Oh, I think I can stick with it. Any questions? They said most of them here done now. So goodbye. Top two teams advanced for the competition. I'm sure you said this, but remember that you need to wait until you're acknowledged before you answer, right? So don't button and shout. We need to buzz and then wait for someone to say the hand button. Let's bring our first two teams up. Looks like Jerry's is red. I know that. Jerry, would you flip down over the table like someone? Turn yours a little bit. You have to wait until she unlocked it. Good pattern. 9 o'clock, we are ready to go. Question number one. Bones, what is the anatomical term for the collar bone? St. Mary's number five. That is correct. Here is your bonus question. Early college. What is the abbreviation for college board certified courses offered in high school for which you receive college credit? AP advanced placement. Toss up number two. Immortalizing old tales. What nationality were the brothers grim? St. Mary's number three. That is correct. Here is your bonus. National motto. In 1956. The US Congress made in God we trust the national motto. That motto was coined by what American attorney in a poem which was later turned into a song written during a spectacularly noisy night in 1814. Francis Scott key. Toss up a number three physics in space. Astro geologists believe the core of the moon may be partially molten because which of two types of seismic body waves appear not to pass through it. Summerland number two. That is incorrect. I will reread the question from Neil St. Mary's. Astro geologists believe the core of the moon may be partially molten because which of two types of seismic body waves appear not to pass through it. St. Mary's number three primary waves. Primary waves is in direct with the answer is S waves. S waves. Toss up number four. American gospel singer. Martin Luther King juniors. I have a dream speech almost didn't happen. He was encouraged to improvise that day by a performer who said to tell them about the dream. What was the well known first name of this female gospel singer whose last name was Jackson. Summerland number two. Astro geologists believe the core of the moon may be partially molten because which of two types of seismic body waves appear not to pass through it. That is incorrect. I will reread the question from Neil St. Mary's. American gospel singer Martin Luther King juniors. I have a dream speech almost didn't happen. He was encouraged to improvise that day by a performer who said to who said to tell them about the dream. What was the well known first name of this female gospel singer whose last name was Jackson. I have a dream speech almost didn't happen. He was encouraged to improvise that day by a performer who said to tell them about the dream. I have a dream speech almost didn't happen. He was encouraged to improvise that day by a performer who said to tell them about the dream. How was the well known first name of this female gospel singer whose last name was Martin Luther King juniors. Correct, I will reread the question for St. Mary's Wars. What war is associated with? Oh, St. Mary's number one, the Civil War. The Civil War is incorrect. The Revolutionary War, American Revolution. Okay, toss up number six, change in concentration. If the absolute concentration of total solids in an ocean current raises by 10%, what happens to the ratio between the most abundant substances within the ocean's waters? St. Mary's number three, thank you, Chris. Thank you, Chris. No, that is incorrect. I will reread that question for someone. Change in concentration. If the absolute concentration of total solids in an ocean current raises by 10%, what happens to the ratio between the most abundant substances within the ocean waters? Summerlin, number two. It would increase by 100%. That is incorrect. It is constant, it is the same. Possess number seven, analysis of historical depiction. What 1939 historical fictional film based on a book is now seen for its controversial negative depiction of women and positive depiction of slavery in the South before, during, and after the Civil War. St. Mary's number three, Conn, number one. That is correct. Here's your bonus question. American entertainment history. By what five-word phrase did William Frederick Cody call his exhibition featuring such celebrities as Annie Oakley and Sitting Bull and attractions such as the capture of a stagecoach? Well, Andrew. By what five-word phrase did William Frederick Cody call his exhibition featuring such celebrities as Annie Oakley and Sitting Bull and attractions such as the capture of a stagecoach? Well, Andrew. Buffalo Bill is a wild west shell. We're trying to bring it together. Question number eight, toss up. Brain anatomy. What part of the brain is responsible for regulating basic life functions like breathing and heart rate? Summary one, number two. Pentecostal cortex. That is incorrect. I will reread the question for O'Neill St. Mary's. Brain anatomy. Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating basic life functions like breathing and heart rate? St. Mary's number five. Over the frontal lobe. That is incorrect. The answer they provide is the brain stem. Toss up number nine, island nation. Identify the island nation in the Indian Ocean known for its ancient temples, including the iconic Sigiriya rock fortress. Summary one, number two. Philippines. Philippines is incorrect. I will reread O'Neill St. Mary's. Island nation. Identify the island nation in the Indian Ocean known for its ancient temples, including the iconic Sigiriya rock fortress. St. Mary's, number two. Sir Lake Volga. That is correct. Here is your bonus question. Costs. What is the term for the cost of borrowing money usually expressed as a percentage? Interest. That is correct. Toss up number 10, southernmost in the world. Among the cities with a population of over 100,000, Punta Arenas is the southernmost in the world. On which straight is it located? St. Mary's, number four. The Bering St. The Bering St. is incorrect. I will reread that question for someone. Southernmost in the world. Among the cities with a population of over 100,000, Punta Arenas is the southernmost in the world. On which straight is it located? Summerline, number two. And Trayton, you're wrong, then. That is incorrect. Magellan, straight up Magellan. Toss up number 11, organization name. What organization founded in 1960 aimed to promote civil rights for African Americans through nonviolent protests? St. Mary's, number three. Black Lives Matter. That is incorrect. I will reread for Summerline, organization name. What organization founded in 1960 aimed to promote civil rights for African Americans through nonviolent protests? Summerline, number two. Civil rights, number three. That is incorrect. The correct answer is Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Our final question, toss up number 12, Presidential History. The Harrison family was living in the White House in the spring of 1891 when it was outfitted with which new technology? St. Mary's, number two. Electricity. That's it, correct. Your bonus. Your bonus. Muscles, which large muscle in the front of the thigh is divided into four distinct portions? Quadriceps is correct. That is the end of this match. 45. We have O'Neill St. Mary's, one 45 to zero with Summerline. Good job, everyone. I was in that meeting last night. I can go up to my office. I have a whole bunch more, but. How many of you have seen the last one? Nellie, come on up. St. Mary's, you'll be on the red side and Nellie, you'll be on the right side. Oh, sure. Sorry. So they know we're in the yellow house. So we're in the same house. So we're in the same house. So we're in the same house. So we're in the same house. So we're in the same house. Of course, we're still in the same house. I think in the future. We're in the same house. Yeah, good play. We're good to go. In the brackets, we're going to get to that. Then they have to change rooms. That's the way to look at them. OK, yeah, we're ready. All right. Here we go, everybody. Toss up. Question number one. Indigenous peoples. This confederation of four Indigenous people, groups, opponents of the Iroquois, call themselves the Wendat or the Wendat. The French call them by which name that they also gave to a nearby Great Lake to the northeast of Michigan? Stanton number six. Huron is correct. Here's your bonus. Historical moon landing. That's one small step for man and one giant leap for mankind. It refers to what historical event that is incorrect? The moon walk. The actual placement owner. Toss up. Number two, submarines. The CSS Hunley submarine was raised and reused the first two times it sank, but not the third time in 1864. Raised in 2000 near Charleston, South Carolina, research shows that it was only 20 feet from its targeted USS Pusepanic. When what type of weapon exploded prematurely killing its third crew? Mealy number three, the missile. The missile is incorrect. I will repeat that question for Stanton. The CSS Hunley submarine was raised and reused the first two times it sank, but not the third time in 1864. Raised in 2000 near Charleston, South Carolina, research shows that it was only 20 feet from its targeted USS Pusepanic. When what type of weapon exploded prematurely killing its third crew? Stanton number one. Torpedo. Torpedo is correct. Here's your bonus. National output. What economic term describes the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a specific time period? Inflation. Inflation is incorrect. The correct answer is gross domestic product. Toss up number three, man-made formations. These long, narrow clouds are formed as aircraft exhaust condenses in cold air at high altitudes. Name the formation. Stanton number six. Jet stream. Jet stream is incorrect. I will repeat that for nearly all fail. Man-made formations. These long, narrow clouds are formed as aircraft exhaust condenses in cold air at high altitudes. Name the formation. The answer we're looking for is called contrail or a vapor trail. Toss up number four, historical naval battles. Which 1805 battle was a decisive naval victory for the British against the French and Spanish fleets? Stanton number three, Waterloo. Waterloo is incorrect. I will already read that question for nearly historical naval battles. Which 1805 battle was a decisive naval victory for the British against the French and Spanish fleets? The answer we were looking for is the Battle of Trafalgar. Toss up number five. Not-so-safe snakes. What is the collective name for poisons transmitted through snake bites? Nailio, tail number three. Venom is correct. Here is your bonus. Here is your bonus. Green tea. The Shinoyu is described in Western culture as a tea ceremony. Although practitioners in Japan consider it to be more of just a presentation of what particularly form, what particular form of powdered green tea that is now popular worldwide. Machi is correct. Toss up number six, serious health consequences. Despite severe health consequences, including a shortened life, and despite loss of chances to compete of caught, what class of compounds has been used since the 1950s by some athletes to try to maximize the... Nailio, tail number three. Steroids. Steroids is correct. Here's your bonus question. What part of the eye is stored in iBank for donations to those in need? The cornea is the correct answer. The cornea. Toss up number seven, bright birds and flowers. The paradisiad is a family of bird. And there is also a colorful family of plants with the name bird of what? Paradise is correct. I didn't call on her. Sorry. OK. Real re-read, bright birds and flowers. The paradisiad is a family of bird. And there is also a colorful family of plants with the name bird of what? Stanton number two. Hurt us. That is correct. Here's your bonus question. Setting of the story. The catcher in the ride details how many days in the life of 16-year-old Holden Caulfield? 64. That is incorrect. Two days. Two days. Toss up number eight, military symbols. The Marine Corps emblem is an American eagle, a globe, and one of what marine items? Stanton number five. An anchor. An anchor is correct. Here's your bonus. Computer hardware. All CPUs are one of these, but not all of these are CPUs. Although sometimes the two words are used interchangeably. What five-syllable word names this piece of hardware? We're looking for a microprocessor. Microprocessor. Toss up number nine, matrices. What word is used for a matrix that has? Neal O'Dale, number six. A computer. Incorrect. I will re-read for Stanton. What word is used for a matrix that has ones along the main diagonal and zeroes elsewhere? Stanton number three. A regular matrix. We're looking for identity. Identity. Toss up number 10, marine species. Which large marine mammal is known for its single distinctive tusk and is found in our? Neal O'Dale, number six. A narwhal. That is correct. Here's your bonus. Quartz. Quartz is most commonly used in the manufacturing of glass as its chemical makeup works well for this process. What two elements are in the compound that makes up quartz? Sand and heat. Sand and heat is incorrect. Silicone and oxygen. Silicone and oxygen. Toss up number 11, waterways. The process of modifying a natural river channel by deepening or widening it is called channelization. Or what term also used for man-made water channels? Stanton number six. Canal. Canal is incorrect. I will re-read for Neal. The process of modifying a natural river channel by deepening or widening it is called channelization. Or what term also used for man-made water channels? Neal O'Dale, number four. Trenching. Trenching is incorrect. Dredging is the word we were looking for. Dredging. All right, final question of this round. Toss up number 12, old desert land at 55 to 80 million years old. The Navij may be the oldest desert in the world, and it contains some of the driest areas. This desert runs along the coast of Angola and which other southern African nation? Neal O'Dale, number six. South Africa. South Africa. Is it incorrect? I will re-read for Stanton. At 55 to 80 million years old. Stanton, number one. Araglai. Araglai is incorrect. The answer we're looking for is Namibia. That is the end of round two. Neal O'Dale wins 25 to Stanton 20. Good job. OK, now we are ready. OK, round three. Here we go. Toss up number one. Name the project. In 1946, I'm sorry. You're right. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. We'll start over. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I did too. I'm sorry. Name the project. Here we go again. In 1946, property and workers from what project were transferred to the newly established atomic? Stanton, number five. That is it. Here is your bonus. Birds far off of the southern coast of South Africa since Marion Island, created by a single volcanic eruption, it is home to the smallest species of which that is incorrect. It is the penguin. Mountain formation. Toss up number two. What type of plate boundary creates full mountains? O'Neill St. Marion's number two. False. False is incorrect. Stanton and I will reread. Mountain formation. What type of plate boundary creates full mountains? Number four. Incorrect. Where we're looking for is convergent boundary. Convergent boundary. Toss up number three. Baseball. Second only to Babe Ruth as a 24-time all-star. Which major league player finished his career with a 302 batting average, having played as center fielder with number 24 with both the Mets and the Giants? Stanton, number two. Jackie Robinson. Thank you, Robinson. Is that incorrect? I will reread that for St. Mary's. Second only to Babe Ruth as a 24-time all-star. Which major league player finished his career with a 302 batting average, having played as center fielder with number 24 with both the Mets and the Giants? St. Mary's. Number two. Barry Barnes. Barry Barnes is incorrect. Back to my day and a couple of the coaches out there. Willie Mays. All right, toss up number four. Armed services. Which branch of the armed services maintains most of the US nuclear arsenal? Stanton, number three. Sorry. Will we read that question for O'Neill St. Mary's? Which branch of the armed services maintains most of the US nuclear arsenal? St. Mary's number five. It is incorrect. It is the Air Force. The Air Force. Toss up number five. Changing for the environment. In November of 2023, ExxonMobil announced that it realizes that the internal combustion engine won't be around forever. And that they will start moving towards using what product for the batteries of EV vehicles. St. Mary's number two. That is correct. Here's your bonus. Cause and effect. What happens with the H2O inside a tree when lightning strikes it that causes the tree to blow apart? That's an answer. OK, very good. Yes, we will take that. Boils, vaporizer, or expand. All were acceptable answers. Toss up number six. American poet. Robert Frost's poem was not written as a direction to do your own thing, but was an ironic warning about regretting indecision and choices. What poem was written for a friend who joined the army after reading it and who died in the war two years later? When they all say Mary's number five. The road not taken. That is correct. That is correct. Here is your bonus question. Birth of a campaign motto. Presidential candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt casually mentioned these words as part of a speech at the Chicago Democratic Convention in 1932. And the press went wild with the phrase, making what two words this campaign slogan? I hit it together. That is incorrect. The new deal. New deal. Toss up number seven. NFL team. The longest field goal made in a game was 64 yards by Matt Prater. Which NFL team was he playing for at the time? St. Mary's number two. The Detroit Lions. That is incorrect. I will reread for Stanton. The longest field goal made in a game was 64 yards by Matt Prater. Which NFL team was he playing for at the time? Stanton number one. There's our variables. That is incorrect. The Denver Broncos. The Denver Broncos. Toss up number eight. Hybrid animals. Scientific studies have shown that most wolves in North America have at least some DNA from which smaller animal, which can mate with wolves to produce the hybrid koi wolf? Stanton number one. That is correct. Here is your bonus. Civil wars. Which African country experienced a civil war that resulted in the creation of Southern portion emerging as an independent nation in 2011? The correct answer is Sudan. Sudan. Toss up number nine. TV series. Name this series. Starring Reese Witherspoon and Kerry Washington is set in Shaker Heights, Ohio as their two families interact with one another. Little fires everywhere is the name of the series. Question number 10. Ancient history. Perseus used a helmet of invisibility, a sickle, and a polished shield to accomplish what past. Stanton number one. Show what we do, sir. That is correct. Your bonus. Absurdist lit. Which novel by Albert Camus explores the philosophy of absurdism of the character, Marceau. The novel is called The Stranger. Toss up number 10. Canadian territory. What federal territory of Canada encompasses the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, including Bath and Island, Ellesmere Island, and Akameski Island in James Bay. Stanton number one. Northwest Territories. That is incorrect. I will reread for St. Mary's. Canadian territory. What federal territory of Canada encompasses the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, including Bath and Island, Ellesmere Island, and Akameski Island in James Bay. O'Neill St. Mary's number one. That is incorrect. The answer we're looking for is none of it. None of it. 12. Toss up. Historical accounts of events. C.S. Lewis wrote Ones of Narnia, and Ray Bradbury wrote the Martian Ones. What is the word shared by these titles, as well as the Old Testament books, which come after Second Kings in the Bible? O'Neill St. Mary's number four. Chronicles. That is correct. Chronicles. Here is your bonus. It is a math question. It is paper, pencil. Solve for B. A times the quantity B minus one equals C. So you have to answer now. Zero plus one. Say it again. B plus one. No. Two answers. B equals C divided by a plus one, or B equals C over a plus one. That is acceptable. That is the end of the round. O'Neill St. Mary's wins 25 to 15. Good job. Remember, on the bonus, you do not have to close in. You can just simply confer with the title. We'll give it a go. Thank you. Round number four. Pause of question number one. Transportation and safety. Some states have already made this illegal. According to a study at the University of Utah, using what while driving can be more dangerous than drunk driving. Summerland number five. Cell phone is correct. Here's your bonus. Good place to build. Albany was a hub of transportation for over 100 years. Much of that due to the fact that it connected the Great Lakes by lying at the original terminus of the Erie Canal at the northern end of the navigable portion of which river. The Hudson River is the answer we were looking for. Toss up number two. No smaller. Mealy Oakdale number three. We'll reread that question for Summerland. No smaller parts. Unlike the other components of the atom, electrons are generally thought to have no known components or substructure. What term is used for such particles? Summerland number three. Subatomic particles. We are looking for elementary particles. Toss up number three. North Atlantic. What is the name of the strait that separates Greenland and Canada? Summerland number six. Bering Street. The Bering Street is incorrect. I will reread for Neal. What is the name of the strait that separates Greenland and Canada? Summerland number six. Mealy Oakdale number two. That is incorrect. We're looking for the Davis strait. Toss up question number four. Aquatic shell creatures. Name the family of creatures who breathe underwater have hard shells. Summerland number five. That is what we're looking for. Here is your bonus. Okay. Summerland number five. Bonus. Okay. This is math. This is paper pencil. Are we ready? Okay. A bicyclist traveling at a speed of 21 miles per hour for the first half of the race, which is mostly downhill. When it turns around to go back, the speed decreases to 19 miles per hour going uphill. If it took the competitor two hours to complete the race, the first mile, how many miles were traveled? Bonus. Bonus. 40 miles. 40 miles is correct. Question number five. Significant waterway. What Italian river was the most historically significant to ancient Romans in their home city? Summerland number three. That is not correct. Let's go with that again. Significant waterway. What Italian river was the most historically significant to the ancient Romans in their home city? Mealy Oakdale number six. The River Tents. Incorrect. We are looking for tibers. Tibers. Question number six. Disassociative disorder. The most common type of disassociative disorder surrounding a traumatic experience. What do we call this? Mealy Oakdale number six. Amnesia, that is correct. Here is your bonus question. Mealy Oakdale. Culinary arts. To make this base of soup, simmer chicken parts for three hours with frequent skimming or drop a cube into water. Give me this five letter word. Okay. Scott. Number seven. Toss up. Deserted island. Picky's eyelashes are used to start a signal fire on a tropical island in what? Mealy Oakdale number six. The Lord of the Fines, that is correct. Here is your bonus question. Rhyming term. What's the rhyming two word term for the technique of teaching with only a blackboard and its writing instrument as tools, that is incorrect. It's a chalk talk. A chalk talk. A soul coach has remembered that. Outdated. Oh goodness. Toss up. Number eight. German check biologist. What scientist is the subject of the biography titled The Monk of the Garden? Mealy Oakdale. Number four. Dr. Mandela. Incorrect. Mandel. Mandel. Bother genetics. Okay. Number nine. Distorted wind. What's the subject of the biography titled The Monk of the Garden? Mealy Oakdale. Number four. Dr. Mandela. Historically important botany. Long before cotton became central to South Carolina's economy its diced up industry was central and was based on cultivation of which shrub that provides a beautiful blue not violet color. Fummerland. Number three. Indigo. Indigo is correct. Here's your bonus question. Construction material. What mineral composed of calcium sulfate is commonly used in the production of plaster and drywall? Gypsum is what we are looking for. Gypsum. Toss up. Number ten. Name the biome. Which biome is characterized by the types of plants that include cereals, bamboos. Fummerland. Number three. Indigo. Incorrect. Well we'll reread Mealy Oakdale. Which biome is characterized by the type of plants that include cereals, bamboos and those cultivated for pasture land? Mealy Oakdale. Number six. Tyga. Incorrect. We are looking for grassland. Grassland biome. Pasture land. Toss up. Number eleven. Colorless gas with a strong odor. In a rotten egg what pungent gas is formed by the reaction of sulfur and hydrogen? Fummerland. Number one. That is incorrect. We'll reread for Mealy Oakdale. Colorless gas with a strong odor. In a rotten egg what pungent gas is formed by the reaction of sulfur and hydrogen? Mealy Oakdale. Number three. Hydrogen sulfate. Hydrogen sulfide. Sorry. Number twelve. Olympic host. Which city was the host city of the 2018 Winter Olympics? Fummerland. Number three. Pyongyang, South Korea. Where's South Korea? Seoul. I will take the first answer you gave and that is correct. Pyongyang. Pyongyang is how it is said that that is South Korea. Is that right? Okay. Here is your bonus. Still going strong. In 2023 what red haired stranger still performing at 90 as he gets inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame released a new book sharing how he wrote many of his songs including On the Road Again. Will it all sudden? That's the end of the round. Summerland wins with 30 to 10 Mealy Oakdale. Good job. Ready to start? Round five. Class of number one. Arm equipment. Armisting machine gets its name from consolidating the operations of cutting, thrashing, Mealy Oakdale number three. That's correct. Here's your bonus. Settled Stripe. In 2023 which major labor union finished settling their strike against board motors, General Motors and Stalantis? That's correct. United Auto Workers. Question number two. Toss up. Reaching the walls. What device was a heavy wooden beam held parallel to the ground at shoulder height by a number of men who had run several steps to gain momentum and then crash one end into a wall or door? Mealy Oakdale number three. That is correct. Here is your bonus question. Failed policy. What word designates the failed policy followed by European leaders when they met in Munich with Nazi representatives in 1938 and ceded the southern land to Germany to try to stop further production? We're looking for appeasement. Appeasement. Toss up number three. Antonyms. Which antonym of the word benevolent has the same two syllable ending? Mealy Oakdale number six. That is correct. Here is your bonus question. Biochemical cycle. What process involves the element sitting at number six as it moves between living organisms and their environment? That is incorrect. The carbon cycle. The carbon cycle. Toss up number four. Russian painter. What artist of the blue rider and circles in a circle is considered the father of modern abstract art? O'Neill say Mary's number six. The castle. Castle is incorrect. I will re-read the question from Mealy Oakdale. Russian painter. Which artist of the blue rider and circles in a circle is considered the father of modern abstract art? Mealy Oakdale number four. Van Gogh is incorrect. Kandinsky. Kandinsky is the same word as before. Toss up number five. The topic is aviation. Among the several agencies administered by the U.S. Department of Transportation which one certifies pilots? Mealy Oakdale number three. And is incorrect. I will re-read O'Neill St. Mary's Among the several agencies administered by the U.S. Department of Transportation which one certifies pilots? O'Neill St. Mary's number three. American Air Legion. The FAA is what we were looking for. FAA, Federal Aviation Administration question number six. Multi-purpose organ. The pancreas works both within the endocrine system and within which other system? Mealy Oakdale number one. Incorrect. O'Neill St. Mary's will re-read. The pancreas works both within the endocrine system and within which other system? O'Neill St. Mary's number six. The circulatory system. We're looking for digestive system. Digestive system. Number seven. Mutualistic partnership. What is the term for the complex life form created by the symbiotic relationship between an algae and a fungus? O'Neill St. Mary's number five. Incorrect. I will re-read that question for Mealy Oakdale. What is the term for the complex life form created by the symbiotic relationship between an algae and a fungus? Mealy Oakdale number four. I'm looking for a like it. Toss-up number eight. American Port City. Which is the Port City home of the seat of the University of Vermont that shares its name with the chain of coat factory stores? Mealy Oakdale number six. That is correct. Here is your bonus. The topic is a paddle-dweyer. The vitreous humor is nowhere near your funny bone. Where in the body would it be found? Incorrect. The vitreous is the fluid in your eye. Passive voice. Toss-up number nine. Restate this sentence in the passive voice. Little Bo Peep lost the sheath. Meal St. Mary's number three. The sheath was lost by Little Bo Peep. Correct. The bonus question is a math pencil paper. A rectangular garden measures 10 meters by 15 meters is surrounded by a path of uniform width. If the total area of the garden and the path is 300 square meters what is the width of the path in meters? 2.5 is what we are looking for. 2.5. Toss-up question number 10. American Car. Western names are popular in SUVs and minivans. An example in which Chevy SUV named for a lake that is the largest lake in the world. Toss-up question number 6. Taho. The bonus question smallest in one measure. Which of the great lakes is the smallest in surface area although it does not have the least volume? We are looking for Lake Ontario. Lake Ontario. Passive number 11. National Forest. Lie in which mountain range? Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. Nielsen. In 1936, Sergei Prokoveth was commissioned by the Moscow Central Children's Theater to write which piece of program music? O'Neill St. Mary's, number five. Swan Lake. Incorrect. Peter and the Wolf. Peter and the Wolf. That concludes the round. Nelly Oakdale won 30 to 10 to O'Neill St. Mary's. So we have one more round left of the full play. Summerland and Stanton. So update for online. O'Neill St. Mary's has two wins. Stanton zero, Summerland one, and Nelly Oakdale two points. O'Neill St. Mary's 80, Stanton 35, Summerland 30, and Nelly Oakdale 65. Yep. All right. Final round, round six. Toss-up question number one. Country borders. What country borders Bulgaria, Serbia, Ukraine, Voldova, and the Black Sea? Summerland, number three. Poland. Incorrect. We'll reread the question for Stanton. Country borders. What country borders Bulgaria, Serbia, Ukraine, Voldova, and the Black Sea? Stanton, number three. Turkey. We're looking for Romania. Romania. Question number two, Toss-up, defense. What NFL defensive formation features a single nose tackle and two inside linebackers? Summerland, number three. Cover three. What we're looking for is the three-fourth. Bigger chance yet. I don't know what we're doing. I'm supposed to bring in another question now. Okay, let's come back. Would cover three better acceptable? Coach? No, I think so. Okay, let's go to question number three, and we'll come back with another question in a while. All righty. Senior female jurist. Between 1973 and 1976, she argued six cases on women's rights before the U.S. Supreme Court, winning five of them. She served from 1993 until 2020. Who was the senior female jurist? Summerland, number one. Ruth Bader Ginsburg. That is correct. Here is your bonus question. Time signature. In music, what signature is called common time? Four over four. She's got it. Yes. Shoot. Okay. Okay. Toss up number four. Coriolis effect. The Coriolis effect on winds over the ocean currents cause wind to turn which direction in the northern hemisphere? Summerland, number three. Counterclockwise. Incorrect. Coriolis effect. Coriolis effect on winds over the ocean currents cause winds to turn which direction in the northern hemisphere? Summerland, number three. Clockwise. Incorrect. The answer they provided, what we're looking for is to the right. To the right. That'd be clockwise. I had this discussion in our meeting. Because, well, if the answer given is right, but clockwise is moving, or it's your right. Okay, so we'll accept it. We will accept your answer based on this here. Okay. Here is the bonus question for that. Middle Eastern conflicts. The Houthi rebels of which nation have been attacking Israel ships in the last weeks of November of 2020? What's the Houthi rebels of which nation have been attacking Israel ships in the last weeks of November of 2023 causing conflicts with Saudi Arabia? Who is working towards peace? Iraq. Incorrect. The Houthi rebels of Yemen? Yemen. Excuse me. Which one did you accept? Counterclockwise or clockwise? Counter. Counterclockwise or clockwise? Counterclockwise. Counterclockwise. That was my initial, but Google says otherwise. Well, that was missed anyway. Let's go ahead and. Yeah, so they found their bonus. They didn't get the bonus, but let's go back to what the book said. And we'll stick with the book. And nobody gets credit for it. You said clockwise. You guys said counterclockwise. And they're saying clockwise should be the right answer. That would be worth that. Counterclockwise. Counterclockwise. Counterclockwise. That was the right answer. Which one are we going to take? I think the book says right. So, you know, but I guess those points. I'm going to write. I would say they have to write. Yeah. Let's go with that. We'll go back to 15. No one gets 7 points. Yeah. Yeah. By the way, I've never seen these questions before until right now. I think that you guys talked about it in your meeting. And the LAX. The answer we were going to allow was right. So we're only accepting. Right. And it's 0. So it's 15 to 0. Yeah. Question five. Becoming law. The approval of the legislative branch may be required to validate government agreements. Such a significant amount of money. So we're only accepting. Right. And it's 0. So it's 15 to 0. Yeah. Question five. Becoming law. The approval of the legislative branch may be required to validate government agreements. Such a cent is called what? Summerlin. Number six. Checks and balance. Incorrect. I will reread that for standing. The approval of the legislative branch may be required to validate government agreements. Such a cent is called what? And number three. That's 12 steps. Becoming law. Incorrect. We'll reread that question. Nope. Second. The answer we're looking for is ratification. Ratification. Okay. Number six. Major event. What. Decennial event. Is important. In terms of the house of representatives. And state representation. Summerlin. Number three. Election. Is incorrect. We'll reread. What. Decennial event. Is important. In terms of the house of representatives. And state representation. And number three. Senses. That is correct. Every 10 years. The bonus question. Helping with the revolution. During the American Revolution. This Polish aristocrat. Has a mere philosophy saved George Washington. He commanded the defense of Charleston. And was killed leading the American Calvary. In the siege of what Georgia city. Savannah. Savannah is correct. Savannah, Georgia. Number seven. Terminology. What three letter word. Designates an involuntary. Brief. Recurring muscle twitch. Typically in the area of the face. Title and eyes. That number one. Take is correct. The bonus question is engineering area. Power systems are the primary focus. Of what type of engineers. That is correct. Paws up. Number eight. Name the biome. Which biome is characterized by long. Cold winters. the Niferous Tree. Summerland, number four. Haga. Haga is correct. Here is the bonus, face-to-face. For two large countries like the China and the United States, turning their backs on each other is not an option. Planet Earth is big enough for the two countries to succeed. Which world leader told this to President Biden in a face-to-face meeting in November of 2023? President of China? Xi Jinping is the answer we were looking for. Xi Jinping. Number nine, South American country. Which former Dutch colony near Brazil and Guyana is the smallest South American country? Summerland, number one. Europe is incorrect. We'll reread the questions more standing. South American country, which former Dutch colony near Brazil and Guyana is the smallest South American country? Stanton, number six. Is it Chad? Incorrect. We are looking for Suriname. Suriname. Question 10, Fawcett, forced. Ms. Wheaton took her students to the gym to demonstrate Newton's third law. She put on roller skates and stood at the free throw line while she threw a perfect shot forward into the basketball hoop. What happened that demonstrated the third law? Summerland, number three. The girl would have gotten back on the roller skates. No, you had equaled opposite. That is correct. She went backwards. Bonus question, international relations. In April of 2023, what nation vowed to set up a moon base to mine its riches for the benefit of humanity? China. China is correct. Toss up number 11, habitat. Broadleaf and what other type of forest with an undergrowth of bamboo and lots of rain are the habitat of the giant panda? Summerland, number three. Favorite course, China. Incorrect. Will we read for Stanton? Habitat, broadleaf and what other type of forest with an undergrowth of bamboo and lots of rain are the habitat of the giant panda? Stanton, number four. We're looking for coniferous, coniferous forest. Number 12, brackish meeting zone. What is the term for the area where fresh water from rivers meets and mixes with saltwater from the ocean? Summerland, number one. Incorrect. Stanton, will we read for you? Brackish meeting zone. What is the term for the area where fresh water from a river meets and mixes with saltwater from an ocean? Number six, Delta. We're looking for a nestuary. Testuaries for the ocean. Close round. That kind of thing. One more question. Oh, I think there's one more question. Should we throw the roll? OK. We have to roll. Final question, investigating the conflict. On November 20th of 2023, American reporters were able to show pictures of a shaft and a tunnel under the Al-Shifa hospital that was built by Hamas. And where it is reported that they sheltered away from the fighting, the Al-Shifa hospital is the largest hospital in which disputed region? Summerland, number five. Palestine. Palestine is not what we're looking for. Stanton. Stanton, number three. The Gaza Strip. That is correct. The Gaza Strip is correct. So you do have a bonus. Which of Henry Matisse's paintings was hung upside down in the Museum of Modern Art for 46 days without anyone noticing? The English translation of the title would be The Boat. Answer, Le Bateau, which is the French for The Boat. Le Bateau, is that right? All right. It's Henry Matisse. We're tied. Now we're tied, Tyler. We're very sure of what's going on. We're tied. Here we have questions we're used for this. Solve the tiebreaker. Pasa, music bands. Identify the first band with the palanedromic name to be listed in the Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock and Roll. And they're pretty close to the top of the alphabetical list as well. Stanton, number five. AC, DC. That is incorrect. Repeat that for Summerlin. Identify the first band with palanedromic name to be listed in the Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock and Roll. And they're pretty close to the top of the alphabetical list as well. Summerlin, number three. The Beatles. That is incorrect. Abba. Abba is the band. We'll have to do another question. We'll have to do another one. Let's see if we stay. Pasa, question to government. The first written plan of a government for the U.S. immediately following the Revolutionary War was called what? Summerlin, number four. Articles of the Federation. That is it. You hear our answer to the bonus. Yes, those are the points. Right? Yes. International affairs. When food aid is sent to a war-torn country, not all of it goes where it's intended. In 1992, which African country had 80% of its international food aid go into the mouths and warehouses of the warlords? Somalia. Somalia is correct. That is correct. In San Jose, though, I don't think you can get the bonus. Oh, there you go. Okay. Even in pool play. What is the extra points? I don't know. That's a good question. Let's ask Hyatt. There are a lot of local parties. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I don't know. I think everybody knows this. So we'll double check. Otherwise, it's 50 to 35 with Summerlin's wing over Stanton, but we'll check on. It's very close with Somalia's wings and points with the next group who makes it. No, you don't get the extra 10 points. Okay. Thank you. Went into extra questions. Thank you for letting us know about that. Excitedly, just one second. That's a good question and that's it. That's it. Okay. So then Hyatt did that made a tie situation. So no, no, no, no. Total points of the room? No. So it'd be 40 to 35 then with Summerlin still winning. But for the bracket. But it doesn't matter. It doesn't matter. You're gonna have to put your wings on the line. I can do it. All right. That'd be a good one. Put the wing on the line. Okay, sorry. So Summerlin won 40 to 35. So O'Neill St. Mary's has two wins with 80 points Stanton. Zero wins with 70 points Summerlin. Two wins with 70 points and Neely Oakdale. Two wins with 65 points. So Summerlin, the Neal St. Mary's will go on. Yep. Good luck. That was a close one. Stanton had 70 points by 0-5, they go by 0-6. And if there would have been a tie with points then you look at head to head and Summerlin did win over Neely. So you would, if there would have been a tie with points. So good luck the rest of the day. Thanks for playing.


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Okay, so we're coming to our third session in this block and you've just seen messages from some of our sponsors, but some of our sponsors also do talks and the next one I'd like to invite to us is Alexis from Numbuli, Alexis, hello. Hello everyone. Can you hear me all right and see me as well? This works perfectly and we can see you too. You are in Paris at the moment or in France? Yeah, in France and so far France actually this time, but I usually live in Paris and work in Paris.  Sure, I guess so. I will just start sharing my screen and prepare everything if you're low. Yes, I'll show. Okay. And let's see if that works. So, hello everyone. I'm really happy to be remotely as you understood with you today. In this talk, I will detail Cassandra and Silla low level architecture and explain how it's used by Python Cassandra driver and show you how we extended it to write to Python driver for Silla. There will be diagrams, emojis, Python code and hopefully some amazing performance graphs as well. Let me introduce a bit about myself. So, has Martin already told you and you can judge from my accent. I'm French, I'm Alexis and I'm a CTO at Numerli who happens as well to be a proud sponsor for Europe Python since 2014. We are digital marketing experts and we help brands establish a relationship, a digital relationship with their customers. On the open source world, Gentoo Linux developer where I'm part of the cluster and container teams which means that I spend some of my time working on packaging distributed databases such as MongoDB and Silla or work on packaging some other cluster-related tools and work with my friends on the Docker Gentoo Linux images. I'm also open source contributor and enthusiast. I've been contributing to MongoDB, to Silla, to Apache Airflow and I'm a Python software foundation contributing member which means that I spend a fair amount of my time working on or contributing to Python-based open-source projects. Before we start, I wanted to introduce you to a fact that you may not know already but since Europe Python is using Discord, I found it interesting to share to you that Discord is using Silla as well. If you are interested in understanding what they do, I invite you to check out the link here where Mark Smith introduces how Discord is using Silla. It's very interesting, so check it out if you want. Also, this is an advanced talk as advertised, so I will suppose that you are familiar with the basics of consistent hashing and Cassandra. If that's not the case or if you simply want to know more about consistent hashing and even use it in your Python applications, I'm allowing myself to also introduce you to the talk I gave on this very subject in a previous Europe Python edition. But fear not, I've still worked on not making this a big problem for this presentation so you should be able to follow along and no problem even if you don't know exactly the details of consistent hashing. Let's get started now and let me introduce you to Cassandra and Silla token-reading architectures. We see all they have in common but also what Silla has done that makes it special and worth a dedicated Python driver. The first thing to know is that a Cassandra or Silla cluster is a cluster, is a collection of nodes or instances that can be visualized as a ring. All the nodes in this ring should be homogeneous using a shared-nothing approach. This means that there's nothing special about a node in this topology. One node, one Cassandra node on the ring or any Silla node on the ring has no special role or anything special about it. There is no primary or secondary or anything. They all do the same thing. This ring is called a token ring in which the positions of the nodes on the ring define token ranges and token range partitions. You can see that before, if you go clockwise on the ring, the range that is preceding a node is the token range or the partition that it is responsible for. The partition is just a subset of data that is stored on the node. In SQL, the Cassandra query language, a partition appears as a group of sorted rows and is the unit of access of a query data. This data is usually replicated across nodes thanks to a setting that is called the replication factor. The replication factor defines how data is replicated on nodes. For example, a replication factor of two means that a given token or token range or partition will be stored on two nodes. This is the case here where partition one and two is stored on X and you can see that partition two is also stored on Y while the partition one is stored on node Z. That means that if we were to lose node X, we could still read the data from partition one from node Z. This is how high availability is achieved and how Cassandra and Sila favor availability and partition tolerance. They are called AP on the CAPTRM. This kind of token ring architecture is sensible to data distribution among the nodes. Queries should, in theory, be evenly distributed between nodes. We could get an unbalance of data and query load in the above scenario where we store data in three big partitions and each node holds one range of the previous one and one range from the next one. If one of those partitions were to grow larger than another one, we could then have an unbalance of queries and sort of overload on them. To counter this effect that we are calling a hot node or a hot partition, we need to add more variants in partition two node allocation and this is done using what is called virtual nodes. So instead of placing physical nodes on the ring, we will place many virtual instances of them called virtual nodes. A virtual node represents a contiguous range of tokens owned by a single node. So it's just a smaller slice of a partition but it's more shuffled between nodes. A physical node may be assigned multiple and non-contiguous, if you remember the preceding slide, it was contiguous. This time, virtual nodes allow for non-contiguous assignment of nodes. The default is to split a node into 256 virtual nodes on the token ring. So this is true for Cassandra and this is true for Sila as well. So if you look at how now the partitions are distributed among nodes, you see that there is more variance into this which will end up in distributing the query better. This is it for Cassandra's data distribution but Sila goes one step further. On each Sila node, tokens of a V node are further distributed among the CPU cores of the node that are called shards. This means that the data stored on a Sila cluster is not only bound to a node but can be traced down to one of its CPU cores. This is really interesting architecture and low level design. This is the feature that we will leverage on the Python Sila Sharderware driver later on and I will explain to you how. Now that we understand how data is stored and distributed on the cluster, let's see how it's queried by clients. On the physical layer, partition is a unit of data stored on a node and is identified by a partition key. You can relate a partition key to a primary key in the SQL world. A partition key is the primary means of looking up a set of rows that comprise a partition and a partition key serves to identify the node in the cluster that stores a given partition as well as to distribute the data across nodes in the cluster. The partitioner or the partition hash function using the partition key will help us determine where the data is stored on the given node in the cluster. So you take the ID, in this case, you see a colon ID, this will be the partition key. You take the value, you apply a hash function on it, the partitioner hash function, which by default on Cassandra and Sila is murmur hash tree. And this will give you a token. A token is like a number, it just actually is a number, that will be placed on the token ring and from where it leads on the token ring, you will find out which nodes is, which node is responsible for this data. That's as simple as this. Okay, so let's recap now. On Cassandra, the hash of the partition key gives you a token telling you which node has the data that you are looking for. We can see this architecture as a short pair node architecture because from a token, you get to a node, so short pair node. On Sila, the same hash of the partition key, from the same partition key gives you the same token, but the same token is not only telling you which node has the data, but also which CPUs core in this node is responsible for handling it. So this is a short pair core architecture. This is how it's called. So Cassandra is short pair node while Sila is short pair core. Now let's see how does a client driver query a Cassandra or a Sila cluster because now that we know this, we could guess and expect that client drivers uses this knowledge to find out and optimize their query plan. A naive client would go on like this. When a client connects to a Cassandra or Sila cluster, it opens a connection to every node of the cluster. When it wants to issue a query, a naive client would pick one of its connection randomly, let's say, and issue the query to the node. The node it issues the query to will be seen as from the client's perspective, it will act as what is called a coordinator because he's coordinating the query and he's taking the ephemeral responsibility of routing the query internally in the cluster to the right nodes that are replicas for this data. That means that are responsible for the partition the query belongs to and gathering the responses and then responding back to the client. But maybe this coordinator is not a replica for the query data. If it's not the case, if the coordinator is not a replica for the query data, it has to issue the queries to all replicas itself. That means that you will add, it will add an extra hop inside the cluster to get the responses. This is suboptimal, of course, as it consumes network and processing power on the coordinator node for something that the client could have guessed in the first place, right? Because since the partition a hash function is known, our client library can use it to predict data location on the cluster and optimize the query routing. This is what the Cassandra driver does using the token aware policy. How does it work? Token aware clients apply the partition logic to select the right connection to the right node and make sure that its coordinator node is also a replica of the query data. This is cool. And this is very efficient. As a result, we save network hopes, lower the cluster internal load and get reduced query latency, meaning faster queries. Let's see how the Cassandra driver does it for real internally. So the token aware policy from the point of view of the Python Cassandra driver, the partition key is seen as a routing key because it will be used to route the query, right? So it is seen as a routing key which is used to determine which node are the replicas for the query. And to allow our Python driver to know about the partition key of a query, the query itself must be prepared as a server side statement. This is how it looks in Python. Cassandra's and Sela's prepared statements, you can see them a bit like stored procedures in the SQL world. You see, if you see statement equals session.prepare and then you express the query that you want and when you have an argument or parameter, you just put an integration mark. And this is the recommended and most optimal way to query the data because when you have prepared your query, it is validated and it lives on the server side. So you don't have to pass it and you just have to pass a reference to it and then only pass the arguments and the arguments, one of them will be the mandatory routing key, partition key, then routing key. So statement plus routing key equals nodes. And it's very, very cool. Another thing to note, it is that just like stored procedures, prepare statements are also the safest way because they prevent query injection. So please, in production at the bare minimal, only use prepare statements when you issue queries to Cassandra or Sela clusters. Then the Python Cassandra driver defaults to the token aware to root the query and then it also defaults to a data center aware round robin load balancing query routing policy. It's a big long, but what it means that is that it will load balance for you in a round robin fashion. So one after the other, after the other like this. So it's a bare minimal load balancing algorithm there is, but it's still pretty efficient. So don't worry, even if your cluster is not spread between multiple data center, it still works. It's just, it just happens to be the default. So it's token aware plus data center aware round robin. By doing so, the query routing will not only hit the right node holding a copy of the data that you seek. Remember, it's called the replica, the replica, but also load balance the queries evenly between all its every class. So one could think, yeah, this is awesome and optimal. I mean, from the Cassandra cluster point of view, it is and we can do better than this, but not with a Sela one. Remember, Sela shards the data one way further down to node CPUs. So having a token awareness is cool, but if our client had shard awareness, it would be even cooler, because this means that a token aware client could be extended to become a shard aware client to root its queries not only to nodes, but right to their CPU cores. This is very interesting to do. Such drivers, they already exist as forks of the data stacks Cassandra drivers. And it's true for the Java one and the Go one as well. And they have been around since last year, actually. But there was no shard aware driver for Python. And it made me sad and pretty angry. So when I attended Sela submit last year in San Francisco, I did some lobbying and hard lobbying and found some Sela developers that were willing to help in making this happen for Python as well. So we promised each other to make a Python shard aware driver. And good news is that we have obviously did and I will now explain to you in details how it has been done and what we found out by doing so. Very, very interesting as well I think. So let's start by checking out the expected structural differences between the Cassandra driver and the Sela driver fork. The first thing to see is that the token aware Cassandra driver has, when it connects for the first time to the cluster, it opens a control connection. This control connection allows your Cassandra driver to know about the cluster topology, how many nodes they are, which are up, which are down, what are the schemas, et cetera, et cetera. It needs to know all this. So it opens a special connection for this and in this connection it refreshes from time to time. And then it will open one connection per node because this is how the token aware policy will be applied to select the right of this connection based on the query. And then it will be done by the famous token calculation. And that's how it's done. All right, on the shadowware client perspective, we still need to know about the cluster topology actually, but instead of you opening one connection per node, we will be opening one connection per core per node. The token calculation will still be useful to select the right node from the token perspective, but then we will need to add a shard ID calculation because we need to go down to the shard or the CPU core. So to select the connection to the right core to route the queries. Let's transform this into a to-do from the Python code perspective. First thing is, since we will be using the same kind of control connection, we don't, we just use this as is. There's nothing to change here. We will need to change the connection class object because now when we are gonna open a connection per core per node, we will need to be able to detect if we are talking to a CLA cluster or to a Cassandra cluster. The CLA driver, we wanted to retain the maximum compatibility with Cassandra as well. So you can use the CLA driver to discuss and query your Cassandra cluster as well. The host connection pool should, we'll use those shard aware connections to open one connection to every core of every node. The token calculation that selects the right node will be the same. We will just use the vanilla and already existing and efficient token aware policy. But then we will need to extend it and add in the cluster when you issue the query, we will need the cluster class to pass down the routing key to the connection pool. And then we will apply the shard ID calculation and then implement the logic based on the shard ID of selecting the right connection to the right node to the right shard. Okay, sounds like a plan, let's do this. Now we'll get down into the code. Before we go into this, I wanted to highlight and to introduce Israel. Israel is a CLA developer from Israel. I know it's confusing, that's how it is. And since I know he's in the audience, that makes me some kind of pressure as you can guess, I wanted to take this opportunity to thank him and giving him the credits for most of what I'm going to present now, especially the efforts he put into CI testing the CLA driver. So the first thing that needed to be done is to add those shard information to the connections. So this is how it's been done. So a connection now has a shard ID assigned to it and sharding information. The sharding information comes from the server responses when we issue a query. That's what is squared in red on the bottom. The logic of this looks like this. What's interesting to note is that the Cassandra protocol allows only for connection message options being passed on the server response. This means that when the client initially connects to Cassandra or Silla, it has no way of passing any kind of information to the server. So we are dependent on the server's response to know about shard information or whatever it is that we need. If we look at the message options that we get back after we have connected to the server, the first one is one of the most interesting for us because the Silla shard information tells us which shard ID or core was assigned to the connection by the server. And I'm gonna say this again. This information tells us what shard ID or core was assigned to the connection by the server. Since we have no way of asking anything when we connect, we are dependent on the server shard allocation to the connection that we opened. This is a protocol limitation. So now we are gonna change the host connection pool class. We need to get a connection object for every core of the node, right? So the first thing we did is that we got rid of the single connection that we had before. And replaced it with a dict where the keys are the shard ID, numerical shard ID and the values are the connections that are bound to the specified shard. The first time we connect, as you can see in the first square rectangle, the first connection allows us to detect if we are connecting to a shard aware cluster or a Silla cluster, for instance. And this is where we get the first glance at the sharding information and we store it. Then the first time I saw the initial implementation like this, and this is the second part here with the four underscore in range. We can see that we are doing an asynchronous and optimistic way to get a connection to every core. Why is that? We open a new connection to the node and store its shard ID plus connection object on the dict. And we will do this twice as many times there are cores on the remote node until we have a connection to all shards, maybe. Because if you remember, the client when it connects cannot specify which shards it want to connect to. So you just happen to connect to the server and you get a shard assigned. That's why the initial implementation was trying and saying, okay, let's try twice as much as there are cores available on the remote node and hopefully we'll get a full connection and a connection for every shard. If we were lucky, fine, keep on moving. If not, we would raise an exception. No, this is the first time I saw this. I understood that there was, I understood this flow in the client not being able to request a specific shard ID because of the protocol limitation. So there is no deterministic and secure way to get the connection to all remote shards of a CLA node. And connecting also synchronously means that the startup of our application would be as slow as connecting to hopefully all shards of all nodes, not acceptable. So the second thing that came to my mind was, hey, this also means that all the current shard aware drivers, since it's a protocol limitation, it's not bound to Python and whatever. It's not a Python's problem. It's a flow or a lack, maybe not a flow, but rather lack in the protocol itself. So that means that all the current shard aware drivers are lying since none of them even today can guarantee to always have a connection for a given routing key. All of this is opportunistic and optimistic. You will eventually get one, but not all your queries will be able to use the direct connection to the right shard. So I wrote an RFC on the CLA Dev mailing list to discuss this problem. And the good news is that the consensus to a solution was recently found. It will take the form of a new shard allocation algorithm that will be placed on the server side and that will be made available as a new listening port on CLA. So since we want CLA and Cassandra on their default port to retain the same behavior, if we want to change a bit and add on the server a new kind of allocation, port allocation, we need to do it on your new port. So it will be a shard aware port, let's say. It will just use a sort of modulo on the client's socket source port to assign the correct and calculate and assign the correct shard to the connection. So it means that the clients on their side will just have to calculate and select the right socket source port to get a connection to the desired shard ID. This is work in progress, but it's not done yet. So I worked on implementing a software and optimistic and asynchronous way of dealing with this problem. Let's see how it's been done. The first thing is that I wrote two functions. The first one is the optimistic one. It opens a connection, tries to open a connection and only stores it if the reported shard ID was not connected before. Else, we close it. So we are only interested in the keeping connections to missing shard IDs. But we just open it and if it works, good. If it doesn't, we'll see later. Then I switched the startup logic to schedule as many of those optimistic attempts to get a connection to a missing shard ID as there are shards available on the remote node. So when you connect and you start connecting, if you have 50 cores on your remote server, you will issue asynchronously and schedule asynchronously 50 attempts to get a connection to shards. Maybe 25 of them will give you different and unique shard IDs connected. Maybe two of them, maybe 50 of them, lucky you. But now we don't care. It's optimistic, asynchronous and it will go on and on again like this as we use the driver. The result is a cluster, an application startup time that is as fast as the usual Cassandre driver and non-blocking optimistic shard connections. So the cluster object now, it should pass down the routing key as well to the pool. So when you see here, when you issue a query in the query function and the cluster looks up for a connection there, we added the routing key so that we could apply the shard ID calculation. This shard ID calculation is a bit obscure and Lucky me Israel was there to implement it in the first place. But the first time I tried to use this pure Python implemented shard ID calculation, it was very bad on the driver performance way. We were slower than the Cassandre driver. So what Israel did is to move this shard ID computation to Sighton because actually the Cassandre driver is using a lot of Sighton in the background when you install it and he managed to cut its latency impact by almost seven. So Kudos again Israel, it was a very impressive move and it made the difference on the driver's perspective. So now let's wrap it together and in the main shard awareness logic in the host connection pool. So here this is basically where the connection selection happens and everything is glued together. So if we are in that's line two, if we are on a shard aware communication with a cluster, we will calculate the shard ID now from the routing key token. Then we will use the routing key, the shard ID and we will try to look up in our connection dict if we happen to have a connection to this direct shard ID, so to this direct core. If we do triumph, we will use this direct connection to the right core to enroute the query there almost. That's perfect, that's the best case scenario. If not, we will pray and issue asynchronously a new attempt to connect to a missing shard. Maybe it will be the shard we were trying to look at before, maybe it will be another one, but that means that as much as you issue queries to your cluster, the more chance you get to have a connection to all shards and all cores. And if you didn't have one, we will just random pick an existing connection. So we would be just as if we were using the Casanova driver. Now that we have seen the implementation details, does the Cilla driver live up to our expectations? Is it fast and how did it work in production? Because to us and to me, the real values and the R must be taken from production. So let's see. The first expectations that we check was an increase. We expect an increase in the number of open connections from the cluster's perspective. And this is a check because now that we are opening not only one connection to each node, but one connection to each core of each node, we expected to see a disincrease. So you can see from the annotation when we deployed the Cilla driver, we saw this increase. The second one was also an expectation to have more CPU requirements because you open more connections, meaning that your driver and your CPU has to handle more connections and keep alive, et cetera, for to keep those connections alive. We saw that we had to increase from on our Kubernetes deployments a bit, the CPU limits to avoid CPU saturation and throttling. But then what about the major impact we wanted? We want faster queries, lower latencies, right? How did that translate for real? This is how what will graph look like. I was like, ha, wow, it's amazing. We gained between 15 and 25% performance boost. And at Lumberly, we like to look at our graph on the worst-case scenario possible. That means that if you check this out, this is the max of our processing. This is the worst latency that we get from our application perspectives. What's interesting to note as well is that the performance boost is progressive since we connect to shards in the background in an optimistic fashion. The longer our application runs, the more chance to have a connection to all shards it has. And then the lower the latency guests because we start to always have the right connection to the right core for every query. So you can see that right after the deployment, we get already a fair amount of performance boost, but the longer the time passes, the more shards connected, the better the latency. That was very interesting to see. We can see it also from afar, if we apply a moving median on another power-angry process, you can clearly see the big difference that the CELAS shard or wire driver has made in our production applications. From this, we got an unexpected and cool side effect. It's that we manage as well to, since the cluster load was reduced and the client's latency was lower for the same workload, we could cut by half the number of replicas on our deployment, which was very cool as well. So we saved actually resources on our Kubernetes cluster. Recent additions that we've done on the driver, we have added some helpers to allow you to check for shard awareness and to check for this opportunistic shard aware connections. So you can actually see how much of it is fully or not connected. When it becomes available, we will be changing also the driver to be able to select deterministically this time, the shard ID when it connects. So there are two open pool of requests already for this. We're gonna still work on improving the documentation. And since it's a Cassandra driver fork, we will merge and rebase the latest improvements as well. Try the CELAS driver. It's working great. It's working production for us for now almost a month and with the great impact that you've seen before, check it out on the repository. Come chat with us as well. When your Python is over on the CELADB clusters like, we have a Pythonistas channel where you are all welcome. And that's it for me. I want to thank everyone for attending and making this Europe Python a success. There is the Discord third channel where we can keep in touch and discuss this further or deeper if you want. And tomorrow we will also have a sponsor talk session where you can join in and we will be talking about a lot of different aspects and have cool guests from a number as well. Thank you very much. Thank you very much for the talk. We have a minute or two for questions. Do you mind some Q&A? No, of course. Yes, there's one question that has gotten some votes. The code of the driver seems to be Python 2 compliant, but is there an Asyncio part, like for Python 3.5 or better? Yes, it's an old code base actually. The Cassandra driver is quite old and since we have been forking it to extend it, we inherited this as well. So yes, it is still supporting Python 2 and there are Asyncio and LibyEV as well connection class. So you can also change your connection class. The default ones is Asyncore 1. We have a question from Roberto. Q1 shards are pinned to CPU or what? Are there corrections for unbalanced shards, e.g. one CPU to be hit by more than the others? Is that correct? Sorry, one CPU to be hit by more than the others? One CPU to be hit by more than the others? Yes, if you have an imbalance in your data distribution, you will get the same kind of problem that you can get on a node, but instead of impacting the whole node, you will be impacting a core, yeah. So yeah, this problem exists as well in this kind of architecture. This is inherent of a consistent hashing-based architecture actually. Okay, thank you very much. There's a few more questions in the Discord talk channel. So you're going to find that you have raised a lot of interest. And there was also an off-topic question before we let you go. What's with those papers hanging there behind you? That's the question. Yeah, this is a way to keep notes above my head, you know? It's perfect. Thank you very much for taking the time to show. Thank you, everyone. Thank you for sponsoring EuroPython. And here's a round of applause for you and you're going to meet more questions in the chat.


You've been walking for hours, days maybe, times of blur, as the sun rays cascade over your face, a drop of sweat craters into the earth.  You can't remember the last time you had a drink. For all you can recall, you've always been this parched, never quenching that thirst that consumes your thoughts. But as you walk, you see something reflecting the sun in the distance. No, it couldn't be a spring. It seems out of place, but you couldn't care less. You kneel beside the spring, cup the water to your mouth, and taste. It's sweet. In but a moment, your weariness fades, your vision is clear, and your body is nourished. As relief fills you, memories flood back in. You remember now. You weren't alone. No, you had passed a fellow traveler a few hours ago. Your heart is compelled without hesitation to invite this man to experience the life you've found in the spring. In no time you find him. He comes to drink from the spring as well, and as he drinks, joy floods over him, and you vicariously experience the excitement of the moment. He too recalls a group of travelers that he encountered along the way. They must taste of this water, he proclaims. In the blink of an eye, sojourners and wanderers all gather because they've heard about this spring. Rejoicing in celebration fills their heart for once they were thirsty, but now they're filled. In John 4, it tells the story of Jesus encountering a Samaritan woman at O'well who's looking to draw water. We find out later on that this woman was engaged in a lifestyle of sexual sin before she met Jesus. Jesus asked the Samaritan woman for a drink, and in response the Samaritan woman questioned Jesus' identity. Then Jesus said this. If you knew the gift of God and who it was saying to you, give me a drink, you would have asked him and he would have given you living water. Jesus later on in the passage goes on to say, whoever drinks of the water that I give to him will never be thirsty again. This message spoke right to the heart of this woman who sought fulfillment in the things of this world that was coming up dry again and again. But after this woman's interaction with Jesus, she ran into her village rejoicing and proclaiming Jesus as the living water. Isaiah 12-3 says, with joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation. We were all once the wanderer, the sojourner, the weary traveler, wandering the great desert, trying to navigate our way through the wilderness. On our own, we were slaves to sin, left without hope, but God in his mercy provided himself as living water that we could taste and find new life in him. Though this is a truly momentous moment in the story, it's not the end, or at least it shouldn't be. Do you remember how the traveler responded after drinking the water from the spring? He wanted to share it with his friend that he met along the way, that he too would partake in the joy that he had experienced. Remember the woman at the well? After encountering Jesus, she ran into her village proclaiming Jesus as this river of life. So what is our response? If I'm honest, sometimes selfishness creeps in. As long as I'm satisfied, as long as I'm nourished, I'm good. Too often fear takes a hold of us. What if they reject me?  Maybe it's laziness. I don't want to put the work in to put myself out there to share Jesus as this living water. But this is what Paul says in Romans 15, I make it my ambition to preach the Gospel. So what does ambition mean? It's a powerful desire to do or achieve something. But for Paul, this wasn't about a personal achievement or adding to his trophy case. His was a holy ambition. He made it his mission to share Christ, regardless of the persecution, the hardship, the trials, the tribulations that he would experience. You see, instead of waiting for this perfect situation or circumstance to share this living water with others, we ought to make it our ambition to live on mission for Jesus, regardless of the outside circumstance or internal tension we may feel. But how do we even do this? In 1 Corinthians 16, we're told to let all we do be done in love. Nehemiah says that the joy of the Lord is our strength. Joy and love are the fuel that we run on as we make it our holy ambition to share Jesus. You can be sure that the living water of Jesus never runs dry. In fact, the Scripture says that our cup overflows. As you drink deeply of God and the sweetness of His grace fills your heart, let that dry you to share this living water with those in your school, in your youth group, in your church, in your community, in your friend group, that they too would experience their thirst finally quenched by the God who never runs dry.


The belief that there is a you that started out somewhere in time and space is part of a projection, a reflection of the belief that Christ can leave God and take on form. And there is no beginning. Birth is not a beginning and death is not an ending. These are part, these are figments of imagination that have been made up by the ego to reinforce the belief in separation from God. Once cause and effect are split off and cause and effect are reversed, then the obsession becomes with this little personality self that now has been built to take the place of your Christ self. Your true identity is the Christ idea that lives forever in the mind of God and this personality self, that's what persona means in Latin, that's the mask. You simply have taken on a mask and the serial adventures of the body have now become the hero of the dream. The hero is the one that gets all the attention. That's the one that is a false self that everyone's concerned with the comforts of that body, the conveniences of that body, the ongoing perpetuation of that body, the existence of that body, the skills of that body, the abilities of that body, the attractiveness of that body, the health of that body, it's a fixation. There's a total fixation on the hero of the dream and then you wonder why there's fear. Well if you put all that investment into something that's made up by the ego, what would you expect if the ego itself is a fearful idea and you invest in that fear and you invest and you put so much time and energy and investment into that personality self as if it's you, then there's going to be fear in the mind. And I would also say that if you're so concerned and obsessed about this personality self, this figure in the dream, you're not really aware that you're dreaming. If you were aware that you're dreaming, whatever that figure did would be just laughable because you would know it's just a dream. There's actually a line in A Course in Miracles in the text where Jesus says the awareness of dreaming is the function of God's teachers. I'm going to say it again because it's very important. The awareness of dreaming is the function of God's teachers.


Alright, it's question time. Who have we got? Alright, we've got a question from somebody that I can't pronounce their name, I think it's a username. Anyway, the question is, what bedtime gives you the most possibility or the most likelihood of lucid dreaming? This is going to be a short video because it's a very simple answer. There is no set bedtime that will give you the biggest possibility of lucid dreaming. What there is is there are sleep cycles or sleep habits that will give you the best possibility Let me explain what I mean. So a sleep habit is something like you go to bed at the same time every night, you wake up at roughly the same time every morning. That's a good positive sleep habit and if you embed that into your life, you're more likely to lose your dream. Another good sleep habit is before bed, turn off all your screens and artificial lights, including your phone, an hour before bed, maybe do some reading, meditation, stretching, I don't know. But do something that doesn't involve screens for an hour before bed, that's a good sleep habit. By doing that, you'll increase your likelihood of lucid dreaming. Another one is to, as soon as you wake up, do a reality check and write your dreams down. Another good habit. So there isn't really a specific time that you should go to bed, but that being said, okay, there are certain things that you can start to think about. Okay, so what this means is that although there isn't a certain specific bedtime that you need to have in order to lucid dream, you should try as much as possible to align your bedtime with when the sun goes down and align your wake-up time with when the sun wakes up. This is your circadian rhythm based on the sun. So this is not a new idea. I've mentioned this a few times. I'm not going to go through the whole thing again because I have other videos for that. But in a nutshell, just try and make sure that when it gets dark, you're at least thinking about starting to get ready for bed. When it starts to be sunny in the morning, when the sun rises, you should think about starting to wake up. Now, I don't know what that would look like for you. It depends on if your house is facing in a certain direction, or if you're in a country where there are complications. Like if you're anywhere near the North Pole, for example, anywhere in Scandinavia, you can experience like really long days or really short days depending on the time of year. I get that and obviously that's an exception. But for most of us, for most of the people watching this video, I know that most of you are American or European. So for these sorts of people, just try and make sure that the sun wakes you up as much as possible. If you can't do that, for example, if you don't get any sunlight into your room, or if the sun rises in a different direction and it doesn't enter your room until the afternoon, that's fine, but try and simulate it. Try and use something that will simulate when the sun is rising, even if you can't see it. Try and use something like a sunrise alarm clock, which will naturally create an artificial sunrise in your room. It's a small device about this big and you set it as you would with a normal alarm clock, but this thing simulates a sunrise.  So try and look at that and try and set that to go off when the sun rises naturally. And what that will do is that will get you aligned with your circadian rhythm with your sleep-wake hormone cycles with melatonin and serotonin, and all around you'll just feel better because you won't have to worry about bedtimes. You won't have to worry about waking up times. You just align yourself with the sun. Now, I know that a lot of you watching this might think, okay, well, that's a great idea in theory, but I have a job or I can't do that because I have responsibilities I need to wake up at a certain time. Maybe you need to wake up before the sun rises, especially in winter, you know, and that's fine. I'm not saying that that's, you know, you can't do that. It's just that in order to feel the best and have the best chance for lucid dreaming, you should be as in tune with your circadian rhythm as you can. But obviously not everyone is going to be able to do that. I totally understand that. The other part of the question was, how can I use this to give me 100% possibility of lucid dreaming? I just wanted to quickly mention just touch on this as well, because nothing can give you a 100% possibility of lucid dreams. Nothing can. Even if you take every single supplement, well, I wouldn't advise that anyway, even if you took a dream supplement, and you meditated for an hour, and then you did a wake back to bed technique, if you did everything, it wouldn't guarantee you a lucid dream because it's not about it's not that sort of hobby. It's not that sort of skill that you can't just do something and then feel like that will guarantee you a lucid dream. You need to build up habits slowly. There's, you know, a lot of different facts that play with lucid dreaming and it's a very complicated and it can be a difficult thing to do.  So anyway, this video has gone on a while, hasn't it? So I'm going to end it there and thanks for watching. See you next time. Done.


Hi, two quick remarks first. There's some glitter on my face throughout this video. That's from my kid, I'm sorry. And secondly, just to be totally clear, this video is about giraffe mating. Okay, I think we can start. Good morning Hank, it's Tuesday, so yesterday someone tweeted to us, You two do great work, have helped many, but sometimes I miss the days when you just made videos about giraffe sex. Fair enough, so let's just recap the basics of giraffe sexuality. The majority of giraffe sex, according to one study, up to 90% occurs between two males. There's also occasional same-sex mounting between female giraffes, so heterosexual giraffe sex is not really the dominant form of giraffe sexuality. But it is how the babies get made. Now, giraffes can mate for procreation year-round, but they tend to do it during the rainy season when food is less scarce, because they're less stressed out, and also because plentiful food makes the prospect of a giraffe pregnancy slightly less terrifying. So here's how it goes down.  This sometimes causes the female giraffe to pee, as you can see here, and then the male giraffe will smell and or taste that pee to determine if the female is fertile, which she is about four days out of every two weeks. If the pee tastes right and everybody is on board, the male will stand behind the female for a while until it's time for the magic to happen. The magic being a period of intercourse lasting less than two seconds. This extremely brief encounter is followed by more than a YEAR of pregnancy. At the end of which, female giraffes usually produce a single calf, often born six feet tall and weighing over 150 pounds. Needless to say, Hank, this is an inefficient process.  Then you've got to have enough food for the giraffes not to be stressed out, and then you've got to have the right tasting kind of pee, and then you've got to be pregnant for 400 days, and then you usually just get one baby, albeit a gigantic and adorable baby. And even after that, your baby is very vulnerable to predators because it's so small and bad at running, but you can't like pick it up and put it in your pouch and hop away because you're not a marsupial. All of this means that when giraffe populations go down, it's really hard for them to recover. And they are going down. In fact, a new report says that giraffe populations have fallen by around 40% since the 1980s. There are now only about 98,000 giraffes in the world, and they've just been moved to threatened status by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. The cause of the giraffe's decline is, of course, humans, mostly through habitat destruction and hunting. So it can be really hard to fathom just how thoroughly humans have reshaped the planet in the last few hundred years, but here's a bit of context. The total combined weight of living humans right now is around 300 million tons. The total combined weight of our livestock, from sheep to chickens to cows, is around 700 million tons. And the total combined weight of every non-human, non-domesticated, large animal on earth, every penguin and elephant and shark, every whale and giraffe and lion, all of them combined, is less than 100 million tons. When geologists talk about the Anthropocene, the geologic age of humans radically reshaping the planet, that's part of what they're talking about. The Earth's bacteria, by the way, have a combined biomass north of 350 billion tons, but I digress. Right, so I think giraffes have a reasonably good chance of surviving the Anthropocene, despite their inefficient mating. And that's not because their necks allow them to reach food other animals can't reach, or because their kicks can literally kill a lion, it's because humans like them. We want them in the world, or at least I hope we do, and it really is our choice. If we lose the giraffe forever, there will only be one reason why. Humans. Since the Columbian exchange began a little over 500 years ago, thousands of species have gone extinct, and almost all of those extinctions are directly attributable to us. We decide, we are deciding right now, what the biodiversity of our planet is going to look like, not for the next 100 or 1000 years, but for many millions of years. And maybe if we can accept that responsibility, we'll begin to take it more seriously. Hank, I'll see you on Friday.