام ابن تيمير was imprisoned and he finished the Quran 83 times and he died on the statement of Allah إن المتقينة في جنات ونهر يبقن عند مليك مقتدر ابن الجوزي was kicked out of Baghdad his own home town and he came back and he studied and he memorized the 10 قراءات of the Quran every calamity that comes الله سبحانه وتعالى always brings a good out of it you might not see it today no tomorrow, no the day after but it might be one day come have good faith in Allah سبحانه وتعالى the people when it comes to the calamities that they are brought to are three types the first people are محروم the person who is who is being taken away from this time to benefit from it to come with patience he is prevented from it so what does he come with صوء ضني بالله he has bad thoughts of Allah سبحانه وتعالى and then he starts to suspect and accuse the Qada why me why is it being done to me that's the first type of people the second type of people are he is a موافق Allah has given him the ability he responds with this calamity he responds with patience and endurance and forbearance that's how he responds to it but the third is the greatest of all the way he responds to the calamity is beyond and greater than patience he is pleased with it he is actually happy he is enjoying the calamity and the pain he has reached درجة الربع he has reached a level of being pleased with the calamity and the praise and he has actually become a person who shows gratitude every person goes through the calamities in different forms some people are being put through calamities through their health and their well-being and their illness Allah takes away from them their illness what is needed from them is صبر to be patient to show endurance الله سبحانه وتعالى has become wisdom behind every action that he does sometimes we see that wisdom Allah shows us the wisdom and we come to know what it is and sometimes we're never shown it and just because we don't know the wisdom behind Allah's actions doesn't necessarily mean there's no wisdom behind it Allah does everything with a reason and the reason why he chose you there's a reason behind it everyone of us another person is tested through their children their loved ones they have children that they love they're trying to raise their children and they show so much love to their children but Allah has tested them with their children their children are choosing not to listen to them they will also need to come with patience and endurance and know Allah سبحانه وتعالى is not absent and he is not unaware of your calling and your begging at night when you're asking for Allah to guide your child there are other people Allah سبحانه وتعالى has engraved them into debt and financial problems that's where their pain and their struggling is in and other people have gone through it in other forms of shape I ask Allah سبحانه وتعالى that he turns our hardship and our pain into ease and good for us الله مغفل لنا ذنوبنا وإصرافنا في أمرنا وثبت أقدامنا وانصرنا على القوم الكافرين الله مغفل لنا هزلنا وجدنا وخطأنا وعمدنا وكل ذلك عندنا يا رب العالم الله ملا تجعل الدنيا أكبر همنا ولا مبلغ علمنا ولا تصلط علينا بذنوبنا من لا يخافك فينا ولا يرحمنا ربئات نفوسنا تقواها وزكها أن تخيل من زكاها أن توليها ومولاه ربنا أتل في الدنيا حسنة وفي الآخرة حسنة وقينا عذاب النار وقين الصباح


Well, thank you very much for inviting me to speak at this exciting meeting. It's been really interesting to hear the outcome of many of the microbiome projects and hear the summaries from the people who did the work. So my title is Composition and Dynamics of the Human Virome. So I'll briefly introduce the planetary virome, the human virome and a little bit about approaches you can take to studying this problem. Then I'll focus much of the lecture on what is the composition of the human virome and how does it change over time with an emphasis on gut. And then at the end I'll touch on some open questions in future directions, introduce a little more data and talk about challenges going forward. So the global virome is remarkable. In seawater there are judged to be something like 10 to the 7th viral particles per mil. Viruses outnumber their hosts by a factor of something like 10 in seawater. And near the end I'll be arguing that that's probably true in gut also. Estimates multiplying this out, there's something like 10 to the 31 viral particles on Earth which make viruses numerically the most successful biological entities on the planet and also some of the coolest. So this picture has been developed by our own leader Proctor of HMP, Forest Roar Curtis Suttle and many other workers. And this picture shows the EM, some of the viruses that Lita caught in one of her studies of marine phages. The human virome is similarly gigantic. Perhaps most familiar will be the persistent latent infections that are extremely common, herpes viruses for example, papillomavirus. Many of the herpes viruses infect almost all of the people in the US population. Papilloma also very common, HIV and HCV something like 1% of the population. We're also very familiar with the viruses that infect us transiently like cold viruses or flu. Sometimes we deliberately infect ourselves with viruses like the vaccinia live smallpox virus vaccine strain. But still this is really the tip of the iceberg. The human genome itself is composed of something like 8% fragments of DNA that are discoverably remnants of retroviruses that infected the primate lineage on its way leading to humans. And so here's a bit of one of the human chromosomes shown here. Here are some genes. This tract that says LTR is the long terminal repeats of retrovirus. And you can see there are many, many of them in this bit of the human genome. So our genomes themselves are in part viral. And on top of that our bacteria and archaea have enormous numbers of viral predators, bacteriophage predators. Accounts suggest something in the range of 10 to the 10th to the 10th to the 11th viruses per gram of human stool. And although these numbers I think are kind of loose, there's no question that the size of the communities is totally gigantic. So obviously one of the things that's really launched this area has been the development of the new deep sequencing methods. And so you can apply those to studies of viruses in a variety of ways. One is to hunt for new pathogens. Another is to watch viral evolution. For example, HIV quasi-species evolving in response to a new introduction of a new antiviral agent and developing resistance. You can characterize where integrating viruses or integrating into genomes. And you can characterize complex uncultured communities of viruses. And so what I'll be emphasizing for much of the talk is going to be this last one. Using deep sequencings, mostly alumina high-seq, to characterize the human virome and see what's out there. And many, many strong labs have contributed these kinds of studies. Forest roar, subtle, Lipkin, Beatrice Hahn, and many, many others. So what is the composition of the human virome and how does it change over time? So we've been studying this in the context of our human microbiome demonstration project focused on diet, genetic factors, and the gut microbiome in Crohn's disease. It's a pleasure to acknowledge my co-PIs, Gary Woo and Jim Lewis, Gary is here. Our main project, our main study of Crohn's disease longitudinally in pediatric cases is just finishing up and we'll tell you about that soon. But in this talk I'm going to focus on a set of papers from a really strong graduate student, Sam Minot, characterizing the virome piece of the gut microbiome. And we've been fortunate to have funding from NIDDK, HMP, and others. So we've been purifying viruses from stool and it's kind of a general principle in these sorts of microbiome studies that exactly what you do has a very strong effect on the interpretations you can make at the end. And, you know, your choices have a lot of effect on the outcome. So the way we've been doing this, we've been highly purifying viral fractions. We've almost certainly been losing some of the viruses along the way. I'll be telling you about DNA viruses. For the most part, we haven't put much effort into studying RNA viruses. So we're only looking at a slice of the population, but because it's highly purified, we can point to each read and say that probably came from a virus. Even if it doesn't look like anything we've seen before, even if it doesn't look like anything in the databases, that's probably still something sequenced that was inside a viral particle. So what we've been doing is taking stool, homogenized several filtration steps, then either purified by banding and cesium chloride or centricon ultrafiltration, then chloroform de-rupt your membranes, degrade unprotected DNA with DNAs to get rid of contaminating DNAs, and then break open the capsids and get out the DNA from inside the viral capsids, and then either 4, 5, 4 or high-seq metagenomic sequencing. So this shows an example of one of Sam's studies. This is a 12 healthy subjects cross-sectional, about 40 billion bases of high-seq data, assembled using one of the de Bruijn graph methods and then comparing the contigs that we see. So here's a contig spectrum with the length here of the contigs and the sequencing depth on the y-axis. So you can see we got lots and lots of contigs. This is all 12 subjects, some of out to like 100 kilobases. Some are circular. They close as circles, which suggests we probably got all of the genome for those guys. So you can see you've got a lot of ones that are probably complete.  When we try to align these to databases, we see very little resemblance to anything that's in the databases for the vast majority. So that's kind of illustrated down here at the bottom. We did find one animal cell virus, a vanilla papilloma virus, type 6B, not unexpected, very high coverage. Everything else we saw had either low resemblance to bacteria phages in the database or no resemblance to anything at all. And so this shows some of the phage data where we're lining our reads and you can see little bits of alignment. Gray means perfect, red means mismatched. And you can see we're seeing patchy, sketchy matches, and these were the best of them. So really most of what we're seeing in these kinds of samples are new. And between humans, we see very little resemblance also. So really striking, either mostly phage that we can identify, one eukaryotic virus, and then a lot of stuff we don't know what it is for sure, that we're guessing most of it's phage. Something like 500 to 1,000 types per individual. Okay, so we can do a little better assigning the genes if we align genes within this dataset. We've got so many genes now from the high-seq data, open reading frames, that we could ask who resembles who, and we could find something like 25% of phage orphs have a match to a database orph with a very permissive threshold. But then within the datasets, 58% have at least one match, 30% identity or better. So that allowed SAM to then ask, well, how about arrangements, multi-genic regions? Do we see conservation of gene order and gene type into cassettes, which is well known to be a structural feature of bacteriophage genomes? And indeed we do. On the right, you can see several of these cassettes where you can see multiple gene types being similar, and these are derived from different subjects. The subject numbers are on the left here. And here's a cassette with several different gene types seen over lots of subjects. So the mean proportion of contigs covered by cassettes looks like something like 27%. So when we look within the deep sequencing data itself, we can start to see some forms of order. We've also got several cases where we've sequenced whole stool DNA, mostly bacteria, assigned the genes and looked at the kinds that are there. And then similarly done the same for viruses or virus-like particles, assembled, assigned worse to the ontology, and then compared the two. And that's shown here. So you can see that bacteria in yellow often devote a lot of their coding capacity to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, translation, ribosomes, phage, very little if any. Viruses, very little if any. Viruses on the other hand in red show a lot of genes, a high proportion of their gene content devoted to replication, recombination, and repair. So viruses are parasites, and you can really see it coming through in the metagenomic data in a comparison like this. Okay, so one thing we wanted to investigate was how does the human gut virome change over time? And in part this is investigating at the same time the question of why are humans so different from each other? What is going on with the gut virome that might explain this? So we studied one human individual for two and a half years by a dense time series analysis of stool samples. And so that's sort of diagramed here. We have a whole bunch of time points we studied. And importantly, Sam studied a number of time points twice. He took the same stool sample and did two separate purifications of viruses from those samples, sequenced and analyzed. So we have an internal measure of within sample variation, or within time point variation. And then we can compare that to between time point variation and ask if that's larger. So we purified viruses, 57 billion bases of sequence from high seek, we assembled with a De Bruijn graph method. We also did high seek analysis of stool DNA for three widely spaced time points. So we have a look at the bacterial communities at least at three time points. Assemble, we get something like in the range of 500 contigs, average of 82 fold sequence coverage. So the contig spectrum is shown here. Again, it's on the left, it's contig length by fold coverage. Some of these we now get up to million fold coverage for these small circular guys. We're now well over 100 kilobases for some of these viruses. And now more of a larger proportion seem to be circular. So we're getting complete sequences for at least some of them. The middle panel shows jacquard index on the y-axis that's asking for resemblance in community membership versus time interval with long time intervals between time points on the right and short ones on the left. And you can see that even after our longest time points in the range of two and a half years, we're still seeing something like 80% of the community membership still the same as with the earlier time points. So for the most part, the virome is hanging around. We're seeing the same forms all through the time series studied. We did a form of rarefaction analysis here. We took our contigs and then asked how many reads or how many samples did it take to get those contigs? So at least for the major contigs we were picking up, we seem to be pretty saturated. But I now think this is a little misleading. I don't think we did that well, as this might imply. And the reason is that we've recently done sequencing in these same communities with another method using the wonderful Pacific Biosciences single molecule sequencing approach, which brings in its own set of issues. But at least the biases are different compared to Illumina. And we acquired 138 megabases of single molecule sequencing data. And when we compared to the Illumina contigs, we found only 30% overlap. So this is just in the last few weeks. We're still trying to put this all together into a single picture. But it seems quite clear that our numbers are headed upward for the different kinds as we layer in more sequencing methods. And this just shows that some packed bio contigs can link to Illumina contigs in this sort of dot matrix representation. And we have examples where Illumina contigs have linked several packed bio contigs. So the picture on this viral community I think is getting better. But it does really illustrate that how you measure has a pretty strong effect on what you find. And so we're trying to put together a hybrid assembly with this. And who knows, maybe further methods to try to get a more complete picture. So with these contigs in hand and this longitudinal data, we're in a position to be able to ask, well, how did these communities change? As over the two and a half year period studied. So one is simple accumulation of base substitutions. By different, we broke it out into different viral groups. Some changed very little. The temperate phages didn't seem to evolve very fast. But this group, the microviridae, which includes Phi X174, evolved very fast. These are single-stranded small genomes in the five kilobase range, single-stranded circular DNAs. It turns out it's known that single-stranded DNA viruses evolve more like RNA viruses really fast compared to the double-strand DNA viruses. And this shows a phylogenetic tree of some of the microviridae we caught. And these show time series for several of these where the first samples at the top and time is proceeding going downward. And you can see accumulation of base substitutions in the genome. Now, the champions here were over 4% substitution over the time series studied. And that's taking account that's subtracting out the within-time point variation. This is an increase over time. And so this is sort of cool. In the microviridae taxonomy, we see some species separated by smaller values. 3.5% base substitution differences distinguish species for some members of this group. And we had a couple of viruses that changed more than that. So you could say we're coming into the range where we were watching speciation events in the gut virome over the 2.5 years that we studied this. Oops. So we could also see longitudinal changes associated with the CRISPR systems. So remember, we have bacterial DNA sequences. We have phage. So we could see that six viral genomes were targeted by bacterial CRISPRs. So this is just an example of one contig and CRISPR spacers from bacteria targeted the virus in several positions. Probably most of you are familiar with the CRISPR system. It's akin to RNAi. The bacteria have spacer sequences that are transcribed and then used as recognition elements to destroy incoming genetic parasites. We had one example of a possible viral escape mutant where we have a CRISPR targeting a sequence in blue. That sequence goes away in the population and an orange sequence takes over that has a point mutant in that CRISPR recognition site. So that might have been an escape event. So that's one form of change associated with the CRISPR systems that we're seeing. Another, the bacteria phages, the viral contigs themselves have CRISPR systems. Some of the phage are encoded in CRISPRs themselves. And in one case, we had a CRISPR contig and one phage, a CRISPR spacer in one phage, that targeted another phage in the same person. So it was as though phages were fighting it out with each other using the CRISPR system, which was pretty cool to see. And so we could see longitudinal change associated with the CRISPR arrays also. We could watch them change over time for a couple of the phages. So a third form of variation is associated with the diversity-generating retro elements. These are these amazing reverse transcriptase-based targeted hypermutagenesis systems, first discovered by Jeffrey Miller and co-workers. So in bordatella, phage BP1 has a problem, bordatella changes its surface coat periodically. But the phage hypermutagenizes the gene for its tail fiber recognition moiety, so that once in a while, when the bordatella phase varies, their phage is in the population that actually can recognize the new protein and then proliferate. And so we saw systems that looked like millers, where there's the major tropism-determinant gene with this hypervariable region, the tail fiber protein. Nearby is a template region, identical region, and nearby is reverse transcriptase. And it turns out the mechanism involves transcription of the template region, error-prone reverse transcription of that copy to make a DNA copy, an absorption of that DNA copy into the MTD locus. So in just model-independent studies where we tracked along these phage genomes, looking for regions of high variation, these things really fell into our laps. And so this shows the colors or reads, if there was no base changes, the columns would be the same color as in these template regions, but in these variable regions you can see extreme levels of variation. So extreme that in those short regions, every read's different from every other read in some cases. And these were associated with this kind of target template structure and a nearby reverse transcriptase gene. So we saw systems that looked like millers MTD, we saw others that were hypervariabilizing other types of coding regions, including IG family proteins, which is pretty cool. The vertebrate immune system is hyper mutating such genes to make the T cell receptor and immunoglobulins. Phage are hypermutagenizing these using a completely different method based on reverse transcriptase. And so we could see these reverse transcriptases. They're a specific subset of the reverse transcriptase family. We could see them quite abundantly in these phage and associate them with these hyper mutagenesis mechanisms. One of these seemed to be active in the longitudinal data that we got. So we could look at these kinds of DGR, diversity generating retro element systems, identify them, and for one of them we could say that we were seeing it be active over the two and a half year time period that we studied. Others, it's not clear if we didn't have enough power to be sure they were active or whether they in fact were inactive, which raises an interesting question of whether the mutagenesis mechanism may be biologically regulated and maybe there's something to figure out there. So circling back, why do humans harbor such huge viral populations and why are humans so different from each other? Well, it's one of the most central messages for many of these microbiome studies has been that humans have different microbes that are colonizing them, a great deal of individual variation. And so naturally the predators on those microbes, the phages, are likely to be different also for that reason, at least in part. But something we can add from this study is that at least some of the phage seem to be changing really, really fast so that when a virus colonizes a human it diversifies pretty quickly and over the lifetime of an individual there'll be a lot of diversification. The phage populations do seem to be pretty stable. So we think that this rapid change may be another piece helping to understand why human viral populations look so different from each other. So let me now go on to the open questions and future directions. One key thing in these sort of viral studies over many labs and sort of many related issues is the question of finding new viruses and associating them with diseases. And so a number of really strong labs have carried out a lot of these sorts of studies, Lipkin, Craig Virgin, Darice Wang, Relman, many others.  Did it cause a disease? Did the disease state make the individual susceptible to the virus? Did some third thing cause both of them? You really don't know. But obviously there's a lot that could be done to streamline and develop this process. So this just shows an example from our work where we have fecal shotgun data on two severe combined immune deficiency kids and one healthy kid. One of these kids was having GI problems. And when we sequence whole stool DNA, we find 20% of the reads are this little studied boca virus, a parvo virus. It was only discovered in 1995, benign as far as anyone knows. But boy, this is one heck of a lot of virus in this kid's gut. And the kid was having GI problems at the time. So this is just one of many possible illustrations of the general problem of associating a virus that you see by molecular methods with a disease state. And then other questions, what are the relative abundance of phages and their hosts and human feces? And then dynamics of predation following from that. So what I'm going to tell you about now is sort of a sketch for a calculation. We're trying to work our way through this. A provisional picture would be as follows. So from purified phage DNA in one human, the deeply studied one I described, we can see most of the viruses or at least a lot of them. So we can recognize them even though they mostly don't look like anything you've ever seen before. We also have whole stool DNA from this individual. So we can ask what proportion of the whole stool DNA is comprised by the viral DNA in the purified sample. So we find something like 5% of the DNA total looks like phage DNA. Though this is headed upward. We haven't added in the pat bio data yet. So however the genomes of the bacteria and phage are much different in size, maybe differing by a factor of 100. So multiplying by that, we infer that the phage outnumber their hosts in gut by about five fold, at least as a provisional first look. And again, we have more work to do to make this all real. So if that's true, we can start to think about predation rates. So material moves through the gut continuously. So if phage are at a constant abundance, then they must be created at a rate to replace the ones that are getting washed out as material moves through the gut. So let's say the transit time for this individual was one day. I'm making this up. An estimate that there are 10 to the 10th bacteria per gram of stool, then there must be something like 5 times 10 to the 10th phage per gram. So if a phage burst contains 100 phage, then you have to kill off 5 times 10 to the 8th bacteria to supply that, the number of phages that you're measuring that do seem to be at a steady state. So that would say that something like 5% of all bacteria are killed per day by phage predation. So again, all these numbers are very soft. And an ongoing project in the lab is to try to make these numbers more real. But it gives you a sense that maybe a substantial fraction of all the bacteria in the gut are getting killed off by phage daily. And then the last open question I want to sort of or new direction I want to kind of introduce, we could call virome epigenetics. As you'll all very well know, the human genome is subject to CPG methylation, recently hydroxy methylation was discovered and generated a great deal of interest. Phage totally dwarfed that. There are dozens of kinds of covalent DNA modification that have been reported in prokaryotic viruses. This lists a few of them. They get very exotic, including alpha-putracenol thiamine, dihydroxy-pentyluridine. Here's glucosalated DNA, which is a characteristic of phage T4. There's a gigantic zoo of DNA modifications that are present in bacterial viruses. They're known to block attack by nucleases, contribute to gene control. We're guessing they have additional functions also. So what's cool with the PAC-Bio method is that you can read out some of these modifications by their sequencing method. So this just illustrates their technology, its single molecule, immobilized polymerase, the template tracks through. What they notice is if you have a modification, this red base here, you can get a characteristic change in the kinetics of incorporation. And different chemistries seem to have different effects on the interpulse interval and peak heighten. So they have a way of reading out at least some of the modifications that are present in these viral genomes. So we've started to look through this for the deeply sampled subject I described. We're seeing various kinds of modifications shown by the bars on these sequences. For some of them, we can assign recognition sites. It looks like we've got one form at least that's new because it's on G and none of the other ones I showed you there were G. And as a general summary, looking over all the context, it seems like 80% of all the viral context are showing signs of covalent DNA modification. And so this looks like a really, really cool area to begin to explore and try to understand the functional significance. OK, so that concludes what I wanted to tell you. I introduced the global virome and the human virome. There's one heck of a lot of viruses associated with our bodies. The human virome, most viruses hang around longitudinally and the carefully studied individual we looked at. But some specific viruses changed a lot over time and that may help understand why humans are so different from each other. And open questions in future directions, assigning viruses to disease efficiently using metagenomic data, dynamics of predation, and then lastly viral epigenetics. And so it's a great pleasure to again acknowledge my colleagues Gary Woo and Jim Lewis and Sam Minot let a lot of the viral work that I described. And Tyson Clark at Pac-Bio has helped us a lot also. So thank you very much for your attention. OK, so quickly I'd like to ask you your current thoughts on the role viruses play in horizontal gene transfer of microbiota. Oh, viruses are big players in horizontal gene transfer. There are typically three main mechanisms in prokaryotes, transduction, transformation, and mating. So temperate phages move genes around. They're known to be medically important because integrating phages can carry toxins, adhesions, that modify the phenotype of their bacterial hosts. So they're one of the major agents, but not the only major agent. OK, let's thank Rick and all of the speakers from this morning. We just have a few quick announcements that are important. The first is that at 1.30 sharp, the afternoon session will begin. So we're now into the lunch and poster. Speaking of the posters, today are the even number presenters and tomorrow are the odd numbers and I think Friday are prime numbers or something. So one of the benefits of being here physically in person is that you get to vote on what you consider the best poster after you've seen all of the posters. And there's an NSA proof secret compartment on the back of your badge with a green piece of paper that is to be used for the voting. So again, I want to personally thank the speakers. I had a really good time hosting this morning session and we'll see you at 1.30.


Thanks, everyone. It's a pleasure to be here today.  All right. I don't know if I need to do anything to turn myself on here That sounded bad, but I actually mean my slides I'm going to talk with you tonight about The corporate control of information and why we should care and I'm going to try to do that as quickly as possible This is really a talk that deserves more time, and I'm so excited to be on this distinguished panel with these incredible makers and researchers as well the thing that is so important to me and and why I study corporate control of our information specifically Google is because in many ways the Public is increasingly reliant upon corporate provided information and Those contacts for that provision often happen by way of alleged neutrality or objective Kinds of truth that might be provided by these kinds of platforms Specifically I study Google because Google really dominates the market It's a it's not just a market leader It holds a monopoly in the search space And you know when you think about it if you're looking for information on the web And you don't know a specific URL you are required to go through a broker So to speak or someone to help you find that kind of information that you might be looking for and those brokers are search engines and Search engines we relate to them in so many ways if you look at the latest research for example It shows that the majority of the public in the United States Believes that search engines are fair and unbiased sources of information They also think that the kinds of results that they get back and you can look at kind of Pew research Will tell you that people feel that this kind of information that they find in commercial search engines like Google is credible and Trustworthy and so this to me means that we have to pay close attention to what's happening in those spaces now Some of you might be familiar with this campaign This is one of the more popular campaigns that has come about to try to Problematize some of the kinds of things that we find in search engines so this is a campaign that was sponsored by the United Nations and You can't read this, but I'll tell you Ogilvy and Mather Dubai did a campaign. That's a large advertising agency They did searches on various women of color And in various countries to see what kinds of things Google would populate as an auto suggest And what they found for example were things like women cannot drive be bishops be trusted speak in church Women shouldn't have rights to vote work box Women should stay at home be slaves be in the kitchen not speak in church Women need to be put in their places know their place be controlled to be disciplined now. This was a you know an interesting and fairly effective campaign and trying to Point out that society holds still a whole lot of kind of sexist patriarchal Values around women, but what the campaign failed to do was really to contextualize why these kinds of results come up It left most readers of the campaign believing that search engines are simply neutral. They're simply providing The results that are most popular are most searched on but I have found in my research I've done quite a bit of research on collecting searches specifically on women and girls of color what you find is that When you start to click on these kinds of auto suggestions, they're linked to Sites that are incredibly profitable for Google. They might be linked to you for example, and they might be linked to sites that are heavily populated by Keywords that are used through Google's AdWords program, right? So blogs or websites that heavily use AdWords and so Google makes money on The kinds of traffic that happens in relationship to some of these searches And I think this is one of the failings of a campaign to help us understand and make sense of this Commercial aspect what the corporatization or the commercial aspects of information mean to an Advertising company like Google. I often try to tell people that Google is not Providing information retrieval algorithms. It's providing advertising Algorithms and that is a very important distinction when we think about what kind of information is available in these corporate controlled spaces now Here's another example. Some of you might have seen this this summer a very Well-known Black Lives Matter activist E. Ray McKesson tweeted if you Google map The n-word house This is what you'll find America right his commentary and what was happening in Google Maps this summer Many people Noticed is that if you were to go into Google Maps and search on the word on the n-word house or the n-word King Google Maps would take you to the White House Now the way that this was reported on by the media The Washington Post kind of picking it up first and then others Following is that there's must be some type of glitch in the system and when we talk about these kinds of racist Experiences and pointers that happen in technical systems We also hear in the public discourse these things talked about again as anomalies as glitches Rather than helping us to understand and unveil the ways that Programmers are people who write code and Code is a language and all languages are value-laden Including binary code language languages So what this also tells us even though Google gave a kind of apology non-apology Kind of one of those we apologize for any offense. This may have caused I can tell you that when my husband says something like I'm sorry if you're offended that is not actually an apology So the non-apology apology Often comes forward from Google in these cases where they might even go so far as to issue a disclaimer About the kinds of problematic search results that come back But again, the onus is typically placed back on the user that somehow you searched incorrectly You might have you maybe you should have used different words Never kind of again pointing to the host of decisions Algorithmically that are made to get us to these kinds of pointers and this is really important Now you can't see this. I don't know why it's been blocked out Sorry, the image didn't come forward, but I'll tell you what happened here. You can see the main hit I started collecting searches for example on The words black girls Latina girls Asian American girls South Asian girls indigenous girls Back in 2009 in 2009 the first hit when you did a search for black girls And of course I was motivated by this partially because a colleague of mine Andre Brock had kind of mentioned We were talking about Google and some of the problematics and he said oh, yeah You should see what happens when you Google black girls and I was like what I'm a black girl What happens when you search for black girls?  White girls didn't fare too much better also were sexualized and then the term girls Really being co-opted in a very sexism one-on-one way because all of these sites as you click down them Were not girls. They were not children. They were not adolescents. They were women grown women And so we have to kind of look at these examples and say again. What does it mean now? I wrote about this. I first tried to write about this for Essence magazine, which is a magazine that focuses on women of color and They wouldn't have it because who are you? I don't know who you are, right? I mean you can't write for a major News outlet when you're virtually unknown So I thought I'd write this this article for the public and I contacted bitch magazine They're a progressive kind of feminist magazine that critiques society and culture and I couldn't convince them In fact to let me write this article.  I was like do they so You know I said okay, but this is problematic again. How how girls become stand-ins for Pornography right and who and how that kind of sexualization and you can see a mapping of if you look in the kind of porn studies Literature you can see a mapping of the racial hierarchy as well of this kind of more violent forms of Pornography and sexualization as you go through kind of a racial order in the United States Eventually I told bitch after about ten emails I said listen Why don't you do a search for women's for women's magazines and then let me know if you find bitch in the first five pages and Then I got the story so the thing is that They understood finally that the concept of feminism had been divorced from women and so it's really important to talk about concepts how concepts get framed algorithmically and This is a really important part of my work and I've written about this. I've actually got a book Now that'll be forthcoming next year called algorithms of oppression and it's really to kind of elucidate how these processes happen now quickly It's not just a matter of representation and misrepresentation Pornification because that's incredibly important, but there are other nuanced ways in which algorithmic bias is happening so here you have an article in Forbes that a Negative article that was written against a study by Epstein and Robertson where they found that that voter preferences could be manipulated quite easily based on the kinds of results that showed up on a first page of search so if Negative stories about a candidate especially at the local level Circulated on the first page of search people voted against them if positive stories circulated on the first page People voted for them and those things are highly manipulant Manipulable one of the things that Matthew Hinman, for example wrote about in his book the myth of digital democracy is this notion that What we find in these online News environments in particular is just a matter of kind of unbiased Free-flow of information he found in his research studying elections that People who had the most money were able to influence what showed up in the first pages And so this this political economic kind of critique of what happens The first page of search is so incredibly important because the majority of people don't go past that and so what happens There is as highly contested in something that we must pay close attention to you. This is one of the last things I want to share That I recently wrote about and this is the again to talk about and elucidate the way that concepts get formed and Knowledge gets created and knowledge biases happen. So the Dillon Room store fizz a avowed white supremacist who opened fire on church in South Carolina this summer and murdered in cool blood nine African-American worshippers and This is an excerpt from his manifesto that was found online and I want to kind of draw attention to a couple of things that are really important. So he says The event that truly awakened me was a Trayvon Martin case I kept hearing and seeing his name and eventually I decided to look him up I read the Wikipedia article and right away. I was unable to understand what the big deal was It was obvious that Zimmerman was in the right But more importantly this prompted me to type in the words black on white crime into Google And I have never been the same since that day the first website I came to was the council of conservative citizens There were pages upon pages of these brutal black-on-white murders I was in disbelief and then he goes on to talk about how could this be happening and so he talks about researching Even more and this affirming his commitment to white supremacy and he says through all this research Which we can gather much of this happened online through Wikipedia and Google. He says from here I can find From here I found out about the Jewish problem and other issues facing our race and I can say today that I am completely racially aware Now it's not a far fetch to know and think that many people are coming into their kinds of Various forms of consciousness not just racial consciousness through the use of these kinds of platforms What doesn't happen when you go and for example if you look at the council of conservative citizens The council of conservative citizens is a cloaked website Jesse Daniels writes about cloaked websites websites that pretend to be a neutral kind of media or objective Site, but are in fact are doing something different the council of conservative citizens has a website that just looks like a conservative media aggregator that's feeding out news, but it's actually a Very well documented white supremacist organization. It's like the businessman's kkk and has been for a long time and so What Dylan Roof didn't get when you do searches Like black-on-white crime is you don't get a counterpoint for example that says there's no such thing as black-on-white crime you don't get FBI statistics that that Disprove the concept of black-on-white crime. You don't get information from black study scholars for example that might Talk about what a framing of a question like black-on-white crime even means in the context of Contemporary American society and so these are some of the things that I think I'm doing in my research to try to again Make us aware of the critical importance of what these corporate controlled Information environments are about and I would just say that big data technology biases They don't just end in our kind of first-world US Western global north Context much of my work for the past few years has been about Google and misrepresentation Certainly, but if you want to extend the kinds of biases that happen in terms of political and economic Policy you can see the number of companies that are implicated in things like the extraction and mining industries where you have some of the worst Political sexual violence happening in direct relationship to the extraction of minerals that we need for our electronics For our technologies right again. These things are hidden from view We also don't see the incredible e-waste the e-waste cities that are popping up along the west coast of Africa and Ghana incredibly toxic Situations where people are literally chain exchanging their lives in many ways in the extraction and in the waste Industries hidden from view so we have to think again about and what ways are our fetishes around technology implicated in these kinds of more Inhumane Situations for other people around the world and I'll leave it there and I look forward to you talking with you during the Q&A