Okay, so I'm going to talk to you about big data. Now our reveal that you need to know what a cassette tape is.  Have you actually used the two simultaneously? Is there a generation here? Then you're probably born in the 60s or 70s. Is there anybody who is ahead of technology who's born in the 50s that know both what a cassette tape and a compact disc is? Is there anybody here born in the 80s who does the same? You see, one of the things when we talk about technology evolution is that we often mistake a clear view for a short distance. We see things that are going to happen and we think they're going to happen much sooner than they actually will play out. So if I were to draw you a curve of that, it would be something like an S-curve, something like this, but our expectation is fairly linear. So if you are in the 1970s and are holding one of the cassette tapes and listening to music and think the world is dandy and you just fitted it into a Sony Walkman that runs on one single AA battery, you're a happy camper. It lasted, the battery lasted about one cassette tape. Those were the good ones. And you see this strange disc coming along and you think, why on earth would I ever need that? And what happened there was the largest, no the second largest technology shift in the last hundred and fifty years. And whoever can mention the first one will actually get a coffee break. You know what the first one is? Or was it? The introduction of electricity. The largest technological effect on humankind in all of our history. Why? Because we on average shorted the time we sleep with almost two hours. So if you're tired now you know why. Damn that electricity. So what happens when the world moved from analog to digital is exactly that. The industry mistook the clear view that we were going to go digital for a short distance. And there were two companies on the planet that actually held on to it and managed the transition. Philips and Sony. So why am I telling this story? Well what happens with technology is exactly this. It takes about 30 years for technology to make it as an overnight success. And we are in one of those fluxes right now and that's what I'm going to be talking about. I will basically talk about three things today. I've started with never mistake a clear view for a short distance. I will talk about two waves of evolution today and why we're talking about big data and why that is completely uninteresting. And then I will actually end up not talking about stuff but actually showing you what big data does today. And I know some of you will be impressed because you know what's behind it. Some of you will not be impressed because you think this is what we should have had a long time ago. So you are both mistaking a clear view for a short distance. Anyway, is this is this an afternoon sort of? So let's go. This is actually what the graph looks like when you have PowerPoint presentation.  There they are. Invented in 1962, released in 1964, death in 1992. Invented in 1979, released in 1982 and boom in 1992. And the larger shift underneath is from analog to digital. So we are living in this digital world whether you like it or not. And we are living in it so well that we produce so much data that is coming literally out of our ears. Some of it useful, some of it not so useful. So let's talk about the definition of big data. And this is, you know, thank God for Wikipedia. Big data is a broad term for data sets, so large or complex that traditional data processing applications are inadequate. When we talk about big data today, we talk about 80% of it being unstructured, which means text, videos, somebody recording when I'm speaking. And the other 20% are our DBMS data, which is relationship database type of data, which is structured things. They're nice and dandy and we've had them for a long time. So one of the sources of origins for this first wave of big data is actually us getting connected and getting online. Sharing God knows what from what I ate yesterday to what I'm doing in the toilet today to what I'm thinking about tomorrow. There's no end to the expression in social media, which I'm sure you have experienced. So we are actually the source of most of the big data today. Sorry to say. And it is not, doesn't look like it's decreasing. It looks like it's increasing. This is the device we use. This is sort of a historic view of a telephone that goes into a smartphone. So which is basically packing a very powerful computer connected in the palm of our hands. This was science fiction in the 70s and 80s. And I mean real science fiction. You will have a Star Trek where they flip over the talky thingy device and we think wow. And you take a look at us today and we don't say wow. We're trying to find ways to get away from it. When we shift from a telephone to a smartphone, another thing happens too. And that is we shift from talking to people to sending data to and from people. And it's illustrated by this graph. I'm sorry for the poor quality. But this is actually the monthly petabytes. And if you don't know what petabyte this, I can show you later. Monthly petabytes. And this is years 2008 to 2016. And the little purple thing, that's voice. The increasing voice. The blue thing is the increase in data mobile handheld devices. And the yellow is PC tablets. That's what we call an iPad. So look at that tremendous explosion of the production of data. That's what we do. We leave little traces behind us. Unsurpassed information. This is another slide of showing it. Where we're starting to go into internet of things and machine data. I'll talk a little bit about that. These are some of the companies that operate in that space. It could be stopped for a little bit. Because if you have put out so much data out in cyberspace. And I can take a look at that with very powerful machines. Analyzing what you're doing, what you're saying. I can pretty much form a very precise opinion about you. What you do. What you like. How you do it. When you do it. With whom you do it. Just about anything. So I just need a powerful set of computers. And some sophisticated analytical software. I'm sure you heard about the NSA. They have both. But they don't use it the way you think they do. They're very little interested in just you. The other thing that happens is that as this data gets produced. We are starting to look at things a different way. We're starting to use things a different way. I'll just briefly give the example of Uber. Who's used Uber here? Who knows what it. Do you all know what it is? It is basically an attempt to take over the world of taxis. But the fun thing with Uber is that they have no cars. They employ no drivers. They own no data infrastructure. They're built on two things. A sophisticated core engine that's data driven. And a very sophisticated analytical engine that analyzes and runs on that data. That's what they do. And a little secret to all the Uber examples you're going to be hearing about in the next year or two. Because it's the grandmother of all examples used by just every Joe Schmo and Schmack. When they started Uber, they went after the people that produced the taximeters. You know the little machine in the taxi cab that tells you the price. That's a global oligopoly. There's three manufacturers on the planet that manufactures those machines. They cost about $10,000. Manufacturing cost is a little bit less than $100. So the profit margins are enormous. That's what they went after when Uber started the software version of that. Which they give away for free by the way. Those types of business models or business examples can only be used if you have some sort of sophisticated analytics together with your data driven core. You can't do it. It is impossible. So it's all in fine and dandy up until now. We're on social media. We're producing all these great amounts of data. We're doing all those things. It's basically machines talking to us. And we are taking over a lot of work that was previously done by bank tellers or who have you. How many of you pay your bills through your smartphone? It's a good chunk of you. You're basically doing the work for free for the bank. And they keep charging you. And I'm saying that a little bit cynical because this is fixing to go away with the banks too. And I'll get back to that. Where actually technology now starts to allow us to cut things off. Perfectly good example is Elon Musk's launch a couple of weeks ago with a battery powered house. Did you miss that?  You should pay attention to that. Good. Because what happens is that they are actually by default cutting the power cable to the energy companies. Most places on the planet is self sufficient solar power charging the batteries consumed during the evening and the night recharge the next day and there you go. So in a world where the value chain gets scrambled it's now things are cut off.  These are one of those technologies. You remember I talked about the S curve that we're in one of those fluxes. This is the new entrance. The Internet of Things which is actually machines talking to machines before they talk to us. Now that might sound simple but this will have a profound effect on an organization like SEI. Let me explain. The number of connected devices is set to increase to some say 50 billion, some say 100 billion. I don't care billion. There's going to be a lot of things. There are a lot of things connected. There are going to be a lot more things connected and the worst thing of all is that they're simply machine smart. What do I mean with that? Well, this is a picture of a General Electric series 90 engines. It sits on most of the newer produced aircrafts in the world including the new Boeing 787. This is virtually a computer machine because it sends sensor data from everything that goes on this machine including the air around it to the aircraft and then some of the data is passed on to the ground analyzed with a bunch of other GE-19 engines flying around the world. So literally you would have a virtual climate and land assist machine on every airplane in real time. This is what I mean that somebody could actually tap into this data, probably get it for free from General Electric because what do General Electric care about climate data? You will get temperature, you will get air density, you will get quality of the air, how much things are in the air, how much of those little nuclei, everything. You have no idea there's about 110 different measures on air coming into a jet engine. And then you can pretty much calculate what comes out the back. You start networking those together and you will have a virtual real time, any time of the day machine that can analyze and portray data for you.  You know what a thermostat is? Have you ever used a thermostat?  It does one thing very well. It keeps the temperature at a set rate in a room or in an environment or whatever. That's what it does. It doesn't think twice if the temperature is right. It doesn't think twice if there's people in the room. It doesn't think twice if it wanted to alter during the day or during the week or during the month. It doesn't really do that. Somebody else has to go up and go like me. Along comes this.  They can actually compute things, store things, it has a camera so it will know things. So when you walk into the room, it will actually know that you are you eventually. I'll come back to that. It keeps track on what temperature you want, what time of day, a little warmer in the morning, cooler in the afternoon, and it stores that and remembers that. And for most all, it sends it back to Google because they are the owners. So you'll wonder why on earth would they buy a little thermostat company for 3.2 billion US dollars? The little thing costs about $11 to manufacture. It retails for about $300 and it's selling like crazy because Google wants the data. Because by harvesting that data, they literally will be the predictor of energy consumption on the planet. Not kidding you. That's what they will do and are doing.  That's kind of your line of business, isn't it? Are you sitting on any of this data? Not yet. This is actually what's going to cause people to start to imagine what they can do in climate data in their house, for instance. When you talk to an energy company like Wappenfall, you know Wappenfall in Sweden? It should be big enough. I'll do a similar presentation like this and I will ask them or they will ask me, so what should we do? And I say, well, you should buy a home security company. And they go, what? I said, you should buy a home security company. And they look at me, it's like, what are you, you know, we're an energy company. And I go, yeah, you should buy a home security company. What is it by this point you don't get about that? And we don't understand. Well, let me ask you simply. Do you have a device like this that runs on my iPhone or iPad or whatever that allows me to look into my house and control the temperature? And they go, no, yes, we have one you can buy. No, no, no, I said, do you have one for free? And somebody said, yeah, we do for the first year. No, no, I said, do you have one for free? As long as I live and own. And they go, no, we don't. And I said, well, then you can consider yourself this intermediate that somebody's going to steal that space from you. And it's easier for the one who has this already to backward integrate into your energy business and tell you what to do. That's what happens. And I can keep going. Smart grids work the same way. Smart sensors sending information, somebody analyzes and reaches that data with something else and pushes it further.  Smart home, I just talked about that.  So you can slow down and conserve energy. Now you're going to start to see those and already am seeing that type of communication into the car. BMW is the perfect example, because they will automatically send the signal to your car to reduce the horsepower under certain circumstances. Smart cities with little cheap devices in the roadway that can actually tell people to change lanes, because it's going to get slippery or move over completely because there's an accident. It's going to get completely different sets of automating things around us. When machines talk to machines, talk to people. I wasn't going to show this, but I have to, because the technology that is coming around the corner so quickly, that is replacing sensors, are cameras, because cameras are the one technology now that evolves the most. Cameras can actually see what air quality is in front of them. Who is in front of them? If it's a person, man or a woman, child, they can start to see what people are doing and analyze that. They can start to see if you're coming in or going out. They can see cars. Cameras can do just about anything. And you know they need about a quarter of your face to analyze that it's you. And it takes the camera about one tenth of a second to do that. And the smartness is built into the camera. And all the computation things goes on in the camera, and then the signal gets sent up. And I wanted to show you this, because this is something that is coming so rapidly around the corner that it even has us technology buffs a little bit puzzled, because cameras have gotten smart very quickly. And it's much thanks to Google and the self-driving car because they've developed the algorithms that actually recognizes things. And it takes up no space whatsoever inside the camera. It is tiny. So we talked a lot about big data. And big data is fine and fun. But the whole thing is about analytics. So now I need to ask how many have read at least some little bit, you know, the university course on statistics? Oh my God. The university, you know, the more complex course on statistics. Anybody with a PhD in statistics? Anybody with an almost PhD in statistics? So when I say analytics, do you know what I'm talking about? Probably not. So if I say statistics, you know what I'm talking about. Good. So imagine statistics is a lot about talking about what happened yesterday and making sense out of that. Now imagine if you can take that and also figure out what's going to happen forward. That is what statistics is often used for. Now let me explain. You see Uber, I talked about the taxi thing. What it actually does is that it keeps looking at where the cabs are that has Uber. And it looks where people who have the application Uber are. So if you have it installed on your smartphone and hasn't told the smartphone not to share geospatial information, it will ping Uber all the time. So as you move about, it will start to look at who's going to be needing Uber and where are the cars.  Try to get taxis.com to do that. Good luck. Because a sophisticated analytical algorithm is computing this all the time. So it moves about and it moves around. And as you start using Uber, it starts recognizing you and your behavior. So it starts to keep a little bit better track on you. Because most of the taxi fares and taxi trips you do are the same. I'm sorry to say, I know you don't believe me, but they actually are. You have a taxi behavior that is very similar over time. Especially if you arrive to an airport. And it's global and they recognize this. You can try it out a couple of times and see how it gets smarter dealing with you. That is analytics. So I'm using historical information to try to figure out where things need to be today and anticipate what you might want to need tomorrow. So instead of talking about what this looks like, I want to do a demo for you. And now bear with me because all the technology gizmos we've had. And hopefully this will be fixed the connection problem. Yeah, let's go there. Let's go here. See, what I am going to do now is that I've done a very simple thing. And that is that, you know, the WTO, the World Trade Organization, how they gather data from all the trade that goes on in the world. Up until about three years ago, there was no way you could analyze that data without loading it in increments, building funky cubes. Cubes is a way of doing analysis if you don't have enough data power. You have IT involved, you have to program things and so forth. What's happened in the last few years is that technology, the development of technology with Moore's law that you've got twice the computing power tomorrow than you got yesterday, and new infrastructures has allowed us to take large amounts of data, shove them into a memory and run queries to it really, really quickly. Structured and unstructured data doesn't really matter. And what that allows us to do is, for instance here, this is World Trade data from 1988 to 2013, updated now in January of 2015. This is 300 million rows of data with most of the trade data you can find in and out of a country. Now take a look at this, because what I'm doing now in real time is that I'm loading all this data up into memory and I'm running an analytical engine on it. And I'm looking here at the top importers of all regions, the volume of money for that and what the top five commodities are. So the top five commodities imported into any country are minerals, fuels, oils, distillation products. Second one is electrical equipment. Third one is nuclear. Reactors, boilers, machinery, etc. I would say that the world runs on energy. I can look at the top exporters in the same way, 300 million rows of data pushed into memory, analyzed, and there we go. I can pretty much conclude now that being the nuclear reactors and boiler machinery business is fairly profitable because it's leading in exports and it's one of the top things in import. So this is actually what it looks like. This is about the simplest big data example you can run today. This was impossible to do three years ago. Now you can imagine if you were to get access to this World Trade Data and you load up any climate data as large as you can find it and push it into the same machinery and I will ask it once, what are some of the correlations between the climate data and the World Trade Data and it will actually load it up and show me that as fast as I did now. And I don't know the last time that the climate data was updated in the world but you have to prepare yourself for that being updated every minute of every hour of every day of every year. That's how fast this is going to go and it's not a question if somebody will do it, it's a question when somebody will do it unless it's already done. Now I think you are in that business. So let me show you something fun and I'll end with that. You know how countries lie? I'm sure they don't do that when reporting climate stuff but they certainly do it when they report import and export. So what I've done now is I've actually asked the computer to tell me what are the discrepancies between what imports are said, oh you don't see that, sorry I'll push it down a little bit, what the imports are said to have been and the import mirror what actually other countries are reporting as exports into that country. That's pretty shrewd isn't it? You know it's very simple. So you look at China who've reported this amount of import in billions and this is what people have exported to them. So and I'm curious actually to see what it's made out of. Electrical and electronic equipment, nuclear reactors, articles of apparel, apparel, toys games, furniture. So let's take a look at the export statistics. Same thing, mirroring effect, oh see the US is lying too. Who would have known? That's what they were exporting the most of. We're getting the most money out of.  And I can pretty much say that China with a trade deficit is counterpart with the US with a trade surplus. And now I actually need human power to figure out that those countries are interdependent of each other in a probably very dangerous way. This is what the database looks like if I were to pull it up. This is all the data. I can pick out just about any country and ask it any trade question you can possibly imagine. And I'll actually end with that. Thank you very much.


Iconicity is a term used to refer to lexemes and other elements whose properties somehow closely correspond to the characteristics of the objects they refer to. In human language in a narrow sense, only a few items are said to possess such symbolic properties. In phonetics, for example, vowel magnitude relationships suggest that the larger the object, the more likely it is to involve open vowels, for example a, a, o, o, in words like large or German stark. Whereas smaller objects are more likely to involve a closed vowel such as e in tiny or German klein. Furthermore, open vowels are also more likely to be associated with round shapes and dark or gloomy moods like dark or German hart. Whereas closed vowel sounds are more likely to be associated with pointed shapes and happy moods like stick or German spitz. In morphology, examples from degree adjectives often show that the most extreme degree of their meaning is iconically represented by the word with the greatest number of phonemes. And in syntax, colossal order often mimics the natural order of ideas. Thus, sentences are easier to process if their colossal order is in line with the natural order of events than those where the colossal order is different. Even though iconicity is now widely acknowledged to be a significant factor at many levels of linguistic structure, in most cases however the relationship between lexemes and their meaning is an arbitrary one.


So the premium tax credit, as we'll talk about when we get to the credits, means that it's usually for lower income individuals usually that have a high deductible health insurance plan and you might get a credit, which is basically designed to pay for part of the health insurance with the credit, which means that you would think that you wouldn't get a deduction for the part of the health insurance that was reduced by the credit because again, that would be kind of like double dipping, you would think. So see publication five or two for how to figure your medical and dental expenses deduction. Now, notice if you qualify for that credit, it's likely that you're a low income taxpayer and therefore aren't itemizing unless you have significant medical expenses or something like that because your itemized deductions would be below the standard deduction threshold. Tip, don't forget to include insurance premiums you paid for medical and dental care. However, if you claim the self-employed health insurance deduction on schedule one, form 1040, line 17, reduce the premiums by the amount on line 17, which we have discussed before. So whose medical and dental expenses can you include? So now you've got a family and whatnot instead of just one person here, it's not just me sitting here, whose can I include? So you can include medical and dental bills you paid in 2023 for anyone who was one of the following, either when the services were provided or when you paid for them. So yourself and your spouse, that makes sense. All dependents you claim on your return, that makes sense. Your child whom you don't claim as a dependent because of the rules for children of divorce or separate parents. So this is where we get into the weeds when we have the separate parents and so on and so forth. So if you have that separation thing, you come up with the same questions we came up with when we saw the claiming of the dependents, the child tax credit or other dependent credit as well as possibly with the filing statuses between single versus head of household possibly being dependent in part on whether you have a dependent. So seed child of divorced or separate parents in publication 502 for more information. Any person you could have claimed as a dependent on your return except that that person received $4,700 or more of gross income or filed a joint return. So that's usually gonna be the income threshold that was the only thing that restricted you from filing as dependent. Any person you could have claimed as a dependent except that you or your spouse, if filing joint can be claimed as a dependent on someone else's 2023 return, example. So you provided over half of your parents support but can't claim your parent as a dependent because they received wages of $4,700 in 2023. You can include online one, any medical and dental expenses you paid in 2023 for your parent. Insurance premiums for certain non-dependence. You may have a medical or dental insurance policy that also covers an individual who isn't your dependent for example, a non-dependent child under age 27. So that's gonna be confusing because now I'd like to deduct my insurance premiums but possibly I have someone on the insurance premiums that I'm being paid in a group premium payment that might not be like deductible. So how am I gonna figure out which part of the premium is deductible? So you can't deduct any premiums attributable to this individual unless this individual is a person described under whose medical and dental expenses you include earlier. So however, if you had family coverage when you added this individual to your policy and your premiums didn't increase, you can enter online one, the full amount of your medical and dental insurance premiums. So you had the premiums before and then you added this person because it was family coverage and that person didn't cause the premiums to rise even though you can't deduct the medical expenses for that person because they don't qualify but including them in didn't increase the premiums which means that you would have paid the same amount either way so therefore you would think it'd be reasonable to still be able to deduct the same premium amount. So see publication 502 for more information.


In this step then we're going to create some materials for the cabin that we've just imported. So what I'm going to do in this one is I'm just going to show you how to create one of the materials. So we're going to start with this one here M underscore slats. So we'll make that one together and then I'm going to let you make the rest because it's just repeating the process. And we'll meet in the next video where we'll make M underscore window together. So that material the window one I want us to make together because we're going to use something slightly different. We're going to have an emissive texture in there which is going to require a multiply node. And it's a slightly different way of working. So we'll start with this first one anyway. So let's just doc cabin over here. So we're going to start with M underscore slats. We can see that. So we need to go into our materials folder. Let's keep things neat. So I'm going to go right click. We're going to create a new material and it's going to be called M underscore slats. Lovely. So let's open that up. Here we go. So what we need to do is bring in some texture samples to this. So as I've done previously, I'm going to hold T and left click. And I think for this one I'm going to need three texture samples. So I'm holding T and left clicking three times. And I need to load in those texture samples that I've just imported for the slats material. So if I click over here and if I search for slats, they should be named pretty usefully. Wood slats it's called. That's good. So I'll have diffuse in that one. The next one is going to be our roughness. So it's for slats again. We'll have the roughness. And then this third one is going to be our normal map. So search for slats again. And there's wood slats underscore N. And then I'm going to plug that one into base color. The roughness obviously goes into roughness. And the normal maps are going to go into normal. There we go. So that's it for this material. And all of the other ones, apart from the window, are just the same. And naming them should be dead straightforward. So by the time you're done, you should have M underscore slats, M underscore tiles, M underscore chimney, M underscore door, M underscore beam. As long as you've got all of those, you'll be ready to create window in the next step. But before we do that, we're just going to save this material. And now we'll assign it to the correct slot on the cabin. So if we go in here now that we've saved it. So here we can see we want slats. So I'm going to search here for slats. Because I know we've now created that. Select that and you can see that now this is starting to get filled in. So that's the first material on there. So what I want you to do now is create those other materials. So all of them, apart from window, ignore Lambert 1 and ignore default material. I'm not sure why they're there. I thought I'd got rid of those. And we'll just do the window in the next step. So I will meet you in the next video where we've all got loads of materials made. Thanks for watching. If you really want to take your learning further than I can cover in this series, then I highly recommend checking out Plural Sight. They have loads of really detailed video courses covering game art and game development using Unreal Engine 4. When I learned how to use Unreal a couple of years ago, this is where I went and I log in regularly to take a new course and improve my skills. I recommend checking out the introduction to Unreal Engine 4 course by Joshua Kinney. This is really good and offers a good overview of what you can do in Unreal. You can get a free 10 day trial by using my link in the video description and you get full access to all of their courses for that time. At the end of your 10 days, you can either subscribe for more or cancel, totally up to you. It's got to be worth a free trial though, right? I'd like to say a massive thank you to my patrons. Your support helps me to keep making videos like this one and I really appreciate each and every one of you. It really blows my mind that people will support my channel and my work by pledging their money through Patreon. So again, thank you all so, so much. If you aren't already a patron and you'd like to offer your support, then please go to patreon.com forward slash Shane Whittington.


Hey guys, it's Nate, AKA The Foot Accountant. Welcome back to the channel. We need to talk about this loading screen right here that we are about to see as we log into Foot. Are we getting a new promotion on Friday? The answer to that is yes, but we don't know what promotion this is. This is a very interesting loading screen. I wanna talk about it. There's not a lot of clues or hints inside of this. I don't see like any words or numbers like they like to throw in with other loading screens. I don't see anything with that one, but I wanna talk about it a little bit and kinda talk about what this looks like to me because we do have a couple options for what this promo could be. You know, they like to re-release and they like to kinda keep the same schedule as they have done in prior years with a lot of these promos and that's gonna be factoring into a lot of our decisions today on what we think this promo is going to be. But regardless, it is Thursday. Happy Weekend League Rewards Day. If you guys have rewards, I have gold three rewards myself. I'm really hoping to get sun, of course, who isn't, but as a Spurs fan, a sun in red form, red inform in my club would be perfect. But again, we're here to talk about this loading screen today and this is what we have right now on foot. It's basically just a green with like the foot graphics, right? It's green with foot graphics, starts in one day, 15 hours. My first question when I see this is, does EA actually have to put out another promo and actually advertise another promo that's gonna be coming out in this game in the next couple of days because this promo that we're currently in Winter Refresh is just so bad? This Winter Refresh promo has been awful, bro. Seriously, awful. And I don't know when we're getting that guaranteed Winter Refresh SBC like we should be getting, but for some reason it doesn't look like it's coming. So I think that this promo is kind of one of two things. And I want to first just mention the first event that I do think that it could be and that is Foot Player Days. Now, a lot of people aren't talking about this promo, but if you remember this from last year, basically what this was is EA was dropping promo after promo every weekend from when the year turned 2019 and onwards. We had the first time ever we had headliners, the first time ever we had Foot Future Stars, right? We had the ones to watch and the Prime Icon moments promos. And we had this right at the beginning of March. I think this is going to be our promo for right this week on foot. I think this is what it's gonna be. Basically, Foot Player Days from last year, this is my opinion. It could also be carnival. We'll talk about that in a second, but I want to talk about this. What this promo came after Winter Refresh last year, and it was basically a new event for a single weekend is what it was. They threw best of informs back into packs with engagement rewards, coin discounts, buy one, get one free packs, SBCs and the like. So again, the biggest part of this promo was the fact that it was a 50% off packs, two for one packs. They had all that kind of stuff. It was just another thing they could do to try to sell packs on the weekend. So this is my opinion for what's gonna be coming this weekend. We'll probably learn more information today, later on in the day. After 6 p.m. UK, we will probably get more information. But of course they threw in the best of team week last year. So we had Ronaldo, we had team, the group stage, Neymar was in packs. We had an inform, Ed and Hazard. I think we had a group stage or informed to hey, we had multiple group stage items and multiple, we had a man of the match Ramos that was in packs. So yeah, it was basically made up of Champions League, man of the match cards, informs, one regular man of the match and then team of the group stage as well. So this was the foot player day squad last year. These cards were out for just the weekend and that caused a lot of panic on the market. I don't know if you guys remember this or not, but there's a lot of panic selling on these cards and a lot of panic just on the market in general because when they release cards like this into packs, people are gonna open packs. So that was the last year foot player days. And then we also had the engagement rewards. Basically for the amount of foot 19 that you've played, you get to log in and get a kit and a custom reward because of that. We had objectives, we had SBCs, pack supply SBCs, basically is what it looks like for this. Again, this promo last year was only for a weekend, right? It was only for a couple of days. So I think that this is the promo that is coming and I do see them making an entire week promo because they do like to do this stuff a lot. And then I think after this promo, we're gonna see not carnival, but we're gonna see the Copa Libertadores, which is a new thing that is gonna be coming to foot in the beginning of March. So we're gonna be talking about that a little bit here on the channel, because EA is making a big point of that in their earnings calls, like the actual EA Electronics Arts, the actual company, EA Sports, has been making a deal about that in their conference calls and in their earnings calls transcripts, which you don't know what those are. That's basically when they update people who own their stock and who own a share of their company by buying stock. We're talking IRL market right now. They inform those people what's going on with the company. That's called an earnings call or an earnings transcript. So that's where some of that information is coming from and they've been mentioning specifically that promotion inside of FIFA Ultimate Team in those earnings calls. So I think that's important. So we're gonna talk about it, but my guess for this promo right here is foot player days, because I think they can just throw that green out there and make a foot player days out of it. Some other people are talking about carnival being this promo. I don't really know if it's carnival because a lot of the carnival stuff last year was based around the actual carnival dates, right? A total of 26 players will be selected to embody the play style of eight major carnival countries, right? Brazil, France, Belgium, Italy, Argentina, USA, Spain and Germany. So this is a cool promotion we had last year the first time as well, but this came out like three weeks away from now. Two or three weeks away from now is when this came out. And also on this loading screen, I mean, we do have a green, right? This loading screen is basically just green. It's the only color that's in here, a little bit of blue, right? This promotion last year was really, it was like yellow, that pinkish red and then the green. So I guess there's a possibility this upcoming promo could be carnival, but I personally think it is going to be the foot player days promo. I think they're going to make a week out of it. They're going to throw best of cards back into packs because they haven't done that since Black Friday and then they're probably going to drop like, they could drop the mid icon SBC. Last year they dropped prime moments SBCs. And then of course they did the two for one packs. I think that that would be something that they could do with this promo. So again, those are just my thoughts on the upcoming promo and the loading screen that we do have. I want to cover some other things right now that are going on in foot as well. It was like a hodgepodge day of all sorts of things in foot, not a ton of content, not really on the SBCs, but we did get the Twitch Prime packs. I don't know if you guys saw this, if you do have Twitch Prime or Amazon Prime, you can link your Amazon Prime account and get these packs. And this is actually an interesting scenario with this right now. You were actually, if you get one of these packs, there's seven different packs as it reads down here. Prime members get exclusive fee for 20 content every month for seven months. So we have a pack, you can't see mine. It's over here on the right side. It's just past this one right here. This one, it's just to the right of that. It's hidden, because I've actually claimed it and opened it. But there's one for March, April, and then a spring. I'm guessing that's May, June, July, and August, is what I'm guessing for all these months right here. For the next seven months, they're gonna be giving us a free pack, which is kinda cool, I guess. So I'll drop a link to the Amazon Prime, where you can link your accounts down below, and you can check that out if you wish. But that's kinda cool, and we got those today. There's actually a loading screen for that as well. We got a new team of the week today, which actually was interesting, because we had two OTW upgrades in Maguire and Pepe. We also had a headliner upgrade in Jared Moreno. I mean, it doesn't really matter that much, just because it's Jared Moreno, and he's not the most OP or used player in foot. But we did get some informs today. Again, good luck if you're opening your Reds today for weekly rewards. Interesting team of the week, honestly. Kinda interesting. It's kind of just, you know, run of the mill, a lot of SBC fodder with a Glick, Moreno, Berguise, Maguire. Clostrum is a really cool card, 88 pace, 82 defense. He's a left back, I think, or right back, that's been position changed. And then Noyre is a pretty high level card. Susu on the bench is really solid, and then the rest of the team is just kinda average. But it's a lot of SBC fodder, so that's got a lot of people thinking about the possibility of maybe like a mid icon SBC, or the Neymar player of the month. Still, Neymar player of the month should be on your guys' horizons because that SBC should be coming soon. These cards today took an absolute killing, and they dropped a bunch. And I wanna talk about why that happened. It was because we had a lot of pack supply SBCs today. We had three pack supply SBCs. Before we look at these prices, let me just look at the content that we had today. I mentioned before that we didn't have any SBCs. I was referencing player SBCs. But we had a premium gold players pack for this Champions League SBC that it was only out for a day. We also had the Marquis matchups. UEFA Marquis matchups as well that is out for two days in total. And this one has a rare Electron players pack and then two packs inside which are a small prime. That's not a bad pack, and a rare mix. So that's a little bit less than ideal. But that's why a lot of the cards onto market today that were in packs, a lot of these winter refresh cards, that's why they dropped. Because they got packed a ton, right? Look at this cornet. Early today, 40,000 coins, right? Content comes out at 6 p.m. U.K. He drops all the way down to 30,000 coins, rebounds a little bit. He's now back down to 30K. These cards are really interesting to me because they are so, so cheap. And a lot of them are very usable and are gonna get into people's squads. I'm just not entirely sure what's coming next with the market. And that's kind of, you know, I'm holding back from investing in these, especially I'm not gonna touch these until after rewards. I know rewards are today, but if these guys get hit in price this much, is this 35K? Excuse me? 35,000 coins for Areola, unbelievable. Unbelievable this price. This is crazy. He was 70, 80K just two days ago. Anyway, he's down to 44,000, dropped to 33. If this market drop on these cards happened from a simple three pack, there are two SBC that were in the store. So a total of what? Four packs? Four packs that you could have gotten today to open up. And this is the supply that we see on these cards. Ake is at 144. The dude is down like 100,000 coins from where he was on the weekend. Yeah, he was up here like, he was higher than 217 is what the graph shows, but he's 150K on both console. Wow, no way. He was 130, he was 130,000 coins on the Xbox. Excuse me on the PlayStation. Now he's back up to 149. So if he gets back down to that 125, 130 range, I'm gonna be very interested in possibly picking up this card because if he's risen already from the pack supply today, that means he's gonna rise after rewards as well, in my opinion. So maybe take a look at these cards. If you're watching this video before rewards, maybe take a look at these cards and say, yo, which ones actually rose after the supply today? Because that means that they have hype. People wanna use them and people wanna try them. So that means they have a very high probability of rising again after rewards today. So watch out for these cards to get very low during weekly rewards. If you want any of them for your team, this is the time where you can cash, you can go splash the cash for them. The only two that I'd be very careful with would be Bruno Fernandez and Zlatan Ibrahimovic. Those are the only two that I'd be very careful with because there still is technically a guaranteed winter refresh player, SBC in the code. There is a pack that will give out a guaranteed winter refresh player and that pack code is in. We saw it last night. I looked at it on the video last night. It was all over Twitter. That's a pack that could very well come out still and that could drop these cards prices even more. Bruno Fernandez is definitely gonna be one who rises out of packs. From whatever he drops to when he goes out, he is going to rise because this card has a lot of hype. He's Manchester United, big time transfer, really solid card in game. Haven't played it to myself, but he looks really good. 98 stamina is nuts. Good decent agility, decent balance. I was looking at the vision and crossing first, at first, but he's got pace. He's got really good passing. Looks like a really solid center attacking mid in the prem, four star, four star, high high, even like a box to box center mid. So I'm definitely, if I could get my hands on this card to try it out, I might have to do that. But if you want either of these guys for your team, we're talking Zlatan or we're talking Bruno Fernandez. I would be very, very careful just because I do think there's a possibility if an SBC does come out that gives out a guaranteed winter refresh player, these guys will drop a lot. Zlatan fluctuates like crazy. Anyway, Footbin right now is saying 936, he's 980. That's a crazy fluctuation for Zlatan, which I also think this card is still very overpriced considering his screen card is kind of similar to this, minus for like a pace boost, I think, and some other boosts. But the boosts aren't that big and the screen card's 100K. So honestly, I really think this card's price is up because of the links. Now he actually has decent links being with Milan. So that helps him a lot. Erickson as well, I guess, if you're looking to get this guy for your team. My brother, my counterpart, my twin, Christian Erickson. If you do see him at like 175,000 coins, what did his graph look like today? Let me check out Erickson's graph for you guys really quick. He's 200K right now, he's 188 on the Xbox. What did he hit today? He was 240 this morning, he was 196, 177. So he really hasn't moved much. But if you see this drop, another 20, 20, 25,000 coins on either console and you do want it for the team, that would probably be a buy for me. Of course, these cards are not live items. Please remember that. These cards are not live items in the game. They're not gonna get upgraded. They have a permanent upgrade with their permanent whatever is going on. So just so that you know, those are not live items in this game right now. So I wanted to point that out. That was basically all the content that we got today, boys. We got an updated Trossard objective as well. So that was a bit of a rip. Unless you are grinding this Premier League player Trossard, you'll get yourself an 87 rated version of him. Where's that right there? 87 rated Trossard. It looks like a nice card, but just too much grinding in my opinion to attain those cards. It's just not fun to have to grind this much to attain a card of that level. It's yes, it's a good card, but the grind is just not worth it. You can go out and buy Leroy Sane for 40,000 coins and he'll be just as good in my opinion as that Trossard. So one other thing I wanna point out is I saw this on Twitter. Shout out to UniqueRiggers on Twitter, on the Twitter, whatever you call it, for tweeting this out. I guess EA updated some informs today. So they updated Thurum's inform. Obviously this was an 81 rated card, I think. Let's actually go check this out really quick because I think this was an 81 rated card before he got an update. Yes, Footbin hasn't even updated his card yet. So he got the upgrade to an 80 rated gold and they upgraded his inform from an 81 to an 84. So you can see he got plus one pace. He got plus three shooting. He got a plus one physical, plus two passing. So again, just kind of an okay upgrade, but it makes him an 84 rated inform. So I guess on the market, I don't know what his price would be, but this could be a possible investment opportunity if he has not been adjusted in price yet for being hit this rating. How much is Thurum's inform? He is currently 17,000 coins. That's definitely not cheap for an 84 rated inform, but it's a pretty rare. It's from an earlier on team of the week, was it like team of the week three or something? Does it say in the game here? Team of the week, team of the week. Now it doesn't say, but anyways, this is from a pretty early on team of the week. So if you see him at like maybe 14, 15K, that would not be a bad inform to club stock for future SBCs, just cause he's gonna be a rare inform on this game. But again, if you have weak and weak rewards today, good luck if you're interested in looking at any of these winter refresh cards and possibly buying them after today. During weekly rewards, I think is your time, if you wanna invest in some of these, will I be buying any? Maybe one or two. If I buy any, it's probably gonna be this Schultz card. I might try to snag him, club stock him. If there's any others that really interest me, it would probably be Cornette, Ake, Areola and Van Anholtz, maybe Mateus Cunha as well. Just because I think it's really interesting to me that this guy has maintained such a high price so far. If we can look at this really quick at the end of the video today, Mateus Cunha has really maintained a pretty high price. He's right around 200,000 coins for a Brazilian striker in the Bundesliga, which you know, this card is solid, right? This is a pretty solid card, but he's four star, four star, medium, medium. I don't feel like he's really amazing though. He's good, but he's not really amazing. So maybe I'm missing something here with this card, but I think it's just the lack of the Brazilians in the Bundesliga for linkage. That this card is just a cool card as well. And he's got the League SBC card that has been hyped up his name for a while this year. So maybe that's why you're seeing this card's price inflated a little bit. But again, if you want anybody from this team of winter refresh cards, make sure you keep your eyes out for them during Weekend League Rewards today. Again, good luck. I said that like three times, ready with GLs if you're opening those. And yeah, we will have to see what this new promo is in the next few days. It's always interesting to me when they dropped these loading screens so early. Like today they dropped it on Wednesday. I really think they dropped it because they put it out on accident. I don't think this loading screen was actually supposed to come today, but it was somehow it got on Twitter. People saw it and they put it into the game too early for some reason. And I just think that right now where we see this, we're gonna get that promo this weekend. And you know what? EA maybe leaked it a little bit early, but whatever, this winter refresh promo has been pretty dead anyway, to be honest. So whatever happens, happens. And we'll be looking out for that new promo on Friday. If it is Footplayer Days, GGs, if it's something totally new, then that's fine with me as well. So we'll see what comes this Friday in terms of the new promo on foot. Every single Friday, man, a new promo. That's the EA way, boys. It's the EA way. If you enjoyed this video, smash the thumbs up on it. Comment down below if you have any questions and subscribe to the channel. If you're new, it's been Nate the Foot Accountant. Catch you guys later. Peace out.


Hello, everyone. Welcome to this evening's talk hosted by Center for Iranian Studies, although we exist under the umbrella of SOAS Middle East Institute. But as this talk was very much focused on Iran and several anniversaries have come together, we decided to have an extra session in addition to our Tuesday evening lectures to have this talk tonight. So we're gradually waiting for all our participants to join us. I see the numbers increasing, but I might as well start the formal beginning of the evening by welcoming you from wherever you are. I hope you are safe and well. It's a rather lovely Thursday evening in London. I'm absolutely delighted. It's not only an institutional pleasure, it's a personal privilege to be able to welcome Professor Raul Makhosh to a lecture at SOAS. Any one of you who have ever looked up a reference about modern history of Iran, not just Iran, actually Middle East, but certainly about the reigns of the Ayatollahs, about work on the Pahlavi and Raja, you would have used one of the many sources authored by Professor Makhosh. There is so much to tell the resume is quite long, but Professor Makhosh, I feel that he almost belongs to UK a little bit because of completing, certainly, his doctoral thesis at University of Oxford, but of course the undergraduate and graduate studies in a postgraduate was at University of Harvard. Professor Makhosh has the advantage of not only being an academic, but also of being a journalist. So having written for Iranian newspapers, but also for the financial times, for the times, and that certainly comes across in his writing, not only is solid and laden with academic weight, but it's very readable. So everyone enjoys that. I was thinking earlier, this term around February, we always look for anniversaries or occasions to gear talks around that. And of course, double blessing is when a book has also been published. So that really is the cherry on the cake. And of course, we know that we have just had the birthday of Reza Shah that a few days ago, I think 15th of March, that has just passed. But also this year is the centenary, the hundred years since the coup that began the path of Reza Khan to becoming the monarch. And I thought, well, these are perfect occasions. And then, of course, to really make it fantastic. Here, I have the book for you. The recent, the latest publication by Professor Makhosh entitled The Fall of Reza Shah. So, you know, I was so delighted. I'd rather very nervously wrote to Professor Makhosh saying, would you consider joining us to give a talk? And I was delighted when you so graciously accepted. So welcome, Professor Makhosh, to the virtual School of Oriental and African Studies University of London. Are you well? How is life in the United States? Well, it's fine as we all are living under the shadow of the coronavirus. But otherwise, we've adjusted. And we're having, unlike London, a rather gray cold day here. We've changed weather. Yes. Absolutely. So if I think quite a majority of our participants have signed up have arrived. And I think we do need to start so I invite you all, and of course, invite Professor Makhosh to present the talk this evening, which with the title of Life and Death of a King in Exile, the final years of Reza Shah Pahlavi, founder of modern Iran. So it's all at your hand. The stage is yours or the screen is yours, Professor Makhosh. Thank you, Professor Makhosh. As we know, Reza Shah seized power in Iran in 1921. And for the next 20 years, he dominated it. And with the help of very capable advisors, he transformed and modernized it. His reign, his considerable achievements, and also his failures have been written about extensively in books and in articles. My focus, I hope covering new ground, is on the events and circumstances that in 1941 brought about an abrupt end to his reign. And results and resulted in his involuntary abdication and exile, his life in exile, and his always tense and prickly relations with the British in this period, who had in whose hands he had fallen. When World War II broke out, Reza Shah declared Iran's neutrality. He wanted to protect Iran against the ravages of the war. Iran also had important trade relations with belligerence on both sides of the conflict, important to his ambitious economic and industrial programs. Britain was crucial to the operations of Iran's oil industry, the main source of Iran's foreign exchange revenues. Germany was deeply involved in Iran's industrialization. The Soviet Union provided the overland route through which much of the trade between Iran and Europe passed. Yet in August 1941, the Soviet Union and Britain invaded Iran and occupied it. The stated reason was the threats to allied interests posed by the large German presence in Iran. And the British feared that these Germans would constitute a fifth column, would attempt to establish a pro-German government in Tehran, or would engage in sabotage of oil installations and vital communications networks. But there was a second weightier and unstated reason. Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of Russia in July 1941, meant access to the overland route from the Persian Gulf across Iran to supply a Russia hard press by Hitler's armies had become crucial to the war effort of the Allies. But use of this route was of course incompatible with Iranian neutrality, hence the invasion. And having occupied Iran and needing full control of Iran's railways, roads, ports, airports and communication systems, and anticipating that Reza Shah might not, might resist or even obstruct full cooperation with the Allies, the British next engineered Reza Shah's abdication. They did so in a number of ways. The foreign secretary, Anthony Eden, authorized the BBC in its Persian language broadcasts to launch an intensive multi-day critique of Reza Shah's government for jailings and executions, for manipulating elections and controlling the press for amassing personal wealth at public expense and much more. Broadcasts that made clear to Reza Shah himself and his cabinet that the British did not want him on the throne. Also, directly and indirectly, the British ambassador in Tehran, Sir Reeder Bullard, made clear to the Iranian prime minister as and foreign minister that the succession of Reza Shah's eldest son, Muhammad Reza to the throne was itself a risk. If Reza Shah did not immediately abdicate, transfer all his wealth to the state for public welfare and leave Iran taking all his other sons with him. The British even briefly toyed with the improbable idea of returning the former dynasty, the Qajars, whom Reza Shah had overthrown to the throne. Eden, in addition, knew with near certainty that Reza Shah, fearing the Russians would arrest him if they occupied the capital which the Allies had so far refrained from doing. On September 16, Russian and British forces marched into the capital and occupied it and Reza Shah, as foreseen, abdicated and prepared to go into exile. Having abdicated, Reza Shah anticipated or was under the impression that he would be free to choose his own place of exile and the women in the family had settled on Argentina, a country with which they had no familiarity, but which they thought would be suitable due to its climate and its distance from the theaters of war. The British, however, had no intention of allowing Reza Shah to settle in South America or in any neutral country where they believed he might engage in intrigue, become a focus of Nazi propaganda and intrigue, and the focus of unwelcome media attention. They wanted him firmly in British hands, somewhere in the British Empire. They initially decided on India, but the viceroy, Lord Lineth Kao, was unwilling to allow Reza Shah to set foot in India, much less to settle there. After a hasty search for an alternative, the British settled on the island of Mauritius. It was sufficiently remote and isolated and the governor, Sir Bede Clifford, agreed to host Reza Shah. Reza Shah himself, however, was not told that rather than South America, Mauritius would be his destination until he was aboard a British ship, the SS Bandra, at the Indian port of Bombay. Feeling betrayed, he responded with anger and fired off letters to British officials, but the reality was he was helpless to do anything about it and he yielded to the inevitable. By now, the fearsome formidable ruler whose ferocious temper could leave his ministers quaking with fear had grown decidedly less imperious. His country had been invaded and occupied.  As he made his way across Iran and into exile, his daughters saw before them a stooped, suddenly aged man. He was no longer given to his ferocious fits of temper. For the first time in anyone's memory, he complained that he was tired. For the first time, members of the family saw tears in his eyes. He grew dismissive of the trappings of royalty that once had surrounded him. Bring it down, he said when he saw his picture in the office of the director of customs at the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas. There's no need for my picture anymore. To a former minister who came to see him on official business but feared incurring his anger, he said, don't be afraid. I don't count for anything anymore. Listening on Tehran radio to the attacks on him by newly emboldened, parliamentary deputies, he remarked bitterly, I quote, no sooner I set foot outside Tehran than the same persons who always praised and were sycophantic about my work and my actions are now singing a different tune. By the time Riza Shah and his family boarded the SS Bandra, the royal party was large. There was Riza Shah and his wife, her half-sister and lady-in-waiting, six sons, three daughters, his private secretary, his son-in-law, a cook and a number of servants. Before he abdicated and as the British insisted before he had turned all his property to his son for use in the public welfare, Riza Shah had been a very wealthy man. He had amassed a great deal of land not by the most commendable means and owned by some estimates 2,000 villages or parts of villages across Iran. In his bank account there was at the 1941 exchange rate 10 million pounds in his bank account. Now he was going into exile with a party of 19 with no money of his own. I haven't a penny to my name, he said. Where am I to go with this hoard? Eventually his money problems in exile were resolved by a regular transfers from his son, the ruling Shah. In exile in Mauritius Riza Shah was no longer a free man. The British, of course, determined his place of exile and the conditions of this exile also the degree of freedom they were willing to allow him and his family. They censored his mayor. They decided if members of his family from Iran could visit him and they and if any any members of his party in Mauritius wish to leave the island to return to Iran or travel elsewhere, British permission was required. The foreign office had issued guidelines to the governor of Mauritius that although modified from time to time governed the British handling of Riza Shah until his death in 1944. Clifford was told that there was no intention of treating Riza Shah as a prisoner. On the contrary, every effort should be made to make his stay as comfortable as possible. Clifford was told and I quote, It is only proposed that a discrete that a discrete surveillance should be exercised so that the extra should not feel slighted. However, in the event the extra or his family should attempt to cause political or other trouble in the colony. You have full discretion to restrict their freedom of movement by any means. Once in Mauritius, Riza Shah was beyond the reach of German or enemy agents, but British officials with no reason as it turned out continued to be concerned that he would cause them trouble. For example, on the eve of Riza Shah's arrival in Mauritius, an official of the colonial office observed that there were on the island 40 to 50,000 Muslims among whom Riza Shah might attempt to make trouble with perhaps assistance of the Pro-Vichy element among the Franco Mauritius. In that event, the official added, the governor might find it necessary to take firm action. All these concerns proved groundless. Riza Shah displayed no interest in engaging in intrigue or causing trouble among the Muslim community or connecting with the Pro-Vichy element among the Franco Mauritius. He disapproved of members of his family, the adults as well as the children of even mixing with the Europeans on the island. All he wanted was to be left alone. In his seven months on the island, he left his home and his compound only twice. He restricted himself with walking in its gardens. Mauritius, with its public parks, its green spaces, its abundance of flowers and mild, if very rainy climate, was hardly an unattractive place. Governor Clifford went out of his way to make Riza Shah feel welcome. He appointed a very capable research physicist to serve Riza Shah's aid and to see to his needs. The house that the governor's aids had found for Riza Shah was a fine three-story residence in a large garden in one of the best districts of Port Louis, the Mauritian capital. Clifford selected the best French cooks on the island to staff the house. His wife, Alice Clifford, furnished it with furniture she had found French empire for her. She had found in the Port Louis Museum. The furniture had belonged to Napoleon's general, Charles de Caen, when the French were in control of the island. She was particularly proud of a magnificent four poster bread she decorated with a royal crown to her disappointment. Riza Shah refused the bed and he slept, as was his habit, on a rug on the floor. Riza Shah intensely disliked Mauritius. The wet, damp climate did not suit him. He felt he was a captive on an island surrounded by water. He yearned, he said, for the cool, bracing climate of his mountainous country. He complained that he slept badly at night. Visibly despondent, he avoided contact with anyone outside his immediate family. When Governor Clifford, a tea with Riza Shah after he had been settled, asked him if he was comfortable, if all his needs were being met, Riza Shah replied, what shall I say? We are prisoners. We are used to great open spaces and the mountains.  Once he abdicated and while still on Iranian soil, Riza Shah abandoned the military uniform. He almost always wore for civilian clothes. He hated wearing suits, but for some reason he decided that no longer Shah or commander in chief, he did not deserve military dress. His son-in-law in Mauritius, to ease his discomfort, pointed out that Napoleon had continued to wear a military uniform even in exile on the island of St Helena, but to no avail. As was his lifetime habit, he established for himself a routine to which he strictly adhered down to the time of day. He had his first cigarette, he had his morning and afternoon tea, and he had his meals. As was normal for him, he rose early, usually at 5 a.m. and had his breakfast alone. After breakfast, he walked for two hours. After lunch with the family, he walked again and he walked again in the evening. To Clifford and his staff, this penchant for walking seemed what they called vigorous exercise and excessive. To underline that he was a prisoner and despite pleading by members of his family that he joined them for an outing to a movie or somewhere else, he refused.  The only one of two times he ventured out of his home was to attend a formal black tie dinner given by Governor Clifford to mark the signing of the tripartite agreement between Iran, Britain, and the Soviet Union to regularize the presence of the allies in Iran. Even then, he did not join his family for the entire evening. Only after dinner was concluded, his son-in-law picked him up. He found Reza Shah sitting on his bed, partially and uncomfortably dressed in the black tie suit that had been sewn for him by Indian tailors when at the port in Bombay. He had his bow tie in his hands. He said to his son-in-law, God grant me death. What is this harness I must wear around my neck? From the moment he arrived in Mauritius, Reza Shah pressed to go elsewhere. To Canada, to America, to South Africa, to Argentina. Again and again, he mentioned relocation to his aid, Tonkin. He asked Clifford to raise the matter with his government, pointing out that at no time during the war had he acted against British interests. He was concerned only to adhere to strict neutrality. Had the British being open with him about the requirements, he said he would have been ready to negotiate. He asked his son, the ruling Shah, to raise the matter of relocation with the British ambassador in Tehran as the son did repeatedly. The British were not sympathetic. A move involved considerable cost, extensive arrangements, finding transport for a large family in a time of war, and securing the agreement of officials in another part of the empire to accept Reza Shah. As one official at the Foreign Office put it, we are under no obligation, moral or contractual in this matter. I do not see that we have anything to gain from moving him. However, there were other considerations. Governor Clifford was concerned that Reza Shah might grow more despondent and that his health might deteriorate if he were kept on the island against his will. The Shah in Tehran was present in his father's case and the allies required his cooperation. The tripartite treaty intended to put the presence of British and Soviet troops on Iranian soil on a more friendly and formal footing was under negotiation and yet to be signed and the negotiations proved difficult. Eden eventually relented and agreed to allow Reza Shah to relocate to Canada as he wished once the tripartite treaty was signed and the treaty was signed in January 1942. Reza Shah was finally able to leave Mauritius. The plan was for him to go by sea from Mauritius to Durban in South Africa and there to transfer to a larger ocean going vessel for the voyage to Canada. However, once in Durban in South Africa, Reza Shah took a liking to South Africa. He decided he did not want to risk the ocean voyage at a time of war and did not want to go to Canada at all. He asked to stay in South Africa and Jan Smuts, the South African Prime Minister, agreed, allowed Reza Shah to reside in Johannesburg and to be treated moreover as a distinguished visitor.  Reza Shah felt far more content in Johannesburg than he had been in Mauritius. The climate suited him well and was closer to the Iranian uplands which he loved. In Mauritius he took his long walks in the city streets themselves. As always, he was attentive to everything he saw. At 65, Reza Shah had left Iran only twice. The first time as Prime Minister in 1924, he paid a very brief pilgrimage to the holy places in neighboring Iraq. As Shah visited Turkey as a guest of President Anzaturk, he had never seen for himself a modern European country, the kind of country he hoped Iran would become. Now he was struck to see European-style cities in Africa. He was impressed by the multi-story buildings, the orderliness of people getting on and off trains and going about their business. He was particularly struck by the large presence of women in the public space, dressed as he put it in men's clothes and driving taxis and even trucks. He was surprised to learn that the grocer and the washerwoman who came to his house were driving their own cars. The isolation he felt in Mauritius was also relieved by his ability to receive visitors from Iran. In June 1942, he received a confidant of his son, the ruling Shah, with letters and a photograph recording. Remember those? A photograph recording of greetings from father, from son to father. In April of the following year, 1943, his second eldest daughter, Princess Ashraf, came to spend six weeks with her father. Reza Shah is always hungry for news from Iran. He eagerly read the letters and newspapers she brought with her and bombarded her, bombarded her with questions about her son. He continued the ritual he had begun in Mauritius of listening every evening to the Persian radio broadcasts of the BBC and the Berlin radio and when it could be accessed, Tehran radio as well. When Reza Shah took up residence in Maurit in Johannesburg, British officials were concerned that the South African color bar would prove problematic or lead to embarrassing moments. As W.H. Young at the Foreign Office observed, the ex-Shah and his family are bound to have uncomfortable moments. Unfortunately, they are a rather dark-skinned family and tanking the aid who accompanied Reza Shah from Mauritius to Johannesburg added, the whole problem, the whole situation is further complicated in that they look on themselves as being completely and wholly white. As it turned out, these fears were not borne out. No incidents involving members of the royal family and the color bar were reported by British officials and members of the family in interviews conducted some years after these events recalled no unpleasant color bar-related experiences during the family's South African stay. The older boys seemed to have encountered no problems in enjoying what entertainment Johannesburg had to offer or to engage in what tanking called their amorous adventures. Another source of concern was that Reza Shah's five sons were not getting a proper education. The Shah in Tehran was unhappy to hear that his brothers' only amusements were cinemas and cabarets and that they were neglecting their studies. The boys did have some tutoring in Johannesburg, but it was spotty. The attempts mostly to know their to arrange for a proper education for the boys involved in time, officials in London and Johannesburg, the Royal Court in Tehran, the Iranian ambassadors in Cairo, the Iranian and British ambassadors in Cairo, and even the director of the British Council based in London. These efforts I mentioned because they serve as a kind of a mirror to the dislocation, the loss of moorings, the royal family experience in exile. The three oldest boys at around 18, 19, and 20 when in Johannesburg were already beyond school age. Reza Shah thought of sending them to Tehran, but the British ambassador thought this a bad idea. He cabled the foreign office that they would not complete their education, they would either away their time and get into bad habits, and he added the Shah agreed with him. The two younger boys aged 16 and 17 could not attend the local schools. Their level of education was low, they lacked the necessary language skills, and the color bar presented another problem. Over the next, the whole next year and longer, different proposals were considered and for one reason or another dropped. In the end, the two younger boys were sent to Iran, and the three older ones remained with their father in Johannesburg. Although members of the royal family were much freer in Johannesburg than they had been in Mauritius, British oversight remained, including censorship of letters and restrictions regarding visitors and travel. The application of these restrictions was common. For example, in 1943, the foreign secretary, Eden, directed that Reza Shah should not be allowed to receive any further visits from members of his family. By early 1944, Reza Shah himself had been noticeably growing more reclusive. His private secretary, Ali Izadi, noted that he avoided people had grown attuned to being by himself and rarely ventured down from his room before noon. He always ate his meals in his room alone. The advent of Noruz, the Iranian New Year, which coincides with the spring equinox on which Iranian families traditionally celebrate together as a moment of rebirth of hope and of high expectations, was always the most difficult time of the year for Reza Shah. Marking Noruz in March 1944, Reza Shah seemed to his private secretary, Izadi, more crest falling than usual. To his daughter Shams in Iran, he wrote, my health is not bad, but as to my state of mind, it is better not to speak. Repeatedly, he asked to be permitted to relocate to a place still in the British Empire, but nearer home where members of his family could more easily visit him. He told his sons in March 1944, he hoped this would be the last year of his life. British officials were unmoved. If Reza Shah were relocated nearer to Iran, they observed. This would suggest that British were planning to bring Reza Shah back to Iran, and this would have a disturbing political effect in Iran itself. And Bullard, the British ambassador into Iran, noted, as you know, we are anxious that he should remain as far away as possible from Persia. As a result, Tom King was instructed to inform Reza Shah that he must stay in Johannesburg for the present and for the duration of the war. Tom King did so and reported to his superiors, quote, he took it well, but said that as soon as the war in Europe was over, he was leaving even if on foot. I told him, Tom King added, I should be delighted to walk with him. By June 1944, Reza Shah's physical condition too had visibly deteriorated. And he had grown much weaker. He complained that he felt unwell, but as usual, he refused medication or medical attention. He was now taking his daily walk in his own room. And his private secretary, Izadi, noticed one morning that even this brief pacing was difficult for him. He suffered a heart attack before dawn on the morning of June 25, but attended by a team of physicians he seemed to recover. The arrival of his daughter, Princess Shams, in mid-July boosted his spirits. On the evening of July 25, with Shams there, he chatted and engaged in the banter he sometimes used with his staff. But the recovery proved brief. Early on the morning of July 26, Izadi, the private secretary, was awakened by loud knocking on his bedroom door. It was Reza Shah's servant Mahmood. Reza Shah won't wake up, he said. Izadi dressed and hurried to Reza Shah's side. He appeared to Izadi to be sleeping. Izadi later recalled the look on his face was peaceful. There was no sign of death on it. His hand was still warm to Izadi's touch. How is your Excellency's health? He asked. His master did not respond. Reza Shah had passed away. His long, unhappy exile had ended. Thank you. Thank you very much, Professor Bakhosh. It's really, I was thinking that, you know, reading your book, which have not got to the end because I only having ordered the copy a while ago, a few days ago. First of all, it's a page-turner, and I say that as a compliment. That it's really, in part, it's like a John Le Carrin novel that is intriguing and it is full of such amazing details. The minutiae of, like I said, the frogs are singing away in Mauritius, annoying him and all that. There are several questions coming through and can I invite our audience to please type your questions in the chat. And I wanted before I turn to the questions. This is such a painstakingly thorough research for these details. Were they, did you interview descendants perhaps of some of the retinue there, as well as the, you know, the documented material? You depict the image of this broken man and his, you know, desolate state in some way so clearly that it's almost as if it's like a documentary as if there is a camera on the wall watching him. No, I didn't really get a chance to interview anyone, but the documents speak for themselves, really. And the members of his family in years later did conduct interviews for a couple of projects here in the United States and so I had those records as well. Well, I think fantastic. Well, I'll pose my own questions and if I turn to our audience, so there are a couple of comments perhaps as well as questions by Dr. Baroy Yazdi, who says that listening to and reading about an interview that Professor Ann Lampton had given to Professor Abbas Milani. And in that she is supposed to have said that resorcio at the time when he left Iran had no money in any British bank and the idea that he had any was simply propaganda against him conducted by the BBC Persian radio. Would you like to comment on that? Yes, I think that's exactly the case that it was wrongly at bank accounts abroad, but he himself said to an aid that he had no money, except the money he had in Iranian banks, which was considerable, and none abroad. And in fact, because the, in fact, I came across a comment which is in the book that at some stage foreign office officials remarked that these rumors of his external bank accounts had served their purpose and really we should drop them, they've become an embarrassment. And but because this was picked up by the newly emboldened Iranian parliament, the government after his departure asked British embassies abroad to inquire about whether resorcio bank accounts abroad and none were discovered. It goes without saying that our audience are writing in to thank you for such a fantastic talk. I mean that really does not read repeating. Another question is regarding that the contacts that resorcio had you mentioned, for example, Princess Ashraf coming and bringing some letters and newspapers and the recordings of his son. But the question is that was he in touch with any of the notable former military commanders or political figures or any clerics that were left in Iran any evidence of communications with them? No, and of course clerics I would doubt it as Ashraf broke the power of the clergy in Iran. First of all, as I said, there was this strong British control over whom we saw, who we heard from, the mail was censored and in fact I came across records of the letters in the British archives, the letters that had been censored. The British were very concerned that no note of discontent with conditions, particularly in Mauritius, reached the royal court in Tehran. So any letter that complained about conditions was censored and the royal family itself commented afterwards they felt unfree to speak their real minds in their letters to Tehran. And the daughters that you mentioned, Ashraf and Ashraf, they went back and forth between Tehran and South Africa or no, they were in a third country doubt but I'm not clear. No, the Princess Shamps, the second eldest daughter and her husband, Feridun Jam, accompanied Reza Shah to Mauritius in exile but then she later tired of it and went back home and then visited him on one occasion. And Princess Ashraf resided once and stayed with him. Shamps came back when Reza Shah was already ill and there was concern about that and although, as I mentioned, Eden had instructed that no more visitors from Iran be allowed, they made an exception in this case because he was ill. Because I understand. A question, Professor Bahoshtad, with all this that you have laid out and followed on by the 1953 coup, this is a question that you might anticipate which I'm going to ask. Do you not think it is correct and fair that Iranians are paranoid and believe in conspiracy theorists?  Yes, I mean, there is this very conspiratorial set of mind among Iranians about the British who are still regarded as behind everything. After all, there was, first of all, a belief that the British actually brought Reza Shah to the throne. Then, of course, they overthrew him. They saved Mohammad Reza Shah's crown for him in 1953. You know, during the Iranian Revolution, as these demonstrations were taking place, these huge demonstrations, Reza Shah himself told Anthony Parsons, the British ambassador, we, meaning we Iranians, say you lift Amrullah's beard and there will be a British flag underneath. Yes. Now on to combining two more personal questions, querying. One is, could you speak a bit about the father and son relationship during exile, if you have any insights on that? And another is, could you describe, you know, the picture of Reza Shah's wife who accompanied him in exile? As to son and father and son, I really came across no correspondence between them, which is very surprising. Although, well, he did, I suppose. Yes, he did. I'm sorry. He did receive letters, but they were very general. And he wrote his son usually concerned about Iran or instructions about how to, how to, you know, what things to do. Yes. Nothing very revealing, I would say, usual. As to, you asked, I'm sorry, the second part of your question was corresponding. The wife and his wife. Any documents about her life in exile, Reza Shah's wife? Not about her life in exile, but she did go home. Yeah. And then, and then from Iran, continued to ply Reza Shah with letters complaining she didn't have money. Okay, so there is, there aren't many observations by the hosts or the British of her demeanor or her person for that. Very good question and surprise. I would say not surprising, you know, but not.  Of course, it's not surprising. Two other questions is, so one is, you mentioned that obviously, Brits were not keen on Argentina. They wanted him on there where they could reach him. Therefore, why did they not send him to Canada and why South Africa? Originally, I mean, perhaps, you know, why would they not, if he wasn't keen on Mauritius and perhaps on Argentina and why, why was he not sent to Canada? Well, I can only tell you that when, when the viceroy in India refused to have him, the search for an alternate was really frantic. I mean, they even considered Kenya to say shells. I forget, but it's in my book, but a number of places they wrote to asking whether they would take him. But curiously enough, Canada wasn't one of them. But when Reza Shah then was so eager to leave, the Canadian government was consulted and permission the Canadian government agreed to receive him. And interesting enough, the, what the Canadian government was told was almost exactly what the, what the government in Mauritius was told, that nothing more is required than discrete surveillance. Of course, you will censor their letters. Additionally, we will bear the cost the Canadian government should not. But that was only when, you know, after Reza Shah, it was one of the countries he wanted to go to and, and after they decided to allow him to move. Yeah. And then a question from Dr. Kavan Musavi that in the course of such detailed research, what, what did your research influence your own assessment of Reza Shah compared to what image you might have had before? And do you view him a little more sympathetically? You know, I always, I think like most of us had mixed feelings about him. And clearly, he was extraordinarily capable. He inherited or took over, I should say, an Iran that was financially very weak, unable to control his own borders, unable to control the tribes, a political class that didn't seem to be able to accomplish anything. A country in which the great powers interfered. And he built it into something. So certainly, I was admiring for that. I also believed, and I still do, that he when he left, he didn't leave behind the kind he left behind a very strong states. And really, the institutions of that state survived today under the Islamic Republic. But he didn't leave behind institutions that might have led, as they did in, in other Turks, Turkey, to democratic institutions, a stronger parliament, a press free to speak out habit of mind among officials of being independent, instead of being sycophantic. So I was always critical of him for that and remains so to this day. But I did, I must say, come out of the research, yes, more sympathetic, particularly to his trials in exile, and also more appreciative of a man who, after all, came out of a village at very little education himself. And it is astonishing that he absorbed, he somehow managed to absorb all these modern ideas about reform, about schools and education, about the quote liberation on quote of women and so forth and so on, which is really when you think about surprising that how did this man with his very limited kind of contacts and world buy into the ideas of the reformers and the modernists. Yeah, for that. I know that, you know, the answer is in your book, but I am going to ask that a question about the account of Resosha's journey through Iran, obviously going towards India and then exile. Are there many accounts of his stay in Esfahan and Kerman on the way to Bandar Abbas, as you mentioned? Are there any records of how he might have been received and encounters with the local dignitaries, his treatment by them? Yes, I do describe these in my book. As I say in my book, this was hardly the typical royal progress. It was very hurried. Resosha sent his family ahead. He followed himself later with only a chauffeur driving him. His car broke down. His son-in-law saw him. They switched to another car emerging out of a battered car with just his briefcase in his hand. So and then, you know, some of the people who hosted him left memoirs. So we do. And on this trip out of Iran, he did reminisce some about what he had done as king for the country. He also was capable of a bit of humor. For example, it just so happened, I forget in which of the cities in which he stayed on is way out of Iran, that the several of the people who came to see him were limping. And he said, all our affairs are limping. And he said to his host, I believe in Isfahan, given his own penchant while king for taking other people's land. He joked with his host, I didn't know you had such a fine house. I'd have told them to take it from you. So there are accounts, very nice accounts, which I reflect in my book. Yes. So a question that comes from that you mentioned that the Vice-Roy of India would not let him in. Why? The question is why? Well, as I mentioned in the talk, he was concerned that the presence of a Muslim king who the British had deposed or forced out of his country would allow the Muslim leadership with the Muslim community in India, particularly Jinnah, to take advantage of this to make trouble for the British in India. That's very clear. Another question says that why the British thought that they could not work with Reza Shah left as a ruler of a neutral country? Would Reza have countenance a reduced wartime role for himself in Iran? And why was working with his son thought any less likely to lead to complications? And should the son reach out to Germany? Why did they think that the son would be different and not the father? I think it's a very good question and it puzzles myself. It just so happened that immediately after I graduated from college in the United States, I spent a year at Oxford and Sir Rita Bullard gave a lecture and I asked him two questions there, which I couldn't use because they weren't documented, but I asked him whether Hadreza Shah, as the British insisted, expelled a very large number of Germans from Iran would they still have invaded? He said, yes, we had to have an overland route. And I asked him whether they'd ever asked or put this to Reza Shah, told him about their needs and seen his reaction and he said no. So and I don't know why they did not do it. Perhaps they thought he wouldn't agree. Perhaps they thought the Germans would learn about it. I have no idea, but they did. They never put to Reza Shah their wartime needs and saw what his reaction would be. As to the concern about the German presidents, well, they really were deeply involved in Iran. They were the principal source of machinery for their factories and plants. They were involved in their railways. They were involved in communications. So the fear that they would cause trouble for Britain if they were so deeply involved in government affairs was, I think, not itself misplaced. But the rather common belief that Reza Shah himself was pro-German in that sense, pro Hitler, pro Nazi, there's no evidence for it whatsoever in the archives and Bullard himself in one of his dispatchers said that even as he was complaining about the German presence said that were Reza Shah free to speak openly, his sympathies would be with us. So he realized that too. And I don't think Reza Shah really ever fully grasped the kind of regime Hitler had established in Germany and the atrocities that he was committing. He simply was not knowledgeable about them. No, that is really, I'm conscious of time marching on and I thought take advantage of having the mic myself and I'm sure I'll find the answer when I get to the end of the book. And Russians were happy with this. There was never a competition that let us have him and exile him to where we would like to. You mean they were happy with the Brits sort of or perhaps they thought you can have the trouble.  You know, I had no access to this. I had no access to the Soviet archive, but there was never any, there was no expression in the British archives of Russian discontent with arrangements. I don't know, they sort of assumed that that's the British would take him into exile. They had enough on their own place, I think with this thing. Well, Professor Bachos, this really, I could have another hour easily. And I can't wait. I tell you, I keep thinking, I mustn't get into the book. I have essays to mark, I have classes to organize. And I'm really looking forward and I recommend to our audience. It is, you know, we're so close to this period of history and yet so uninformed about such details. And it is a very good read. I hope you don't mind me saying that, Professor Bachos. I'm very pleased to hear you say that. It's wonderful. And so it remains for me to thank you very much for taking the time to deliver this talk for us. And of course, on behalf of all our audience and on behalf of Center for Iranian Studies, I wish you a very happy new rules, which we're only about a day and, you know, six or seven hours away. And we very much hope that you will return and talk to us. There is such a wealth of knowledge and such clear analysis that I have several questions from our postgraduate students who, you know, really thank you very much for this fascinating eye-opening talk, as well as depicting such a personal picture of a man who we only recognize as a formidable, you know, frightening man. So thank you so much. And thank you so much to a wonderful audience, to staying with us. We wish you all a very nice new century, a new and a happy Easter. And all our druid audience, if they're amongst you, because at Stonehenge, they will be celebrating the passage of the Earth through vernal equinox. So all in all a very auspicious time. Thank you so much, Professor Bach. Thank you for inviting me. It's my pleasure and our good night to all. Shabetun bekhil, asretun bekhil, for you is in the afternoon, so we'll let you perhaps have time for a late lunch. Okay. Thank you, Aki. Thank you, Aki.