Cooley Roberts has just passed away. Famed TV presenter and actress Noh Makula Cooley Roberts has passed away aged 49. Confirmed reports from close friends and colleagues revealed that she died last night around 10 p.m. just before a radio interview. A close friend who did not want to be mentioned confirmed that the well-known media personality had died last night. She recently starred in Netflix's new movie Angelina and also said that being a DJ was part of her future plans. Cooley, as she was popularly known, was a well-known public figure in the entertainment industry having worked as a journalist, editor, and TV presenter for various leading media houses. Her cause of death has not yet been revealed and her family is expected to share the official news soon. She made headlines last year when it was revealed ahead of the local government elections that she has joined Mzeneely Menye Political Party African Transformation Movement, ATM, has poured cold waters on the claims that she was contesting for the councillor candidate for Ward 65 in Chwane. This is a developing story.


The article describes a case where an unpublished technique using a retrograde flow medial plantar flap was used for the reconstruction of dorsodistal structures of the foot in a 20-year-old woman who sustained foot trauma with loss of back substance. The flap was transposed to the back of the foot and the results showed that graphs are not ideal for deep defects and exposure of noble structures, local flaps are inaccessible for finger defects, and free flaps are well indicated for large defects. The flaps of the medial plantar artery are indicated and consecrated to the forefoot region and some authors have modified them to the dorsum region of the first metatarsal. The article concludes that this flap is useful for reconstruction of feet with dorsal lesions through a new technique that is unpublished in the literature with the originality of passing the pedicle from the plant to the back through the first inter-metatarsal space. This article was authored by Altino Vieira de Resen Filioneto, Adilson Alves de Silva, Jefferson Lessa Sores de Macedo, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


We have heard cases come to a verdict, come to an end, and we're going to talk a little bit about that. Greg Roach tells us about the video we're going to watch. Yeah, we're going to watch a couple of minutes of this video from the verdict. We're not going to watch the entire 42 questions being read. It's more of the same. We'll cover what we see here and tie that back to the entire case. Is this the verdict of the jury? Yes, ma'am. All right. Is it unanimous? Yes, ma'am. Thank you, sir. Do you find that Mr. Depp has proven all the elements of defamation? Answer, yes. Has Mr. Depp proven, by a greater weight of the evidence, that question the statement was made or published by Ms. Heard? Answer, yes. The question, the statement was about Mr. Depp. Answer, yes. Question, the statement was false. Answer, yes. Question, the statement has a defamatory implication about Mr. Depp. Answer, yes. Question, the defamatory implication was designed and intended by Ms. Heard. Answer, yes. Do you find that Mr. Depp has proven, by clear and convincing evidence, that Ms. Heard acted with actual malice? Answer, yes. Do you find that Mr. Depp has proven, by clear and convincing evidence, that Ms. Heard acted with actual malice? Answer, yes. As against Amber Heard, we the jury award compensatory damages in the amount of $10 million. As against Amber Heard, we the jury award punitive damages in the amount of $5 million. Do you find that Ms. Heard has proven all the elements of defamation? Answer, no. Do you find that Ms. Heard has proven all the elements of defamation? Answer, yes. Do you find that Ms. Heard has proven all the elements of defamation? Answer, no. As against John C. Depp II, we the jury award compensatory damages in the amount of $2 million. As against John C. Depp II, we the jury award punitive damages in the amount of $0. Members of the jury, if this is your verdict, please answer yes. If this is not your verdict, please answer no. Jura number six. Jura number ten. Jura number fifteen. Jura number sixteen. Jura number twenty-two. Jura number twenty-seven. Jura number twenty-nine. Do you find that the jury's verdict is unanimous? Greg, what do you got? Yeah, the first thing we're going to hear from everyone is these are actors. Yes, they are actors, but they still have the same biological systems you do, fight, flight. I'll abbreviate it as fight-or-flight, impacts them the same way it does. When we watch her here, we're going to see some of that happening. You see her blink rate increase. You see her cast her eyes down into the right as she is drawing an emotion. What's interesting for me here is I also, if you watch that little necklace, you'll see some breathing happening and it's a little erratic, like she's emotional. This emotion is believable, unlike what she's done for the past two weeks on the stand. This is more, I've watched more of her than I ever want to remember and more of Johnny Depp than I ever want to remember and I like him. So what I see here is her, throughout this trial, her choices of diction, what she says, pitch, tone and cadence were not believable. Her social response, how she dealt with the attorneys was difficult and she showed two faces, one to the attorney and one to the jury as she mugged for or cheesed for the jury. You also saw some outright avoidance and resistance to the question that brings up the interrogator in me and made me wanted to crawl all over her. And in these places, I saw her more emotional about disrespect. Go watch the videos. I saw more disrespect emotion than injury emotion, which made it hard for me to believe and she swung for the fence when she talked about the things he had done to her. That makes it hard to really believe her. And then when he was deceptive, his deception was mostly around things he had said or things he had written. That ties back to the disrespect thing. So when all things are said and equal and you're looking at a he said, she said story and somebody swung for the fence. It's a little tough when she's not believable. Scott, what do you got? All right. Well, at the beginning when they start reading the the verdict or reading the damages and stuff, we see her eyes shift back and forth really quickly. She's, I think, getting a grip on what's happening. I'm not sure what's in front of her. I don't know if there's a sheet of paper, if there's something she's reading or what, but briefly you can see her eyes go back and forth. Her breathing rate, like you're seeing Greg saying, Greg, it does go. It's kind of odd at some some points. It speeds up some points. It slows down. And I agree that that might show some true emotion because the hammers fall on her right now. And that's going to be an emotional event for you if you're in a mess like this, the expression she has is pretty blank. A lot of people say, oh, it's a stoke expression, which I agree it is. At the same time, it's just it's it's almost. I think she's I don't know who she's playing to at that point, but she just looks really, really, really sad as she should.  I think what she realizes, she has one look like she's been defeated. And when she gets a grip on that and then at the very end, her mouth pulls back almost into a grimace. These little parts back here. And I figured it would be when they read the part about how she gets nothing from him, how, you know, that she gets the compensated or is it was compensatory? How do you say that correctly? Damages, whatever it is. Yeah, it's zero. Then you see her lips go back almost in a grimace, but I was expecting more of a lip purse there when they said, oh, we're going to see a lip purse, but we didn't, which, which would signal or indicate that she doesn't agree with what's happening or doesn't like it. But the grimaces as this is just as much at that point. And her blink rate when the at the end of these things, they start reading the money part of it, quite often should do a double blink, not a whole lot of blinking going on. And her rate is fairly steady throughout. And there's, there's a space in between. She'll do a quick flutter and then she'll do a one blink. There's a space and a quick flutter and one blink. It's a little bit odd, but then again, that's an odd situation to be in. So I'm sure she's feeling a little bit, a little bit out of place at that point. Chase, what do you got? So let's Greg, you brought that necklace kind of moving. There's two places we can really breathe from. If you're watching this, you can try it out right now. And we can breathe from our chest up here where you can see the chest rise and fall or you could breathe through your abdomen, which I'm doing right now and you can't really see that. So when we're more relaxed, we're more likely to breathe into our abdomens. And you see that throughout this trial, she's been using her abdomen to breathe. And you can see it finally. The stress is high enough to where she's doing chest breathing. You can see the breathing rate go up and you see the location go upwards as well. So it's going from abdomen to chest. Another thing I think was interesting here, right when the jury is coming back into the courtroom, she adjusts her posture and and starts adjusting her hair because she knows this is a either the jury is going to need to look at me differently, even though the verdict is done. But I think there's a camera moment like this is the big moment that's going to be all over Fox and CNN and all that stuff. So that was in priority one. And when we see this eye flutter, you see a couple of blinks there. That's kind of what the brain does when we have a lot of stuff opening up worth. So all of a bunch of apps are opening at once. So she's probably opening one of the consequences of this. How is this going to work? What is this going to make me look like? What are the news repercussions of this? Maybe I can get a book deal out of this. All this like consequential stuff that she's thinking.  And one other one there is we don't see the emotion of a victim who has been victimized a second time in the courtroom. We see shame. We see a person who's kind of lamented and reserved into taking their licks, so to speak, as we might say in the South. But we're not saying I'm not seeing if this was an innocent person who was forced into this and then lost a trial against this person. I would expect to see very, very different emotions. Mark, what do you have? Yeah, so we don't consult with each other beforehand. And it's interesting that we've all got the same idea. So I'm going to be very reiterative of what everybody said. Just like you said, they're chase preening beforehand. So there's a sense of needing to look right as this comes in. But I don't think she knows at this point which way it's going to go for her. I don't think it's a surprise for any of us here. But, you know, it's interesting that the Victorian actresses during melodrama would wear a necklace of some sort, often with a jewel. So the light would catch it and the audience could watch the breathing unconsciously and join in with that and experience these big emotions of melodrama. So it's great that she has that necklace because we can read her breathing almost exactly. So just like a melodramatic audience, breathe along with her and see what you get. At the start, I get a sense of excitement, OK, which is to be expected. The breathing is, as you say, Chase, high in the chest. OK, there's going to be some adrenaline there, I would say. And there's a sense of excitement. First, first call comes in of a yes. And I think there's a breathing shift. It shifts up. It starts going faster. Next verdict verdict comes in and there's a second shift. It goes even further than that. And in my view, if it shifted again and she went faster, she would be close to hyperventilation at that point. But why don't you test it out? Just see what it's like to breathe along with that. What happens to how stable you feel and think, well, if it shifted another gear, how stable would I be? So as verdicts come in after that, I think we see this in that the breathing doesn't go up, but we start to see these little palpitations in the breathing. I reckon that's panic. Try it along to her. She's starting to move towards this panicked breathing because my guess is she's doing the calculations in our mind of now how much is this going going to cost? And I think we also see these erratic flutter movements in the in the eyes and that headfall because at some point she is getting closer to that kind of give up collapse situation. But she pulls herself together on that and fronts it up. Yeah. So high emotions during this panic and the brain just trying to work out how she's going to deal with this. That's what I've got on that one. Back to you, Scott. I've got a quick one for Greg. Yeah, Greg. If you don't know this, Greg spent a long time teaching resistance to interrogation and all kinds of cool spy kind of stuff. But what did you make of the attorney vigorously writing down notes as if they're never going to get a copy of this? Like just like, oh, I need to I need to just continue writing. What do you think that was? Well, I'm not sure she's writing what is being said. I think she may be writing something for Amber. Don't worry. Who knows what she's writing. But if you notice, Amber's eyes dart over from her right to her left at least once, I think that's what it is. The other thing to remember is if she's feeling like, oh, now I'm in a bind, Mark, you talk about it all the time.  Doodle, doodle, doodle. The same thing we saw Johnny Depp doing. So I think it could be either or a great, great catch. By the way, among those things, I think, Mark, that's brilliant with the breathing piece. And Chaser is something you mentioned. I was going to let's just leave it at that. Just keep moving instead of dragging it out. Why not? Let's have it. What do you get? There's something he mentioned. There was something he mentioned up front that I was thinking was brilliant that you caught. Oh, the closing apps. Let me cover that. That were you talk about closing apps? That is the brain's natural response to, oh, I need to look out for whatever the real threat is. And I think it's beautiful to call that out that you're shutting down all these other things so that your eyes can focus on the thing. I'd love to see her pupils. They're probably going. So we've got five videos on this very subject on what we're talking about. When we go through the trial and you can see what happens of what we're talking about step by step with Johnny's body language and with Amber's body language. And you can compare what we're saying to what the turnout was in the verdict. But at the same time, it would be a good education on how to look at things as you go through situations like that through trials, through things that work, through arguments, and you can see what's happening with that. So anybody want to add anything else? Yeah, I did one thing. I did one thing for somebody who was in court. They were really nervous. I had a sheet of paper in front of them, very similar to this situation here. And they were really nervous about what was going on. And on the sheet of paper, I just had a couple of words on there that said, being comfortable will not put you in danger because that's what our brains default to. That's why our body gets ready to fight. And that's why our adrenaline pumps up, just kind of helping to remind yourself that if you're ever feeling any kind of stress like this, just pushing your body into a comfortable position is not going to make you in more danger. But where our brains are programmed to think that way to keep us safe doesn't work as well in the modern world. Yeah. All right. Well, go check out our other videos and see what you think about that and see if you can learn a little something about what we've seen so far. All right. I think there's a good infills and we'll see you next time. Deal.


All that little stuffy here is mouth droppings. Mmmmmmmmmmmm. Sucked up. Of course, it doesn't come into your house or anything. Oh, not at all. Bad. How are they connected? It's great. You can't go through the drywall and just see through with your pee or anything like that. Disgusting. Yes it is. And here's why we do some removals.


Everybody forced here rip in 2023 chronicles baseball hobby eight bucks number three picker team style Anthony G has the Padres Barry S with the Braves Brian L Astros Chris B Mets David P with the Cardinals Eric N twins Ian J Mariners Jacob C Dodgers and Guardians Jason H has the Cubs John C. Pirates Jordan W Yankees Joshua B Orioles angels Justin C Diamondbacks Kevin L Rockies Leone G Nationals Lewis with the White Sox Marcy has the Marlins Matthew B with the Rays and Rangers Nicholas M Jays Paul B Red Sox Robert G Brewers Roy M A's Tigers Starbucks Royals Stephen L Reds one S with the Phillies and William S Giants You got it cheesy slash slash Joey. How we do a man? Happy release day triple release day today Let's pull some more chronicles heat here So there's just two teams up the next one guys last chronicles PYT daytime Rockies and Marlins Rockies and Marlins both on sale All right, here we go. Let's keep the heat rolling here. We've we've been pulling had a few Magd cards in each break so far Very very happy with with how chronicles looks this year, honestly, I'm not the biggest chronicles fan across like any sport Well, I'm liking I'm liking this Auto on-card and in this You got a temper, Peter, yeah, let me know how it goes Joey, I'm looking to get a new mattress soon Maybe I can afford a sleep number if I take out a few loans That is for the angels the 100 Victor Medeiros Jacob Barry out of 99 for the Marlins You should be surprised how reasonably are a sleep number Check it out Try to stay under like 5k even then that's a lot mark McGuire redemption America's pastime majestic marks green Green we low numbered but Martin McGuire. We're gonna have to get the checklist for he could be an a he could be a cardinal So we're gonna have to wait in the check this hang on to this one Hopefully it comes out soon. So when the break is all stored and ready to go. We just know who goes to All right out of it 99 is going to be solace for the Padres The take a break already. Let me text for these guys The texture about that actually There we go matches for him. We'll check out something That's a crazy good deal Joey. Yeah, that's an amazing deal Got a lovely Marte future Kings auto out of 99 for the Reds Very nice hit for the Reds there. He should be playing next year. I would think Come in here with a one 99 rays They have a short stop right now live Ellie. What is it? Where's Marte play? You go short I was gonna say he probably sounds like they probably need an outfielder. Honestly the Reds I'll have to see though because Alley will be short if he's if he's healthy and playing second is India There would be steer so yeah, he would have to he'd have to move to one 99 is that gala for the A's They're opening a first base, but all these guys are little talented for first base Why don't I think he was not a first baseman Jose Rodriguez rookie auto for the White Sox here from obsidian Next is Bobby wits. There is a Mason win for the Cardinals with some peel in the bottom 99 Mason win Cardinals the 99. Sorry guys texting Gordy's about the redemption thing Hopefully it'll just come up soon We set we'll be set Be sure to like to show you everybody we do appreciate that satchel page now this says stl But that's st. Louis Browns. They became the Cardinals Not that sorry the Orioles they became the Orioles that is not the st. Louis Cardinals. That's gonna go to Baltimore Satchel page was a st. Louis Brown Burnabelle that is Jersey card Ricky Ellie Della Cruz for the Reds Appreciate you Carl. Thank you. Thank you one spot left the number four guys. The link is in chat right now Let's get it filled up Let's get it filled up 150 points I see coming up here 150 to random to everybody at the end on the points Mason win to one 99 Cardinals a Dillon beavers at 25 for Baltimore have not seen yet Anthony to 100 Marta for the Reds Jersey Padreia Red Sox Game use Padreia. So the vets seem to be game-warning this Hey, thank you strive. Good luck on that this afternoon. So divisions case should be sold out We got PYT's though guys silver Frank Thomas Larkin Jackson holiday Frank Thomas again here number to 49 white socks and crusade blue a rod the 99 Rangers Jordan Loller on the crown on card auto to 99 Sweet hit diamond backs Good in this man. They're good in this That's no Mott's a 25 red Sox Joey Weimer Brewers on card auto Weimer to 25 Brew crew Jackson Job Cutter coffee to one 99 red Sox See that see that a get-up segment. They call his Lewis Riddick. They call is it? Ridiculous, they'd like to his name backwards to terrible terrible. It's hilarious, but oh man It's terribly hilarious Marcello Meyer to 99 red Sox.  Yeah, no, it's true We're talking about it. We're really talking about it. Yeah. See is that ridiculous?  It's true. It is I Shot a quarterback for a show Actually, honestly, no they charge you to alignment and then you know quarterback later on the line because like what are you gonna do? Put him back down with that offense right now Yeah, that's true That's how I feel about the Patriots like no We shouldn't have to quarterback this year because the offense would be so you're just gonna ruin you're just gonna ruin somebody We're ruining Mac Last team is the Marlins guys at 24 bucks Oh, yeah, trust me. We're the same. Uh, yeah cardboard won't have you It's not it's not up in any yet. So cardboard wouldn't have it That is a brennan davis cubs silver ink auto to 25 not the cleanest. I don't think that's his fault though That's a marker issue to 25 cubs brennan davis auto Miguel blaze the 99 red Sox That's to 100 tanner scoble for the uh, minnesota twins All right, edgar martinez Jersey is bagwell astros with a pinstripe on it sweet cards droves. That'll be game warm with the vet Well, the team like the lions it's it's pretty like you can pretty much know you're gonna have jimmy or gibbs you're gonna have, um hendon hooker for sure and then, uh Who else with the lions? Uh, probably I would have think la porna. I would think those three will all have the on card so it's Like teams like that you can you can pretty much figure out But there's certain teams that are like is this where he's gonna be in there He hasn't been in the whole lot of stuff, but those guys have been all over every panini product Like hooker hook is probably one of the bigger hook is the question mark. I don't think he'll have on card He won't have on card orders. I'll probably say that for certain But the stick rod is the stick rod is we don't know either Uh, kyle krig krigger to 100 For the marlins to 199 is jet williams mets and jack lighter to 50 for the rangers Oh, I would safely assume they'll be in it You know, you'll you guys like bijan anti-richmond for sure have a lot a lot going on in there Dude, that is sick noir. Nolan ryan otter to five Love noir Yeah, that's the big question I know hendon hooker is on that triple qb. They because they have it on cardboard. They have the renderings like the The preview picks and he's on where there's triple qb autos or stets and ben and anti-richmond So there's at least that I would assume with the lions. They might have at least one dual like same team book I would have to assume right? Yeah, because you got three rookies. I would hope Nice ryan there for the range. That's really cool. Actually That's not a five Uh, Cecil fielder to 199 for the tigers. Yeah Lions are the team i'm picking to hit hit the most. I think in that because They've hit the most so far this year with pinion products worky otto louise matos giants Stuff giants giants Pete rose the 99 for the reds We're almost equaling the previous decades amount of losses Wow, that's so insane Tom brady Tom brady That birdie effect Red wave tim salmon angels out of 199 Yeah, hopefully they have them they deserve it the lions do Yeah, we we will see when it does come out That like the vet autos Okay braves chipper Torrey hunter for the twins here out of 99 in the mosaic Redemption coming up Okay, 199 goose gossage for the a's the goose is loose goose for the a's and redemption Of drew jones for the diamondbacks america's pastime boys of summer otto gold I just want to hang on to right there He backs drew jones Gotta start playing better. He's still so young though Andy rodriguez on the pirates on cart otto to 49 future kings What's bad is that you really can't say that when you got a 16 year old dominica or 17 year old right behind you 200 is piazza mets Next up is gentry for the uh for the royals here to 199 Still very young got a long time can't expect him to be like jackson holiday jackson holiday is literally entered once in a 15 20 year period type player Where he's going to be in mlb is like a 20 year old And probably be very good. I would think Scott rolling on the red wave number to 199 for the fillies fillies rolling And we're still waiting on checklist for vote for both release day parts from pinion today Reggie crawford otto for the giants Giants stay hidden Drew jones at a 49 on the certified for the diamondbacks Number to 10 is la joie for the guardians nap la joie Star status or sorry status swatches jersey cardinland ryan rangers We are going to be a little behind here. We're going to get the next one filled up So we'll start orient is a little behind schedule Brady house Out of 50 for the gnats these just take a lot longer to rip since there's a bunch of backwards cards and Sold out number four. So origin is sold out. That's awesome alvarez silver for the mets So it's just football p yts for the rest of the day origins football p yts for the rest of the daytime Tyler gentry royals in the america's pastime jersey otto to 75 Sedan raffaella clear vision to 50 for the red sox There are random styles of origins football and chronicles baseball tonight Got flawless case going the night as well. Yogi buried of 100 classics for the yankees Got jersey card red sox masatake yoshida Kate hunter out of 100 reds certified Zach v. And rocky's out of 50 on the crusade Come on origins Uh redemption bobby miller dodgers Origins rookie signatures red dodgers bobby miller It's 199 raffael palmero rangers thick pack here Eddie murray on the autograph for the orioles Legend hit there seven of 10 studio otto grads orioles Moving on to box number six Yeah, rebel. We pulled a willy maze in the first break of the day They're sick. They're thick stock two of the like 130 point and their acetate finished They look pretty dope Spencer jones yankees the 75 on the titan Anthony saw the meto otto for the pirate summer lead extra edition. That was to 100 Uh berry for the marlins Yeah, we just pulled a numbered beam parl I think it was last box of the box before that It was like a beam to 50 or 49 or something like that Nick vote out of 100 for the padres jersey card to 99 mason hour tampa bay to 199 logan tanner for the reds ellie dela Cruz on the specter rookie red wave andre dawson expos go to the gnats to 199 Jackson holiday noir signatures. That's gorgeous Two of 15 for the orioles I love noir. There you go joshua again. Congrats, dude Ben sheets to 99 for the brewers The golden god of the 199 for the fillies origins Dale murphy to 25 certified for the braves Two more boxes Yeah, the noir stick to noir in this break. Yeah product is surpassing expectations. I think Less than 158 box. I think is what the started out. I'm not sure what we have them for The red wave george brett royals to 199 Yeah, if you guys are interested in chronicles baseball Kyle's from personals tonight Um, we got him in stock for 130 130. Yes less than 150 for three autos a relic numbered cards big prospects legends A lot of on card in this not all of it is with a lot of on card redemption future king signatures white socks colson montgomery So if you want to rip some chronicles baseball order up Kyle's got you guys 6 p.m. Eastern See numerous jackson holidays all jackson choreo. We've seen say it on rapiella Um, I'm pretty sure ellie will have autos. We haven't seen one yet, but we've seen numbered ellies Good stuff in here. We're seeing like smoltz larry walker a lot of other legends Lily maish blue maish short print jersey is going to be avon carter rangers Rangers saw avon a bunch of avon carters earlier too Look to in the first place Yep, it was to Henry davis ricky silver from spectra ken griffy jr. On the tiger eyes sp for the mariners Tiger eyes always sick always Seattle this is going out to Ian there you go. Ian. I think you hit the one with the giants too. Oh, no, no, no wait. Wait, wait Was it? I know Ian hit it really. I think he hit the carter earlier I can't remember. I know I called Ian's name out for something earlier You know, there's been a lot of really nice chronicles hits though so far to 199 rockies where we burn a bell If on rodriguez tigers the 99 Yeah, don't slip on chronicles baseball I'm not anymore raffaella Auto red red is sp. It's not numbered, but there we saw we saw red earlier there wasn't red earlier Sit on raffaella a nice hit for the red sox. It'll be a rookie next year It's 199 wade boggs red sox some peel will send a box wrapper to boston So you try to get that one replaced Twins and manual rodriguez on the future king's on-card auto to 49 We've also got archives purcells and stock as well everybody Um for rip and ship actually that's pretty nice The vet base is not ship of rip live So let's get origins filling up now first origins break Arizona jacksonville miami new england new warlands and the jets Number to 10 for the diamond backs and andrew pentaur obsidian autograph It's one letter away from being andrew pine tar Diamond backs clear vision is matt williams giant set of 100 Drew jones the 99 diamond backs on the certified johnny pesky out of 100 for the red sox Guys got a poll named after him Jersey to 99 is burnt by 11 angels that'll be game-worn for the angels Have her home bligh 11 And i'm back. You're stacked in this Oh, he's got a lot of players too Giants It's a 50 is george brett for the royals in the mosaic I'm surprised that there's so many giants in this. Yeah Just stated mean bull pasta for joe It's not nice to say loose and hella cune auto to 99 rangers Yeah Come on joe we Very nice one rangers louis and hella cune auto Could be playing for the mets pretty soon to 99 is justin crawford for the fillies with some peeling Fillies i will send you a an empty boxer wrapper to try to get that one replaced And peeling on this reds cam collier auto Reds cam collier some boxer wrapper going out to the fillies and won't going out to the reds now It's from our johnson and 25 pirates Okay points random here give me just a moment 150 points random to everybody Go nine times We'll see in the recap here joshua one two three four five six seven eight nine Rockies Rockies getting the points We had tiger eyes ken griffey sheet uh Nolan ryan padroia led la cruz jeff bagwell manzardo No, that was mason hour. Sorry same team different player black 11. Evan carter white posture dimension coleslaw and gunway future king signatures Dodger's redemption bobby miller Deback's redemption drew jones gold auto for boys the summer there mark mcguire We're gonna have to hang on to this one and see when the checklist comes out where this card goes It's probably gonna be azer cardinals and they just saw the metho Got a cam collier Reggie crawford sadan raffaella louis matos jose rodriguez a how you lee That was um endy rodriguez jordan lullar Gentry louis and hella cunha welvey marty emmanuel rodriguez brennan davis joey weimer eddie murray for the oryals attend 10 Pintar to 10 for the diamond backs. Nolan ryan the war auto for the rangers Then a jackson holiday for the oryals. I haven't seen any there's nothing wrong with that in the war cards It's like there's like certain ones with foil Jackson holiday for the oryals out of 15 and that'll do thanks again everybody moving on now to last daytime chronicles


Hello, my name is Apulina Ejikeng, Elite Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa. We want to tackle a critical question that of emerging and reemerging infectious disease which affect human, livestock, and wildlife. Outbreaks, such as the recent Ebola epidemic in West Africa, can cost thousands of human lives, billions of dollars, and can paralyze economies and health care systems with terrible consequences. The cost of controlling a disease such as Ebola rises exponentially once the disease spreads into humans from the animal reservoir. And yet our surveillance systems are focused on human patients. We propose to bring a novel sequence-based detection system developed by our collaborators at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to bear on the problem. We will use the 100 and change investment to establish this powerful technology in our networks of collaborating laboratories. This will provide a real-time picture of the pathogen activity in Africa to scientists and policymakers protecting both the communities in which disease emerge and the planet as a whole from periodic epidemics.


I think it's really an interesting question because the question one is, what's all this about? What are we trying to do that? Now, growth is growth of inanimate objects, of convenience, commodities, and there are excellent reasons for valuing them, but we value them not for themselves, but what it does to human life. So the central concern is with the lives of humanity, human beings, our well-being, our freedom, our freedom to do those things which we value and which we have reason to value. Now, growth in itself of GDP could not be that central figure, so in some ways it has to be an instrument, there's no question. But the second thing to recognize that as an instrument, growth is dependent on many features which are closely related to social welfare. And to give an example, having better health care, not being bothered by, constantly by illnesses is obviously extremely important for leading a good human life, for our well-being and for our freedom. But it's also extremely important for producing, to having a productive labor force which can put their best into their work. Same is true of education. Education broadens the mind, unlocks the key to the world, makes it possible to communicate very important for human life, human well-being, human freedom, and yet also education is very central for economic engagements to be able to produce according to instruction, read this, do that, quality control and so on within a globalized world today is even more important than it used to be earlier. So I think the second role that is the quality of human life being closely related to the capability of human beings, not only to serve the individual well-being better and more fully, but also to serve the demands of the economy, the demands of the society, the demands of the political processes, that has to be distinguished with the ultimately the fact that it is the quality of human life for which all this is being pursued. So the social welfare issue and the term social welfare has got so many connotations that it's sometimes best not to use it because it already immediately comes in as people standing in dole queues and going away and not doing any work. They're living on welfare as it were. And I think that the rhetoric is really quite important in this because bad rhetoric makes us look in a different direction, which to a great extent has happened in this context. It looks as if the social welfare people is trying to go away from good rather than saying which actually is very important to say that if education and health care immunization is good for social welfare, it's the same things are centrally good for economic progress and economic growth. But then there's also the further point that ultimately economic growth itself is for a purpose. The purpose is to improve the quality of human life. You know, I think it's interesting how much confusion is generated on the subject, given the fact that the subject of modern economics began with crystal clarity on these distinction, particularly in the writings of Adam Smith, both in the wealth of nation, which is the more widely read book on economics, but also in the his first book, Theory of Moral Sentiment, where he discusses how human life relates to each other, how we benefit from talking with each other, how we do the exercise, what he called the impartial spectator, how it makes sense for us to place ourselves in the position of another and ask the question, what would it look to an impartial spectator from outside, what we are doing today? So I think that's the kind of preparation that led, that was 1759, led Smith in 1776 to publish the, to do the theory, do the wealth of nation. But that was very much in it. Skill formation, the quality of human labor became a big important factor. Smith's discussion about trade was about how productivity increases by, by pursued by specialization, by skill formation, all the time helped by education. He's concerned about lack of equity in, in educational distribution, his deep sympathy with people who are treated as beast of burden, who don't get an opportunity to improve their mind, to acquire the education. So I think it's very important to get an economic view sufficiently broad, sufficiently wide to cover all these features and not to deny that, that's what economics is about.


The Nigerian mainstream and downstream petroleum regulatory authority, NMDPRA, has said more collaborations and interventions are needed to improve domestic gas utilization in the country, despite the various initiatives and policy framework set up by the federal government. This was disclosed in Potaco during a stakeholders' engagement on gas utilization in Nigeria. The report. As global attention continues to shift toward cleaner energy, stakeholders in the oil and gas sector say more attention needs to be on the nation's gas resources. This formed the basis for discussion at a forum organized by the Nigerian mainstream and downstream petroleum regulatory authority in Port Accot. The executive director, distribution systems, storage and retailing infrastructure, Ogbugo Okowa noted that some of the heaviest consumers of diesel were operating outside the regulatory oversight, which was not in accordance with the Petroleum Industry Act. He added that the objective of the engagement was to enlighten consumers on the need to obtain the requisite petroleum storage license and to engender the transition from diesel, kerosene and fuel to gas. The law requires that if you have storage for more than 500 liters and you're handling volumes of petroleum much more than that, you need to apply for the relevant license. Secondly, we're also saying to these heaviest users of AGO that they need to begin to consider converting to gas because gas not only represents a cheaper but ultimately a cleaner source of energy. We believe that there's a huge gap between availability and utilization who would like to bridge that gap. Stakeholders at the engagement also advocated penetration of gas utilization to the public. Encourage the ease of penetration of gas utilization to our nation to the mechanism of petroleum product with the lack of legislation of Nigeria all over the nation and in particular for those of us in reverse state using our mechanism in reverse state. The PAA has actually developed particularly established within the authority the midstream and downstream gas infrastructure fund to enable more investments within that value chain and to see that gas is brought to Nigerians at very cheap rates. That's the essence of all this engagement to create this awareness and as we operationalize this fund we are very optimistic that the Nigerians will begin to reap the benefits sooner than later. How do regulators make it easy for us to be able to assess funds? When it comes to forex, everybody who buys a gas tank is buying a Belgium gas tank. Why? We can't afford the USD to buy new ones. The authority appealed to all petroleum handlers to fully comply with the provisions of the PAA and NMDPAA regulations and avoid strong regulatory enforcement which may adversely impact on business operations. Hello hope you enjoyed the news please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Alright, our next speaker is Dr. Ethan Sibo, who is an author and columnist. You may have read some of his popular science communication on boards, for example, where an iFright person is working, but he also writes books. He is an author and he has this book for sale here right now. You can get an assignment. It's called Beyond the Galaxy. How humanity looks beyond our Milky Way and discovered the entire universe. Speak to Ethan afterwards if you would like a copy. Please join me in welcoming Dr. Ethan Sibo. Alright, everybody in the back, can you see my face killed? Thank you. Alright, so the question portion of this, the quiz portion is over. I am very much in the, I am just going to give you all the answers. So many of you have learned a lot of things about what has happened in the universe so far. We've had 13.8 billion years of it being pretty good. And I'm going to spend the next 15 to 20 minutes giving you the entire rest of the story. So if you would like to know where everything is headed, let's see if we can cover it all. And here we go. So, wait, wait, this is going to work, right? Okay, so here's what we're going to talk about. I'm going to go real quick and give you what the universe actually is. If you do not know what the universe is, that's okay, we're going to cover that first. Then I'm going to talk to you about what the possible things are, what we observe, what we think is going to happen, what the things of planets, stars and galaxies. And finally, what that means for the entire universe. If that's all a lot, you don't have to remember it, I'm just going to give you the answers. So what is the universe? Sarah showed you a great picture of a telescope called the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. This is a result from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. And if you don't know what it is, it's because you've probably never seen anything like this before. What this is, is you know that the Milky Way shines through the galaxy. If you look at the North Pole of the Milky Way, you don't get any of the Milky Way's stars in the way. So what the Sloan Digital Sky Survey did was it looked in that region of space and everywhere it found the galaxy, it said okay, I'm going to take some data there, that's a point. This is an image of 400,000 points from looking at the North Pole of the galaxy. Every point in this image is a galaxy. And what you see is that some points are big clusters of galaxies. Some points are big voids where there are very few galaxies. And you get this sort of weird web-like structure. If you take a look at our theory and what we predict, this is a cosmic theory of what we should form. So the answer is we should get a web-like structure, we see a web-like structure. That's what the universe looks like today, where you have these big nodes, you should have big collections of mass, that's where gravity wins the most. You get thousands of Milky Way-like galaxies all together.  And that's it.  They give up all their matter to everyone else. You don't form stars or galaxies there. And this is weird because most places in the universe are like that. Most places in the universe are these big empty places. You are very, very fortunate to be in one of these little matter clumps where you're actually on a planet. If you would say, what's the average density of the universe? If you took all the matter in the universe and you smeared it out, and you say, what's the density of that versus what's my density now? It's a one with 30 zeros after it is how much more dense we are here than the average. So that's pretty good. Alright, what else is out there? So if you look at just a narrow region of space, right, you would say, oh, like there's galaxies here. And you would look at this image and you would say, yeah, there's like big galaxies and then there's like small galaxies. And that's what it is. That's right. That's totally wrong. What am I doing here? No, these galaxies are pretty much the same size. The ones that look smaller are just further away. So that's why what Sarah showed you, if you looked farther and farther back, right, at that big Hubble Deep Field image where she showed you a couple of stars, that's just a tiny fraction of this image of something like this, where you look super deep and you can see the farther you look, the finger you look, the more distant an object you can see. So it's easy to see the close ones because the light doesn't spread out as much, but the farther away you go, the harder it is to see. But everywhere we look, we see stuff. We see galaxies. This is something we see on a much smaller scale. We see individual stars with solar systems around them. This is not our solar system. This is the trackest one solar system about 40 light years away. So this is a new discovery. Since the 1990s, we've begun finding planets around other stars. And what we've learned, surprise, surprise, is that most stars have planets. And most stars have planets that are different from the ones we have in the solar system. Most stars will have either planets that are like gas giants that are close to their star, or they will have planets that are bigger than Earth, but smaller than the gas giants we have here. Our solar system is just one possible outcome of a huge diversity of stars.  That's the big lucky thing in our universe, is that we have all of these complex atoms and molecules that come together and they make interesting things. That's what we are, is we're an interesting thing. This is great because the universe wasn't born with us. The universe wasn't even born with the right ingredients to make us. But things unfolded in such a way that here we are. There is a whole great cosmic story about this, about how the Big Bang happened and everything expanded and cooled and you form neutral atoms when it cooled enough. And these atoms came together under the influence of gravity to form the first stars. And the stars lived and died and exploded and put these heavy elements back out into space that formed the next generations of stars. And galaxies merged together and after 13.8 billion years here we are. That's background. We make stars, we know that.  The universe has expanded now anywhere we look. 46 billion light years in any direction. Which is interesting because I told you the universe is 13.8 billion years old. You guys know nothing can move faster than the speed of light and I tell you now that the universe is 46 billion light years in any direction. Does my math add up? Okay, this is the number one question I get writing about cosmology on the internet. But the way it's normally asked to me is, you can't even do math. How does that happen? The answer is because space itself is not a static thing. If all we had was like, oh we got space here and there it is. And now we're going to have a big bang and things are going to expand out at the speed of light. They'd be 13.8 billion light years away. But space is something that can expand. Space itself can expand. That's an important thing to realize. It's not like I just threw something away from me. It's like I have a moving walkway and I roll something away on the moving walkway. And the walkway moves and the thing moves. And that's how it can get even farther away. So the universe doesn't really care about what's on your moving walkway. The universe cares about how fast is space itself expanding and what's all this stuff in the universe. And that's what determines how fast it expands. We want to know what the future holds, right? Or apparently we want to know what could the future hold. So what happens when we look back? That actually is where we find the answer. You don't think about this in like the Dr. Philway of the oh that was predictor of future behavior of this past behavior. But instead I, that was terrible. But the way you look at this is if you look back at the universe if you look at what it was doing in the past you can figure out how fast is it expanding now. How fast was it expanding then and what are all the different things it was made of. So if we say oh like I can look at the galaxies that collided and I can look at the distant nebulae that formed stars and what happened out there in the past and I can look at the stars that lived and died and recycled their heavy elements into the universe that's all the past. But the farther back I look at these things the farther back I look at all the different ways I can measure what was the universe like in the past that helps tell me what it's like in the future. So imagine now we've gone all the way back to the Big Bang, right? So everything is hot, dense, and expanding super fast. What's going to happen? You're going to have two things fighting each other. It's like a race. On one hand you have this initial expansion pushing everything out, trying to drive space apart. That's the expanding universe. But on the other hand we know that the universe is full of stuff and it didn't just come out of nowhere that stuff's been around since the universe was born. So what happens? You have these two forces fighting each other. You have the initial expansion and you have gravity trying to pull everything back together. Who's going to win? That's what you would say. Oh, let's examine all the possibilities. That's how we're going to do it. That's how we know who's going to win. So maybe like Goldilocks, the porridge is too hot, right? Maybe the universe has too much mass in it. So what happens if gravity wins? You can imagine it, right? The space is expanding. It's getting farther and farther apart but gravity is like it's going to pull everything back together. It's going to try and drive everything in.  So that's one thing. The other is what if we're down here, right? What if it's the other way? What if the porridge is too cold? What if the expansion wins and there's not enough gravity? Well then you'll expand and gravity will slow you down but it won't slow you down enough and you'll just expand forever and ever and ever. And the last one is that other Goldilocks possibility. Maybe it's just right. Maybe the universe is going to expand and try and reach some maximum size and gravity is going to try and turn it around. It's going to be perfectly balanced where if you had one more proton you'd re-collapse but it doesn't. Instead the expansion rate just asymptotes to zero. Everyone knows what an asymptote is if you have student loans. Okay. So these are your three possibilities here. It depends on who wins the cosmic race. Does expansion win or does gravitation win? If expansion wins then you're this top line, right? You expand, expand, expand and gravity tries to slow you down but it fails and here you go you're just going to expand forever and ever and ever. Or if gravity wins you re-collapse and boom your universe comes to an end over here. Or you can be in the middle and just be like on that Goldilocks case forever and ever and ever. So that's what we thought for years and years and decades and decades the fate of the universe is going to be one of these three and the whole field of cosmology which is my field was the quest to measure what's it going to be. I said I'd just give you the answer. They're all wrong. Everything is not right here. None of these is the answer. So what is the answer? I want you to think about something. What is, right? I told you the expansion rate is determined by what's in your universe. So imagine your universe is filled with matter and it's expanding. Well matter is just stuff, right? And so as your universe expands you got the same amount of stuff but it's getting less and less dense, right? So the more your universe expands the volume goes up, the mass stays the same so the density goes down. And that's it. That's how your universe would work if all you had was matter in it. And so you can see the expansion rate drops over time. What about if you got radiation? Radiation's a little bit like matter because it's just stuff. It's just photons. It's just these particles except they also have wavelengths. The wavelength of radiation is what determines how energetic it is. So if I take this space and I have these tiny, tiny wavelengths because everything's close together and I stretch my space what happens? These wavelengths stretch too. When you make a wavelength longer it gets less energetic. So if I take a wavelength like this in a one that's ten times as long the one that's ten times as long has ten times less energy than the one that was shorter the universe has expanded by factors of trillions and trillions since the big bag. So it's lost a lot of energy and you can kind of see that in this line that doesn't show up that this falls off faster. But what if there was some extra type of energy? What if there was this type of energy that just was inherent to space itself? What if I just said what about the energy of space itself? It doesn't drop, right? Because if I have this universe and then I have this universe there's just more space now. So if there's any type of energy that's inherent to the fabric of space then as space grows this energy is just growing. In this case the expansion rate remains constant. It doesn't drop. So as your universe grows it's like you're just making more and more of this new type of energy if there's any non-zero energy to space itself. So this is what Sarah was telling you they discovered in 1998 looking at supernovae, right? That you look at these faint ones and then you look at these more distant ones and you said, oh yeah, right if the universe were like down here this would be the closed case that re-collapses the big crunch case. This middle line here would be the intermediate case where it's that Goldilocks parages just right, right? And this would be this third line up here that's the open case that's the case where the universe expands forever. But what we observe is none of those it's this top line it's this case where the universe appears to have this extra thing this extra energy inherent to space itself. So what does that mean if the universe has this extra energy it means instead of a universe that expands and re-collapses or that expands forever or that is on the border between expansion forever and re-collapse we have this other universe instead we have one that accelerates we have one that if we look at a distant galaxy that's a certain distance away we see that galaxy expand from us and the farther away the galaxy gets the faster it appears to expand from us the faster and faster it moves away that's the thing that's accelerating not the expansion rate I told you the expansion rate stays constant what happens instead what accelerates is the speed of the individual galaxy now this is messed up because what this means is that here's my galaxy now it's pretty close by and it's expanding away at a certain rate but at a later time that galaxy is going to be farther away from me and there's more space in between us that's expanding so the galaxy is going to move away faster and this one is going to move away even faster and the most distant one is going to move away fastest of all I'm going to step on you for a while so what this means is the more that we let time go on I know you've had a market of because they're leaving every galaxy that isn't already gravitationally bound to us which is only our local group it's us Andromeda and those loser galaxies that are super close by that's what we get everything else they might be bound in their own groups but they're gone unless we go and get them they're accelerating away and the faster the more time goes on the faster they're going to move away from us in fact we don't really talk about how bad this is very often because it's a little depressing but I love depressing so if you were to say I'm going to draw a circle around all the galaxies within those 46 billion light years that I could reach I went at the speed of light today you'd only be able to get to 3% of them 97% of all the galaxies in the universe that we can see are already unreachable even if we left today at the speed of light and every second that goes by another 20,000 stars we lose the ability to ever reach so start on that space travel program now so yeah that's it our little local group is like these few galaxies like right in here that's our little local group us and Andromeda, the Large Magellanic Cloud the Small Magellanic Cloud the Triangular Galaxy about 50 to 60 other dwarf galaxies everything else the big Virgo cluster that's a collection of over 1,000 Milky Way size galaxies they'll all stay bound together but we'll never fall in there the Virgo cluster is expanding away from us at over 1,000 kilometers a second already and as time goes on that speed is only going to get faster and faster thanks to dark energy our local group will at least stick around once you beat the expansion of the universe once you overcome dark energy once you gravitationally bow things are going to stick around so you're in luck dark energy isn't going to come for you and we'll get all the galaxies in us all the stars in Andromeda all these little satellite galaxies we're all going to merge together it's going to be awesome here's what's going to happen 4 to 7 billion years in the future 4 to 7 billion years in the future the Milky Way and Andromeda are going to merge together as they start to gravitationally interact you'll start to see big spiral arms stripped away you'll see stars get flung off into interlactic space probably not us you're going to get to see a huge burst of new star formation one of the places the missing barions are even if she hasn't found them yet is they are in the interstellar media they are in the form of gas and dust and plasma in the halo of our galaxy when galaxies collide these gases will form new generations of stars so we can expect a whole wild burst of new star formation when this happens but once that merger is complete we're going to become a giant elliptical galaxy that's a merger of the Milky Way and Andromeda and we have already named it it sounds like a terrible candy bar Milky Andromeda what about in our solar system what's our future well we'll stick around I'm going to bet that we don't get kicked out of the galaxy during the merger less than 1% of stars will so I bet on us unfortunately in about 1 to 2 billion years only 1 to 2 billion years the earth will look like this why? as stars like our sun go through their life they heat up our sun right now is about 20% hotter and more luminous than it was when it was born a little over 4 billion years ago in 1 to 2 billion years it will heat up by enough that it should boil our oceans it's a slow process you cannot blame global warming on this but if you come back 1 to 2 billion years from now and you see this you can totally blame global warming on this it's just a different type so that's the future of life on earth 1 to 2 billion years is still a pretty good amount of time so don't worry yet the sun has maybe another 5 to 7 billion years before it becomes a red giant blows off its outer layers into a planetary nebula and contracts down to a white dwarf ok good news for us mercury is going to get eaten by the sun when it becomes a red giant venus is going to get eaten by a sun when it becomes a red giant suckers we're going to be just fine the sun is going to undergo some mass ejection events and that's going to gently blow earth to a higher orbit we're not going to get engulfed so when the sun becomes when it's done charring the solar system and charring the earth we'll still be a rock going around the sun it's pretty good stuff our sun will contract down to a white dwarf which will continue to be visible if there were any people left on earth which will not look like this in the future the sun is going to stay as a luminous white dwarf for about a quadrillion years ten to the fifteen years before it goes dark that is about a hundred thousand times the current age of the universe there is not a single white dwarf star that has gone dark yet in the entire universe and won't be for trillions and trillions of years the galaxy is going to look awesome if you can watch it from the earth during that time which you can't because we're going to be destroyed by the sun so let's pretend that this is from Terraformed Mars alright so you're going to see this is Andromeda this is the Milky Way you're going to see this big burst of star formation that is fun by the way when you look up at the galaxy have you ever seen pictures of galaxies with like these little pink things tracing their spiral arms have you ever seen that pink thing next time you see a big famous astronomy picture look for those little pink lines around the spiral arms that pink is real when you form new stars it emits light of a very particular wavelength that is 656 nanometers which is red to our eyes you combine red and white light and that's the pink you see so people look out for that in the sky four billion years from now what about the stars I told you about when our star is going to go dark we can have these big massive sun like stars when they run out of fuel they turn into white dwarfs when white dwarfs run out of energy after they radiate it away for enough time they go dark what's the universe going to look like when our white dwarf goes dark well our night sky is mostly stars in our own galaxy and if we were to say hey I wonder what this is going to look like 10 to the 15 years from now most of the stars will have burned out all the ones that exist today will have burned out but you form new ones you just don't form as many in the future as you're forming now that's something that we need to appreciate is that when we look at the universe today most of the stars formed 10 billion years ago already as time goes on we're forming new ones but we're forming them at lower and lower and lower rates so by time we get to when our star has burned out the universe is going to kind of look like this it's going to be really dark and the only points of light that are left will be super red in color they will be low in energy, low in temperature hopefully we'll have better eyes by then and what about the future of black holes? you might say this does not look like a black hole and it doesn't because there's no black hole that's done that yet today either but in the far distant future when the last star has burned out when there's no more gas or fuel to form them we will still have black holes and they will still be black for a really long time if you were to take the sun and sun into a black hole it would stick around as a black hole for 10 to the 67 years so one with 67 zeros after it and then it would slowly start to lose its energy black holes evaporate due to a process known as Hawking Radiation and in the last few seconds of evaporation that's when a black hole would emit the most amount of energy much that it would be visible to human eyes as a giant flash of light the amount of energy that gets released in the last second of a black hole's evaporation is 500,000 times as powerful as the biggest atomic bomb we've ever detonated on earth in one second keep an eye out for that black hole the most massive black hole in the universe that we know of will evaporate in 10 to the 100 years and at that point there will be no stars all the other galaxies we see will have been pushed away due to dark energy and the last black hole will have evaporated too so all of this is contingent on the story I told you being correct all of this is contingent on the fact that we think dark energy really is energy inherent to space itself you have also maybe heard this as a cosmological constant you have also maybe heard this as vacuum energy it is as though we took that same problem we started with and said oh, here's what our universe is doing today, we looked back from now until the big bang and we can extrapolate into the future and say the universe is accelerating and will expand at this rate but that all assumes dark energy is that energy inherent to space itself there are a number of different things it could be though and that's one of the things we're trying to pin down better that's one of the goals of HEDDEX HEDDEX is going to do an okay job but if we really want to know pin it down below 10%, below 1%, below 0.1% accuracy we need bigger and better telescopes on the ground and in space to do these big surveys because it could be the case that this energy inherent to space itself gets stronger over time what would that look like if things didn't just accelerate the farther away they got but if that rate of acceleration went up and up and up what would happen? well it means that galaxies that are bound together wouldn't necessarily stay bound together forever as time went on and dark energy gets stronger and these galaxies that look like they were going to be bound together can suddenly be pushed back apart again individual spiral galaxies spinning around would see the outermost stars get flown off and then the inner ones get flown off too individual solar systems if dark energy got so strong we would see the Kuiper Belt disappear and then Neptune and Uranus and Saturn eventually down to Earth it itself would see its atoms get torn apart and in the very final moments everything, even the atoms that made you up even the nuclei that made you up would be ripped apart as well that fate is known as the big rip and it's possible I don't think it's right but you can't be sure unless you measure it and you find out no the universe is really doing that how do the opposite thing? it could get weaker or it could reverse in sign so instead of getting stronger and stronger and accelerating way faster and faster forever it could go the other direction it could say you know we are going to reach a maximum size after all and it is going to turn around and it is going to re-collapse and we are going to end in a big crunch and that's something we can also measure so these alternatives all the same graphics you start at the big bang the universe appears to be accelerated appears to be this Goldilocks case and then dark energy takes over with the matter density dilutes enough and you see things accelerate and expand faster and faster but we haven't constrained it well enough to know that it won't rip or that it won't turn around and crunch again the way we are going to find out is through bigger and better telescopes and observatories so how will we know well the ESA is going to send up a mission called Euclid and that is going to measure dark energy to better precision than anything we've done before after that NASA is going to send up the W1st mission which is going to do even better and around the same time as that the LSST the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope is going to come online so if you think that this stuff is fun I'm telling you it's going to get even better in the 2020s alright now I'm sure that there are no questions for me because I didn't have questions for you that's not true but with that said let's stop here and see what questions you have I'll answer the first one preemptively yes this is a plus we're going to do the same thing as last time I'm going to look at hands and I'm going to call on you and then we're going to repeat your question so you sir had a question ok so this is a question about the cosmic spider web so thank you for making me go all the way back to slide number 3 we're going to do it let's see how fast it is the question is I said the universe is like this cosmic spider web so what does that mean when we're talking about what's happening to galaxies in the future is that a good paraphrase ok so where we have this cosmic spider web this is something that's formed over time if I were to say what did the universe start off as right and I didn't worry about the expansion this would be an almost uniform and over time it would start to look like a sponge where it had some holes in it and it had some denser regions but it was still pretty uniform and as time goes on and on the web gets more pronounced you start to get matter really clustered together in these nexuses and you get galaxies dotting along these filaments and in the great regions in between you have nothing then after about 7 billion years or so dark energy turns on dark energy becomes important matter has diluted so much that this energy inherent to space itself is more important for expansion and at that point anything that hasn't already become gravitationally bound never will be so there's a limit to how big these clusters are already and we already hit that limit about 6 billion years ago so there are these gravitationally bound objects they are going to stick around but by and large they're not growing still they're not continuing to get larger and larger instead each individual bound group of things that formed is expanding away from one another other questions over here okay there's this question about accelerating and decelerating the question is if dark energy is so powerful and the initial expansion is so powerful and we're accelerating today why was the universe decelerating for so long and the answer is in this graph right here that I'm going to get to if I can find it this one okay imagine what happens early on over here right you have this tiny universe and it's full of all the stuff it's expanding fast it's full of radiation it's full of dark energy it's full of energy inherent to space itself at the earliest times who's most important now what it is today that we've got all these things in the universe and now run your universe backwards in the past the energy density here for dark energy it didn't go up when you went back into the past it stayed the same so the effect of dark energy today might make your universe expand at a certain rate and early times it made that universe expand at that same rate so it's not accelerating fast today it's just the universe is really big and there isn't a whole lot else going on the matter on the other hand was denser and denser and denser and denser when the universe was one tenth in size the matter density was a thousand times as important when the universe was one millionth in size the matter density was ten to the eighteen times as important so the expansion rate due to matter was way more important in the past which means as the universe expands it cools and the expansion rate slows down if matter was ever more important than dark energy and even earlier on radiation was even more important than matter that's for about the first nine thousand years of the universe or so radiation was the most important thing so the universe's expansion rate drops at a fast level due to radiation and then finally radiation is less important than matter and matter is like oh my god we don't have to expand so fast and the expansion rate goes down at a slower rate and then matter density drops finally below the dark energy density and dark energy says oh thank god now I don't have to go so now I don't have to decelerate anymore and now the expansion rate can accelerate so that's why the reason why the universe was decelerating in the past is because matter and radiation were more important than dark energy was early on alright what other questions do we have we have one right here in the front I'm going to ask you to repeat that okay when you talk about the first nine thousand years of the universe what does that mean in the context of relativity astronomers have a lot of different ways of measuring time I say the first nine thousand years of the universe I mean if I look back at the universe to the moment of the big bang when the universe is first full of matter and radiation and I understand it as it is today that is 13.8 billion years of the past and that's what I call time zero so I count forward from that time where I can first describe the universe from the big bang and I say well what are the things that happen right it's full of matter full of radiation full of everything super energetic I am doing all sorts of crazy stuff things are flying around super energetic smacking into one another I'm making matter anti matter pairs out of pure energy and they're annihilating away into pure energy and all of this is going on and as I step forward in time and the universe expands the radiation density drops and the universe cools so after about one second I'm making matter and anti matter anymore and after about three minutes it's cool that I can make a atomic nuclei instead of just having protons and neutrons and after 380,000 years I can form neutral atoms for the first time and I don't have to smash it apart immediately anytime I put a proton and an electron together 9,000 years is counting forward from that it's that's the moment where radiation is finally diluted enough that it's wavelength has stretched so much that in terms of what makes a bigger contribution to the total amount of energy in the universe matter for the first time has passed radiation let's see if there are others and if you can, if there aren't then we can come back yeah you have a question what are your thoughts on multiverse okay this is an open-ended question what are my thoughts on multiverse do I have an opinion on that I do have an opinion on that that's the easy question what is my opinion on the multiverse so the Big Bang I've talked about that as being the moment we can first describe the universe as being expanding and full of matter and radiation there is a theory that is generally accepted known as cosmic inflation that came before the hot Big Bang and set it up at some very very high energy not like the tiny bit of energy inherent to space today but at some early times there is some huge amount of energy inherent to space itself and that space expanded at this hugely accelerating rate and in some pockets of that universe due to quantum fluctuations due to quantum fluctuations inflation ended that energy from space itself got converted into matter and radiation in some place including here the multiverse is a prediction you get out of inflation that says look in lots of places you don't have the right quantum fluctuation and inflation continues and you keep making more and more space but the more space you make the more chances you have for the right quantum fluctuation to occur for inflation to end and for a Big Bang to start and what cosmic inflation tells you is that we expect there to be other regions of space that are not connected to what we call the universe that are separated by these regions of inflating space where these regions have their own Big Bang they have their own place where inflation ended where the universe began with matter and radiation and we are not connected to them now I do not know if anyone professes to know how many of these other universes there are are there an infinite number only if inflation has been going on for an infinite amount of time has inflation been going on for an infinite number of time we believe our universe has information about the final 10 to the minus 33 seconds of inflation in it that is not a big number it is not possible that there are an infinite number of universes like this but if these theories that we have that appear to describe our universe are valid then there should be other regions that aren't contained in our own that have Big Bangs that have the expanding universe that maybe have different laws of physics from what we have you don't know shameless plug where we talk about this we have time for one more question and we are going to go with the lady in the front row the question is how do I feel about Fermi's paradox given that I invoked life and brought this question on myself Fermi's paradox for those of you who don't know say if the conditions for life are everywhere and we have all these different chances all these stars all these galaxies all these planets all these ingredients then where is everybody where are all the aliens and why haven't we heard from them yet that is Fermi's paradox and the the simple non-committal answer is because somewhere there is a hard step it's not easy to go from we were just matter in radiation to we are intelligent space-faring human beings we're not even really space-faring yet we're struggling at this but there is some step that's hard there we know some of the steps that aren't hard we know it's not hard to make atoms it's not hard to make stars it's not hard to make galaxies it's not hard to make heavy elements it's not hard to make planets it's not hard to make rocky planets at the right distance from their star for liquid water to be on them with the right ingredients for life on them with organic materials from interstellar space populating them that part is not hard but is it hard to take that step to go from organic materials to life is it hard to take that step that goes from life to complex multicellular information containing life is it hard to take that step from say the Cambrian explosion to intelligent using space-faring radio using human being type people my guess is one or more of those three steps is a lot harder than some Shmo in the 1940s saying boy I wasn't with everybody's audience I have been told that this talk is over so if you didn't have your burning question answered Ethan's book is for sale and like the answers are in that book so you can come see him afterwards so I just want to say thanks again to both of our speakers thanks to Peddler again for hosting us don't forget to take your lovely bartenders we're serving you all like as usual I'll be back again next month on June 28 so we hope to see you all again for warm weather