Namaste. Namaskaram. My name is Hemant. Yes. I'm from Bangalore. I've come here for the first time. My question is regarding ego and anger. How does one identify when is your ego and how do we curtail our anger? When you get angry, then you know that that's the ego at play. And why, why does the ego actually do that to you? It's not your ego, because when you were born you didn't have an ego. It grew slowly as society imposed its conditioning on you. The socialization process results in the ego.   The fat of the ego is. Firstly, you need to really understand that when that anger comes, that it's not you, it is the ego. The ahankar, krodh is a daughter of ahankar or a son of ahankar. If you want to defend yourself against anger, anger is a very nasty enemy, mainly because what it does is that it actually attacks the very cells of your body.  It's a very slight tremor in the whole system. That is an attack on the stability of the body, of the cells of the body, which are upholding this entire experience here, right? So the effort has to be clearly to, in the moment when the anger comes to say no to it and to turn towards what? You have to turn away from it, so you turn where? Because if you look at it and try to analyze it and try to understand what it's doing to you and so on, you are empowering it. Every time you look at something, you empower it by your attention. So obviously you can't look at it, so you have to look away from it. Where are you going to look? That's where the antaraatman comes in. The soul, the antaraatmada, inner residing individualized atman. And when you turn into that, in that moment when you turn in, the anger recedes. You just start to feel your soul. Even if you don't really feel it, it doesn't matter. Even conceptually it's already half the battle one. So what happens then is that you reduce the negative impact on the very materiality of your system and so you prevent all those diseases that come when the system allows anger to take over. And why does it happen that when you are angry, you end up biting or maybe saying wrong things to the people you love the most or the people who love you the most? Because your system cannot contain the force of anger and so it has to let it out. It's like when you have a very deep emotion and you're not strong enough to contain it, then the tears flow the same way you shout because you can't contain that force. Because anger is almost like an electromagnetic bunch of waves flying around and the more porous your system is, the more it can take over. So you have to strengthen the system itself and you strengthen it how? By samarpan, by surrender. Why do you think people learn surrender? Not because it's a pastime. It's a very, very, very powerful way to stay in touch with the truth of your system and protect this system against energetic attacks which of course come in the thinking but it is the ego at play. If you see that something is not happening right and you want to set it right or get it in a proper shape and they won't listen to you, then automatically you lose your mind, right? No, I don't. I face that all the time from morning to night and I don't. And the way you don't is that you bend down. You bend down to the truth, you have to bend down. You cannot try to control things. It doesn't work that way. That's the ego trying to push its way through. If you bend down and you act from the truth, nothing can stand in the way. It just cannot. It'll go. It'll just go.  But if you go with the ego, I want it like this, it has to be like that, this has to be this, that has to be this, then of course at one point you'll be angry. It's the ego's way of shaking you. Are you ready to bend down to the truth? To feel the soul, that's the point. It doesn't sound very exotic as a practice, but when you take up this practice, then you know how exotic it is. It's very, very powerful, very tough, very challenging but very rewarding because you feel, you know that that impulse is from the truth and when you act with that, then it will cause you joy. When you go with the ego, then it's anger. Thank you. Remember the Antara Atman.


Good afternoon. This is Ray Tsuchiyama, your host for Business in Hawaii. We're going to talk about exporting, which is a business of making products and finding customers and consumers around the world. And, in fact, there are many people in Hawaii who really want to be exporters to Japan and other countries in the Asia Pacific. There are great consumer markets out there. And to help me really explore this topic of exporting best practices to countries in the Asia Pacific region, I have Rob Hock, who's the CEO of Insight Inter-Asia. Welcome to the show. Thank you very much for having me. Now, Rob, you've spent many years in Asia Pacific. How many years first in Japan total? Seven. Okay. In Taiwan, how many years? Three. That's 10 years. Korea? Three. That's 13. Singapore? Six. That's 19. Anywhere else? Malaysia for a year. That's 20. Hong Kong for a year. That's 21. Beijing for a year. That's 22. And that's it. But randomly roaming around living there and just selling products and working for only really a couple different companies before I started my own company. But I sold mostly technology-based products, mostly American technology throughout Asia. So it was roughly 26 years before I moved to Hawaii. Wow. That's a long period of being abroad, but interacting with the most active economies in the world. But we're here really to talk about Japan because it's unique. We were talking before the show that there's 1.8 to maybe 2 million this year. Hope so. And the peak was 2.3 in 1998, 2.3 million. And so the great interest by Japanese visitors in Hawaii is non-abating. It still continues. And we're going to see a surge next year. And it's continuing. And plus, as we know before, that Japan is unique in its interest in Hawaii, its fascination. 600, 700,000 Japanese study to hula. There's more than that studying the ukulele Hawaiian music. There are Hawaiian bars, Hawaiian products on the shelves. And of course, every export in Hawaii wants to be that company with their items on the shelves in every 7-11 for Wakkanai to Okinawa. So tell me, what's unique about, let's first talk about an area that people don't talk about, the Japanese visitor to Hawaii. Okay, that's a very interesting topic. I find that our companies here do not spend enough time focused on marketing to the visitors that are coming to Hawaii. You can, in marketing, we talk about touches, meaning when do you actually contact your customer by email, by website, or newsletter, or Instagram, or what have you. The visitors that are coming to Hawaii, you have two opportunities to talk to them. One is when they're planning their trip to come to Hawaii. Secondly is once they're already here, how do you bring them into the store, or how do you attract them to buy your product while they're walking around or doing what have you. So there's two very unique touches there that we talk about in marketing and the messaging could be different and the language that you use could be different. But generally speaking, I feel like our companies are not doing a good enough job of marketing to those visitors. And it's a fantastic test market because you can test your Japanese language that you're using in your signage. You can test the labeling, the packaging, the quality, all of that. And you can get a very strong flavor for what the Japanese consumer likes, what they're willing to pay, what the style is like, what the packaging is they prefer. And before you went to attack the Japanese market on the home territory, you could be doing a lot of work here much cheaper and getting a much better flavor for what the consumer likes. Let's look at the Japanese tour before coming to Hawaii. And the Japanese tourists, of course, is one of these that are very focused and very information-gathering kind of creature. And they have a plethora of information, not only the websites, but magazines, the best sellers like the Brutus and Hanako, and many, many other magazines that are stylish. And they give very detailed information on the burger restaurant that just opened last week in Waikiki or the new Shave Ice in Kailua, whatever. So there's a lot of information out there through print media, through commercials on TV, but also on the web. And also through their friends and neighbors and the HIS or JTB, they're also getting information from their tour groups or tour agencies. Where do you see areas for Hawaii companies to give information selectively or kind of influence them before they come to Hawaii? Well, the magazines are good, but the magazine ads are not cheap. No question about it. For a small company to invest in a magazine ad could be as much as $10,000 a month. And that's a lot of marketing for a small company. So what I encourage our smaller companies to do is reach out to bloggers. There's lots of Japanese bloggers who are writing Hawaii-file type blogs. And most of them are here. They're strong influencers. And if you can get your product highlighted in one of these blogs, it's great. Send the bloggers some of your product and let them test it out. And they can give their honest opinion about it. And I find that that can be extremely helpful and cost very, very little. Also, just having a web page with some Japanese verbiage on it, I would add it should be proofread by a real Japanese... Not a Google translator. But surprisingly, there's far too many people who do that. Instagram posts with Japanese hashtags, that's becoming extremely popular way to reach out to customers. And then I strongly suggest having a Japanese language email address that Japanese customers can contact you directly. And so let's say your website is example.com. Have an email address that's japanatexample.com. But you have to be able to answer emails and Japanese... They have to be a person who can read that and respond in the Japanese customer service way. We found that that's a tremendous way to get the trust of Japanese customers that are coming. And back to Japanese customers. Japanese customers are different. They have a high level of quality, demand, they have a sense that it must be made in Hawaii. And we were talking about a Hawaii branding or Hawaii story that they are searching for more, I think, than other visitors and authentic experience, whether it's clothes or a chocolate or a cookie or shea vise or whatever. It's really something that they will pay a lot more if it fits that category. I feel that the Japanese consumers do a better job of us locals buying local than we do. They're very good at that. Buying here, buying made in Hawaii, made with aloha, that means a lot. So if a company can get that made in Hawaii seal from the state, I think that that goes a long way. And I know for sure that Japanese companies or Japanese consumers are reading the labels to make sure that it says made in Hawaii. But there's a tension, as you know, by the Hawaii tourist authority, HTA, and tourism leaders to attract tourists to Hawaii, but that's not necessarily will they promote Hawaii business products to sell. That's a different business of making things and selling it to Japanese visitors rather than welcoming them and having them stay in a hotel and go to a restaurant and going home. Absolutely. A lot of our clients though in my company, we do help the tourist industry by consulting with them about the expectations of Japanese tourists at hotels and restaurants and sightseeing activities and what have you. But generally speaking, you're right that there's a major division between the tourism activities of the state and the product and services selling and exporting part of the state. And there should be a balance. You know, one can synergize with the other where we can promote jobs creating export industry in Hawaii. And we have thousands. And I was overwhelmed by going to a series of workshops sponsored by the Hawaii Department of Business and Economic Development Tourism on exports. And I was amazed at how many people are really interested in making these exports in Japan. But let's put up the first slide. Next, please. So what is this all about, point of sale? Okay. Point of sale, we're talking about exporting product and services. Point of sale could be we're selling it in Japan. Right. So somebody, we could have a website and somebody's buying it and we're going to ship it to Japan or we stock inventory in Japan. And somebody buys it from there either at a store or at our warehouse and we fulfill the order and mail it to them. They're physically in Japan. Physically in Japan. Or buy it or whatever. Yeah. But the key about that type of transaction is that it's obviously going to be in Japanese yen because the customer is there paying for it in yen. Even if you were to price it in dollars on your website, it's going to be on their credit card in yen. So I recommend pricing it in yen when you can. And also you're very likely that that will be a Japanese language transaction from your website or in the shop that's in Japan. And that's different from a point of sale in Hawaii where it would be great if you could speak Japanese, but more than likely there's going to be some English involved in that transaction and it's for sure a dollar based transaction. So it's a little bit different in buying things while a customer's already in Hawaii. Much of that could be an impulse buy. Whereas when they're in Japan they had more time to research it. It can do some comparative shopping. Let's check the price here and see what's going on on amazon.co.jp. What's the price there? Oh, this is reasonable. Okay, I'll buy it. But here is part of a tourist experience, a visitor experience, and wow, it's a great product that they see it on the shelf. And they buy it right there. Then they bring it back though and they talk about it to their friends and family. We hope they do. That's part of the whole omiyage hanashi part that we'll talk about. Next slide, please. This is something I really try to consult to our export companies here about shipping. It's no secret we're on an island or a bunch of islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and shipping can really hamstring some of our companies. And so I try to show them what it costs to ship one product versus shipping many and how we have to get to the point where we're able to ship a pallet or several pallets. And it drastically reduces the price per unit of shipping when we're able to ship many of them by ocean. It's completely different. And so if we're shipping by ocean, the cost of each individual unit in Japan is really not that much different than if it was being sold in Hawaii. That's the idea. But we'll get back to this slide and others after this important break. Aloha. I want to invite all of you to talk story with John Wahee every other Monday here at Think Tech Hawaii. And we have special guests like Professor Colin Moore from the University of Hawaii who joins us from time to time to talk about the political happenings in this state. Please join us every other Monday. Aloha. Aloha. I am Howard Wigg. I am the proud host of Cold Green for Think Tech Hawaii. I appear every other Monday at 3 and I have really, really exciting guests on the exciting topic of energy efficiency. Hope to see you there. This is Ray Tuchiyama on business in Hawaii with Rob talking about shipping to Japan as part of a really focused discussion on logistics and the Japanese customer. Why don't we have that last slide up again that we were talking about. There it is. So your point is how to move things to Japan in an efficient manner so it becomes cost effective for the final price to Japanese customer. Yeah, absolutely. This is a real world model that I took from a company that I was consulting to and they were selling a $25 product and once they sold it on their website they found that the minimum shipping they had was $31. So $25 unit, $31 shipping price, roughly $70 product by the time it gets to Japan, right? And as you find if you can consolidate and ship many more products in a flat rate package you can get down to about $3.58 of shipping and so we see that quite often but where they are really saving the money is when they can ship 2,500 of those on a pallet and the cost of shipping is then about 20 cents. That's unbelievable. When you see the 2,500 yen price but it becomes a 7,000-year price it's no longer an impulse buy. Exactly. It's very complicated topic but we really are trying to force companies to get to the point where they can ship by ocean. Right. Okay, next slide please. Go ahead. We alluded to this slightly towards the beginning of our conversation today but I consult to the companies here that made in Hawaii, made with aloha, means so much that I've used this example before Hawaii, the word Hawaii is doing so much free marketing for our companies and the example I use the counter example is if you're a company in Transylvania and you need to export your product the word Transylvania is not out working for you. No, no. And so they have things to overcome just by that but Hawaii on the other hand is universally accepted as clean healthy sunshine wonderful very positive very positive globally and with the aloha spirit it means so good so much good and people and as you said earlier Ray the Japanese customer takes that to even another level they're very excited about Japan about coming to Hawaii very excited about Hawaii products so our companies need to really play that out more and some of the companies I meet may I meet most of the companies are a little too shy to do that and we need to get over that and we really need to pay it back you know you can price it a premium if it's really really you know natural and wholesome and so forth well truthfully the companies that are doing the best at exporting are the companies that are selling premium products because the premium price can allow for some shipping costs to be built in there but also the customers are much more willing to take that price on they know that what they're getting is going to be quality it's going to be clean it gives them the feeling of being in Hawaii which they loved it's uh it's it's a fantastic method to sell and we have to do more of it so you have to leverage next one please next slide oh miyage there's that word again and it's such a interesting word because uh you know before hawaii ended the picture um oh miyage was part of japanese culture for hundreds of years and of course it's a souvenir but it's much more than that it must bring forth that you shared the experience of going on a trip with with with the family of friends they shared and that you were part of that although you didn't come we want you to really have a product that brings back that feeling or that environment or that experience which is really positive so we are family back together again in japan that's a really good way to put it and what i think our our local companies don't really recognize is that when they see a japanese tourist here the amount of brain power that's being invested by that tourist to calculate who they have to take oh miyage back to and the politics involved i have i have co-workers i have a mother-in-law sister a friend it's all different too it's all different it's a google algorithm that has to be developed for that you're right it's a fantastic calculation bukkai and senpai and you know kohai people who are your boss or uh supporting it very different exactly you can't just go back to japan with a t-shirt that says i my my colleague went to japan and all i got was this lousy t-shirt right there has to be some thought that goes into it like i like for example i know my boss's wife really loves dark chocolate so i'm going to take back some made in hawai dark chocolate and give it to him as the omiyage from hawai i mean there's definitely thought it has to be larger than the one given to us exactly exactly but there's so the key point though is that they're spending a lot of time and energy thinking about this but but more importantly they're spending a lot of money to get this right and take it back and um it it alludes to another key point that our companies need to focus on is packaging and bags as you know you can never just go back to japan without and give an omiyage present without a nice bag and we we need to do much better at that and we consult to a lot of companies here and explain that and once they get it i think it works very well for them and their sales drastically increased because they've taken away some of that burden from the tourists and help them with the packaging help them with the bags help them with the omiyage and it makes their life much easier okay well next next slide please seasonal sales this is a very important you know kind of marketing kind of kind of strategy well what does what does this mean to export it from hawaii though okay in japan walmarts had a difficult time in japan it's no secret because japan doesn't really operate on the everyday low price model japan loves sales i mean who doesn't right but japan really does and much of the economic activity domestically in japan is driven by sales throughout the year and the japanese are very proud of their four season uh weather but it's really a four season economy too and sales are driven by changing of clothes and also winter gang and so forth you know you have to give a gift during the winter and after the summer for example that's that's not not really connected christmas but right so what what i consult to the hawaii companies on is learn that schedule of the sales in japan and if you're selling product to japan get to know that and ship the product ahead of time and work with your distributors to make sure you're ready for the winter sale you're ready for the summer sale you're ready for uh white day you're ready for this you're ready for that but if you're a local seller here selling to tourists okay put out signs that say you know new year sale or or white day sale or summer sale you know use the words that they're using on the japanese language signs in japan and then when i understand that uh much deeply than then um then this you know daily sales exactly at a walmart you're right because the japanese eyes the tourist eyes are going to go to those signs they're just that's natural for them like if you're walking down the street in tokyo and you see a english sign there that says something about i don't know world series sale or something right your eyes will catch that but back to world series uh i used to uh follow the baseball uh schedule because if sabre one i knew there would be a sale there exactly exactly that's very funny but what a humorous giant sale whatever but you have a very good point do we have another slide oh m commerce that's that's a big one in japan that's huge yeah and many people don't realize the proliferation of smartphones and tablets and so forth in japan and and the use of m commerce m commerce is what's become the short term for mobile e-commerce meaning when you're sitting on the train or the subway in tokyo and you're playing doing something on your phone and you're shopping and what have you people are buying from the phone right and perhaps more interestingly is they're buying from the iphone android has had relatively little penetration in japan so what we're trying to consult to the companies here is get ready for that and make sure your products and your website and all of your images and what have you look good online on that little screen on an iphone but that your e-commerce is set up so people can push a button and buy it right then right 60 percent of all online transactions over 60 percent now of all online transactions in japan are done on a mobile device and that's a remarkable amount of money moving from a phone right that's fantastic well next slide and final slide best practices this is back to the beginning of our show there's what you talked about the people about to come to hawaii and how to influence them and how to influence the tourists who are in hawaii through different means yeah we we talk to the companies a lot here about what are the best practices and you can't get to the best practices in one day but there are steps you can take over time so that after a year or two you should be at what are the best practices in the international sales and marketing world and so some of those things we talked about a little i like having some japanese language on your website i like having a japan specific email address we have to we have to respond timely though right right some of our companies here can take email a little less seriously than they should and we need to be able to respond quickly that's what japanese customers are expecting and i think that japanese customers also understand that in their morning it's about one or two p.m here and we have relatively a half a business day to be able to respond to it it's doable till five five o'clock but no more than 24 hours and but we i i've seen some but but back to your step about quality and and promptness and so forth uh you would agree that i used to be in logistics and uh high tech sales in japan myself that if you can meet those standards and and exceed the customer requirements and really get them to buy your product then you can sell anywhere oh yeah i agree i my my philosophy in sales has always been make it as easy as possible for your customer to buy from you and if you can make it as easy as possible for your japanese customer to buy from you then you can like if you can make it there you can make it anywhere that's right right and it's true because they they are demanding but they're demanding in a way that will make your company better right they're not demanding just for the sake of being demanding i i totally agree with you because uh they will make um uh incremental quality you know uh suggestions and advice or what what and if you meet them or if you respond to those um advice or queries and so forth then suddenly your market and largest everybody in japan oh absolutely and and and and it's a hundred twenty five hundred thirty million uh population and third largest economy in the world but still it's it's a consumer market obsessed by hawaii absolutely let's talk about one other quick item that we talked a bit about off air is that i think hawaii companies can benefit from the fact that japan has an aging population that's right and they genetically the population lives longer anyway but from modern medicine and what have you japanese people are living very very long there's well over a hundred thousand people in japan that are over a hundred years old but the point being that uh there's a a topic in japan called quality of life for short for qol and they actually use that word that acronym qol to talk about the silver generation and making life better for them as retirees and the products that could be sold to them natural products that are good for health and longevity and skin and what have you our companies here could really do a fantastic job and we have to close on that the issue of the silver market which i think is uh would require on shore by itself this is rei tsuchiyama business in hawaii thank you very much


Hello, my name is Peter Sharosi and you are watching Drug Reporter Cafe, our online video series on global drug policy developments. Today we are going to discuss the plan of the Amsterdam mayor and city council to ban foreign tourists from coffee shops in Amsterdam. The cafes that have been selling cannabis since the 1970s, politicians claim that the coffee shops are generating so-called low-value tourism that these young people are going to Amsterdam to smoke and party but who have absolutely no interest in other sites of the city. We tried to interview the city council but they did not respond to our invitation, but we have here a guest with us who will discuss this issue with us, who represents the association of coffee shop owners and he is a coffee shop owner himself and a researcher and a well-known cannabis activist Joachim Helms. Hello Joachim, how are you? Thank you for accepting our invitation. Yes, Kassenheim to you too. Thank you for the invitation and I like to talk about this subject, so thank you for that. So let's start explaining how the coffee shop system works in the Netherlands, so how it was created and how it is regulated now for those who don't know them. Okay, in a nutshell it's a very bizarre system, if I explain it to you, we are used to it of course, but let me explain how it all started, so 40 years ago roughly the government decided that it would be better to separate the hard drugs, which we consider heroin and cocaine and everything from the soft drugs, so we have a distinction between soft drugs and hard drugs, soft drugs being cannabis, hashis and weed and edibles, so then the coffee shops were created, so to create a safe environment for the people to go inside, to get their information about all the different strains and the effects and also a place to sit down and have a coffee or a drink and be with friends and be safe and smoke a joint as well, so that was created about 40 years ago and it worked really well, we have also the result on public health for example is that young people and a lot of young people like to smoke cannabis, at least to try also and figure out if it's something that they like and if they want to buy it in an illegal situation they have to go to a dealer and they often also have other drugs, so by making that distinction between soft drugs and hard drugs we don't have many hard drugs addicts in the Netherlands, we do have them just like any other country but if you look in the ranking let's say we are very low on the ranking so not a lot of people use hard drugs in the Netherlands compared to other countries, so that worked really well from a public health point of view and then the bizarre thing about it is that they organize that pretty good but then the backside of the coffee shop, so we are allowed it's tolerated to sell up to five grams per person but then the backside of the coffee shop where the weed comes in that's never been organized good, so we always say the front door of the coffee shop has been organized really well and the back door of the coffee shop has not been organized. How did the current COVID epidemic affect your businesses? Yeah it was interesting in the first week of the first lockdown I think every country in Europe and well worldwide probably had a first lockdown and probably everybody remembers what they were at the moment that they announced it. In the Netherlands they announced on the Sunday afternoon at 5.30 they announced that everything has to be closed at six o'clock bars restaurants shops and also coffee shops and what happened then was something that we have never seen before there were huge lines in front of the coffee shop you know and people want you heard that they only had half an hour and to get you know their cannabis and they didn't know how long it would take so everybody was rushing to the coffee shop to get their last few grams because yeah you never know how long it would take right so that is when we discovered that cannabis actually is up there on the on the primary products that the people like to use you know so it was obvious that alcohol and supermarkets etc were accounted as essential business but they tried for 24 hours to close the coffee shops but it was proven pretty quickly that cannabis and the coffee shops were also an essential business so they kept us open for takeaway so we're not open for for hospitality but we are open for takeaway. So some people and including the mayor of Amsterdam say that the coffee shops attract foreign tourists to the city who are not really interested in Amsterdam's cultural sites but more like partying and making nuisance on the street so so what do you think about those accusations? Well I think a lot of things about these accusations anybody that is smoking cannabis know that you know somebody who smokes cannabis is after smoking cannabis is not going on the street and making a lot of noise and causing nuisance so I think that picture of the the smoker is a little bit exaggerated. I also don't really agree with the accusation that the tourists only come for a coffee shop to smoke cannabis because you know the the young people can smoke cannabis anywhere also in their home country you know so of course if you live in England you will find a way to to smoke cannabis if you smoke if you live in Spain or if you live in Budapest you know if you want to smoke cannabis you will find it and and cannabis is really not the only reason why the the young people would come to Amsterdam. Amsterdam is a really nice city you know we have we have a very tolerant image we are a liberal city with a lot of freedom and this appeals to a lot of people and after the first lockdown we had in June July August was a little bit lifted the restrictions so what you saw then was that a lot of young people came back to Amsterdam because they like to travel and Amsterdam is very appealing to them so a lot of young people came back to Amsterdam and it is a fact if you look worldwide that you know young people like to smoke cannabis it's cannabis is rising in popularity alcohol is a little bit reducing if you look at at America in Canada where it's really legal you see that a lot of young people like to smoke cannabis so it was it was not the in my opinion not the the reason that they would come to Amsterdam I think a lot of young people like Amsterdam as a vibrant tolerant city and that will always be like that I think and and and they also go to the Misia and they also go to the shops and they stay in a hotel of course there will always be people that you know come in the car and and you know can't afford a hotel but they like to see the city so they sleep in the car this is something that the the police can do something about you know and and if it causes news and of course they have to act on that but that's not the majority of the tourists that come to Amsterdam it seems it's not only the coffee shops that are debated but also like there are proposals to push the red lamp district out from the city center and create a so-called kind of sex zone outside of the city center so do you think that there is the same purpose here behind this that they want to push the coffee shops outside of the city center and create somehow this coffee shop zone outside of the city or or what is the what is it behind this yeah it's a it's a complicated issue I think you know it's not there's not a quick fix solution to to that issue you know and I was talking about the coffee shops are around for 40 years but of course the red light district has been around for hundreds of years you know so it's such a historic thing and I think people always want to come and have a look and and the people that really would come and also make use of that of the red lights that that we have I think if you look at it from a broader perspective I think for a city like Amsterdam who has an issue with tourism like any other big city in in in the world really you know if you look at London has that problem Paris Barcelona I've been to Budapest it was very busy in the center every inner the center center of the big cities are very busy so I think if you look at that problem I think part of the solution is definitely to spread out the you know the attractions where the people want to go over the city you know and that doesn't not only go for the red light but that also goes for coffee shops and that also goes for mizia and it also goes for cinemas etc hotels it's very important of course to spread it out over the city so that not everybody comes to that small part of the city and with the result that it gets too busy there so what do we know about those bands that were introduced in other cities of the Netherlands because we know that in some of the border towns they already introduced bands on foreign tourists to buy Caribbean coffee shops do you see the impact of those bands yes we do see that and you see also the results of that this this started in 2012 when the government made that extra rule to ban the tourists from from the coffee shops so we have a couple of rules you know as a coffee shop that's we can't advertise no hard drugs no young people in the shop and 500 grand maximum in stock and they added the extra rule no tourists in the coffee shop and then they decided that the mayor of the city can decide to you know if they want to if they want to maintain that rule so if you know enforce that rule so a lot of cities are not enforcing that rule because they foresee big problems if they do one big city in the south of the Netherlands which you might have heard of is Maastricht because the Netherlands is kind of like ends in and like a small part on the right bottom and it's next to Belgium Luxembourg and Germany so there's a lot of countries around it and of course if Maastricht is the place where you can you know legally by or we there were a lot of people driving with the car to Maastricht and and and all the cars in the center were causing the disturbance you know so Maastricht enforced enforces the rule still but there are a lot of other cities that that turned back the rule actually they were enforcing the rule for example in Flesing and now they are stopping on the 1st of April because they see too many street dealers in the street and there's a lot of disturbance from them and then they see they see that the the tourist ban is not working for them it's causing too many problems and they're turning it back so they are having a trial for one year on the from the 1st of April but there's many other cities that turn it around they did enforce it but they turned it around because there was too much too much disturbance on the street so actually the result of enforcing that rule is is already quite clear do you have the numbers on like how many coffee shops are in Amsterdam and how much tax revenue they they generate for for the state well the tax revenue is is a probably a complicated number there's 167 coffee shops in Amsterdam there's about 500 and something in the Netherlands there's an average number on all coffee shops but but what it makes it difficult is that you have in the Netherlands some some big coffee shops if there's only two or three coffee shops in a city with many people then the coffee shops are much bigger and in Amsterdam we have 167 coffee shops so that means in the center we have coffee shops but there's many many coffee shops outside the center as well and they are those little coffee shops that serve the the local people and that's exactly the coffee shops that you would like you know so what they talk about now is that we have to make make the coffee shops smaller again by closing coffee shops but then of course if you close coffee shops then the coffee shops that remain will become bigger so our point of view is always if you want to make the coffee shops smaller to serve the local people then of course you should not close coffee shops but actually you should open more coffee shops the video you are watching now is produced by the rights reporter foundation a non-profit organization which is not supported by any governments or political parties if you like this show please support our work on our website the drugreporter.net make a donation today and become our supporting member it makes a difference thank you you know i'm wondering whether behind this kind of attacks and accusations against coffee shops now is it is it is it some hostility against cannabis itself or is it is it just that Amsterdam residents are really fed up with the mass tourism and it's its effect so is it because of cannabis or is it because of the the tourism that's a very good question and it's a question that i wonder myself every day the last couple of months because the discussion started really with the tourism you know there's too many tourism in the city that's what that what they say and we have to do something about that and then they started to talk about the tourist ban if what if we enforce the tourist ban maybe it will result in less tourists coming to Amsterdam you know so maybe being part of the solution this is how the discussion started but that's a complicated discussion because on one hand you want to make this the inner city you know better you know you want to also make it good for the people that live here but to do that if you close the coffee shops for tourists of course you will create a whole nother problem that's the problem of street dealers you know and those 24 hours that i just talked about that we were closed in in march last year showed us that that that creates a lot of problems because the street dealers went on the street and and of course they saw their chance they saw their chance so they you know handed out the menus to all the people they could buy everything on the list and not just hash and weed but also ecstasy and and everything else so you could see straight away the the results so by closing the coffee shops for tourists in the center you actually make the situation worse so now we have a second discussion and that's not the tourist situation anymore but that's we want to regulate the supply for the coffee shops but the coffee shops are too big so now we have to make them smaller and that's the reason why we have to do the tourist ban so we are a little bit lost in the discussion and and we have the same question that you just asked is this to solve the tourism problem because actually that was the original problem and and and we have solutions for that so that is not really that should not be the problem we can actually be part of the solution or is the problem that you know we want to close coffee shops and of course in the you know I've been in this business for 25 years and I've been fighting for legalization always and not just legalization from a business point of view but also from an activist point of view that I think you know cannabis is something that is not really that bad and it's actually really nice for some people and it's a really great alternative for people that don't want to get too drunk in the weekend so so yeah also for that reason I'm fighting for legalization yeah you already mentioned that there is a so-called backdoor policy so that the coffee shops are supplied through the backdoor illegally and cannabis is cultivated illegally do we know where the cannabis which you can buy in coffee shops in Amsterdam is grown in the Netherlands or is it imported from other countries yeah that is different for all the coffee shops and also that's part of the problem of not having it organized in a transparent way you know so we have always been lobbying to give the coffee shop the chance in a way of a license or or a tolerating system to produce the weed for its own supply because with that you you know you create a much safer product also because you are making sure that it has no pesticides you make sure that you know exactly what's inside the THC the CBD no heavy metals all those things you know so the cannabis consumer should have exactly the same rights as a beer drinker for example if you buy a beer bottle it says exactly what's inside that beer right I mean so many alcohol percentage and and these these different flavors etc so that should be the same for for the cannabis so at the moment it's not transparent coffee shops do have a way to to test that the product is clean there's basic basic things you can do you know you can look under the microscope there's easy ways to test the THC and the CBD so all the the good coffee shops do this already so they make sure that it's clean they look under the microscope and they check also how much THC and CBD is inside but it would be much better of course if we can do that in a in a well organized way a few years ago the Dutch government started an experiment with growing cannabis legally in some cities as pilot projects how is that experiment going well the experiment is not started in a way of production yet they are still in the phase of of selecting the growers well the growers have been selected and now they are going to do the procedure of getting all the checks that they are okay to start and then after that they will start building the facility and then they start growing of course and the government is in a rush they want to start quickly we noticed that luckily as you know I'm the spokesman for the for the industry for the for the for the coffee shop association and yeah it was it was a big step for the government also to speak with us because you can imagine if the justice department speaks with us the people that buy the weed illegal at the back door it puts them in kind of a situation officially of course because we are doing something illegal so the first meeting was a little bit awkward in a way to you know to to to meet with them and to to talk about our experience but we have a lot of experience from Canada and from America what we see in all the legal facilities so they saw that we bring a lot of information to the table and that we can really help them to build an experiment that would be successful so they were very content with that and they invited us many other times to to speak with them to come up with a system that works really well for the coffee shops for the government but in the end of course also for the consumer because the consumer is in the end you know the guy or the woman who buys the product and wants to smoke it so in the end it's the consumer that will make the experiment just success or not you know within civil society there are some discussions and debates on how Europe should regulate cannabis and some people are lobbying for an American kind of you know commercialized model and we also see some Canadian companies coming to Europe to to lobby for the very similar like regulation others are pointing out that Europe has its own way to deal with this like the Spanish cannabis social clubs and things like that what do you see what is what is your view how how we should proceed with regulating the cannabis market should we follow the U.S. or Canada or should we create a European star system well I think of course I have the most experience with the coffee shops you know and and what I like about the coffee shops is compared to for example the cannabis social clubs in Spain where you really have to be a member it's not really accessible for tourists and and the system is good you know it's better than having with illegal but what I like the social aspect of the coffee shop so I like that people from different cultures can come together you know if you would come to Amsterdam and you would join us at our table for example and we would have a coffee and maybe enjoy some cannabis in this way you meet so many different people you know and and not just the same people but also different people different religions and different cultures and I like I really like that aspect of the coffee shop so in that way we still have kind of a unique situation in the world but of course we have that limitation on the back door so if I would say what is my ideal situation then it would be to combine the Dutch situation where we have the coffee shop with the social element and then the system like in America or or or not in Canada really in some states is different of course but in America you can just grow the weed and you have that whole vertically integrated system so you have from from seed to you know the sale of the product everything's transparent with track and trace you can see where it's coming from and I think that's the system that works really well in Canada in yeah the the biggest state maybe where you know in in Ontario for example the the licensed producer first have to sell to the to the to the government to the OCS and then they will sell it to the dispensary or to the final consumer but in my opinion the government should not interfere so much with it in the end they have to accept it as any other product and and it has to produce it has to be produced in a safe way and the people have to you know get the information that they need to use it in a safe way but I think it's not something that the government should be involved with what do you think why the the Americans did not adopt the coffee shop system because there you can just go and buy it in the store but you can't smoke it there yeah what's the reason behind that I think the reason is that it's just a matter of time I think of course if you compare it with 10 years ago when the war on drugs was still full on and you know they were they were chasing after you know the growers and everything and people were locked up in prison I think they came from very far so in a way they already moved on way further than what we have here so if you look at it from that perspective I think they have come really far and what you see now in in cities like Los Angeles and San Francisco you already have lounges where you can smoke also consumption lounges so I think it's just a matter of time and for example in Los Angeles you have already some places where you you can also smoke so there's a restaurant and in the restaurant you have just like in a wine restaurant where you have the sommelier talking about you know the different wines that go nice with the food in that restaurant you have a weed sommelier you know that gives the advice about you know what weed or concentrate or extract go nice with some of the dishes that they have on the menu and then you can have your vaporizer there or you can roll a joint and in a way that's also unique that's something that we don't have so I think it's it's growing and it's going very rapidly also in Las Vegas every time we travel there it moved on already way ahead of what we have in Europe so I think it will get there and also in Canada every year there are new things going on so also there it will happen so before we finish this conversation can you tell those young people who are watching us from other countries and maybe they want to go to Amsterdam to have fun after this lockdown is over and they may have plans to go to coffee shops so what can they expect if they go after the lockdown will they find still purchasable cannabis in coffee shops or are you seeing that this ban will be introduced no they are definitely welcome and they are also welcome in the coffee shop it's a debate that is going on it's a complicated discussion of course we want to be part of the solution and we don't want to be part of the problem but the good thing is that maybe it's also because of the lockdown I'm not sure but everybody's talking with each other and having discussions so there's a lot of things going on but the mayor and the city of Amsterdam are not moving that fast so it will take at least until 2022 probably the end of the year until if something would change but watch the social media everybody in Hungary because there's a lot of things on the social media truths and sometimes not truths but yeah people will see it if you are not welcome in the coffee shop anymore because it's really something that gets a lot of coverage yeah Joahem thank you so much for being with us and accepting our invitation yes good luck with your work yes and and thank you for those who are watching us on Facebook please share with this video with your friends and we are a non-profit organization depending on private donations so if you like Drug Reporter Cafe please give us a donation it makes a difference thank you very much and goodbye


Temperature regulation. Have you ever wondered why you sweat when you get too hot from running or shiver on a cold winter's day? Well in this video we are going to explain why your body behaves like this. Humans are endotherms. This means we are warm-blooded. We keep our body operating at 37 degrees Celsius regardless of the external conditions. However this is a real challenge as our environment changes all the time depending on the weather, our clothes, if we are inside by the fire or outside having a snowball fight. So how does this work? Well it's quite similar to the heating system in a house. In a house is a thermostat that measures the temperature. If the house gets cold the thermostat will tell the radiators to turn on and heat it up.  Simple. Your body works in just the same way. Here in your brain is a special area called the hypothalamus. It measures the temperature of the blood flowing through it and also collects information from temperature sensors around the body. It then decides if the temperature is too hot or too cold and will try and bring it back to 37 degrees Celsius. If you are too hot the hypothalamus can then send signals out to the body via the nervous system that can cause various effects. It can send a signal to your skin and cause sweat glands to secrete the sweat onto the surface of the skin. The sweat itself is not cold but it works because it takes the heat away from your body in order to evaporate it. Another way of losing heat is vasodilation. Look how these blood vessels nearest the surface of the skin open wide and allow blood to flow through them. The heat is radiated from the blood into the air and the blood cools down. If you get too cold you can do the opposite with these blood vessels and close them off keeping the blood away from the surface of the skin. This is called vasoconstriction. You can also start to shiver. This is when your muscles contract in order to make heat. Another effect you may have noticed when you are cold are goose pimples. If you look more closely at goose pimples what you realize is that each of the little bumps has a hair sticking out of it. These hairs are stood up on end to trap a layer of air around the skin. Air is a fantastic insulator of heat and this will keep you nice and cozy. Did you know that when you pluck a goose it leaves these little bumps and that is where the term comes from. All these effects are examples of negative feedback that help with homeostasis. For more information on these processes watch the video What is homeostasis?


Okay, so I'm going to describe a new obfuscation scheme with my co-author Craig Gentry. So this obfuscation scheme uses tensor products, so the title obfuscation using tensor products. So it's, first of all, it's a purely algebraic construction. And over the last few years, we have seen some obfuscation candidates. They were based on multilinear maps and multilinear maps themselves based on noisy encodings. So our scheme is completely different in that regard. We do not use any noisy encodings. It's purely algebraic, as I said. And it uses matrix algebra and some tensor algebra, tensor symmetresses. It still uses Barrington's theorem, which is what the multilinear map-based schemes were using. So this also works for, so far it works for branching programs and so also for NC1 circuits. Okay? So the main idea is that we take a branching program and normally you could try doing a chelonization of all the matrices in your branching matrix product program. So that obviously is not secure. So what we really have to do is build these chelon matrices in a dynamic fashion. Dynamic meaning that the chelon matrix will actually depend on the input on which you're trying to evaluate the program. Okay? And these chelon matrices for each input will yield a completely new random chelon matrix. But obviously we have to give you some gadgets to be able to implement this strategy. So before I describe something more about it, when he was here he would probably be already shocked that I'm claiming some efficiency things about our scheme, but luckily he's not around, I haven't seen him. So this thing is also much more efficient than the multilinear map-based scheme. So we ran some back-of-the-end envelope calculations. So if you have a branching program with a million steps and the input is of 100 bits, your obfuscated program will fit in 256 gigabyte, right? Which is nowadays a server will have that kind of RAM, at least. And to evaluate it on a single core Intel i7, I guess, it will just take 1 to 10 minutes. So which, like I said, comparatively speaking, it's fast. So I don't want to cite the numbers for the multilinear map-based schemes. I did talk to Shy about it and he was like, okay, let's not talk about it. Okay, so what about security of the scheme? So this, since we have this algebraic construction and we have matrices, you know, each of those things you can think of as variables which are hidden and are all secret. So you can build a whole bunch of polynomial equations and you can try to solve them. So this will fall into the realm of multivariate cryptography. And as we know, over the last couple of decades, people have worked on these things and there were a lot of attacks also. So in this one, we actually prove a theorem that given all the information you get from the obfuscated program, whatever polynomial equations you can build, generic Grobner basis techniques are going to be inefficient. So this would include the Kipnis-Shamir real linearization techniques and its generalization which is called the Excel methodology by Kottua, Shamir, Patarin, and I think there was another author there. So we prove that such generic Grobner basis techniques will require exponential number of monomials so that would require exponential attack. And we also give arguments as to why algebraic techniques in general will not succeed. But obviously we can't give a lower bound because that will be equivalent to proving circuit lower bounds or something similar to that. So one takeaway from this, because these are new assumptions, is that I can or we can formulate this problem which you can think about. We call the one more masked tensor problem. So here you are given lots of tensor products masked by a single matrix and you are supposed to come up with a new masked tensor problem which is not a scalar multiple of the previous one. So we consider this problem to be hard and our security is related to this problem. Thank you.


So, hello everyone. Welcome to DrupalCon. I hope you are having a great time. This is Drupal8 Multilingual APIs, building for the entire world. I hope you enjoy the keynote and the pre keynote and the keynote. So what we are going to talk here is about code, because this is part of the code and development track, not site building. If you are interested in the site building parts of the multilingual improvements in Drupal8, there's a lot of sessions that we've been doing in the past and they are recorded in Drupal8multilingual.org. And you can even find a full workshop guide, three-hour workshop guide, with multilingual demo distribution that you can use, so you can check all the improvements and learn more about it. But today we are going to talk about code. So my name is Christian Lopez. I'm Peñasquito on Drupal.org and I've been contributing to the Drupal8multilingual initiative. So, how many of you have built Drupal7multilingual sites? Quite a lot, if not everyone. How many of you have already built Drupal8 sites and multilingual Drupal8 sites? Okay, so quite a lot, like more than half of the room. So if you remember, which you probably do, multilingual was an afterthought in Drupal7multilingual, so there was not really good support out of the box with Drupal Core, so you needed to use a lot of contributed models. And in Drupal8, this was thought that it wasn't ideal, so there was a good investment of people who wanted to work on that and make the situation better. So I'm presenting this here, but this is the work of a lot of people, so please thank them and if you find them around the conference, hack them. So, Drupal7multilingual, the situation is that you had a Drupal Core and the support, you needed the locale module for allowing people to add a list of languages and making them possible to provide user interface translations. And you had to download them manually, which if you have like 50 modules in four languages, you need to download 2200 PO files that you have to import on your site, which can be quite a painful task. So then the community built the localization update module, which does that automatically for you. And then you want to translate your content and you need to install the content translation module, which makes copies of your notes for each language. But then you have your menus and you have taxonomy terms, so you need to install the internationalization suite, which has modules like the IATN terms and a lot of modules that help you to translate your site. And then you want to translate your title in your site name and you need the variable module for that. And maybe you want to make money online and then you use DrupalCommerce and DrupalCommerce has entity translation for translating your products, which was a country module that appeared later and this module instead of doing copies of your notes, it translates each fields. But then you find out that the title of your entities and your notes is not really a field, so you need to install the title module. So at the end you end up like having 40, 50 country modules installed on your site for translating all your data and you have multiple solutions for translating the same content. So if you may have notes and you may be translating them with content translation, but maybe you can also do it with entity translations and you have your taxonomies and your taxonomy terms can be translation with the IATN suite, but you can also use the entity translation. So there were a lot of options and at the end you can mix them all and it can be quite confusing and your site becomes highly harder to manage. So this is something that we wanted to solve in Drupal 8. And for that we introduced four modules in Drupal 8. Each of them has a very concrete task and we are going to see a short summary of them. So the first one is the language module. In Drupal 7 you have the locale module and it allows you to add languages to your site and to translate the user interface. Now we split that in Drupal 8 so we have the language module which provides services for dealing with data and which language your data is in. And it's useful not only for multilingual sites, also for monolingual sites because you may want to install in Spanish and you want to track which data your site is on because maybe you want to add more languages later or you want to separate to know which language your data is in. The second module, the second pillar is the interface translation module which allows you to translate your user interface. And before we needed the localization update module for downloading your PO files automatically. So now this is in core already so you can use interface translation module and it has this available there and it improves the usability a lot. Then we have the content translation module which allows you to translate all your content not only notes and taxonomy terms but also any kind of entity that you can have in your site. If you have Drupal commerce it can translate your products and provides the user interface for actually translating them. And then we have the config translation module and in Drupal 8 we introduced the config management system which allows you to move configuration around different environments or share them with different sites. So we actually need to translate this configuration to and the config translation module allows you to translate your blocks, your views, your field settings and it provides a unified translation UI and it looks like the content translation one. So starting with the language module we are going to see which APIs we have available here. So the first thing we want to do is we need to deal with the languages and for that we have a service which is the language manager and even in if you don't install any module this is part of core so you can actually use it. You don't even need to install the language module. You have a language manager available because for dealing with languages we need to put that in there so we can manage the language of our data even if it's in English only. So calling the Drupal language manager returns a language manager object which is a service that you can use for tracking and managing your language but if you install the language module the same call will return a configurable language manager. And they share the same interface so you can check this, you can call the same methods on them. The way that you don't really know to be aware if you have a multilingual site or a monolingual site when you are dealing with APIs from your country for custom modules. So one of the most important methods that our language manager has is the get language methods with if you don't have language module enabled it has three languages. The default which will be English as it used to be in Drupal 7 and in Drupal 7 we had a special language which was the UND language which was somehow confusing for people. So now we added a new one which is the not applicable language so we can maybe double the confusion. So actually the difference is that in our site we may have data which is in a language which may be English in this case if we didn't install the language module but we may want to track the language of data when a language doesn't make sense. So we may have users that are loading content and we don't know the language of this content and they don't select it maybe we are automatically retrieving it from somewhere. And then we would assign the not a specified language like we don't know the language of this data but there's also the possibility that we are loading an image and the image has no text on it so actually the language doesn't make sense there so in that case we would be using the not applicable language. And if we install the language module we can actually use different languages so in this case we will have Hungarian and Italian and we still have the two special languages not specified and not applicable. This if we install the configurable the language module or language will be configurable so we can edit them add them anything you can do with languages and they are actually they are actually config objects so you can deploy them and anything so they are safe like any other config entities in the system and you can export them to a YAML file. And in our interface when you pick the language you are using in some cases it doesn't make sense that you see the not a specified or the not applicable languages so they are special and we don't want you to edit them or delete them so they are locked and this is something that you can see when you export your config and your configurable languages you will see that they have a lot of property and your regular languages are not locked so how we deal with languages how we can create languages so if you have the language module installed you will have a configurable language class which has a create a method so you can create your languages but if you want to use the 95 standard languages that come with Ruble so you don't want to provide the native names or the names you only need to provide to use the LAN code they will be used so you call configurable language create from LAN code you pass the LAN code and then you can save them but if you want to have your own languages you can just call the constructor of this class and save it in the same way you can do whatever you want with languages so you can load them you can edit them you can delete them through the APIs and it works exactly the API will look exactly the same that the API you would use like dealing with nodes and another thing that the language module does is that it detects the language you are requesting in your page and if you need to deal with the language that is being used currently in this request you can use the language manager get current language method for that and it will return the current language object so in summary languages are configurable entities so you can do CRAT operations on them you can also get the language which is being negotiated on the page and you can do whatever you need with them from the APIs like you can edit them assign change their name which may be not that common but you can do whatever you want so now that we have languages on our side the next logical step is translating the user interface and for that you may remember for from Drupal 7 the T function that is still there and in most of the cases is all you want to know about how to translate your user interface so we could say that there's no change and we just leave the room but actually internally it's really different and you may not want to use that one actually because in Drupal 8 we introduced this concept of dependency injection who is aware of dependency injection half of the room so usually in our before Drupal 8 in Drupal 7 what we usually did is like we had our logic in our code and we need to know about the user that is in our site so we we could call methods for dealing with the users and we need to know the configuration of our site because we may have a user that has a different preference of a language we may want to know the configuration of the language on our site and then we need to actually call the translation functionality so with dependency injection what we are doing is just reversing the arrows and in some way we provide when we have a class or a service that is dealing with any logic what we want is to know which other parts of the system it depends on and the a good way of knowing this is like instead of having calling external code what we do is that during we inject we pass through the constructor or any other ways we pass the dependencies they need so they keep an instance of a reference of them so they can actually call them one good thing about this is that we can switch them if we have an interface and we know that we need to know some data about the user and we know that there's a method for that we don't really need to know which user system is you we are using maybe we are integrating with an external system and it provides the user who saw we don't really need to know about the details of that we just know that there's a contract and this service will use that contract so we know which methods there will be and we don't really need to know what they are doing so here we want to have a way of having this so we don't really need to know if and there's a translation system in place because we may be in a monolingual site and actually we want like the language we saw before the language manager can be different if you are in a monolingual site or if you have the language module installed so we need a way to provide this translation service and a way that we can switch it and for that what we will use is the this T method so if we are creating a controller or a form we are probably standing from base classes that are available in Drupal 8 core like form base and it will already have a T method that we can use so we will be calling the this T function instead and it will call the translate the proper translation service and it will call the T function on that one but if we are creating our own class that doesn't extend from anything else in the Drupal system we can actually use the string translation trade so we don't have to repeat our code about creating the T method and storing this reference to the translation service so this string translation trade will be providing us with the reference to the translation service and it will provide the T the D3 function that we want to use and as we said T is actually the same as Drupal 7 this T but internal is quite different so when we call T in Drupal 7 we get the string translated in Drupal 8 we actually are getting an object so we are getting a translatable markup object and we can call methods on it so we can actually if we call T in this in this string we can actually check the langcode option and we have several methods for knowing about this translation this way we can even alter how this would be translated later before the output is actually created and we could even avoid operation so if in Drupal 7 if we had a T call which returns a translation and then in maybe in a form alter later we are not dealing we are not really printing that string we had to translate it here if it's not going to be rendered we are not really translating it so at the end we may even make the performance of our site better so this is only the translation is actually only done when we are going to render the HTML of the page in the same way we had format plural in Drupal 7 now in Drupal 8 is gone so we have the this format plural method for that and it will work the same way so you you call the format plural and you will get an object that you can actually alter or whatever you need and if you are doing javascript it didn't change that much from Drupal 7 we still have the Drupal T method and the Drupal format plural method so for templates now in Drupal 8 we have tweak and we usually had PHP template before so you would call T on your PHP templates now we don't have that anymore so what we have is there are two different methods for translating your strings your literals in your templates so the first one is the trans filter which you can if you have a string you can pass the trans filter and it will provide the proper translation and like in the T function in Drupal 7 we have we can pass the context for maybe we want to request the translation not in the current language but in a special language defined language and if you use the first way it can be quite complex to read so there's another way which is using the trans tag like you can see that's downside there and this makes that the all the text that is between the trans and n trans will be used for calling the T function internally so and you can also have like variables there like you would have in in your PHP code another special thing is that in Drupal 7 you had your hook menu where you had your routes you had your links you had your menu links your tasks everything was in there now we split that and these are all located in Jamel files they are separated so we have your menu links in one side your routing is in a different place and you can it's a more flexible system and in Drupal 7 one thing you couldn't do is in your head hook menu you shouldn't be calling the T function for your title because it this way it would be possible to to cache your links and Drupal would take care of translating those in Drupal 8 is mostly the same and actually they are Jamel files so you can actually you cannot call any function on them but what we have here is that we have some special keys that Drupal 8 will take care of translating and if and the POTX module the POTX module will take care of extracting them and making them available like for provided configuration and provided links from core you want to translate them in localized Drupal.org maybe so this module takes care of knowing which keys from these Jamel files should be translated or not so in this case we will have the title and the description and they will be translated for you by Drupal 8. So this was about the interface APIs the interface translation APIs so at the end interface translation module what it does is that it provides the ability to translate from English to any other language and now next module is the content translation module and as we said before it's not based on copies of your notes or your entities so what we have here is that we have we will have clever objects that know about them so if you are creating your own entity type content entity types Drupal 8 would make easier to translate them so actually for creating a content entity type what you need to do is create a class in a special name space in your in your module and you have an annotation which describes the metadata of it defines what your content entity how it will behave so here we have the node PHP from core and there we have a content entity type with ID node then we want to provide a label and it's and for translating your labels in annotations you can use the translation this at translation and it will provide it will be extracted so you can translate them on your UI and for translating your content itself you only need to say that this flag translatable is true and if you want to translate your entities you need to know which language they are in so you need to define the lang code in the entity keys arrive and so just by doing this and you are actually telling Drupal that these entities are translatable or that the user could opt-in for translating them so this doesn't mean that the all your nodes can be translatable this means that the user can go to the language content interface and set up if they want to translate them or not and as we said we need a lang code field for that in our entity in Drupal 8 as in Drupal 7 we have two different kind of fields so first one is that the fields that are defined as part of the entity and then we have the fields that we can add to and that we can configure in the interface of the entity so if we are standing from content entity base when creating our content entities which we may we should do we have to define the base field definitions which provides these base properties that every entity of this kind will have and it already has the code for creating the field for you the lang code field for you so you only need to in the entity keys arrive define that you have a long code and you have to provide the name that you want to use for this field and if you extend and call the base field definition methods they will be created for you so in your definition when you are creating your entity you only need to ensure that you call the parent base field definition methods and you use the fields from there and then you can add your own fields so for your own fields you will you can you need to create the base field definition from there and then you have the a method for making them translatable what this makes again is is not that they are translatable is that the user can set them up as translatable and it will provide if we call the set translatable method in our base properties Drupal will know about it and actually it will provide defaults for same defaults for that so the user can configure them but if you make an entity translatable any field that have this flag on will be translatable by default and if we are creating our own fields how we can make them translatable there's nothing you need to do actually they will be translatable automatically so Drupal 8 knows how to make them translatable but at some point you may want to make more granular options like next example we have we are defining an image field here this is another example from core and in our field in our image we will have a file which is the file an entity reference to a file entity actually and we want to know the width and the height of this image and then we want to define the alternative text and the title of the of this image so a field can be composed of different sub properties and we may want to provide different translatability options for them so in case of an image you probably don't want to translate the image itself but you want to translate the alternative text and the title so what we have here is that in our annotation we can actually create groups like here we are creating a file group and we are saying that the columns of this group target ID width and height are part of this file and we don't say anything about translatability and for the alternative text we are saying translatable translatable true what this makes is that it will provide same defaults for when you are configuring your site so when you check translating an image file and image field in an entity you will see by default that you can provide different configuration for the file itself for the alternative text and for the title and by default the alternative text and the title will be translatable but not the file itself but you can actually make it translatable if you want so this is how you deal with your with your own entities how you make your own entities translatable and how you can provide more granular options for translatability of your fields so then we are going to see how you actually manage your your entities so the entity language API is quite straightforward so you have a node class for dealing with your nodes but you probably will have you will have the same for any kind of entity that you may create and you have a load method for it so you can load your entity and then you can call the get translation method so if you call the get translation method you will you can request which translation you want to work with and you will get a reference to the translation but it's actually another node it's the same node so you can do any operations you want with it and then save it or edit their fields as you were with nodes in any other situation so language here is quite easy to use and translations from these from these nodes are quite easy to use and if as before we said we may not want we may not know which translation we want like we may want the translation from the current language that has been negotiated so in that case what we would use is from the entity repository we will call the get translation from context method and we pass the node and what we get there is the node in the current negotiated language so there are a lot of functions or a lot of methods that we can use in our entities so we have a get and translated method that gets us the source translation the node originally was created in the language that it was originally created we can get the language object from the node calling the language method we can see which languages this node has been translated to with the get translation languages we get the list of the language objects we have the has translation method for knowing if there's a translation for a specific langcode the translation for actually creating it and remove translation for removing them so these are the API's that content translation provides for for dealing with your language or your content translation so but one thing is that in ruble 8 views is in core and its language support has been improved a lot so the purpose of views is actually it has two different functionalities one is making queries to the system so you can query the system about your data and then render it and these are the two different columns that you can see in the views UI so a language is quite integrated in in view so in the query part you can actually filter by language so you can actually filter your views by a specific language so you can say I want to filter by the language which is actually negotiated for the page and in the rendering side you can actually pick which language you should render your entities so you can actually with views do give me all the notes that are in English and then render the German translations so this is like a different the two different ways that you deal with language in views and it's quite powerful so you may even not need these API's at all so this was about content translation so what it provides is the ability for translating from any language to any other language and your entities are intelligent objects so you can actually call the methods on them for getting the translations for dealing with translation adding translations and anything so the next module is the config translation model in Rupert we have two kinds of configuration configuration objects and configuration entities for those objects which we can have a lot of them and we don't know how much like languages and we are going to see how we can actually translate them so our configuration is storing jammer files and what we do here is that we have or any a property in our configuration which is the LAN code and there any configuration object will have the LAN code this is in and for knowing for making our config translatable what we need is to provide a schema which it was introduced in Rupert 8 actually for translating your for knowing how to translate or dealing with languages in your configuration but that's actually used for for a lot of other things so here we are defining a config object and then we say that it has a LAN code and these are the data types from the core so we have a LAN code which will be a string and it's the language code and then we have another type of data type which is a text which it will be a string that it's actually translatable another thing that this config schema provides is that when you are calling your objects from PHP because you have the config schema you know the data types that this data is in so if you have an integer in your config and you call you load your configuration from PHP it will be automatically cast in PHP so you already will have an integer so for creating your own schemas you need to create in the folder config schema for module you create the schema jammel file and here you define the type of your configuration fields so here we are defining a we are defining the system maintenance object and we are saying that it's a config object this means that it will have a LAN code and then we are defining its attributes that there are in the that there are in this config object like in this case we have a message and we know it's a text so it will be a translatable string so our config will look like this we will have the message and we will have a LAN code and then when we translate this in our config folder we will have a language folder and then we will have a the land a folder for its land why for for its language with the LAN code as a name and then we will have a file with the same name and the properties that we are going to translate are the only ones that we will have there so if we have a Hungarian site and we have the system maintenance a message we will have a language hu system maintenance jammel where we will have this message translated same for Italian so how we deal with this configuration so when we want to know the configuration of our site we have the Drupal config service and we pass there the name of the configuration object that we want to retrieve and then we can access their properties with with the get method so we can get the message from the system maintenance object and if we have language overrides they will apply as appropriate so if we have this config object is translating and we are in a and we are in a Hungarian in the and the language negotiated for page was Hungarian we will get the message in Hungarian so this is how you usually will use your configuration from your system if you have a settings PHP and you are overriding some config there and you call the Drupal config method you will get this overrides applied to so there are different kinds of configuration that you may want to deal with so because this Drupal config method has the overrides applied we don't actually we cannot actually edit them it's mostly for reading configuration about the system but if we want maybe we want to get the configuration in a given language that we want we know which language configuration we want so then what we need to use is the language manager which knows about languages and it will we can call the com get config overrides language for for storing the language that we are currently using then you can set a different one if we want to use a concrete one like here set config overrides language and then calling the Drupal config will actually give us the configuration for a Hungarian for the Hungarian site so this can be quite useful if we are sending emails so the user maybe visiting maybe an admin is visiting your site your admin interface in English and it's mailing users but you want the users to get the emails in the language they prefer so this way you can actually get the language from the user object set the config overrides then call the config for getting the string of the email that you want to send and you will get a translated version of this email for that user preference and then you can set it back to the original language that you were using so we have three different ways for dealing with languages with configuration the first one is the system Drupal config this provides your configuration with every override applied so they are applied you will have like a priority system so any kind of override will be overriding the previous one so you pile your configuration values then we have the Drupal config factory get the table for getting the actual the current configuration in the original language so no overrides apply this is useful mostly if you are creating your own config forms and then we have as we saw we have another method for getting a concrete configuration object if we know the language we want from it which is the Drupal language manager get language config override so we can get the override the config with all the overrides we can get the config as raw data with no overrides or we can actually as the system for getting a concrete override so summarizing the config translation model allows to translate your configuration from any language to any other language and in difference with the content translation model where you have intelligent objects here you mostly have a rise that they are if there are config overrides they are going to be merged but you are actually using a rise so the APIs are maybe not that beautiful as the content translation once so this was I hope you like the different APIs that we have this was the work of a lot of people so please thank them if you find them around and thanks also to Gabor Hoitzi which part of this presentation is based in a previous presentation and here's the initiative lead which did an amazing work on making languages better in Drupal 8 and if you like it but maybe you want to improve it or maybe you think that it could be quite better you are welcome to join us in the contribution experience there will be workshop for five-time sprinters so anyone is welcome no matter your experience so please drop by and there will be mentor course print where we can help each other to improve Drupal and the general experience too if you already know what to work on so that was it thank you very much for attending if there are questions there is a mic there so hello hello I have a question concerning performance do you know how does it scale when you enable couple of dozens of languages and when you work extensively with revisions how does it work in the background and in the database you know does the node load take them longer does it load every all translation at once or does it only load on the trend the language is only month so the quest so the translations the different revisions so when you load a note you are actually loading the last revision that is published and for that and you are actually loading the current language of the language negotiated for that page and you are getting that object and when you access a different translation these are actually great to system so when you load a note you are not loading all the translations but you are loading the current language one or the one that you are asking for does that answer your question so related to that does that mean that the the cash tag metadata includes the language components yes so when you load okay so the question is about how the caching works in ruble so in ruble it we have this new caching metadata which allows you to provide different tags that you can then invalidate so when you load a note this note is actually cached and the question is how language applies to that so when you are when you are loading a note the language that you are requesting is actually provided as a cash tag so you can invalidate you can actually cash your notes by the language you are requesting and then you can invalidate the concrete translation that you want to so if there are not more questions thank you for coming please evaluate the session and enjoy the conference thank you


Abstract interleukin-1, an inflammatory cytokine, is considered to have diverse physiological functions and pathological significances and play an important role in health and disease. In this decade, interleukin-1 family members have been expanding and evidence is accumulating that highlights the importance of interleukin-1 in linking innate immunity with a broad spectrum of diseases beyond inflammatory diseases. In this review, we look back on the definition of inflammation in traditional general pathology and discuss new insights into interleukin-1 in view of its history and the molecular basis of diseases, as well as current progress in therapeutics. This article was authored by Neoconaco, Miyekawata, Toshihiro Yamamoto, and others.