Here we are live From Los Angeles. It is time once again for John Park's workshop. Thanks everyone for stopping by Here we are we're up and running and With any luck we're running at a higher bit rate With higher frames and pixels and things like that See how that goes. I'm seeing Various stories from the YouTube dashboard including excellent connection followed by no data So I'm gonna let it settle out for a second here and see how we do you let me know over in the chat I see we've got Dave Odessa and Noe and Pedro and Randall bone. Hello. Welcome. Thanks for stopping by and In the chat there are people who are claiming over in Over in our Discord that they're seeing some some choppiness. So yeah, that's now that's now what YouTube is reporting So let's let this settle out for a moment. Let's see because one thing I've experienced is that It either gets weird and then fixes itself or it gets so weird that I've got to Kick it got a hit a button and restart it. So let's Let's see Eric Laird says it's looking good there Mike Oreo is good. That's nice to hear How about sync? Let me let me bring this to the foreground Thanks everyone for helping with with Evaluating the stream quality at the beginning of the show. I know it's become a regular thing and Yes, the bit rate that YouTube is reporting is not horrible. It's saying it's 834 kilobits per second I think I'm broadcasting at 4,000 something like that Little bit of chop. Yeah. All right. Hey BFF Conan exiles Deus astronaut us. Hi. I live in Brazil. Welcome. Welcome from Brazil Nice to have you here and a little behind on the audio. Okay. Yeah when that happens I can't stand at the audio video sync issue. So I'm gonna First thing I'm gonna try is just to pause and restart or stop and restart my stream standby It's not then it'll kick back on in a second.  Certainly says the twitch is choppier than a cooking show on the front on the food network. Hey All right, well, I think I suspect we're good now. So I'm gonna run with this Let me know if we get a real bad sync problem I'm gonna actually kick my bit rate down a bit To see if that helps, but I have updated a bit of server data server choices on Tuesday and again today that seem to be improving the situation so On with the show, huh? by the way, I've had I've been having this conversation with Discord people any throw it up there you wondering where the chat's happening if you're watching from some of the other Places you can head over to Adafruit discord. It's Adafruit i t slash discord you get an instant invite You can jump in and head on over to the live broadcast chat channel, and that's where you'll find Find people hanging out rich sad says good enough your production values are high, but this is good enough All right, fine. We'll live with it It looks like Yeah, the bit rate is is kind of up and down But it's definitely hovering in a decent range right now, so I'm gonna I'm gonna live with that so let's see the next thing I want to do is Mention that we've got an adabox coming up and now we have already Filled all of the spots on this adabox that comes out in October If you head over here, you can see Adabox comm that's where you can sign up and you can sign up for the next one so if you're interested in the December roughly December January time frame one head on over to adabox comm or adafruit comm slash adabox slash adabox not slosh and You can sign up there. You can also Subscribe get someone a gift subscription gift subscription so not just for yourself, but give the gift of adabox and We are as you probably know facing some of the supply chain issues that the rest of the world is so We don't have an exact date of when we'll get to start shipping out all the Thousands of boxes, but we're hoping soon. We're hoping in the next week or two We'll start getting those out there and then we'll have a live unboxing and I'm excited about that I'm getting getting ready doing some pre-recording of some parts of it Getting in the right mental space to do some live Unboxing which is a lot of fun. So if you are a subscriber, I look forward to seeing you And if you're not a subscriber come by anyway, we'll let you know when it's going to happen and it should be a fun time Next thing I'll mention is we've got our jobs board. It's at jobs dot Adafruit comm and It is a free and excellent job board if you head over here. You can see at jobs adafruit comm It's entirely free to post positions that you're looking to fill. It's entirely free to post up your info if you are Looking for a job you can post up your resume there and if you take a look here You'll see we've got some new positions posted as an enrollment director at blue stamp engineering in San Francisco Bay area It's contract position. Oshawa is hiring community coordinator also contract position. There's some remote work available there at Laudable and on and on lots of engineering jobs Computery jobs hands-on jobs modeling CAD things like that. So if you're looking for work It's a it's a good place to go check out and it's entirely free like I said It is at jobs dot Adafruit comm so go check it out Let's see. What else is up? I've got a show on Tuesdays that you may know about it's this thing right here JP's product pick of the week show This is what it looked like this week with my pick of the push-button power switch and If you didn't know during the show, there's always a big discount It was 50% off of the product pick this week. So a good time to Grab something that you're thinking of experimenting with or putting into a project. I really like this one And I want to show you I show usually goes 15 20 minutes. I do some Hands-on demos. I talk about the product I show some videos from the past when the more and Phil first showed the thing off if it's a blast from the past or even if it's a relatively recent product in the store and Then I do a little Recap video a little one-minute recap video that I like to show you now.  You can just have the thing after some task has been completed or after some amount of time The microcontroller can essentially cut its own power, which is pretty cool the push button power breakout switch Yes, Andy Callaway in the chat raises a good point that my Board there that I put the pick of the weeks on is filling up fast. I've got about four spare pegs on there and space for maybe another Six after that, but I'm not sure what I'm gonna do once Once that fills up. Do I start taking some off? Do I add a board? Do I flip it around and put another pegboard on the back? I'm not sure. We'll we'll see but that'll be just a few weeks away. I think this was our 57th or 58th product pick so quite a few that's more than a year. I've been doing one a week So thanks for stopping by for those All right, so next up. I've got one of my favorite parts of this show, which is the circuit python parsec So let's get right to that All right, let me do one little bit of setup here Let's see. I am seeing a funny Result there is that picking the wrong? It is picking the wrong one How is that possible? It's showing It's showing a window that I don't think I even have open. What's happening? Let me let me switch something out here This will surely cause heartache, but hold on. I'm gonna Switch to a different finder window Here if it'll allow me to Stand by yeah, that's it finder window that should be showing that as As a as an icon view and it is not that is the weirdest thing. Oh, there it goes. It fixed itself Very strange. Okay, that's gonna help a lot because Let me grab grab those windows again. So I've got them at the ready. Okay Here we go For the circuit python parsec today I wanted to show how you can set up the boot.py file so that your circuit python device Won't show up as a circuit python drive or in the REPL when you don't want it to So you often want it to you often want a circuit python device like this Qt Pi that I'm using here to show up as a drive so you can drag code onto it and interact with it really easily But sometimes such as the case where you've built yourself a little HID USB number pad like I did here You don't want that showing up as a drive because you're using it It's plugged into a computer all the time and unless you're specifically going in to change something most of the time You want it to sit still not show up not accidentally copy files to it and so on so to cut down on the confusion You can add a file called the boot.py file and here's what this file looks like in one case I'm importing storage and USB CDC. I'm also importing board and digital IO what I'm doing is I'm setting up one pin as a button or switch and When that is pulled down I can tell this to run the storage disabled USB drive and USB CDC dot disable Commands that'll only happen when it's restarted if that button is held down or in this case What I have is a little pin that I've put in place here and a jumper So what you'll notice is right now My circuit python Drive is running my little cutie pie is showing a little rainbow here and you can see in the finder I have a circuit pie drive showing up. That's this one right here now What I'm going to do is I'm going to set down this jumper and you'll see that when the code is running It's just running this rainbow Same code is going to run when I restart it. It's just not going to show up as a circuit pie drive So I'm just going to hit the reset button It's going to restart but this time you'll notice the circuit pie drive disappeared and it's not coming back But it's still working. It's still running the same exact code It's just the very first thing it executed is this boot dot pie And when it sees that it runs through whatever code is in there in this case The code is telling it don't show up as a circuit pie drive Don't show up in the repel or on a serial port This is from a excellent guide that Dan Halbert put together on USB HID in circuit python So go to learn guides and check that out And that is how you can use boot dot pie to tell a circuit python drive to not show up when you don't want it to And that is your circuit python parsec I love this trick I also wanted to just show you since I for completeness sake if I do remove this jumper now and Restart the board that can either be reset on the reset button or Powering it down and powering it back up. You'll see now in my finder here The circuit pie drive has shown back up again, and now I can use it as normal same goes for the repel if we look at my atom here and I tell it to Show the serial output I'm just having this code here blink the LED on here the neopixel like a rainbow And it's also printing cutie pie here every time it runs through about once a second if I Again put that jumper back on there and Hit the reset button. It's gonna restart Circuit pie drive is not gonna show up and now if I attempt to connect to a USB Device there's none there. It's not finding it. There's no way I can get on the repel because it's just doesn't exist, so Really cool trick really helpful for projects like these HID USB things also, I will point out that our good friend Todd Kurt has Come up with a way to do this on The macro pad so not this exactly but on the macro pad and it should work for for most key input devices Where you have to hold down a secret key on startup to Get back to the circuit pie drive, which is really cool It means you plug it in you use it just like a keyboard it doesn't show up It doesn't confuse people really great if you're deploying this in the field giving it to someone to use for example Let me grab that code unless he's put that in the chat. Let's see. Let me bring up my discord If you're watching Todd put that Put that in the chat. Would you oh, thanks. He Todd also put up the Open up my discord here Put up the the link to the guide there. Oh, yeah, my My discord is acting really sluggish when I try to switch to it So I won't post that there, but if Todd can that'd be great and maybe I'll show that another time but it's a feature for example, I've made macro pads and giving them to relatives and I don't really want them having to worry about the circuit pie drive. My daughter has requested this in fact, I've made a little number pad for her that sort of itsy-bitsy based one. I did a year or so ago and She doesn't want it showing up as a circuit pie drive because that's why is that there? So I should use this trick There you go. Thank you Todd. Yeah, you've posted the way to do this on a macro pad, which is super cool kind of really completes the cycle of Setting these things up and making them just look like USB H&E devices same for MIDI if you're using USB MIDI It would be really lovely to have your device not show up as as the circuit pie drive by default and only Use your secret handshake to get that there Also, one other thing is I found one of these really cool little neopixels or standard-sized neopixel domes in a pile of stuff sitting right here in front of my desk and I decided to Stick that to my cutie pie so we could see the little tiny Neopixel it's on there better so the neopixels just kind of in the corner there But it's acting like a nice light pipe and diffuser so we get a big glowy dot there I think we have these in the Adafruit store In fact, let me check. Let's bring up my Chrome here and Adafruit, what do we call these LED lens? Maybe the diffuser Do we even sell these? I think we have some kind of little jewels to stick in the front of here. Let's do neopixel lens See how doctor said I thought that was a different a new kind of cutie pie. Yeah, I wanted to point that out because it looks Looks different. All right.  Do we sell these someone tell me Am I just making this up? I don't know where I got this. I swear we have these Let's look up gem It's kind of like a gem right? Oh, we're gonna get Gemma stuff All right. Well, that's your scavenger hunt for the week Come back next week and let me know where I got this thing I'm sure we have some product like this and if not, maybe we should carry it. They're nice. Oh No, I'm Pedro says yes nice tip JP thinking about doing this to my MIDI projects for sure. Yeah, you really Can can cause havoc I have done this before with some of my camera switchers where I've saved to the wrong Circuit Pi drive I went at one point started renaming my drives to something else other than Circuit Pi But that messes with your ability to use some scripts like the sir cup installer. So Even better is just avoid it entirely. I'm gonna turn down my Fan on the AC here.  It got hot again here today. What is that all about?  So I cooled it. Let's Hey that camera is back on please survive. All right, that's good enough by the way I have this up here. I don't if you saw this is this Halloween hackfest poster I should probably mount it a little closer right here But this is the hackaday ate a fruit did you key sponsored Halloween hackfest? So go check that out I actually don't know much about it yet other than that. I got this cool poster from Teddy Thanks, Teddy at a to fruit sent those out and Let's look at it. Let's let's go. Let's bring that browser back and have a look at the Halloween hackfest and find out What that's all about. Let's learn together look halloween Hackaday there it is. It's a new contest on hackaday. Look at that great art right there with the Hackaday Skull and wrenches in the pumpkin and did you kill of that? So this is it as a contest and The details are here, so just head to hackaday.com and check for Halloween hackfest probably a banner for it as well Let's see it says Top winners will receive a hundred and fifty dollar shopping sprees and digikies parts warehouse If you happen to use a to fruit board the prize will be doubled Will you be it? You'd be silly not to I also be awarding some fifty dollar tindi gift cards So get started now by creating a project page on hackaday.io build your project submit it there and Maybe you can win There's a submit to project button you'll want to hit Alright That is that that's the hackfest cool poster. Thanks for sending that out Alright How's the stream? How's our quality? We must be in audio sync. I'm hovering around a thousand kilobits per second according YouTube, so that's good. Oh Someone found a product. Let's look at that browser here again Diffused piranha super flux RGB tricolor LED 10 pack. Oh, I've never used those. I don't think I have those Yeah, so they have a similar lens on the top very cool By the way, I will add let's let's do this as a real-time experiment Something else that I've found works pretty well our clear rubber Feet That are adhesive that you stick on the bottom of projects so these here are plentiful and inexpensive and This one I'm using this molded plastic one is designed to snap right over a regular size neopixel But in this case you can get some pretty good mileage out of That right there this one's a little big for this case, but not bad not bad You can maybe center that a little better. Oh, it's grabbing that adhesive I put down So however you want to stick that on there. You've got a pretty good diffuser For cheap if you just get a pack of these little rubber bump-on feets Don't work really well, too So Enough with that. Let's pull that out of there. Oh One last thing about this by the way, I didn't really mention but you might have figured out one nice thing on the cutie pie is that I have a A GPIO pin right next to power So that's the Mosey pin Or me so can't remember which one one of the GPIO pins is right next to this three volt So that makes it really easy to do this kind of a jumper trick I kind of wish more boards had a GPIO right next to ground or a GPIO right next to A power pin just so you could do that trick In a bind just shove a wire in there or a little little slide switch Alright, we're good. Oh, thank you. Umair Nadimouk says good I'm thinking that's probably about the stream which yeah, it's hovering around mediocre. So according to YouTube. Thank you Mo is Mosey. Thanks doctor. All right Next up I wanted to do a little Gear report I picked up an old toolbox with a few machinist tools in it recently and one of the things I got was this let me Head on over to my workbench. This is a delightful little dial caliper me to toy you dial caliper and This is in Turn on one more light over here. It's kind of dark on this side. It's got millimeter markings on the bottom inches fractional inches on the top and it also has the Dial gauge for mills you can Calibrate that just by loosening this little set screw and turning the dial. That's why it's kind of off at an angle and then you've got your Mills here and your inches up here or you can sorry your Yes centimeters millimeters up at the top and this is decimal inches sorry decimal inches at the bottom and then mills here So otherwise it works pretty identically to my Digital ones which are the same brand. I think they're in my studio inside right now Lovely little dial caliper seems accurate. I checked it on a couple of things against my modern digital ones and Batteries can't run on it. So that's nice. It's got the depth gauge At the bottom there so you can check things like a whole depth inside and outside So lovely little set of calipers not You know super rare where I should probably go sell these kind of thing just a nice set We're probably a couple hundred bucks new at one point and now Now I've got a spare set of calibers that came in a toolbox That's my gear report. I also just noticed this camera is way zoomed in in the corner there. So let's See if I can find the remote for that and that's not it that's it just a little better And then that takes us to let's see if I've got Control of the camera there. Yeah, that takes us to the project of the week now So I'm gonna turn on my little Discord chat over here so I can see what's What and hear any screams and warnings? and Hey, okay, you're on how you doing Steve. Nice to see you You are a little late to the party, but I don't know. I think it's okay in this instance The other thing I'm noticing is that light is on full blast because I was taking some photos or something And I never have that one at full blast. Good grief. That thing is bright. Let's see I can convince it to Yeah, that's better It's bright about right So project of the week as it says down at the bottom here somewhere window cat So what I wanted to do actually let me grab Some parts here and talk about what's what? This was an idea that Phil Turone mr. Lady Aida PT Had and that is we've got the LED Glasses which you may have seen these have just come out recently. We've just just had a few of them come out they have the sort of Horizontal shutters so that you can put them up on your face and see through them pretty well Those those horizontal slats work really well for like looking through them, but it has a bunch of LEDs on it and The idea here was rather than a human wearing it what about putting it on sort of a Halloween prop in your window So he said how about a cat how about a cat silhouette now wants to take you through the process of Building a simple little foam core or cardboard or what you know, whatever card some simple material card stock That can be a backlit silhouette in your window of a cat's head that then has the glasses in front And also a little bonus Thing that I made for for diffusing those LEDs. So let's jump over to the computer and I'm gonna switch over to Rhino My favorite modeling program. Where'd you go Rhino? there you are and What I've got here in Rhino is the model that Noe and Pedro probably one of you. I don't know who made that but thanks guys built a model of the 3d glasses or of the LED glasses rather And so I brought that in as a reference. I trust their their their model. They probably started from the CAD drawings from Phil B and Lady Aida and then built all the parts up on it so I'm using this as my base and then If we head back to that let me go back to that top view here All I really wanted to do was create one the diffusion Pattern to cut out some LED diffusion plastic on this and then to create a Rough outline of a cat head that I could use totally unnecessary step to here You could do this freehand, but I decided since I was in here. I'd do that anyway. So to start off Let's go to Let's drop back to that shaded view here So I essentially extracted out The curves that form the circle here and The holes for mounting so that I could get those dimensions right and then I drew Some extensions of those lines that look like This so that's basically the pattern of the The lens slits that are on there already Except I ran some over the LEDs that are on the bridge. So if you look at the Glasses here, we've got some LEDs on the bridge that I wanted to cover.  You can see that a little better So you can see I was just accommodating some that are on that circle and not on that grid so it's a pair of circles and a grid and Then I did a couple variations on that and Tested them out and cut them on the laser cutter. I think I Nudged two holes, so it's a little small. It looks like it bends a little bit when I put it on so I'll fix that and then I'll include that in a guide, but this is what the resulting Go to a down shooter for you That's what the resulting Diffusion acrylic looks like and you can see that's got that matte finish on the front shiny on the back and That let's let's the light through without being blinded by the By the light and in fact, let me See if I plug one of these in to our driver board. So this is the little board that drives those LED matrices and I'm going to plug the glasses in over I squared C using that stem of Qt connection and I forget which code is running on this one. I have two of these boards right now. So let's see should be a Rainbow, yeah, so I've just got a rainbow swirl of the the circles going right now and That's some demo code. I got that Lamora wrote for the library And so that's what it looks like with With the diffusion on there and that's without so it's not terrible. I mean these look really cool without so I will say The temptation is a little bit to leave it alone because you can see through it better without the diffusion when you put These diffusion lenses on you see a little bit of the glow along those that sort of sill that you've created but I can Put that up to my face so you can see that let's go to full screen so That's you can see that looks great. You can you can definitely see the Colors on those LEDs like that here it is with The diffusion and then with diffusion you can also get a lot of mileage out of Pulling away, so the further you pull away the more diffuse it gets and you see fewer dots I don't know if you'll be able to see This or not. Yeah, you probably can so imagine you're an eyeball and you're looking through that They're on but you don't see anything at all So you get a clear view through these because the LEDs are so nice and small when you put this on you can see now We're starting to get a little bit of glow That you're going to be able to to see in there, so not necessary, but just kind of kind of for fun I did that so that's a diffuser and then if we Switch over to Rhino again I'll show you the quick cat sketch. I laid in over that with just a few curves so we can So that's all I wanted to do was just sort of that cat peeking out over your over your window sill so put this at the bottom of the window with a Shade drawn behind it a light on so that we get some backlighting and then that black shape with those eyes that's the the goal here and So I took Just that printed that at a one-to-one scale on a piece of paper and then I'll go show you the rest of it here as we Put that together. Let me switch cameras. Sorry Question from doctor is is there a benefit to using the diffuser with slits? Yeah, you can't see through this stuff It's it's really quite opaque and even though it diffuses the LEDs. You just can't see through these It's like a gray fog is pretty much all you'll see Yeah for for wearing it. I see what your question is. Yeah for the cat. You wouldn't need it For the for the cat project. You could just take a you wouldn't even need to cut it into a shape You could just put a rectangle of diffusion plastic. Good question. Thank you So let's go back over here and have a look at Assembly and construction so I Took the Print out cut that out. Oh, we got some nice wind here blowing my paper up So this was the print out. I then cut that out just with some scissors and an exacto and then took Some foam core Lade that on top Trace that actually just with a pencil and then went to town with an exacto knife to cut that out And I also you can see since with my print out. I have the holes That show me where the mounting holes are I just poked through those and did the same on the On the foam core so when you get to that part you can just use something like a Little all or pokey tool Technical term To start those and then since we're gonna put a screw and nut through there you can Finish that off so long as it's roughly the right size that'll work and Then I ended up with This here. That's my little cat head and you can see that I've got a couple screws in there because I Mounted it just on a set of Standoffs, this is not necessary. You could do it flat on there But I had already mounted the diffuser to the glasses. So I was bumping into that Nut and screw there. So I decided to put these on some standoffs standoffs I have a little big so you could do that flat to the cat It's not gonna make any bit of difference in the final application of that and then if we go ahead and plug in you could Cut a hole if you needed to but I don't think you do for this wiring You can just slip that right around the side like that No one's no one's gonna be bothered by that or see that with the backlighting. I think and then on the back We've got our little driver board here and that plugs into over I squared C on this Stem a Qt connector. I don't have it connected right now, but just a little bit of foam tape or something like that Be good to get that back there and then you can either power it over USB C which I recommend Just because you won't be burning through batteries But if you have a need for portability with it, you can use a battery pack Or a USB 5 volt would work in this case I've got a set of triple A's and there is JST 2-pin connector for Using three triple A batteries and this one has a on-off switch on it So I'll flip that on and you could again mount that on the back there That'll give you a little bit of a base to hold that and Now we've got our Little cat silhouette there. Let's pull this out right here nicer there So I have yet to try this at night in the window But I'm gonna shoot some photo and video of that tonight with with some backlighting on a window with the drawn cellular shades which should give it a nice nice back glow and Really simple really easy project you of course do this for any kind you can do this with skulls. I've done skull stuff before Pretty big impact for the amount of work. It's really quick to put that together and This is a really nice eyes animation that we've got this was made by a Discord member who goes by squid.jpeg and I forget their name, but we'll go and take a look at the the code It's an Arduino sketch that runs on the driver board and I made just one small modification to it The pupil size was two by two. I changed it to be two by four At its maximum and then it goes down to two by two when it's sort of looking down And we've got some other iCode coming that I think Phil B is working on And so if I'll play around with some different eyes, but this is a really fun one And you know, we may even end up with depending on how Phil's putting that together The option to have it change out eyes easily like there's a there's a little button on our Board here a general purpose button that you can click. It's not the reset It's just a side mount sort of easier to get to button That we could use for eye stuff We also have this an accelerometer base built onto this board and we do have some demos of some sort of Google AI kinds of things So depending on what you're doing if you have This mounted on a prop that actually has some sort of head motion You could you could tie the eye motion to that using the accelerometer, which is pretty cool So let's head on over again. I'll show you the code that I've got running on here Back to why don't we throw this? Down shooter view here You won't see the kitty at all in this case because it's black on black Let me focus that though. There we go kitty and I will pull it.  Oh, I think I may have just unscrewed the wrong things. Whoops I gotta get I gotta get both of these off of here. That's right. So that's the ones going into Board there There we go. Just rest that back on there like that so you see it's not as Photogenic without the diffuser. That's kind of one of the main reasons I did this is because I know I'm having a shoot video Of these things, but it actually in real life works really well They're really nice looking the brightness is down pretty low also Which helps them sort of stand out and not just blow your eyeballs out so Let's see. I said let's take a look at The repo this came from actually let me bring up a Browser here a little me down here a little me find that window So the so that's the driver board that I'm running now it has an RF 52 840 on it and then it has the Uses I squared C the stem of QT in this case to talk to the driver the actual LED driver that's on the The glasses themselves those are the glasses. I can never remember the name of this. I'm gonna have to learn learn this name It's the get ready for it IS 31 FL 37 41 That's the name of the LED I squared C driver chip that we have built on there and if we Go actually To my discord is acting very slow. So hold on while I See if I can find this if anyone got it find it for me faster. It was it was over in the circuit python I think maybe help with circuit python. Oh no, it's show and tell over in the show and tell Channel of our discord. All right, you can watch me excruciatingly slowly search for it My Discord is chugging Here's show and tell All right. Oh, hey, that's switch up big DJ peg. That's uh, they've they've created a nunchuck Control for eyes as well, which is really cool. So let's I'm gonna have to scroll up too far. Thankfully Find their github Link There it is Shifty eyeglasses. All right, let me hide the discord So this is a pendley a P E N D L E Y a pendley Slash shifty eyeglasses. So it's an adaptation of robo face animation for the Adafruit LED glasses and Then talks about the logic used from the LED backpack Sample animation for for doing the pupil stuff really nicely done. Thank you for sharing this and If you download this repo you'll get the Supporting files and the Arduino code that you need. This is the shifty eyeglasses code itself Let me zoom that in just a little bit so you can see it better. I Scan through this a bit and found Code that was Drawing the pupils and just added a Couple of extra pixels on the top of it which surely is doing something strange with it Which is why it's squishing down the The tops of them bring that back up there You can see my code squishes the the tops of the Pupils when it's sort of looking down, which it probably shouldn't that was let me find it I don't have Arduino open right now, so I won't go there. This is it this draw pupils function here Takes X and a Y position and then I think it's the number of Pixels added to that to go to the right and up I believe that's the direction it goes but could be wrong and I changed these two Two and four on on the Y In both of these I think yeah, because the two pupils left and right So have a look at that and if you're there squid.jpeg and you're screaming at me Let me know it's probably a better way to do this But again, thank you for sharing that code. It made it a lot easier for me to Get some something up and running with the little cat animation there Let's see heading back to broadcast chat see if anyone has any ideas No, we're good. All right, so that is it. That's my project build. It's the Little cat animation for your window. I can't wait to Not break it can't wait to put that in the window and get something else work pretty cool with owls, too and in fact the You'll notice the silk screen I have on here. Let me go back to a full view is of a cat and we have these in a few different Silk screen patterns when you order one you will get a random one There's not a not a way to specify which one you get unfortunately It's sort of a collectible Pokemony thing But I did get one that was a cat and so that's the that's the one I'm using on here In fact if I turn that off you can see a little better Down shooter there you can see this beautiful silk screen by Phil B.  The other one I have is the Werewolf I think that's the werewolf right cat Probably werewolf Now I go on now I want to look at them got them up up here on the website LED glasses Okay, so this bug awesome cat werewolf, yeah, and Dragon, okay. Shoot got those right Those are great. Oh Here's here's the the full collection photo So screen is random for order we can't change your control which one you get so oh my gosh It's gonna cause party kind of it All right. Well, thanks everyone for stopping by I appreciate you coming hanging out Hopefully the stream has settled pretty well. I didn't see anyone complaining about audio sync. So This is a wolf, right? Or is this an owl? I think it's a wolf Yeah I'll show you the wolf. It's here right here I think that's a wolf cat wolf fangs wolfie ears Well, I hope I don't get that if I don't get that if I get that wrong then I'm in trouble because Phil B is possibly an actual werewolf. It could be trouble Oh wait, you're making jokes who wolf what wolf It's like a Abbott and Costello routine going on over here in the discord. All right, thanks everyone That's all we got for today. That's gonna do it So I will see you next Tuesday with the next JP's product pick of the week I'll see you on Thursday with the next John Park's workshop. We've got a bunch of other shows going on and Check your live broadcast announce Channel right here to find out about When things are broadcasting it'll appear right there and live broadcast announced Thanks, Catney and others for putting that together. Thanks to the moderators for hanging out Thank you all for coming by and I'll see you next time. Bye. Bye


What's up everybody Jason and for jasky's case breaks calm 2021 panini mosaic your way for Euro soccer hobby Two box break number 35 random teams just sold out and you get two random countries to So 12 total spots all-carts ship you get two random countries, so we double up your names match them up with the list below here Randomize customer names and the countries there you go No color blast yet. I don't know if they're one per case, but I know they're super sharp friends Rollets Two and a one three times good luck one two Three Steven down to Steven. It's pretty much all Steven minus Gary would just one spot would for me two teams Three times one two three North Macedonia down to Germany All right, so again, let me just alphabetize my customer name Makes a little bit easier. So Gary you have Finland and Poland and then Steven you have the rest. I'm assuming no trades Three two after seven all right guys again These were the last two boxes that I had available from the same case that we've been working on To my knowledge, it shouldn't be no more, but if there is a sealed case back there I could open up a new one and re-post this for now After this I'll go double-check. All right, so just a little FY Logan to get a spot in that obsidian That's when I work on that obsidian the prices That Kobe sick that's a so that Kobe is from those they made like mosaic snake skin packs From when he passed away so that's one of those like cards in that product So you can only people that got those packs basically didn't get a Kobe autograph. So they gave you that instead So you can kind of advertise that too. It's very rare Eric Garcia leave that Spain, right? Killing and boppy little silver. That's a very nice one We have to Giovanni de Lorenzo Sancho and a pink Mario number to 25 Manuel newer killing and boppy red first box in the books Oh What no, all right, there you go, those are the first box Let's see Oh Yes, I guess and boppy onto Fati Mason Greenwood Fabian Reese Camarillo Neko Williams Neko Williams and a Maggie and Donnie van de Beek For the Netherlands Damn, yes Teddy was just taking his little dinner break. He's I think he just went back on but yes. Yes. We are Mason Mount that's a silver Kai de Jan There you go. So there was nothing super crazy. I mean I pulled golds out of this case and stuff, but There's one anything monstrous Unfortunately, but like I said, I don't think we have any more but I'm gonna go check right now If we do have more I'll repost a new one and it'll be from a fresh case If we don't of course, I mean like I said obsidian soccer if you want to keep it Soccer has been selling pretty pretty well today Still no color blast. I don't know if those are one per case, but Still no color blast. We've done six boxes out of the 12. So number 10 will be The fourth break of the case and it'd be the next two boxes seven and eight So appreciate it guys. There you go. There's your autograph some colors Jasper's case race calm. Have a great night. Bye


What's up guys my crew at Jasper's doing a quick recap for our 2023 tops pristine two-box break random team number 26. This was done auction style and fanatics live here is the list positive if you need to There you go. I'm getting into the recap Got some inserts Robles and 99 Larkin to 50 Howard Was a fancico to 99 Pudge to 75 Buxton and then the relic autos had Nester Cortez around the diamond and a popular demand of Anthony Rizzo for the Yankees now the encase cards Gorman Soto to 25 Oswald Cabrera gold rookie autograph to 50 strawberry menace to 75 Not an incarnation auto a Joey vato. Oh snap autograph Torque Carlton 25 and a Byron Buxton autograph As well as a judge and Peter Lonzo to 75. So that does it for the recap. Thank you to everyone who got into the break Thank you guys for watching. I'll see you guys in the next one. Bye guys


are looking, I wanna give a little closer look at what Firefly actually is on the ground and the tools that we're trying to build and share with this community. So I'm gonna share just one side that's kind of a different version of probably the same thing Steve's been saying for the last 30 or 40 minutes. But this is kind of the picture of the enterprise problem, right? On the left, they have messages and bits of data that may be arbitrary JSON blobs or they may be binary data, PDFs, images that we wanna share in some secure fashion with other members of an organization. And then on the bottom right, we have all these tools, right? Of course, we have a blockchain, which may be Ethereum, it may be Core to our Fabric or anything else. And then we have off-chain tools as well. We're very, you're not seeing the slides? Oh, let me make sure that would be helpful. Is it working that time? Yeah. Sorry about that. So like I was saying, on the left, we have the data that we want to share. On the bottom right, we have the tools that we wanna use to share. It's a blockchain that we wanna use for proofs, finality, immutable ledger. But then we have loads of off-chain logic as well. And Firefly is intending to be the glue that brings those things together, right? So just kind of a touch on the terminology inside Firefly so you know what you're looking at when I show the tool and kind of the plumbing that we've been talking about. The messages can be either broadcast to the whole network or they can be a directed message that is private to a certain number of members. When we bring those messages into Firefly, we build what's called a batch, maybe one or more messages and data blobs together. And then that batch is paired to a transaction on the blockchain. That data is actually going to be hashed and anonymized. And then the hash is stored on the blockchain of your choice as a transaction object. And then the data itself is going to be stored either in a database or if it's public data, it may be used in IPFS, which is a peer-to-peer file system. We have all these different operations that plug into the various tools. And I think we've said it many times, but the whole goal here is to be very pluggable and allow you to bring your own tools and integrate them together. And this kind of deceptively simple concept is what actually a lot of organizations get kind of hung up on building and what we're hoping to sort of standardize, bringing these messages together, having the off-chain data paired with the on-chain transaction. So from that, I'm going to go over and show you what the tools and the Firefly tool belt actually look like. The first one is the Firefly CLI, which is something you can download. And we did some workshops on it earlier today that you can view the recordings if you missed. But the CLI is just a really easy way to start up a stack of all the things you need to build an enterprise application. By default, it's going to build a ganache local blockchain and it's going to create IPFS nodes and private data exchange nodes for all your members and run them as dockers so that you can actually run all these things very quickly and easily. It takes a minute to set up a stack, so I'm going to skip setting it up and just show you one that I've already set up. The next piece in the tool belt is the Firefly UI itself. And this is a web UI that's part of the Firefly project and it shows you kind of a behind-the-scenes look at everything that's traveling through the Firefly network. I mentioned these terms, the messages, the data, the transactions, so each transaction represents something on the blockchain and then the messages and data are the actual individual bits of information that are shared between members. And I just get an overview here. I've created a three-member network and I can see this is my member one, my member two, my member three. They each have their own UI and can see the messages that have been shared with them. Just another quick look at another tool that's in here, built, baked in. We use OpenAPI for all of the API schemas so you can even get a lower look at the API from each of these nodes. This is from member one, but you can see kind of all the low-level operations to get what are the messages, what are the operations, what are the transactions that have been sent to this network. And then from there, I'm gonna actually take and run a quick demo just to show you how these pieces work together and what actually flows through the network. We have a very simple application here that is part of the Firefly Samples repo. Show you the repo and I'll show you a little bit more behind the scenes in just a second. But this is public on the Hyperledger Labs org and you can download this and try it out for yourself. And again, we did a workshop earlier if you wanna tune into that to see how to kind of walk through it in detail. But this basically gives me the option to view the Firefly network from the perspective of any of the members and to send either broadcast or private messages. So I'll start by sending a broadcast from member one and when I submit that, it's gonna go in, it's going to get bashed, it's going to get anonymized and hashed, it's going to get pinned to a blockchain. The data is gonna be shared with the other members and then it'll be visible on all of the org's nodes. So there it is, I see it came through on my own nodes sent from self. If I view as any of the other members, it's visible, this hello everyone is visible, who it came from, it's visible to all members since it was a broadcast. And again, I said before, this is all a bit deceptively simple, but underneath the covers, a whole lot of things just happened. One of the things is that we did pin a blockchain transaction. So my Gnash logs here show an Ethereum transaction with the block number, the gas usage, everything you'd expect. And then that transaction is also gonna be visible in the Firefly UI. So this is the new transaction that just succeeded a minute ago and each of the UIs has a copy of that transaction. And I can even go into this timeline view to see all the different transactions that have gone back and forth between the members, things that I've sent, things that others have sent on, it's just a nice view of what's actually going on to the blockchain. Then the messages, of course, I can see what were broadcast and what were private messages. So the actual data that was attached to that transaction, I can see here the contents of that data. So this is that pairing of on chain and off chain. And I can jump from this message to the actual transaction that pinned it to the chain that we know this message was sent by this person at this time, we have that immutable record without sharing all of the actual data on the chain. And where that becomes really powerful is if I wanna switch this over to a private message and send, say from member two to member one here and member zero is not gonna be privy to this information. I can send a message only to org one and I've selected that this is a private message. It's again gonna go in, it's gonna get hashed and pinned to the chain and it's gonna get shared only with org one. If I switch to their perspective, they're going to receive the same message, might take a second for it to come through. Member zero here is not gonna be able to see it. We'll see if it comes through to member one. I'll check, I can see in member two's logs that I sent a message here and then I can see here, org one did receive a message. So let's go back here, let's try another one. So I'm sending this one from org one to org zero. Got a timeline here and I do see a message sent from org one. I think it was received here. So the sample app could be having some problems. I think you can get through the whole thing. I didn't think we'd be able to do, we did so many demos, we gotta have a few demo hiccups. But again, I think we've covered the basic ideas and the basic kind of components involved here. The goal is to tie together that on chain and off chain messaging and make it very clear who to have that privacy model as to who can see what data and then have the blockchain kind of backing it all up to know the order the data was sent, the sender, et cetera, et cetera. And I think with that, I guess I'll turn it back over to Steve or Sophia. Unless, I guess I could show underneath the covers too. We did show earlier. Yeah, show the code for the sample application. Again, one thing we've been emphasizing is ease of use for this system. And the amount of code here required to do the broadcast and private send is not very much. We've got here just kind of simple REST API wrappers around the same REST APIs that I was sharing that are exposed by the Firefly node. And then the application itself, this one in particular is in React, but you could write it in any language and any tool and you really don't have that much to do. We have these APIs for sending private messages, for sending broadcasts. It should be, I'm gonna take it back. Thanks, thanks Andrew. I love the look and feel of everything there. So while we're, as we're concluding the day today, just wanted to thank everyone who joined. We will be making the recordings available, we'll have some follow-up links. There's some already in the Firefly booth section that you can copy. These links come, they're all there, if you wanna go in and start getting involved. And just wanted to extend a big open invitation for everyone to join the Firefly community. And we look forward to connecting with you soon. We're gonna see if you have any parting thoughts. Thank you all, it's been a lot of fun. Okay, thanks everyone.


Now Yoruba activists Sunday Igbo-Ho says there is no going back on the agitation for the Yoruba nation. Igbo-Ho, who stomped a corridor on those state capitals, alongside hundreds of his followers, emphasized that the election will not be held in 2023. The activists who spoke at the palace of the Digi of Yoruba said that Yoruba's cannot be second class citizens in Nigeria, hence the call for self-determination, while disclosing that governors within the southwest region were behind the cause for the realization of a Yoruba nation. Igbo-Ho lamented that traditional rulers have been stripped of their past due to selfish interests on the part of politicians. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to-


Hey filmmakers! I'm sure by now you'll notice the dreamy effect popping up everywhere. Yeah, we're talking about cinematic bloom. Wondering why it's all the rage and how you can do it for yourself? Let's break it down. Cinematic bloom gives your photos and videos a soft nostalgic glow like they were shot on film. With today's phones and cameras delivering top-notch quality and razor sharp results, it's no wonder why folks are gravitating towards this softer or dreamier style. You've probably seen this effect in commercial movies, music videos, and the surge in popularity of diffusion lenses online. Want some examples? Check out the Artlist original catalog. To achieve this effect, you can either use a special diffusion lens or tweak it during post-production in your favorite editing software. Head to artlist.io to discover more footage with this vibe.


Apendix G of Principles of Economics. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Principles of Economics by Alfred Marshall Apendix G Taito, the incidence of local rates with some suggestions as to policy. We have seen, note 65, that the incidence of a new local tax on printing would differ from that of a national tax, mainly by causing such parts of the local printing industry as could conveniently migrate beyond the boundaries of the local tax. To do so, those customers who needed their printing to be done in the locality would pay rather higher for it. Compositors would migrate till only enough remained to find employment locally at about the same wages as before. And some printing offices would be transferred to other industries. The incidence of general local rates on imuwebu property follows different lines in some respects. The power of migration beyond the boundaries of the rates is a very important factor here as in the case of a local tax on printing. But of perhaps even greater importance is the fact that a large part of the local rates is spent in ways that conduce directly to the comfort of those very residents and workers in the locality who might otherwise be driven away. Here, two technical terms are needed. Honorous rates are those which yield no compensating benefit to the persons who pay them. An extreme case is that of rates devoted to paying interest on a loan incurred by a municipality for an enterprise which failed and has been abandoned. A more representative case is that of a poor rate levied mainly from the world to do.  On the other hand, beneficial or remunerative rates are those spent on lighting, draining and other purposes. So as to supply the people who pay the rates with certain necessaries, comforts and luxuries of life which can be provided by the local authority more cheaply than in any other way. Such rates, ably and honestly administered, may confer a net benefit on those who pay them and an increase in them may attract population and industry instead of repelling it. Of course, a rate may be honorous to one class of the population and beneficial to another. A high rate spent on providing good primary and secondary schools may attract artisan residents while repelling the world to do. Services which are prepoderantly national in character are generally honorous. While those which are prepoderantly local in character generally confer upon rate payers a direct and peculiar benefit more or less commensurate with the burden, note 66. But the term rate payer needs to be interpreted differently in regard to different kinds of local expenditure. Rates spent on watering the streets are remunerative to the occupier. But of course, those spent on permanent improvements yield only a part of their return to him. The greater part accrues in the long run to the landlord. The occupier generally regards the rates which are collected from him as forming a single aggregate with his rent. But he makes his reckoning also for the amenities of life which are secured by remunerative local expenditure of rates. That is, he tends other things equal to select districts in which the aggregate of rents and honorous rates is low. But there is great difficulty in estimating the extent. To which migration is actually governed by this consideration. It is probably hindered less than is commonly supposed by ignorance and indifference. But it is much hindered by the special requirements of each individual. Low rates in Devonshire will not draw there people who prefer London life. And certain classes of manufacturers have practically little choice as to the place in which they settle. To say nothing of personal and business ties. The tenant is further hindered by the expense and trouble of moving. And if that were the equivalent of two years rent, he would lose by moving unless the advantage which he secured in rates amounted to two shillings in the pound for 30 years. When, however, a person is changing his abode for any reason, he is likely to allow their full weight to all considerations as to the present and prospective rates in different localities which may be suitable for his purpose. The mobility of the working class is in some respects greater than that of the world to do. But when rates are compounded, friction sometimes acts on the side of the tenant and delays the transference to him of his share of new burdens. The manufacturer is often affected as much by the rates on his workmen's dwellings as by those on his own premises. And though high rates may be among the causes which have driven some manufacturers out of large towns, it is doubtful whether when economically administered they have had much net effect in this direction. For most new expenditure from the rates when underable and upright management materially increases local comforts or lessens local discomforts from the point of view of the work people if not of the manufacturer himself. Further, although the balance of evidence goes to show that leziz consider carefully the present and probable immediate future of local rates yet they cannot see far ahead and they seldom even try to do so. Not 67. Any analysis that is offered of the incidence of rates must be taken to refer to general tendencies rather than actual facts. The causes which prevent these tendencies from being applied in prediction resemble those which prevent mathematical reasonings from being applied to the cost of a ball on the deck of a ship that is rolling and pitching in crosses. If the ship would but stay at one inclination the movement of the ball could be calculated but before any one tendency has had time to produce much result it will have ceased to exist and its successor cannot be predicted. Just so though economists settled once for all nearly a century ago the general tendencies of the shifting of taxation yet the relative weight of onerous rates in different places often changes so rapidly that a tendency may make but little headway before it is stopped or even reversed by changes which cannot be predicted. Paragraph 2 We have already seen that the ground rent which a builder is willing to pay for any site is governed by his estimate of the additional value which that site will give to the buildings erected on it before taking the lease his capital and that which he will borrow for the purpose is free and expressed in terms of money. The anticipated income from his investment is expressed also in money. He sets on the one side his outlay for building and on the other side the excess of the rental value of the building with each site over the ground rent to which he is about to commit himself. He walks out perhaps roughly and by instinct rather than definite arithmetical calculations the present discounted value of this excess for the say 99 years of his lease. Finally, he takes the lease if he sees his way to a good margin of profit and no better opening for his enterprise is at hand. Note 68 he contrives to the best of his ability that the site and the house or other building which he puts upon it shall be permanently appropriate the one to the other. Insofar as he succeeds the rent of the property at any future time is the sum of its annual site value and the annual value of the building and this he expects to yield him full profits on his outlay allowing for insurance against the risks of a rather hazardous industry. This second part of the rent is commonly do perhaps not restrict property called the annual building value or the building rent of the house. As time goes on the purchasing power of money may change the class of house for which that site is suitable is likely to change and the technique of building is certain to be improved. Consequently the total annual value of the property at a later date consists of its annual site value together with profits on the cost of building the house giving accommodation equally desirable at that date with the existing house but all this is subject to the dominant condition that the general character of the house has remained appropriate to each site. If it has not no precise statement as to the relation between total value, site value and building value can be made. If for instance a warehouse or a dwelling house of quite a different character is needed to develop the full resources of the site the total value of the property assistance may be less than each site value alone for the site value cannot be developed without pulling down those buildings and erecting new and the value of the old material in those buildings may be less than the cost of pulling them down allow us being made for the obstruction and loss of time incident there too. Paragraph 3 as between two buildings equally eligible in other respects the occupier will pay for that which has the better situation and annual sum equivalent to its special advantages but he does not care what part of the sum goes as rent and what as taxes therefore onerous taxes on site values tend to be deducted from the rental which the owner or lesi receives and they are accordingly deducted insofar as they can be foreseen from the ground rent which a builder or anyone else is willing to pay for a building lease such local rates as are renumerative are in the long run paid by the occupier but are no real burden to him the condition in the long run is essential for instance rates levied on account of interest and sinking fund on eternal improvement which will for several years to come to stop the public tarifas and yield none of its good fruit will be onerous to the occupier if he pays it in strict justice it should be deducted from his rent because when the improvement is in full working order and especially when the debt has been paid off so that the rate in question lapses the owner of the property will reap the benefits of the onerous task of the onerous rates levied on account of it from the first note 69 paragraph 4 taxes on building values are on a different footing if uniform all over the country they do not alter the differential advantages of favort sites and therefore do not directly act list make the builder or anyone else less willing to pay a high ground rent for a good site if they are so heavy as materially to narrow the area of ground built upon they will indeed lower the value of all building ground and special site values will fall with the rest but their effect in this direction is so small that no great error is made by saying that uniform taxes on building values do not fall on the ground owner the building insofar as he anticipates such taxes adjusts his plans to them he aims at putting up buildings of only such expense as can be led to tenants at rents that will yield him normal profits while the tenant pays the rates he may of course miscalculate but in the long run builders as a class like all other able businessmen are nearly right in their calculations and in the long run uniform taxes on building values fall upon the occupier or at the last on his customers if he uses the building for trade purposes and his competitors are subjects to similar rates but the case is quite different in regard to special high on euros local rates on building values and here comes in the chief difference between the incidents of national taxes on immovable property and local rates on it bremu narrative expenditure from the rates which adds more to the conveniences of life than the equivalent of its cost do not of course repel the occupier that part of them which is assessed on building values is paid by him but is no real burden on him as we have seen in the case of renumerative rates on side values but that part of the rates on building values which is on euros and in excess of corresponding charges in other localities does not fall mainly on the occupiers any exceptional pressure will curse them to migrate beyond its reach in sufficient numbers to reduce the demand for houses and other buildings in the locality till the burden of these exceptional rates falls upon the lesees or owners build us therefore insofar as they can foresee the future deduct the equivalent of these exceptional on euros rates on building values together with all rates and taxes on side values from the ground rents which they are willing to pay but the cases in which great deductions of this kind are made are not numerous and important for permanent inequalities of on euros rates though considerable are less than is commonly thought and many of them are due to accidents which cannot easily be foreseen such as mismanagement by a particular group of local administrators there is indeed one broad and perhaps permanent cause which throws its shadow before namely the tendency of the world to do to move away from crowded districts to roomy and fashionable suburbs thus leaving the working classes to bear an undue share of the national duties towards the very poor but no sooner does this evil become conspicuous than legislation is invoked to remedy it by widening the areas of rating for some purposes so as to include poor and rich districts under the same budget and in other ways it is of greater importance to remember that exceptional on euros rates on building values while tending to lower side rents and to lower the ground rents on new leases in the districts to which they apply are not as great a burden on the whole body of owners of land as seems at first sight for much of the building enterprise which is checked by such rates is not destroyed but directed to other districts and raises the competition for building new leases there paragraph 5 the incidence of a long established rate is little affected by its being collected from the tenant and not from the owners though it is vitally affected by the proportions in which the rate is assessed on site and building values respectively on the other hand the incidence for the first few years of an increase in on euros rates is much affected by the mode of collection the occupier bears more of the new burden than he would if part of the rates were collected from the owners or he were allowed to deduct a part of them from his rent this applies only to neighborhoods that are making progress where the population is receding and building has ceased on euros rates tends to press upon owners but in such places economic friction is generally strong it seems probable that the total pressure of on euros rates on the enterprise of building speculators and other interim owners is not very great and that many rates of which they have complained have really enriched them but vicissitudes of the rates increase slightly the great risks of the building trade and inevitably the community pays for such risks more than their actual equivalent all this points to the grievous evils which arise from great and sudden increases in the rates especially in regard to premises the rateable value of which is high relatively to the net income of the occupier the trader especially if a shop is often able to throw some part of the burden of his rates on his customers at all events if he deals in things which cannot be easily got from a distance but the shop keepers rates are very large relatively to his income and some of that expenditure from the rates which is remunerative from the point of view of well-to-do residents appears on euros to him his work belongs to that group in which economic progress is raising supply relatively to demand a little while ago his remuneration was artificially high at the expense of society but now it is falling to a lower and perhaps more equitable level and he is slow to recognize the new conditions his mind fastens on the real injustice which he suffers when rates are suddenly raised much and he attributes to that some of the pressure on him which is really due to the percoses his sense of injustice is sharpened by the fact that he does not always bargain on quite even terms with his landlord for to say nothing of the cost of fixtures and the general expense of a change he might lose a great part of his custom by moving to equally good premises even a little way off it must however be remembered that the shop keeper does migrate sometimes that his mind is a lot and he takes full account of the rates and thus after a few years he shifts the burden of onerous rates onto the owners and customers more fully than a man of almost any other class does parenthesis open the hotel and lodging housekeeper may rank here with the shopkeeper parenthesis close apendix G continued of principles of economics this is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org principles of economics by Alfred Marshall apendix G continued paragraph 6 land near to a growing town which is still used for agriculture may yield very little net rent and yet be a valuable property for its future ground rents are anticipated in its capital value and further its ownership is likely to yield an income of satisfaction outside of the money rent received for it in this case it is apt to be under assessed even when rated at its full rental value and the question arises whether it should not be assessed at a percentage on its capital value instead of at a percentage on its rent such a plan would hasten on building and thus tend to glut the market for buildings therefore rents would tend to fall and builders would be unable to take building leases on high ground rents the change would therefore transfer to the people in large some part of the public value of land which now goes to owners of land that is built upon or is likely to be built upon but unless accompanied by energetic action on the part of urban authorities in planning out the lines on which towns should grow it would result in hasty and inappropriate building a mistake for which coming generations would pay a high price and the loss of beauty and perhaps of health the principle which lies at the base of this scheme is capable of larger application and something may be said as to one suggestion of an extreme character which has recently attracted some attention to the effect that in future rates should be assessed mainly or even wholly on site values with little or no reference to the value of the buildings its immediate effect would be an addition to the value of some properties at the expense of others in particular it would raise the value of high and expensive buildings in districts in which the rates were heavy even more than those in which they were low because it would afford relief from a greater burden but it would lower the value of low obsolete buildings on large sites in heavily rated districts after a time the amount of building put upon a site would vary generally subject to the bylaws with its advantages of situation instead of as now partly in proportion to these advantages and partly inversely as the rates this would increase concentration and tend to raise gross site values in advantageous districts but it would also increase the aggregate expenditure from the rates and as this would fall on site values the net site values might be very low whether on the whole the concentration of population would be increased it is difficult to say for the most active building would probably be in the suburbs where vacant land no longer escaped heavy rating much would depend on the building bylaws the concentration might be much lessened by a rigorous rule that there should be a large free space at the back as well as in front of all high buildings note 70 paragraph 7 reference has already been made to the latent partnership between tenant and landlord in British agriculture generally note 71 competition is less effective in rural than in urban districts but on the other hand the contributions which the landlord makes to the effective capital of the firm higher elastic and liable to variation according to the stress of circumstances these adjustments obscure the incidents of agricultural rates as the eddies of wind rushing past the house will often carry snowflakes upwards overbearing but not destroying the tendency of gravitation and hence arises the common saying that the farmer will pay both his and the landlord's share of new rates if the competition for farms is strong while the landlord will pay all if he has reason to fear that farms will be thrown on his hands however rural populations probably bear less onerous rates than is commonly supposed they have gained by improved police service and the abolition of Tompikes and they have increasing access to advantages purchased by rates in the neighboring towns to which they do not contribute and which are generally much higher than their own rates insofar as the rates are remunerative in the immediate present they are no net burden to the occupier though he pays them but rates are a considerable percentage on the farmer's net income and the burden on him is apt to be heavy in those very rare cases in which onerous rural rates are increased greatly as already indicated an onerous rate confined to one district is likely to press more heavily on the local landlords and farmers than if general throughout the country note 72 paragraph 8 this volume is mainly occupied with scientific enquiries but yet not without some glances at the practical issues which supply a motive to economic studies note 73 and here some consideration of policy seems desirable in regard to rates for all economists are agreed that land in an old country resembles other forms of wealth in many respects and that it differs in orders and in some recent controversial writings there has appeared a tendency to really get the points of difference to a secondary place and to give almost exclusive prominence to those of similarity a moderate tendency in that direction might be judicious if the points of similarity alone were of high importance in urgent practical issues but the contrary is a fact and therefore it may be well to consider some great issues of administrative finance in which a leading part is played by those attributes of land which are not largely shared by other forms of wealth but first a little must be said as to equity when a special tax is levied for a particular purpose and the case is not won for any interference by public authority with existing rights of ownership as for instance when an arterial system of land drainage is created the owners of the properties to be benefitted may fitly be assessed on the joint stock principle according to which calls are made from shareholders in proportion to their stake in the common venture the equity of every such charge must be judged separately but on the other hand all onerous taxes and rates must be judged in equity as a whole almost every onerous tax taken by itself presses with undue weight on some class or order but this is of no moment so long as the inequalities of each are compensated by those of orders and variations in the several parts synchronize if that difficult condition is satisfied the system may be equitable though any one part of it regarded alone may be inevitable secondly there is a general agreement that a system of taxation should be adjusted in more or less steep graduation to people's incomes or better still to their expenditures for that part of a man's income which he saves contributes again to the exchequer consumed by expenditure consequently when considering the fact that our present system of taxation general and local bears heavily on houses it should be remembered that large expenditure generally requires large house room and that while taxes and especially graduated taxes on expenditure in general present great technical difficulties to tax collector and further cost much more to the consumer directly and indirectly than they bring into the revenue taxes on houses are technically simple cheap in collection not liable to evasion and easy of graduation note 74 but thirdly this argument does not apply to buildings other than houses and for that reason it may be equitable to tax shops warehouses factories etc on a lower scale than houses at all events as far as new rates are concerned the burdens of old rates is already shifted to the occupiers of business premises partly on to their landlords and partly on to their customers this process of shifting is constantly going on and therefore no great hardship would be inflicted on the trading classes in urban districts if they were charged at once with a farthing for every penny of new rates while a part or the whole of the remaining three fattens were left to be added to their burden gradually by small annual percentages it may be that some such plan would be necessary if the expenses of urban local government continued to increase fast these considerations lead us to repeat that wether in an old or a new country a farthing statesman will feel a greater responsibility to future generations when legislating has to land than has to other forms of wealth and that from the economic and from the ethical point of view land must everywhere and always be classed as a thing by itself if from the first the state had retained true rents in its own hands the vigor of industry and accumulation need not have been impaired though in a very few cases the settlement of new countries might have been delayed a little nothing at all like this can be said of the incomes derived from property made by man but the very greatness of the public interests concerned makes it specially necessary to bear in mind when discussing the equities of the public value of land that a sudden appropriation by the state of any incomes from property the private ownership of which had once been recognized by it would destroy security and shake the foundations of society sudden and extreme measures would be inequitable and partly but not solely for that reason they would be unbusiness like and even foolish caution is necessary but the curse of high side values is that concentration of population which is threatening a scarcity of fresh air and light and playroom so grievous as to lower the vigor and the joyousness of the rising generation thus reach private gains are true not merely true causes which are public and private in their character but also at the expense of one of the chief forms of public wealth large expenditure is needed to secure air and light and playroom and the most appropriate source from which that expense can be deferred seems to be those extreme rights of private property in land which have grown up almost imperceptibly from the time when the king representing the state was the sole land owner private persons were but land holders subjects to the obligation to work for the public well-being they have no equitable right to mar that well-being by congested building paragraph 9 accordingly the following practical suggestions seems to emerge as regards old rates a sudden change in the person from whom they are collected seems unadvisable but additional rates should as far as may be convenient be collected from the person on whom they are ultimately to fall unless like the income tax under schedule A they are collected from the tenant with the instruction that they are to be deducted from his rent the reasons for this are that nearly the whole of that part of old rates which is accessed on public or side valley of land is already born by owners including leses so far as those rates go which do old were not anticipated when their leses were taken and nearly all the remainder of it is born by tenants or their customers this result would not be very greatly disturbed by allowing the tenant to deduct a half or even the whole of his rates from his rent though such a law would run some risk of handing over some of the property of the owners to leses who had reckoned for paying those old rates when taking their leses on the other hand a provision for the division of new that is additional rates would have great advantages the occupier whether of a firm or business premises or a house would deduct one half of the new rates from his rent his immediate landlord would deduct in proportion from his payment to the superior holder next to him and so on and in addition new local taxes on business premises of all kinds might be assessed as has just been suggested less than full rates in the first instance and gradually increased by these provisions farmers shopkeepers and other traders would be relieved from the occasional injustice and the constant fear of injustice which are now associated with sudden disproportionate additions to the public burdens thrown upon particular classes in regard to side values it would seem well to rule that all land whether technically urban or not should be regarded as having a special side value if when cleared of buildings it could be sold at even a moderately high price say 200 units an acre it might then be subjected to a general rate assessed on its capital value and in addition to a fresh air rate to be spent by local authority under full central control for the purposes indicated above this fresh air rate would not be a very heavy burden on owners for a good deal of it would be returned to them in the form of higher values for those building sites which remained as it is the expenditure of such private societies as the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association and much of the rates raised on building values for public improvements is really a free gift of wealth to owners who are already fortunate for rural and urban districts alike after recommending for the initial rates on land the remainder of the necessary funds would perhaps best be obtained by rates on imuwebu property supplemented by some minor local taxes at the description of the local authorities the inhabited house duty might be suppressed unless it was needed for any great new expenditure such as old age pensions and the main rates might be graduated as a present inhabited house duty is but more gently for houses of moderate size and more severely for very large houses but no one should be exempted altogether for so long as a person retains the right of voting on the living and expenditure of rates it is not safe that he should only escape their pressure it may however be safe and reasonable to return to him or his children the equivalent of his payments in such benefits as will increase physical and mental health and vigor and will not tend towards political corruption note 75 notes for machao principles of economics appendix g note 64 c pages 453 and 659 note 65 above chapter 5 section 9 paragraph 1 this appendix is largely based on the memorandum that I mentioned note 66 final report of royal commission on local taxation 1901 page 12 note 67 a good deal of evidence on these points was taken by the commission just named page 794 note 68 see above chapter 5 section 11 paragraphs 3 and 8 the builder generally looks to sell his lease before much of it has run out but the price which he expects to get is the discounted excess of the rental value of the property over the ground rent for the remaining years therefore the substance of his calculations is nearly the same as it would be if he intended to keep the property in his own hands note 69 this assumes that the land is assessed to the tax at the same amount whatever the use to which it is put the case of an extra tax for a special use can be treated as in page 5 section 10 paragraph 6 if agricultural land were exempt from the tax then the tenant of a house or factory in the country would escape that part of the site tax which is assessed on the excess of the value of the land for building uses over its value for agriculture this might slightly increase concentration in towns and first take a little from the burden on site owners in them but it would not materially affect the values of sites in the center of towns see also below note 70 for instance suppose an area of a million square feet to be covered with rows of parallel buildings 40 feet high and 40 feet deep a bylaw that the sky must subtend half a right angle to the ground looking straight back as well as front will cost the distance between each row and the next to be 40 feet and the aggregate volume of building will be 40 feet multiplied into half the total area that is 20 million cubic feet now suppose the height of the buildings to be crebled under the same bylaw those distances between the rows must be 120 feet and on the supposition that it is not convenient to increase the debt of the houses beyond 40 feet the aggregate volume of building will be 120 feet multiplied into a quarter of the total area that is 30 million cubic feet first the total accommodation will be increased by only one half instead of being trebled as would have been the case if the old distances of 40 feet between the rows had been maintained note 71 see chapter 6 section 10 paragraph 10 note 72 see above page 437 note 73 see chapter 1 section 4 paragraphs 2 to 4 note 74 in old times the windows of a house were taken as representative of the house and were taxed heavily but the tax did not strike and was not intended to strike persons as owners and users of windows only it was intended to strike them and did strike them as owners and users of houses and just as the window is a more or less good representative of the house so the house is a representative perhaps a better representative of a certain scale and style of household expenditure in general and when houses are taxed the tax is and is intended to be a tax upon the ownership and use of the means of living in certain general conditions of comfort and social position if part of the tax accessed on houses were removed and the deficit made up by taxes the true incidence of the taxes would be nearly the same as now note 75 the recent commission on local taxation was much occupied with the difficulty of assessing side values and with the even greater difficulty of making add-in-terim arrangements by which an equitable share parenthesis opened whether more or less parenthesis closes of the rates which were designed in the long run to be paid by the ultimate land owners might be transferred from the occupiers to leziz parenthesis open see especially page 153 to 176 of the final reports parenthesis close the difficulty of assessment do undoubtedly very great is of a kind to be diminished rapidly by experience the first thousand such assessments might probably give more trouble and yet be less accurately made than the next 20,000 end of appendix G appendix H of principles of economics this is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org principles of economics by Alfred Marshall appendix H limitations of the use of statistical assumptions in regard to increasing return some hints have already been given of the difficulties which beset the theory of equilibrium in regard to commodities which obey the law of increasing return these hints are now to be developed a little the central point is that the term margin of production has no significance for long periods in relation to commodities the cost of production of which diminishes with a gradual increase in the output and a tendency to increasing return does not exist generally for short periods therefore when we are discussing the special conditions of value of those commodities which conform to that tendency the term margin should be avoided it may be used of course for those commodities as for all others with regard to a short and quick fluctuation in demand because in relation to such fluctuations the production of those commodities as well as others conforms to the law of diminishing and not increasing return but in problems in which the tendency to increasing return is in effective force there is no clearly defined marginal product in such problems our units have to be larger we have to consider the conditions of the representative firm rather than a given individual firm and above all we have to consider the cost of a whole process of production without any attempt to isolate that of a single commodity such as a single rifle or yard of cloth it is true that when nearly the whole of any branch of industry is in the hands of a few giant businesses none of them can be fairly described as representative if these businesses are fused in a trust or even closely combined with one another the term normal expenses of production ceases to have a precise meaning and as will be fully argued in a later volume it must be regarded as primifasha a monopoly and its procedure must be analyzed in the lines of book 5 chapter 14 though the last years of the 19th century and the early years of this have shown that even in such cases competition has a much greater force and the use of the term normal is less inappropriate than seemed probable a priori let us return the instance of an increased demand for aneroid barometers caused by a movement of fashion which after a while had led to improved organization and to a lower supply price when it last the force of fashion died away and the demand for aneroids was again based solely on their real utility this price might be either greater or less than the normal demand price for the corresponding scale of production in the former case capital and labor would avoid that trade of the firms already started some might pursue their course though with less net gains than they had hoped but others would try to edge their way into some nearly related branch production that was more prosperous and as old firms dwindled there would be few new ones to take their place the scale of production would dwindle again and the old position of equilibrium would have shown itself fairly stable against assaults but now let us turn to the other case in which the long period supply price for the increased output fell so far that the demand price remained above it in that case undertakers looking forward to the life of a firm started in that trade considering its chances of prosperity and decay discounting its future outlays and its future incomings would conclude that the latter showed a good balance over the former capital and labor would stream rapidly into the trade and the production might perhaps be increased ten fold before the fall in the demand price became as great as the fall in the long period supply price and a position of stable equilibrium had been found for indeed though in the account of the oscillations of demand and supply about a position of stable equilibrium which was given in the third chapter it was tacitly implied as is commonly done that there could be only one position of stable equilibrium in a market yet in fact under certain conceivable though rare conditions there can be two or more positions of real equilibrium of demand and supply any one of which is equally consistent with the general circumstances of the market and any one of which if once reached would be stable until some great disturbance occurred just however be admitted that this theory is out of touch with real conditions of life insofar as it assumes that if the normal production of a commodity increases and afterwards again diminishes to its old amount the demand price and the supply price will return to their old positions for that amount whether a commodity conforms to the law of diminishing or increasing return the increase in consumption arising from a fall in price is gradual and further habits which have once grown up around the use of a commodity while its price is low are not quickly abandoned when its price rises again if therefore after the supply has gradually increased some of the sources from which it is derived should be closed or any other cause should occur to make the commodity scarce many consumers will be reluctant to depart from their wanted ways for instance the price of cotton during the American war was higher than it would have been if the previous low price had not brought cotton into common use to meet wants many of which had been created by the low price thus then the list of demand prices which holds for the forward movement of the production of a commodity will seldom hold for the return movement but will in general require to be raised again the list of supply prices may have fairly represented the actual fall in the supply price of the thing that takes place when the supply is being increased but if the demand should fall off or if for any other reason the supply should have to be diminished the supply price would not move back by the course by which it would come but would take a lower course the list of supply prices which had held for the forward movement would not hold for the backward movement but would have to be replaced by a lower schedule this is true whether the production of the commodity obeys the law of diminishing or increasing return but it is of a special importance in the latter case because the fact that the production does obey this law proves that its increase leads to great improvements in organization for when any casual disturbance has caused a great increase in the production of any commodity and thereby has led to the introduction of extensive economies these economies are not readily lost developments of mechanical appliances of division of labor and of the means of transport and improved organization of all kinds when they have been once obtained are not readily abandoned capital and labor when they have been once devoted to any particular industry may indeed become depreciated in value if there is a falling off in the demand for the wares which they produce but they cannot quickly be converted to other occupations and their competition will for a time prevent a diminished demand from causing an increased price of the wares partly for this reason there are not many cases in which two positions of stable equilibrium would stand out as possible alternatives at one in the same moment even if all the facts of the market could be ascertained by the dealers concerned but when the conditions of a branch of manufacturer are such that the supply price would fall very rapidly if there should be any great increase in the scale of production then a passing disturbance by which the demand for the commodity was increased might cause a very great fall in the stable equilibrium price a very much larger amount than before being hence forward produced for sale at a very much lower price this is always possible when if we could trace the list of demand and supply prices far ahead we should find them keeping close together for if the supply prices for largely increased amounts are but very little above the corresponding demand prices a moderate increase in demand or a comparatively slight new invention or other cheapening of production may bring supply and demand prices together and make a new equilibrium such a change resembles in some respects a movement from one alternative position of stable equilibrium to another but differs from the latter in that it cannot occur except when there is some change in the conditions of normal demand or normal supply the unsatisfactory character of these results is partly due to the imperfections of our analytical methods and may conceivably be much diminished in a later age by the gradual improvement of our scientific machinery we should have made a great advance if we could represent the normal demand price and supply price as functions both of the amount normally produced and of the time at which that amount became normal let us revert to the distinction between average values and normal values in a stationary state the income earned by every appliance of production being truly anticipated beforehand would represent the normal measure of the efforts and sacrifices required to call it into existence the aggregate expenses of production might then be found either by multiplying these marginal expenses by the number of units of the commodity or by adding together all the actual expenses of production of its several parts and adding in all the rents earned by differential advantages for production the aggregate expenses of production being determined by either of these routes the average expenses could be deduced by dividing out the amount of the commodity and the result would be the normal supply price whether for long periods or for short but in the world in which we lived the term average expenses of production is somewhat misleading for most of the appliances of production material and personal by which a commodity was made came into existence long before their values are therefore not likely to be just what the producers expected them to be originally but some of their values will be greater and others less thus present incomes earned by them will be governed by the general relations between the demand for and the supply of their products and their values will be arrived at by capitalizing these incomes and therefore when making out a list of normal supply prices which in conjunction with the list of normal demand prices is to determine the equilibrium position of normal value we cannot take for granted the values of these appliances for production without reasoning in a circle this caution which is of special importance with regard to industries that tend to increasing return may be emphasized by a diagrammatic presentation of the relations of demand and supply which are possible in a stationary state but only there particular thing bears its proper share of supplementary costs and it would not ever be worthwhile for a producer to accept a particular order at a price other than the total cost in which is to be reckoned a charge for the task of building up the trade connection and external organization of a representative firm the illustration has no positive value it merely guards against a possible error in abstract reasoning end of appendix H