akudz became up bubbling it one in the morning as always it is a pleasure being with you now this particular conversation continues right here on y24 if it all you're just joining us my name is Ron Magoo co welcome this is youth and politics today we have a conversation about the reopening of universities and in regards to this what are the measures that we have in place especially when it comes to the security of our students now that you're going back to kuskul? Do you feel like there are some things that you need, that need to be addressed, especially by the universities or by government, make sure that you give us your take in regards to this as we continue with this conversation. I am joined by David Waipa. He is the president of the Catholic University of Kenya, who is next to Mikarubzana David. He was with me from the beginning joining me again in this particular conversation. It's a pleasure, my brother. And to my extreme left, representing Cliff O'Ketch, Onyango Cliff, I'm a Samahawesi Kuja. I'm a Goma Namimi. Tutadil nae. That's on a light note. That is representing Cliff O'Ketch, Onyango taking his position. I am with Brian Kotieno. He is the acting secretary general at the student association of the technical university of Kenya. That's right. And also the sports secretary. Exactly. We went on a break about what was it about? It was about Man City Manu. What is your take in regards to that particular story? Man City Manu apatukuna Liverpool. They had a match on Sunday. Yes. But Liverpool apparently backed off. So apparently you are the great Manchester United. The great Manchester United. We pay the support of Manchester United. I made a mistake of getting two manufans for the same set. As always is why in the morning at Ram Aguco and at Y254 channel, give us your take in regards to the conversation that we will have this particular morning. But now before we start that, Y254 is celebrating its fourth anniversary. And as why in the morning right here we would like to appreciate our viewers for being part of the Y254 family. Thank you very much for being with us. Y254 times 4. And as always we do not take you for granted. So what we want to do is we are giving away the gift vouchers. We are giving away prizes for you, for being a loyal viewer. Now the question is, what do you need to do for you to get to win these prizes? Very simple. All you have to do on this particular show, why in the morning? We would like to ask you to just name the presenters that are on this show. What are the presenters? Give us the names of all presenters, all of them, all presenters of why in the morning. The hashtag is one in the morning on Twitter. Head over to Facebook on our Facebook page, Y254. Drop in your comments there. Drop the more you keep commenting, the higher your chances of winning. 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Thank you very much for making Y254 the best youth station internationally, if not locally. Y254, imagine. As always, thank you so much. Well, keep testing and keep tweeting. Hashtag, why in the morning? At Ramaguko, head over to Facebook, Y254 channel. And at the end of this show, I shall be head over to Facebook to see. Ni nani ame tuma mesejes apu ifi, nani ame komenta apu. Just say, tuma magina. Maa presenters on yun najora in the morning. Alafu tutaweza kukupati zuma gift ampas. Water bottles, bags, t-shirts, airtime. All this just for you, for being our loyal viewer. Y254 turns four. Let's move on to the conversation of the day. It's a celebration. Thank you. It is you guys that make Y254 to become what it is. Thank you. Kombrans. Universities are now opening. And it is a time when things are different considering the COVID-19 pandemic. Let me start with you, Brian. The pandemic has struck us. But are the universities prepared to receive their students? The universities are ultimately prepared to receive the students. The only challenge that might be there, I think, is when it comes to adhering to the COVID-19 rules, when it comes to accommodating students in class, wherever places they are supposed to be residing in or sleeping, the social distancing rules might be a challenge. But apparently to some extent I might blame our government because this is a pandemic that started, I think, a year ago, two years ago roughly one and a half years ago. We were talking about March last year. March last year, it's COVID-19 and the country is excited sometime in November and December. So apparently a lot of infrastructure was to be placed or to be put in place because students resumed. As you speak, I think, let me say, I think 10% of the universities have placed measures in terms of accommodating students. But one thing I must commend the universities is the fact that... Not to microphone? One thing I must commend the universities. Most universities have tried to implement online learning where students can learn from home or wherever places they are staying at. So for that, I must commend and also trying to subsidize. The government trying to subsidize the air time for students to make sure that they can attend online classes. That only can give a month. We are prepared in that, but when it comes to accommodating our students in places of residence, places of class where they can learn, I think we are still behind. Should we have any set of priorities when it comes to these universities being reopened? Since we are seeing students coming in in numbers, initially we had students going for online classes. Should we fully go back to the normal interpersonal learning and what priority should we put in place right now, online or interpersonal? Waipa? I think first of all you asked a question of preparation. I think we have to say that yes, we are prepared as a university, as a student's body. And I know even from the administrative side, they are very ready to receive the student's back because they have laid foundation, I think implementation of the MI protocols and adherence, that is no longer a problem as it is now. And again you have asked whether we should resume our physical learning and fully or we should remain online. The priority? The priority, I think one thing that has been put in place is robust investments on online learning, especially on my university and that is Catholic University of Western Africa. I engage my brother, he also told me that that is something that they have now, operational and it is very active. So I think there is no time and the thinking of that we should now resume physical learning in totality should not be there, it should be another. I think moving forward what we should put or what we should have as a priority or what we should have as a model of learning is the blended mode. What we have got both online and on site. Students, I think we should now ensure that we invest fully in this and that the university is now up to wake up to this call and to ensure that there is that investment that is an answer that is put into place to ensure that the online learning continues and at the same time we have got the on site classes ongoing. I think because you know this is something that was never anticipated and it came into place and you know it really affected us and now moving forward we should live with that, we should be ready for anything because we do not know what will happen tomorrow. We should put this into place and it is one thing that we should always maintain. The beauty of this is we have in this conversation with student leaders, that's the beauty of this. We have in this conversation with student leaders, people who are on the ground and are taking the center stage, you are at the forefront when it comes to handling your fellow colleagues or comrades. How is it in your school particularly?  How interrupted has this been? Are we expecting to see graduations being postponed? Are we expecting to see people retaking some of their causes? How has it been for your universities? So personally from Tuka, I don't know what you have said. You've asked I think two questions, how has it been? I think there are courses that cannot be taught online when it comes to medicine, when it comes to technical courses, engineering because these ones are hands-on, skilled courses, you have to do them practically. Actually majority of courses at Tuk are practical courses. So we try just as you said, blended. So we don't allow students to come in influx like once. What we do, we can say that the time tab has been made in a manam whereby we can say 30 years can have lessons in the morning up to afternoon. They leave the institution, 40 years can come in in the afternoon up to some time in the evening. So it's more of interactive but the only thing is that we are trying to avoid the crowding part of students interacting closely. So we create more space by allowing students to come as per their level of education. Graduation cannot be postponed. Last year we did online graduation. So what the university did, the only audience that were allowed were the administration, the council and the people, the academia, the all academia, maybe with the student representation. Then thereafter the graduands will follow the graduation online. My issue is particularly before I come to Kwaia, graduation can't be postponed. You can just do it online. But considering the fact that some courses need you to be physically present and you can't be physically present, for the past few months people were told to go online should come that affects someone's progress in school. When necessity requires that you have to attend a practical or a class practically, it has to be postponed to a time whereby it is safe for you to come because this is a process you have to undergo and you have to be refined so that when you graduate you have to be a product that is refined. So if it is not possible for you to attend it practically at that moment then it has to be postponed. So you guys postponed most of your classes? We did postpone so what we did being that we could not postpone further the courses that would be done online so that at least the population or the space more spaces would be available for those practical courses to be done in the institution to avoid close contact. Let me come to Kwaia. How was it in Kwaia? In Kwaia, one thing that I have to say that in Kwaia it is a little bit advanced because since then in Memorial we had this online system of learning. So it is something that had been operational even before the COVID-19 came into place. So we have never ever had a situation where our progression in as far as our academic life is concerned is altered or is amped or jeopardized in a way. What we do is just a paradigm shift and an automatic shift. So immediately the onsite learning is affected we resume the online learning automatically. It is seamless. So that is one thing that we always have and it is very proactive and it is very operational. It has never had issues. So I think for us progression has never been altered. Last year our students graduated in totality. They were not affected by the disease, they were not affected by the pandemic but I think one thing that they had issues with you know now if you are used into physical classes then you are again put into an online mode of learning it has to wrap some minor issues which we were able to beat before graduation. So for us our students were never affected at all cost. So they graduated in totality most of them graduated no not most, the vast majority of them graduated and even he is talking about some classes not being possibly the possibility of having some classes online not being inevitable. So for us I think one thing that we have always tried and tested and it has been vindicated that it is possible that it is this for us I think even the practical classes we have got tutorials we have got all the required necessities that actually support that so for us everything runs as it should, as a capacity and I think that is what should transcend all this university should wake up to that because I was surprised the other day when my colleague from another university and a very great university within our land asking on how online learning is conducted and you know that was very sudden but I think all the vice chancellor should wake up to this and they should do serious investment not just investment but serious investment in as far as online learning and requirement is concerned. I love to interject So you know we have the just like private sector and public sector so we have private universities and public universities public universities are governed by government policies and you know how government policies at times can be so tiresome you chair something resources and everything sort of that I think today's paper there is the UON account and KU accounts have been freeze for purposes of not remitting taxes so you find that we have financial challenges every good thing requires finances and you also know that if you need something nice we love to have money so that I will have to defend the public universities because for kwa is a private and took is public because so when it comes to such kind of policies where we have advanced online learning public institutions have to blend in because public institutions accommodate people from different walks someone from Turkana who has never even interacted with a smartphone when it comes to the institution this is the first time maybe the school might say that you have to have a laptop so you have to learn as compared to a private institution where if you go there you have to go based on your pocket so we have to do some element of learning we have to do sensitization when it comes to teaching our students on how to use some gadgets softwares and finally also I know you might find this absurd but you know public institutions have some very old professors who even if some they had to be taught on how to use how to teach at the online platforms for us as a community and you know they had to be taught for them also to come and use it on us so the students are to be taught at the same time the lecturers also are to be taught because due to their position in life due to their position in life apparently Ramad think you know universities are governed by the policies from the commission of university education and the CLE the commission of legal education as well so I think a certified university should not again say that you know a public university even as he is talking about them lackings of patience, funding and funds from the government and so that actually impas their activities big time and I don't think that is true even as a you know even the private universities like for instance the Catholic University of East Africa entered a pact with the government and so as we speakers at now even private universities enroll government sponsor the students now this is a question are you saying that functionalities between public and private universities are similar I don't mean that I know that there are a lot of variance and differences between a private enterprise and a public enterprise so there are very there are some quite differences but as far as the academic process and planning is concerned and the policies that govern them then there are no differences even for us even as we speak we also have got veterans we have also professors who are aged enough but I think did they know how to use the gadgets and the platforms by the virtue of the fact that you know I told you that since time in memorial we have got we have had that system from that time a long time and so that is something that they really understand on how it works means they were taken through a process and thought so anyway I would like to emphasize on one thing we are part of management the student union we attend senate meetings and apparently we know how university runs you know for you to come up with a policy in a government institution or to sit down come up with a budget and send it to the ministry and for the ministry to approve and disband funds I know how hectic that process might be a private entity can wake up today and decide that we want to do one, two, three things therefore we love to add a small penny on the student's fee so they are not entitled to public scrutiny as compared to public institutions but anyway we are still lagging behind in when it comes to online learning to give a credit is we have to commend that where we are now we've tried to blend in and actually it is working and I think 80% of public institutions just as I said there are courses that you can't do online when it comes to practicals you have the machines there you have interact, let's say when it's engineering we have laboratories that have machines you have to be shown this button is for this and it's for this so you can't bank on tutorials so for purposes of being more advanced we encourage that practicals ought to be done in our institutions do you have classes that require someone to be there physically or courses or units do you have units that require someone to be there physically at Kwa units that are similar those are science courses science exactly our institution also offer science courses we have computer science we have health sciences like nothing even the government has been considerate you remember in the second closure they exempted some courses that they understand that it is quite problem studying while at home so I think even the government from their side are very very skeptical and they understand this scenario better so for us also on that even there are courses in as much as we have you that in totality there is no possibility of studying these courses because you have to interact with the machines, interact with the gadgets but let's be also very honest with ourselves there is a possibility and once we tap into the leeways there is a practicality and there is a possibility that these courses can as well be studied online let us not be hopeless here let us not be pessimistic let us not only let us not argue that it is in totality not possible to study all the courses in the entirety online there is a possibility and there is a leeway let us just be you know one thing that we also have to understand is that the practical classes like they say they should be treated as a special needs and when time calls us at now you need to always develop strategy and mechanism of ensuring that there is nothing that is always altered and that is one thing that we have also put in all these courses there is no way that you can say based on what you are saying there is no way that someone can say that it is impossible in totality it is actually let me just emphasize I think I will take 30 seconds I will give an example now it is shown you have a boyang jet engine for aeronautical engineers there is also an option of trying to go online and to see the tutorials from the and I can interact I am interacting with that engine practically because it is in our institution so I go and I am being shown the hydraulics part of it and everything and I see it and interact with it as compared to I follow it through a YouTube channel and see it who is going to be more competent when it comes to learning, learning is diverse you have to have more confidence handling it you can take a driving lesson online you can do it practically but when you interact with the car practically you have confidence I want us to take a short break this thing is hard I really wonder how universities are going to cope considering that now we are reopening are you confident in the fact that now we are going back to our universities now we are well prepared we are well equipped our university is able to accept their students in considering COVID protocols social distancing, sanitizing how are we going to work during this whole time in the universities I am with student leaders let's take a short break but keep the conversation going the hashtag is one in the morning we will be back after this break why 254 thank you very much for keeping it why in the morning as always we value your feedback the hashtag is why in the morning keep casting keep tweeting just as a reminder why 254 is turning 4 make sure that you engage with us we would like to appreciate you for being a loyal viewer we are giving away gifts, hamburgs ons, t-shirts, pens air time wath 2, 5, 4, family, on all you have to do to win all this gift vouchers, is just tell us names of why in the morning presenters right now. Meshu that you head over to Facebook and Twitter, why 2, 5, 4 is where you can find us. Drop in your comments and you'll guess to that, who are the presenters of why in the morning? Answer, 1, 2, 3, 4. Can I give you number one, Rama Guko? Give you number two, three, four. As many as you can. Presenters of why in the morning. Meshu that you do that on Facebook and on Twitter. The more you comment, the higher your chances of winning this gift vouchers. Why 2, 5, 4? Turns four. Let's move on to the next, to the very last conversation. Remember if you're joining us, you're just in time for the next part of our conversation. I am with the youth leaders here, David Waipa, who is the president of Kuaia. I am with Brian, who is the Brian Kotieno, who is the acting secretary general at the Technical University of Kenya. It's all about reopening of schools. Are we ready? Let me come to you, David. How comfortable are you at a time like this when it comes to student learning? Particularly, let me draw your attention to the fact that students are different when it comes to their ability to acquire some of these materials of learning, especially when it comes to online learning, because some cannot afford. I'm looking at the government initiatives that have been put in place to ensure comfortability for students so that they can be able to go online and attend their classes. At a time like this, how far have we come in ensuring comfortability for student learning? Thank you so much, Ram. I think I would start by expressing my sincere gratitude to the president of this great republic. We are in France again according to an opportunity to resume physical schools. Just like I told you earlier, I still maintain my position that this university should not go back to in totality to physical learning. We should ensure that we embrace not online but a blended both. So one thing that you have talked about, you have asked about the disadvantages. You know some of the students who understand we don't come from similar backgrounds. So there are always some limitations. There are always some disadvantages that certain group of students encounter, especially as far as the online learning is concerned, where you need some materials that might not be affordable to all of us. For instance, the laptop, the ability to afford data bundles each and every time, it is always a difficult thing for the students. It is always tough for the students. So one thing that I would like to give, one thing that I would like to beseech our government to do to us and I would like the ambassador, the PS for the high institution of learning and the state department ambassador, to ensure that just like we agreed last time because we already got a consultative meeting or consultative forum between the students body, diversity management and the help department and they really agreed that they are going to give their support and to offer their support as far as the online learning is concerned. We agreed, we offered a request to them and they said yes to the request. So they packed that we signed with the Elbs that they were to facilitate the online learning through the provision of laptops. So there are laptops that they are going to provide the students with and I think it was a project that was supposed to commence from next year. So I think this is one thing that we should again rethink and relook into it so that the government should ensure that it does not wait until that time of next year. It is something that they should come out and roll out as early as at now. There should be one thing that just before I conclude is that the government should foster partnership program with network service providers like we have got the Fibre, we have got Kennet, we have got Telkom, we have got SafariKom home so that it is always subsidized, they always offer subsidized bundles for the students and the government must also ensure that the students are always fully equipped with the funding from Elb, it should always be spronto and the students should always not go penniless because it is a time that calls for financial efficiency. So I think that is from the government side that is what they should do and from the students side we should always offer a good will. The apati that was sometimes seen there in the back should always be ignored. I think it is a time that we should go fully into the online learning and let us embrace it and with the opportunity that we have to get back to classes please let us adhere to the protocols that are put in place by the MO. Okay, for me, is there anything that the government has done for the continuing students to make sure that their learning is smooth? No, there is nothing. No. Entially. Entially and is there anything that the government is going to do for those who are going to join universities in future, probably next year. But they felt consultative meetings. I will specify. The government was to sponsor students. Elb allocation was to be increased and laptop allocations were also to be given but for the continuing students the institution is the same. For the continuing students the institution is the same. Is it true? It's the same. Because the only thing we can talk about is we would like to appreciate the private sector. We would like to appreciate the private sector. I'm told that your mic is causing an issue so just hold the top of the mic there. So I would like to appreciate the private sector. Institutions like Safaricom and other telco companies who have decided to subsidize data bundles for students. We need to be very specific on this because we are here to represent but not to lie to ourselves. Is there anything that the government wants to have done? Yes. Thing like giving students the government would have allocated certain funds so that our telco companies will allocate students by virtue of a registration number allocated in the institution for us to be given here. Nothing has been done other than data being given by the private sector. So we need to call as paid as paid. And laptops? Laptops have not been... there is no institution or there is no... the government has not issued any laptop to any continuing student. No allocation like that. The institution is still the same as it was for the continuing students and I'm very specific on this. And the forum that student leaders had with the PS was that this was a future thing. This was something that was to be planned and was to be given but not necessarily now. For now our students are really suffering. And if there's a plea or if there's any way that an initiative can come up or the government can come up with an initiative to cushion students on the same I think we'll really be grateful. So you're dismissing his allegations about... I'm not dismissing but this is my point of view. It is outright that he is dismissing whatever I was trying to put forward. But I think we also have to be... we just have to be honest with ourselves. The scenario at hand it is something that was never anticipated. It is something that nobody envisaged. So even these initiatives that we are talking about these programs that we are talking about they are occasioned by what has transpired and what has been caused by the COVID-19 and what I think I should tell you this students are always offered money by L but we always insist that they have to we always have to insist and that is our position as a representative they have to increase their location because the economy continues to be tightened. So one thing that they have always done is to provide money to students but students have always not had it as a priority until now to purchase things like laptop and these things that they gadget the support online learning. So it is again a question of ourselves as students that once we are provided with this money let us have our priorities right. Let us also be honest with the government for once. Let us have our priorities right once offered that money by the government. In the past they have been offering just money it was through help. They have been offering us loans but it is a point where they have again seen it that maybe we don't actually spend the money in things that are support the academic process like purchase of laptops and some other things and this is one thing that you know. So that is the reason as to why they have come up with this they have initiated this creative program of offering laptops now directly they are giving us the material before they were giving us cash to go purchase laptops but as now they have thought it wise because maybe I don't know the interrogation that they have done and now they are offering us laptop besides the money. I would like to be particular in this question what have you received exactly? Let him before I come to you. I am a beneficiary of help I have received a loan of 45,000 in an academic year. You received help using myself as a case study What other materials have you been able to receive? Help has never been giving any material or any stuff. You mentioned laptops. That is an initiative that pass want to our conversation that we had with them. That is a project that program that we insisted that they have to roll out. For the data we have been doing partnership with the Kenet and they have been offering subsidies for the government that is the reason why I offered proposal to the government to now engage the network service providers within their capacity because we know that they have bought and higher authority. Before we conclude on this we were talking about 19 times I have been receiving help That is by virtue that I went into our university I wouldn't say that is an achievement that the government has done because it is something I received before even corona came and it is still constant. The question was is there any cushion that you have received from the government not really all we have done is consultative meetings What do you think because you have heard consultative meetings these meetings aren't geared towards a particular solution They are geared towards a particular solution which ought to have been helping us during these times not necessarily in the future and the solution that I would try to suggest was immediately this pandemic came the government ought to have tried and help by location would have been done immediately not necessarily having meetings and consultative meetings to co-attention because you know how our leaders are and possibly we will be leaders in future and we have to talk about these issues because I am talking about a student we interact trust me the only thing that I can say that institutions have done within ourselves is maybe boost our internet connectivity and that I don't think there is anything we are seeing so far What would be your message to your students those that you lead who are watching you from home now that people are going back to school because I want us to bring this to a close now This is my message to our students The student bodies in collaboration with administrative institutions within our universities I have tried to come up with all the students can be accommodated in our institutions Don't feel ashamed to come out and talk about whatever thing you are going through we are here to help each other As per the technical university of Kenya we are fully prepared there was a senate meeting just before the president announced the measures exams were done very well and our institutions is prepared to receive students whatever they are and Karibuni what are you doing David your word as a president of the choir to your students those who are watching you Mine is to support the administrative role and the objective and obligation because I think what my brother is doing and you know that is his responsibility as a student leader to invite students back to school Mine is just to back because for me my institution has done it they always act very swiftly immediately the government communicated it was done and now we have got the strategy now we are going to get back but one thing that I have to encourage them to do is to understand that COVID-19 is still here with us and we should actually because now that it has been reopened it is an individual's responsibility for him or herself the students come back to school get back to classes and we promise you that the online mode of learning and the onsite mode of learning is going to be a blend we are not going to run away from online now because the government has suffered which we need to get back to classes we are going to continue and perpetuate the online learning as we will continue to perpetuate the side of the onsite learning and Brian because of the interest of time that's the point where I would like to end this particular conversation I would like to have you guys again next time to Guzie what do students feel about BBI we are waiting for that in our affect idea student leaders you support BBI? for me I support BBI because it's only a full who doesn't accept change my position on BBI BBI for me let us see now there is a conantram in BBI and if it continues even as the assurance and the support that we have promised we are going to withdraw it you are going to withdraw it as students body because of the conantram but we are seeing from the county assembly general we shall have this conversation on BBI but thank you very much I was with Brad Cotino from Tekon University of Kenya I was with David Waipa from Catholic University of Eastern Africa thank you very much everyone for joining us from home the hashtag as always is one in the morning keep participating keep committing now remember as said earlier on Y254 is turning 4 and as we celebrate our anniversary we would like to appreciate you our loyal viewer make sure that you give us information in regards to what you feel about Y254 how far we are celebrating you now for you to be part for you to be part of this celebration all you have to do is engage with us we have posed a question on our social media handles make sure that you head over to Facebook and comment there drop a comment to twitter for one in the morning who are the presenters of Y in the morning give us the names of the presenters that we have on this particular program why in the morning what are who are the presenters of Y in the morning what are their names 1 2 3 4 5 keep commenting there as an imagina tell us who they are by name and the more you comment the higher chances of winning branded water bottles t-shirts air times bags all in store for you Y254 is turning 4 and for being our loyal viewer we have these gifts just for you so keep texting and keep tweeting we are taking a short break we will be back in the


Hello again. So today I'm going to tell you about one of my favorite books. Well of course this theme is favorite books. But this was one that was a book that I came across after I did my Pomecox design course in 1996. And I took it with me. It was only about four books I took with me to the place where I spent a year on the side of a mountain in Ireland. Very very basic with water from a spring, grew our own vegetables and so on. And this was really where I learned how to put the Pomecox I've been learning on the design course into practice. And so this was the biggest book that I took with me and it's called Very Catchingly. Designing and Maintaining Your Edible Landscape Naturally. Which I suppose is basically what it is. It's all about. And this is an American book by a chap called Robert Couric who'd also written a book about lavender. It's very interesting. And this is another of those books. For me this is as a gardener. Somebody who loves to grow food and garden. There's a lot of good technical information in here. Again you can see it's quite a chunky book. It's not a hard back. Which usually for me is a bit problematic when books get to this big. But I've never particularly noticed a problem with this one. Because often if you open a soft back book of this size at any kind of size and then you page often you'll find that pages start flopping back over again. It gets very annoying. But this book doesn't seem to have that problem.  You probably tell by now I like pictures. It has to be a really good book for me to be able to cope with there being no pictures in it. Because for me pictures tell so much. Explain so much that otherwise save a lot of words. So we have things like the rooting depths of plants. Relationships. Particularly what's going on above the soil in relation to what's below the soil. We often see this but we don't know too much about what's going on below. And later on Robert actually wrote a book called Roots Demystified to really get into the fine detail of what's going on below the soil. This is a thinner book. This is the book that inspired me initially. I still think it's a fantastic book. It came out in about 1988. Here we are look lots more pictures of roots. This was the work of an academic that Corey could come across. This chap had basically spent pretty much his whole academic life excavating the root systems of plants like an archaeologist would very carefully and mapping them. And so we've got all of these different maps of different plants and where they root and how they sit in relation to each other within the soil. And that's very useful when you're putting things together that you're trying to avoid competing with each other. So lots of data on plant varieties and so on. This of course is an American book. North American book. But a lot of this does translate very well over to Northern Europe and Britain. Many of these things are familiar to us already. More roots and yet more roots. But what's particularly interesting for me is Couric provides what he calls the golden rules of edible landscaping. And for those of us who've learnt permaculture, many of these are actually rather familiar. And I feel that what happened was the permaculture came out about the same time as this book emerged. And people, particularly in the States, United States, basically looked upon these principles and said, hang on a sec. That's permaculture. So I particularly like enjoy your landscape. If it's just drudgery, you're doing something wrong. But there are some that are really clearly obviously things that we might see in permaculture start ever so small, which relates to start small and work out from well managed areas. Be lazy. Let nature work for you. That's work with nature or everything gardens. Turn limitations into virtues. The problem is the solution and so on. So there's essentially this is whilst it's a book that's very much focused on food growing and your local you know your garden or your local landscape. And the details of that is very much a permaculture book to relate to the garden. And for me, has yes, some excellent tables of indicator plants. Skip past. Here we go. Soil indicators plants that tell you what kind of soil conditions you have if you find quite a lot of these plants. So useful information to know. Yes, for me, a definite a book to definitely have in your library. If you're any kind of a gardener or interest permaculture. And so this is now, whilst this is the old metamorphic press American version, this is now also available in Britain from permanent publications. So if you live in Britain, it's much easier to get hold of now than used to be.


in the name of the law we bring you another of the thrilling stories in this exciting series taken from actual police case file our story begins on a course creek it is early morning in Sam well Isaac Walton never heard of you all well I don't see that you're such a hot-fishing money there Joe well I cast forward didn't I they crawled up your line that's why who is that so besides I can cast forward in you how much is it so much but you're too fit so I can cast this line forward in any way stop talking so much and let's see you do it okay wise guy you just working here I'm watching you but you'll beat you by 50 feet at least you beat me by talking you mean well he wants this I'm watching hey how's that Joe hope you notice that every inch of the lines up yeah oh what's this I'll show you some real casting I will I still say that Isaac Walton never heard of you let's try it again for another two bits okay hey what's the matter I think I cut something oh you couldn't catch cold I'm kidding I got a wife look at my line pull it in then for the love of life line it up fast there you look like a big one too a wine to stop talking so much here it comes oh boy Sam what that ain't a fish that's a dog or something oh you're nuts oh it ain't a fish I'll tell you look at what can it be it it's up and wrapped up in a bag it looks like yeah here let's pull it up all right what do you think it is Joe I don't know but I'm gonna open it hey give me your knife where you're here look it's come on let's go in start the motor for you hey what can you tell us chief you wouldn't publish what I can tell you ah that that chief don't lose your temper reporters got to live too you know I wonder oh when chief McDonald gets sarcastic the case is tough right chief I have nothing to say who is she chief who is who the girl you found her rather the girl those boys found what's her name where does she live what do you know about it nothing to say now go on feed it how do you spell that name chief why you who you like okay thanks boy that only got 12 shots for the first page chief McDonald's Bretton's lousy reporter anything else you'd like to say chief come on have a heart give will you that punk got a picture at least what do I got you got more one nerve and less brains than anybody I know Daston take it easy chief this is an undertaking I'm sorry John newspaper reporters get my Irish up every time the economy keep asking me questions before I even get on the case what's up come with me chief prepare for a shock under that sheet gosh this is terrible uh who is she well we don't know yet chief did all of us found yeah upper torso that's all we're having the river dredge for the rest of her body hmm looks young doesn't she sure does not bad looking either who found her two lands well fishing question them yeah they look okay to me practically frighten them out of their wishes a matter of fact hmm did you check her description with the missing persons division that's being done now too chief well then there isn't much I can do until no not yet it's been reported however I figured there was no hurry about it certainly no doubt she's been murdered you find part of a woman's body and you decide it's murder he would be a great detective yet Gaston figure not a thing like that all by yourself I'll go I'll skip it when you get all the dope reported headquarters we gotta solve this case Gaston looks like we're going to be up against someone who's plenty tough and cold-blooded oh here comes Roberts and John well we've got the other half of your human jigsaw puzzle Gaston yeah look I'll put it up on the table boy find if I take a shot of that key for incarnation that you get in here I just followed those two is that so what go on get out well let's have a look at what's in the bundle will you get out I say death yes but this guy out before I lose my time come on outside now let's get one shot you'll get a poke if you don't beat it come on now get out knock cut the bag Robert what's that the same kind of brick what do you mean the same kind the other bundle there were two bricks in that too hmm it looks like a same guy to me chief no doubt of it cover it up what's the matter chief yeah that's that's a horrible sight yeah I'm going back to headquarters Gaston you follow as soon as you're through examining everything yeah bring Roberts and Jones with you we're going to need plenty of help on this case or I don't know my murder yes and Gaston yeah have the car and the look things over right away I want to know what he thinks right see you later hey chief you know who she is no okay okay don't lose your temper it ain't becoming chief and it ain't becoming for you to be bothering me before I start working on this murder when I have a statement the press has given you now you're talking chief I'll be seeing you thanks sit down Gaston you too Roberts now what did you find since I saw you well we checked over the missing persons file and well we found one girl who seems to tell in every way names millman maybel millman who filed a report a friend girl named Martha Henning did she identify the body we're going to an outpour I expect him back any minute body's still at the undertake us oh it's downstairs in the mall how about the coroner did he make his report yeah here's a copy of it let's have a look at it hmm no gun wounds no knife wounds raisins none wasn't shot stabbed or hit just cut up hey what's that way chief what's up jones maybel millman yeah what else do you know nothing I didn't ask her anything miss Henning sit here would it please I'm chief mcdonnell chief Gaston detective Roberts how do you do maybel millman was a dear friend of yours aim what do you know about her disappearance nothing you reported her disappearance to headquarters didn't you yes but it's all a mystery to me I don't know who could have done a thing like that oh come come come now miss Henning you must control yourself keep your chin up tell us all you know and we'll try to avenge this crime but I tell you I don't know anything about it well you know who are friends where don't you yes and give us those names please well they were stew Blake and words he left what they do he's an engineer lives in rosedale I don't know the address we'll find it who else you want girls too or only men everybody Hazel Colby she lived on east avenue I'm Ruth Baker I think she lives at the hotel brown then there's just a minute please miss Henning I'm trying to write these things down Ruth Brown Hotel Baker no the other way around Ruth Baker Hotel Brown oh yeah sorry go on please who else Johnny Boland I don't know where he lives but he's on the baseball team Detroit oh I've heard of him he was a friend there who else Greg Smith he met Mabel in college let me think now oh that's all I can think of at the moment no that's enough to start with miss Henning but if you recall any more names uh let us know meet it will yes of course that all you want to know what else can you tell us miss Henning anything at all about miss millman did anyone ever threaten her was anyone in love with her Mabel never told me those things but you were a friend weren't you yes but but she was very close mouth how did you meet her the room to the same house I did have we that address I have all that dope chief all right then it can go now miss Henning we'll be able to get in touch with you if we need you what do you mean you're not planning to leave town or move by it oh I understand now I haven't done anything so there's no reason for me to run away thank you goodbye miss Henning goodbye well what do you think boys I think she's okay that's so do I how about you chief I don't know well we gotta get started now Gaston yeah you get the names of miss millman's friends that's right I want you uh Jones and Roberts to interview every one of those people get all the dope you can yes and we'll meet here tomorrow say 10 o'clock in the meantime I have a few things to take care of maybe there'll be a way for time and maybe they won't yes well well what are you guys waiting for uh come on man let's go the miss Colby yes I miss Colby my name is Jones detective Jones I'd like to speak to you about one of your friend the miss maybel millman oh my god how are you miss millman is dead miss Colby miss millman my god my god good heavens how did it happen she was killed yes I thought maybe you knew something about her that might help us solve this she was murdered yes do you know of anyone who might have threatened her perhaps no indeed maybe I was such a sweet girl I don't know why I never wanted oh that's terrible when's the last time you saw her miss Colby I doubt I'm up to a half ago I reckon you said she was gone out of town for a while where too did you say no that is I don't remember if she did did she have an argument with anyone uh jilded lover perhaps I don't believe maybe I ever had an argument with anyone uh thank you miss Colby I'll get by it Mr. Blake I'm Detective Roberts I'd like to speak to you about a miss maybel millman you knew it didn't you know I still do what's the trouble you got arrested for speeding no he was murdered not it who in the world would do it but I'm trying to find out Mr. Blake you know who could have done it I know hard to believe that maybel could what about this happen anyway three weeks ago about three weeks ago poor kid I'm sorry Detective Roberts but I don't know a thing that would help you you're an engineer aren't you yes that's right working now oh yeah yes well uh the grogan construction company I've been there for two years what do you do there Mr. Blake construction engineer we're handling that meal job over in Greenville now I see now about miss millman can you think of anything that would help no sir nothing I didn't know it very well you see okay thanks goodbye right hold on Max you want the whole dugout okay okay if it's been able to hit that kid you wouldn't have to crowd in here is that so I don't see that you're leading the league pipe down you guys will you get your watch crapplin in this dugout and you do on a field what's the amount of over you're trained to be a manager this club don't need a manager it needs a keeper you want to know Johnny yeah you're pulling aren't you yeah that's right well I'm Sheriff Gaston I'd like to speak to you for a few minutes after the game what about I'll tell you ladies I'll put the sheriff ain't after you for stealing bases bowling I know what it's all about remember when Johnny got them two hits well they just found out he bribed the pitcher to lay him down the alley for sure that's right how else would he be able to smack two hits in one day one week you mean why don't you guys pipe down you're all as funny as a crutch hey the ball game's over guys Mike just fainted let's go what's on your mind chef well I'm here to find out what you know about me bell millman maybel what about her I don't suppose you tell me bowling I don't get you sure what is all about she was found murder murder well I'll say you don't think I had anything to do with it do you know I didn't say you did bowling I'm trying to get some leads on what do you know about it well I got a letter from her about a month ago if that's any help yeah what you write now nothing much said she was coming to town would I look her up and well I was on the road with a team never had a chance we just got back yesterday well if you got that letter I don't think so I usually throw them away well did you know her bowling just friend I wasn't engaged or anything she was at the date when I got to town nice kid though have you any ideas any information at all about who might have killed her anyone who's jealous perhaps no did you have much money or jewelry not that I know of sure all right bowlin I'm going now but if we need you I'll be back anytime you say show all right men I'm ready to start now so are we chief I've read all your reports everything you found out from Miss millman's friends not much could I'd say let me do the talking now Roberts the three of you a question about eight people of these five can be omitted entirely either didn't know the victim well enough or they weren't in the city at all during the last month and that leaves three people the three I asked you to bring in here Miss Colby Blake and Bola you mean one of them did it what's the matter Jones you running out of patience sorry now in the first place we know that whoever killed the victim did so at the idea committing the so called perfect crime a crime in which there are either no clues no apparent motive or one in which the murderer has a perfect alibi well now let's discuss the people that you've questioned one of the time you Jones spoke to Miss Colby and you learn from her that the victim told her she was going out of town that was a month and a half ago so that we can add one more fact and that is that it is very unlikely that Miss Colby murdered Miss millman she hasn't got the strength to cut her body as we found it so let's go on now to the next person you Roberts spoke to Blake the construction engineer he told you very little about miss millman he didn't know her very well he hadn't seen her in some time therefore no apparent motive remember I said apparently now let's examine further Blake is a construction engineer at the present time supervising the construction of a mill now you don't know this but I visited that mill a few hours ago for a bricks and crescent cement are being used on that job the parts of the victim's body were wrapped in crescent cement bags and weighted with porous bricks what you mean for the love of my chief that means that he means that he's the best suspect we have and I'm going to hold him he's outside now chief I know I ordered him brought here well do you want to grill him now in just a moment there's one other person I've got a disposal Johnny Bowler the ball player now Bowler has a perfect alibi he can prove that he was traveling with the ball club for the last month he could have sneaked away for a few hours couldn't he could have yes but I don't think he did well that means that Blake is the one that might have he's the best we have men now that's all it means go on get him in here I have a reputation for coming to the point not wasting much time you should have been an engineer chief this isn't funny Blake this is serious very serious I'm sorry Blake did you kill Maybel Millman did I say what is this thought you didn't want any wisecrack answer my question Blake and I kill her of course not what would I want to kill her for that's what I want you to tell me I don't get this at all chief are you kidding me or you Blake I'm going to hold you for the murder of Maybel Millman what that's ridiculous you can't do this to me can't I take him down Jones and book him for murder you can't do it I tell you I'm as innocent as you are you've got nothing on me come on please take your hands off me don't touch me say chief I thought you were going to give me a break you said you'd give me the dope on the jigsaw murder well I just saw one of your men dragging that young engineer to the desk what's the charge let's have the story will you charge his murder no kidding and my old man wanted me to be an engineer well what else how'd you get him did he confess come here Miller I want to talk to you alone Justin Roberts yes yeah it was one thing a right thing a suspect and it's going to be much tougher now to prove it yeah that's right but I don't understand what I want both of you to get some rest come back here tonight you mean you want to be alone with that nose to report it aren't you chief come back here tonight looks like the chief bit off morning and chew rubber everyone's raising Mary Keen over the rest of Blake yeah did you see the papers tonight all about how they beat him up and gave him a third degree in all that rock chief can thank Miller for that give that guy a hair and when he gets through writing it up it's a fur rug hello Jones where's the chief downstairs the Blake's doctor lawyer I give me a little once over counting the fractured skulls I guess that's what they get for believing what they're reading the papers yeah we were just saying about the same thing my guess is it's going to be plenty tough to pin a murder charge on that guy when all the gut is a few bricks and two cement bags yeah you're right I don't care what you say now Blake stays in jail and from the grand jury well with the grand jury will never entice him and you know it you have no right to keep that Latin jail besides chief mcdonnell the public is going to know the way you beat him up judge Smith is right chief mcdonnell you had no right to injure Blake that way even if he is a murderer Hacker fridge you should know my reputation now by this time I have no sympathy for any criminal and I don't intend to treat them with kid gloves that boy is suffering from a fractured skull you hear that chief mcdonnell Dr Fritch's diagnosis diagnosis doesn't interest me Blake has a fact that skull will now and all those other things as he mentioned well it's unfortunate Blake kill maybel mill now do you think I'm sorry for him well I'm not I suppose there is something to what he says miss that so well I'm sorry I can't agree with you Dr Fritch good night hmm well no one can accuse him of not being loyal to his client yes indeed sit down Dr Fritch I'd like to ask you a few questions why they're here certainly certainly anything you want to know has Blake really got a fractured skull well that's hard to say without an x-ray I'd say however that he uh complains of symptoms that might be the result of a fractured skull a pain in the head I say you know Blake don't you I met him before professionally that's why I was called to examine him you treated me that the only time you ever saw him why I believe so yes sir I understand he supervised some building that you had done an extension to your office or something like that oh did he and well there were so many mechanics there I wouldn't remember would you remember a porous bricks were used on your job or crescent cement I know I don't believe I would and what makes you ask a question like that same reason I have to ask any suspect Dr Fritch suspect what do you mean sit down doctor you're not leaving this room for some time why this is sit down I say what is the meaning of this keep McDonald have you gone out of your mind no I'm simply trying to solve a murder and what in the world have I got to do with a murder Dr Fritch you have everything in the world to do with this murder you knew maybel millman didn't do I saw once or twice in my office go on what else what do you mean what else I want to know everything the last time you saw what you did now here chief McDonald you have no right to ask me those questions and you know it did you love her lover that's ridiculous Dr Fritch I'm holding you for the murder of maybel millman you're crazy another day you'll be holding everyone in town for that murder everyone in town didn't leave you scalpel in one of the bundles one of your night the one you dissected her body with it's the matter doctor it turned white suddenly water the water I'll get it you feel well enough to talk back I have nothing to say no well then I'll do all the talking I'm going to tell you what happened maybel millman visited your office you fell in love with her you asked her to visit you again she did you made advances to her she spurned them tell me why I don't have to give you any reason I just don't love you that maybel I love you I'm wealthy I can give you anything you want anything why don't you stop that please I love you maybel I want you you laugh at me I don't mean to laugh at you really I don't but this is also silly the whole thing why I'm so young and active and you're much older and more certain I just can't be don't you see that no I love you and love can do everything to everybody stop that you're talking like a trashy I can't help it maybel I don't give up easily I tell you I want you and I'll do anything anything you're here to get you why don't you give me a fair trial see me go out with me now and then then if you don't love me I'll I'll give you up no more I see you're the more difficult stop that final I give me a hand and let's say goodbye like to yes as of course goodbye maybel goodbye you thought you would get away from me did you what you want you want I can't have you no one else will see no one else will I thought she was dead you decided to dispose the body the dead body is a clumsy object difficult to conceal I have what you said I'll cut it into small pieces it'll be easier that way and that's what you did then that night you put the bundles into your car and that's how the perfect crime was committed Dr. Fritch wasn't it I think he's fainted chief take him away any statement for the press chief you hear again Miller I'll be regular will you what kind of a statement do you want what do you think of the verdict Dr. Fritch was found guilty of manslaughter well you can say the chief McDonald thinks he was guilty too of what kind of a statement is that somebody else wants a statement chief and so who we Roberts and Jonesy and I we'd like to know if uh well when you're ready to tell us where you found Dr. Fritch's scalpel and how you know he did it well tell me everything boys when I'm through I'll bet you'll agree that it was all very simple in the first place I knew that Blake was as innocent of that murder as you were you did well and why didn't just a minute yes and I'll come to that when I examined the victim's body I decided on one thing whoever cut her up was an expert a physician that was clue number one now you ask why didn't I arrest her physician and let it go with that well I didn't have enough on him that's why so I decided to make Blake the goat because I knew that Fritch was Blake's as well as the victim's physician now after I arrested Blake I had Miller here fill the papers with news about the terrible beating that Blake got during a third degree and I told Blake that if he wanted to be a free man soon to put on the activist light while he feigned all kinds of symptoms the rest was easy Blake's lawyer intervened what was more natural than that he should bring along Blake's physician and at last I had Fritch here just as I wanted him free from any suspicion whatsoever now here was my idea and you will agree it was pretty simple I suspected Fritch of the murder and I reasoned that a guilty man would be the first to shift that guilt on some other person that's exactly what happened if you remember I argue that it made no difference if Blake was injured he was guilty and I wasn't going to treat any criminal with kid gloves I remember that Fritch if you recall changed his manner immediately it was then that he turned to Smith Blake's lawyer and said something to the effect that I was justified and all that Fritch fell hooked gline and sinker for my little plan and the rest was easy his change in manner clinched my suspicion but we're in the blazes with that scalpel you found up here in my head there was no scalpel and I knew I had him on the ropes and I had to give him my best punch he might have saved his neck if he weren't anxious to pin this murder on Blake exactly well I'll be a boy oh boy what a statement that is thanks chief thanks the withers again when truth and justice triumph in the name of the law


I am Mr. Sarvajne Gandhi, working as assistant professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering from Valshan Institute of Technology, Sallapur. So in this particular session, we are going to continue with rules to construct root locus. At the end of the session, students will be able to understand the rules to construct root locus and analyze the nature of root locus. Rule number 6, breakaway point. Breakaway point is a point on root locus where multiple roots of characteristic equation occur for particular value of k. So we have three general predictions about existence of breakaway point. First, if there are adjacently placed poles on the real axis and the real axis between them is a part of root locus, then minimum one breakaway point exists between the adjacently placed poles. For example, the open loop transfer function given to us is as k divided by s into s plus 1. So from this open loop transfer function, we have two poles which are at 0 and minus 1 respectively and the root locus is going to exist between 0 and minus 1. So from each pole, one branch is going to start, correct? So we have two poles, so two branches are going to start and the note is that the branch approaches towards the point from the poles and that point is called as breakaway point. Second, if there are adjacently placed zeros on the real axis and real axis between them is a part of root locus, then minimum one breakaway point exists between adjacently placed zeros. So for this, we have open loop transfer function as k into s plus 2 into s plus 4 divided by s square into s plus 6. So if we try to plot the roots on the s plane, so we are going to have two roots at origin, one root at minus 2, one root at minus 4 and minus 6 respectively. So if we try to see that there are two adjacently placed zeros at minus 2 and minus 4 and in between that we have root locus. So the minimum one breakaway point is going to exist between them and we have to take a note that branch always moves from the point towards zeros. Third point, if there is a zero on the real axis and to the left of that zero, there is no pole or zero existing on the real axis and complete real axis to the left of this zero is a part of root locus. Then there exists minimum one breakaway point to the left of that zero. For that we have one open loop transfer function given to us as k into s plus 4 divided by s into s plus 2. So if we try to plot it on s plane, so we see that the root locus is going to exist between zero and minus 2 and from minus 4 to infinity. So if we apply this third condition then minimum one breakaway point is going to exist to the left of minus 4. Rule number 7, it tells us the intersection of root locus with imaginary axis. So for that we have four steps. In step number 1, we are going to construct the characteristic equation that is 1 plus g of s into h of s equal to 0 from the open loop transfer function that is given to us. In step number 2, we are going to construct the routes array in terms of k. In step number 3, we are going to determine k marginal value. So in this we have two conditions. If the k marginal value is positive, the root locus is going to have intersection with imaginary axis and we need to find the auxiliary equation for that from the row which is immediately above the term involving k. And second case, if the k marginal is negative, the root locus is not going to have intersection with imaginary axis that implies all the routes are going to lie on the left hand side of the s plane and the system is stable. In step number 4, if the k marginal value is positive and we have found out the auxiliary equation of it, so we are going to equate it to 0 and we are going to find the routes out of it. The routes which are found out of auxiliary equation represents the intersection with imaginary axis. Rule number 8, angle of arrival and angle of departure. Angle of arrival is applicable when the routes are complex conjugate 0s. Angle of departure is applicable when the routes are complex conjugate poles. The open loop transfer function given to us is k into s plus 2 divided by s into s plus 4 into s square plus 2 s plus 2. So if we see the number of 0s present r1 and it is going to lie at minus 2, number of poles are 4 and those are going to lie at 0 minus 4 minus 1 minus j minus 1 plus j. So the 0s are represented by a circle which is at minus 2 and the poles are represented by a cross which is at 0 minus 4 and plus or minus minus 1 plus or minus j. So these are the complex conjugate poles that we have drawn. So angle of departure is applicable when we have complex conjugate poles. We are going to consider this complex conjugate pole as a reference and we are going to join all the routes that are present in this s plane to this particular complex conjugate pole. So we are going to start with minus 4 and we are going to join to this complex conjugate pole with dotted line and similarly continue for the others. Fine. It is pole so it is labeled as p. The count is 1, 2 and 3. This is 0 that is represented by z1. So here in this case we need to measure the angle. In this case we need to measure the angle from the real axis in anticlockwise direction. So for this pole p1 we are going to measure the angle from this real axis up to this point. So that represent phi of p1. Similarly for this point 2 we are going to have a line which is parallel to the real axis and from that we are going to measure angle phi p2. Similarly here we have phi z1 and here we have phi p3. So we are going to use basic trigonometry and from that we can find the value of phi p1 as this is 90, this is 90 plus this theta. So we are going to have 90 plus tan inverse of 1 by 1. So it will be 90 plus 45. So it will be 135 degrees. So for phi p2 directly we can see that angle is 90 so it is 90 degrees. And for phi p3 the angle is tan inverse of tan inverse of 1 by 3. So the angle comes out to be 18.43. So from this we are going to do the summation of phi p that is 135 degrees plus 90 degrees plus 18.43 degrees. So the phi p is going to sum up to 243.43 degrees. Similarly phi of z1 is equal to tan inverse of 1 by 1 so that is 45 degrees. So summation of phi of z is equal to 45 degrees. So phi angle is equal to summation of phi p minus summation of phi z. So we have 243.43 degrees minus 45 degrees. So it is going to come 198.43 degrees. And angle of departure is represented as phi of d that is equal to 180 degrees minus this phi. So it is 180 minus 198.43. So it is coming as minus 18.43 degrees. And that is for a complex conjugate pole minus 1 plus j. So that is represented over here with line and since the angle is negative we are going to measure in clockwise direction so the angle is 18. So somewhere it is going to come over here and we are going to have a line over here representing the angle as minus 18.43 degrees. And for this complex conjugate pole the angle will be same but the sign will change. So here the angle will be plus 18.43 so that is angle of departure. If we have complex conjugate zeros then we are going to have angle of arrival that is phi of a is equal to 180 plus phi. Rest all process is same. These are my references. Thank you.