Suspense and the producer of radio's outstanding theatre of thrills, the master of mystery and adventure William M. Robson. Criminologists have long seen the connection between heat, humidity and murder. They can tell you the exact hour or the exact summer day when the most people are statistically liable to flip their lids. However, in the little prairie town where our story occurs, other factors further help foster violence. The heat, of course, but also ignorance and boredom and a woman. Listen, listen then as Mr. Van Heflin stars in Too Hot to Live, which begins in just a moment. How long has it been since you've cleaned out your bookshelves? Maybe it's time you took a look at the books you own. While you're cleaning and looking, you can be performing a valuable service to your country. The United States wants books, lots of them, to send to interested students and readers abroad. Good books are needed to combat the flood of literature being circulated in free countries by the Russians and Chinese communists. Each year the Russians alone publish and distribute well over 100 million volumes of all kinds.  These books are sold at ridiculously low prices or given away free. You can help counteract communist propaganda with unneeded books. Most desirable are literary classics, new or old, up-to-date American histories and geographies. Send all books to Books from America, Box 1960, Washington, 13 D.C. That address again is Books from America, Box 1960, Washington, 13 D.C. And now, too hot to live, starring Mr. Van Heflin. A tale well calculated to keep you in suspense. The sun is starting to pucker the tar road leading into Marcus Junction. Sweat is getting straight through my shirt. My shoes are sucking tar every time I lift them. The sole of one boot busts loose and starts flapping against the road. That's bad. A drifter needs a good pair of shoes and I'm on the drift. Marcus Junction, no different than a thousand others like it. About a mile square of small buildings all pasted together. I walk a couple of blocks without finding a shoemaker. Town's almost empty this Saturday morning, except for a man walking my way. A big man, really big. Both ways, big high and big wide. The last man I want to see. Pinned on his sweat-stained shirt is a big gold star with a word sheriff glinting in the sun. Good morning, son. My name's Benjamin. Benjamin Maxwell. Good morning, Mr. Maxwell. Benjamin, son, call me Benjamin. That's the handle that shakes this pump. What's yours, boy? Uh, Jeff Casey. That's a good name. What brings you to our town, Jeff? Oh, well, I'm just passing through. I wonder where I could get this shoe fixed. Well, pretty socks. Yeah, but who'll take care of the shoe? Well, I'm going down to Stacey's for a cup of coffee. The shoe fix is right next door. Come along, Jeff. Thank you. Say, how do you like this weather? If it gets any warmer, it'll be almost too hot to live.  Yeah, I understand. Well, here's the shoe repair. I'll be next door. Leave your shoes and waddle in on them pretty socks of yours. I'll buy you a cup of coffee. The shoemaker tells me that my shoes will take a couple of hours so I start next door to join Benjamin. I don't know, maybe I'm feeling pretty good, but I pull an old schoolboy trick. I take off my socks, roll them up, and throw them on the counter with my shoes, and I walk outside to feel the cool shaded pavement prickle up through the bottom of my bare feet. Through the window next door, I see four people in the restaurant. Waits for me to come in. Inside the entrance of Blonde Waitress is arguing with a skinny old man and faded Levi's. The moon-faced short-order cook is soaking in every word of the argument. Oh, Jeff, soon. Oh, yeah, hi, Benjamin. Well, like, come for that coffee. In a minute. Rachel's about to set her peace. Now find yourself a street corner and get it out of your system. Oh, you are bad, bad beyond all savings. See you around, Pop. I don't know. That girl plays rough. That's just Rachel's way, Jefferson. Oh, I see you lean to bare feet. Hey, yeah. Hey, what's yours good-looking? Oh, coffee, please. Black. Coffee barefoot. Like you, handsome. Ah, your friend's real pretty, Benjamin. You think everybody's pretty, Rachel. But he's a doll. Be around long, Hanson. I just long enough to get my shoes fixed.  New faces are scarce around here, especially one like yours. Well, I've got some law to enforce. Now you behave yourself, Rachel. You know it. See what it's like in the world outside, Hanson.  Tend your bacon, lover. I got company. Is that your boyfriend? You love a boy there? Oh, no, that's Kenny. He's keeping company with a hot grill. You ought to talk about me like that, Rachel. Ain't very nice. Then don't bother me while I'm with my friends. Hey, Hanson, I'm off about now. Let's you and me go out to the carnival for a couple of hours, huh? You let her alone.  You hear? Yeah. Hey, Kenny. Well, I'd like to, Rachel. How do I go barefoot? Oh, forgot. You got any other ideas? Yeah, matter of fact. I live upstairs over this greasy spoon. Let's go up and mix ourselves something cool while we wait for your shoes. You can't do that. It ain't nice. Don't look right. Don't let it. Let's go, Rachel. No, you can't. I'll stop you. I'll come up there after you.  In a moment, we continue with the second act of suspense. It's a 1-2 victory for Rambler in the Mobile Gas Economy Run in Compact Car Class A. A Rambler American and a Rambler Six finished first and second. Both Ramblers led all other cars in the Mobile Gas Economy Run. Rambler's incredible records 25.29 and 22.96 miles per gallon with automatic transmission. A brilliant victory in the toughest, longest Mobile Gas Economy Run of all. 1,898 rugged miles from Los Angeles to Kansas City, across deserts, up mountains, through congested city traffic. Already the holder of the all-time post-war records for the Mobile Gas Economy Run, Rambler proves once again that it is indeed America's leader in gas economy. Of course, Rambler with standard or overdrive transmission has even greater fuel economy. You save more on upkeep, on insurance, on depreciation, because Rambler has highest presale value of all low-price cars. Go, Rambler, the proved economy king at Rambler dealers. And now, starring Mr. Van Heflin, act too well, too hot to live. They had ever so humble, this is home. It's a little small, isn't it? Let's kick out a wall or something. The windows don't help much, but the drinks well. Hey, why do you have to lean into the kitchen? Why don't you just walk in? Fresh varnish on the floor. He don't let it dry. Long reach for a long drink. Well, it's a long day. Here you go, Hanson. Don't you believe in mixing anything with your drinks? Well, four. The cubes will melt. What do we drink, too, Hanson? Ah, the heat. The heat? It cools you off, doesn't it? It burns its weight down and it explodes in my stomach. My pores open and the perspiration oozes out. It goes down fast. Then another, another. Going numb. The heat, no food. Things moving around and around slow and then faster and faster. Then they black roles in soft, hot blackness. And I pass out. I've got something to show you. Stay with me alone. Over there in the corner of the kitchen. Hey, take your hands off me. See, that's how I found it.  You killed her. You killed her. Make any kind of sense. The bathroom door is open. I stagger toward it and stepping on broken glass. Pain, stingy. And remembering bare feet. The open shower waiting for me. I turn the handle of cold water and half throw myself into the shock of the stream. I'm coming out of it. I'm coming, too. What did he... He said, I'd kill her. I said, Benjamin. Hey, Benjamin, come up here. I got a daily kill of the youth. Kenny shouting all down to the winter at the Benjamin. I got to get away. I get to think. What happened? What? Into the bathroom window. My feet hit the scalding tar on the shed roof. I sprammed across it, dropped to the street. Narrow alley and I'm running down it. I turn the corner and run right into Benjamin. All right, Jefferson. Why'd you do it, son?  I don't remember. You don't sound sure, Jefferson. Don't you know? Well, we were drinking. I blacked out. Drunk, unconscious. You could still move around. You could have done what was done in that apartment. No, no, but I couldn't. Why would I want to do that? Well, maybe you played too rough.  Why'd you run away? Well, I was scared. Kenny said that my hands were around her throat.  I'll go back and have a good look around. Maybe I'll find something. And if you don't? Rachel's dead, Jefferson. Somebody killed her. You try to hang me. Why can't I remember what happened, what led to this? The sweats rolling down Benjamin's forehead, collecting on the top of his glasses, sliding into his eyes. They smart and snap shut. I slap at his glasses, knocking him off his face, and grab for his gun. His arm comes down fast, hard-chomping at my hand, numbing my arm, and the gun falls to the road. I run, hobbling up and down, and I'm upside it. Jefferson! Come back here! You can't get far! In a moment, we continue with the third act of... suspense. Be sociable. Look smart. Be sociable. Have a Pepsi. When friends drop in, let your hospitality show you're sociable in a modern manner. Pepsi, you know, is the favorite of the smart and young at heart. Have a Pepsi. Have you tried a Pepsi lately? And now, Mr. Van Heflin, act three of... to live. Toward the railroad, I run till my legs slide away from under me, and then crawl, dragging the body that has no feeling, a dead weight that robs my arms of their strength. Finally, steel rails glisten ahead, and I lay sprawled out. Heart and lungs going crazy in my body. I can't go any further. The sun is moving away toward the west now, and I come to the feeling a little better. I know what I have to do now. Find Kenny in one way or another, force him to tell the truth, because he must be lying. I start back to town. Stepping gently, I make my way through the alley to the restaurant. There's a stranger behind the counter. Well, howdy. Where's everybody? Most of them are at the carnival. Some are looking for a killer roaming around. Oh, yeah, I heard about him. I heard he was picked up a couple of miles out. Hmm, good deal. You know, Rachel worked here. Yeah, yeah, I know. Say, where's Kenny? Oh, he's out to Clover's place. Wanted to be the one to tell Rachel's father about, you know... Oh, yeah, sure.  See, I don't know that place too well. How do I get there? You just follow the road down about half a mile out of town. Find a dirt cutoff. Can't miss the mailbox. Thanks. Say, if you miss him, who will I say is asking? Well, just tell him that his cousin Jim was here. Yeah, well, please do have met you, hey.  You're the one. You're the killer. Run. Run. Run again. Another alley. Bliss-printed pavements. Cement. Ripping. Beat. Time is running through. Running out. Benjamin know where I'm going. I'm on the main highway. You're on the town now. Another quarter mile. Another hundred yards. Glass, the mailbox. It says Clover's. The dirt cutoff. An old two-story farmhouse rises out of the field around me. A big gray barn stands off near the house. Two old cars are sitting behind it. And it's got to come out to one of them. Now wait. And away from me. Little shimmering waves of heat rise off the tincliffs of the cars. Here he comes. Not the last. Better or I'll break your back. Oh, no. The truth, Kenny. The truth if I have to kill you for it.  You did. I didn't. I didn't. No, no. You killed her.  No. Yes. Yes. You came to check. You came to check and you found us drunk and you got...  I didn't. I can prove it. Prove it? There wasn't three minutes between the time I left the restaurant and the time I called Benjamin.  Three minutes. I can prove it. That's all the time. You did it. Your hands were still around the throat when I came in. You killed Rachel. He isn't lying about the three minutes. That gloating smirk on his face tells me that. I had killed her. The horror of this afternoon had been for nothing. Kill him. Don't just stand there and shoot.  He stands there watching. The skinny old man and faded leaf eyes. A double barrel shotguns cradled in his arm, but he just looks at me.  Kill him. He killed your daughter. She was no daughter of mine. He killed Rachel. Your father. I thought that was some kind of a nickname of hers. You know, when she was calling you pop. She was born to me and I named her Rachel from the Bible. But she was the daughter of Satan. I'm sorry, Mr. Clover. Shoot him. Because I am Rachel is dead. She turned away from me. But within me the voice was strong. I followed her begging in the place where she lived. I'm sorry I was drunk. I was crazy. We had an apartment. The stench of drink like an evil cloud.  You were there.  And it came to me like a voice from on high. I knew what I must do. You killed her. It wasn't me, it was you. No, you did it.  You knew he did it. Can you try to make me believe that I'd been the one why? You.  Always keeping her from me. You didn't care. You laughed at me, made Rachel laugh at me. I passed the old man when I went up. I knew as soon as I walked into the room. And you tried to bring this on me. Why not? You wasn't that old man who killed her. You killed her. And you'll die for it. Give me the gun. Oh no, Kelly. Not now. Turn around, mister. Turn around and see it when it happens. Drop your gun, Kenneth. No. No. Sit up, Jefferson. We'll go home now. I'd be so glad to see you, Benjamin. If you hadn't been so eager to run, I could have saved your feet a lot of wear. I knew you weren't a murderer, son. You knew? I went back to the apartment. The whole story is there in the varnish on the kitchen floor. No bare feet around the body, but lots of hobnailed boot prints.  That's what made it bleed. And I was running. Well, you can stop running now, son. Why don't you stay here in town with us? There's lots for you to do. Thanks. Well, it's been quite a day, Benjamin. Sure has been a scorcher. Glad to see the sun going down. On a day like this, it's almost too hot to live. Oh, no, don't... don't say that, Benjamin. It never gets that hot. Suspense, in which Van Heflin starred in William M. Robeson's production of Too Hot to Live, written by Sam Rolf. In a moment, the names of our supporting players and a word about next week's story of suspense. The station to which you're listening right now is an affiliate of the CBS Radio Network. In fact, make several important differences. Take the matter of news. Over this station, you hear frequent reports gathered by the foremost broadcast news organization, CBS News. Reports supplemented by the thoughtful commentary of such distinguished CBS Newsmen as Edward R. Murrow, Lowell Thomas, and Eric Severide. In addition, of course, this station provides you with late local news so that you may hear and keep up with what's happening in your own community. There are programs, comedy, variety, and music to fit every mood. In addition, this station provides you with further listening entertainment, courtesy of your favorite local broadcast personalities. Plus, the cream of today's crop of top songs. Well-balanced, highly-listenable broadcast fare can come to you only through teamwork. The kind of teamwork made possible by the combined resources of CBS Radio and this station. Supporting Van Heflin in Too Hot to Live were Doris Singleton, Barry Kroger, Charles Seal, Barney Phillips, and Norm Alden. Listen again next week when we return with Mr. Jim Bacca starring in See How He Runs. Another tale well-calculated to keep you in. Suspense.


But we've got work to do because you need a spark for your fantasy team I wish I could inject players into Chicago's lineup, but I can't do it But I can't do it on your Yahoo on your NFL on your ESPN league So I got you covered with some guys. This is sleepers for week six edition and let's do it Remember, this is our first round of buys people.  It's not fun. It's Raiders It's Texans it's Lions Titans all off this week. So we got to dig a little bit deeper into this week sleepers How about Eno Benjamin? I always go to fantasy pros. That's just me and he's ranked 27th there James Connor dealing with a rib injury Williams and Ward they've already been ruled out. So hello Eno get him in your lineup because he'll have a heavy workload against the struggling Seahawks defense That's allowed the second most yards to running backs this season Even though he's been primarily the third running back in Arizona. He's averaged nearly 50 total yards per game So listen bump up and roll expect him to put up solid numbers Alright moving on to Ron Dale Moore after missing the first three games of the season He got eight targets on Sunday in a second came back in the lineup If you know me or followed my career, you know, I love him and I want cliff to use him so he can do his thing He caught seven balls though for 68 yards against the tough Eagles secondary and even got two carries on the day So use him like that Cliff I'm begging you and I think we might see him have a day because it's Seattle and they have the 26th ranked past defense George Pickens he has emerged as Kenny Pickett's go-to dude as far as targets are concerned, right? Eight targets and back-to-back games He's averaging a team leading ninety two point five yards per game over that span So give it have a season going and gone for the Steelers. I have a feeling they fall behind against the Buccaneers What does that mean game script, baby? The rules are the rules He's got to throw early and often Pickens will have plenty of opportunities Earth Smith are Smith Junior. I missed him last year and now he's 12th on fantasy pros. He's young. He's talented I know he has a lot to prove and he's thinking. Hey, this is gonna be a breakout game for me this season As he gets steady volume is averaging six targets game over the last four and it could be in the works He's got the Dolphins defense Dolphins defense. We love them, but they are top 10 most generous to the tight end spot It makes sense get him in your DFS lineup over at Fandle and last but not least Trevor Lawrence He's had a few tough ones, but I'm feeling a bounce back against my colds here He finishes the QB won in each of his last two matchups with Indy So if you had you know your hopes tied up if you were a Russell Wilson person Or if you've been streaming as you lost at Prescott and somehow weren't able to add Cooper rush You missed my show that day when I told you to do that I would give Trevor a shot this week. All right quick recap here You know Benjamin Rondale more George Pickens earth Smith jr. And Trevor Lawrence some sleepers Fandle has the best daily fantasy options and they got overrunters. So grab these guys and put them in your lineup


0. Accounting Software 2023. Generate reports after entering beginning balances.  Support Accounting Instruction by clicking the link below giving you a free month membership to all of the content on our website broken out by category further broken out by course each course then organized in a logical reasonable fashion making it much more easy to find what you need then can be done on a YouTube page. We also include added resources such as Excel practice problems PDF files and more like QuickBooks backup files when applicable. So once again click the link below for a free month membership to our website and all the content on it. Here we are in our custom zero homepage going into the new company file we set up in a prior presentation that being get great guitars thus far we have set up the new company file we entered the beginning balances imagining we pulled them in from the prior accounting system as we did so we set up some of those foundational items like the chart of accounts like the customers like the vendors like the items inventory and service items necessary to make data input as easy as possible going forward. Now we want to take a look at some of the major reports financial statement reports balance sheet and income statement and related reports think about what we did to construct them and what will happen with those reports as we do data input in the future. So to do that let's right click on the tab up top so we can put our reports in them. I'm going to duplicate the tab as that's thinking I'm going to right click and duplicate the tab again going to go back to the tab on the left as the one to the right is thinking accounting drop down. Let's go into our balance sheet here and then I'll tab to the right and then in this one accounting drop down let's go into the income statement. Now these are of course our major two financial statement reports and I wouldn't even call these just these aren't just reports these are the financial statements. So whenever we're thinking about reports we're typically thinking the major financial statements balance sheet income statement and then everything else usually is going to be providing some more detail about one or multiple line items on these major two financial statement reports. So we basically set up our balance sheet accounts and remember we set up the balance sheet accounts and not the income statement accounts. Imagining we pulled them in from the prior accounting system because the the income statement is a timing statement. And so we would like to when we start out when we pulled in our first numbers that might be set up from from something prior a prior accounting system or we might just have a bank account already set up or we already did some business and some people owe us money already know that. So we so we're going to set up those beginning items on the balance sheet and then performance wise those are going to be new sales going forward. Ideally we would like to set up those beginning balances before the current period that we're going to be working in. In our case we set up the beginning balances as of December 31st 2022 so that when we do data input it will start January 2023. So you can also see that on the balance sheet of course the accounts here are permanent. So when I go from 2022 and then I go into the current year that we'll be working in 2023 just go right in here and run it. Then the the balances are still there. They're the same balances except there is adjustment to equity as we saw in the past meaning the current amount for earnings is rolled into the owner capital account which was retained earnings. If I go to the income statement however these are timing accounts. So if I look at the last year last fiscal year let's say last fiscal year and we update that report. Now we had something in there last year but it rolls out it closes out and there won't be anything in it in the current year. So if I hit the drop down and I go into this fiscal year we don't have anything in there as of this fiscal year. So that's good. That's what we want going forward. Now let's go into the balance sheet and just take a quick look at each of these accounts and kind of imagine what's going to be happening as we go forward as we do the data input. The most complex account or the one that has the most activity is the checking account. The checking account is is is going to be the cash is the lifeblood of the company. So there's more different kinds of transactions going through the cash account than any other type of account. In other words if I look at my flow chart this is the QuickBooks desktop flow chart but I'm just using it as a reference to see the flow of forms typically in any accounting system. If you're looking at the vendor cycle whether you're on a cashed basis or on an accrual basis the end of the cycle will be decreases to the checking account. If you're looking at a customer cycle or revenue cycle no matter if you're on a cash or accrual basis the end of the cycle will be an increase to the checking account typically. And then if you're looking at a payroll cycle the end of the cycle will be a decrease to the checking account. So cash is going to be obviously involved. There's more stuff going on with cash than any other account. In practice you might have your cash connected to the bank feeds as well. We'll talk about bank feeds in a future course or section but you want to understand what forms are going in and out of the checking account and we'll get a better grasp of that as we start to do a couple months of data input. The accounts receivable is an account specific to tracking people that owe you money. So there's much less kind of stuff that's going to be happening with the accounts receivable. It's going to go up when you issue invoices and then it's going to go down when you receive payment on those invoices. The inventory account here is going to be something that is specific to the type of industry that sells inventory and it gets more complex as we saw in the past depending on how you're tracking that inventory on a perpetual method or a periodic method. We're going to be using the perpetual inventory method the most complex one to set up here and we're going to have a sub ledger for that inventory. So inventory goes up when we purchase inventory. It goes down when we sell the inventory with either an invoice or a sales a money out form. And then the furniture and fixture note that these things you can think of them as kind of like expenses that we were forced to put on the balance sheet as an asset because of the big distinction or difference between when we consume them to help us generate revenue and when we pay for them or when we purchase them whether we pay cash or finance them. So in other words if I bought supplies that are under a certain dollar amount I probably are just going to expense them. But if I buy a forklift then you would say well I can't just expense it in month one I have to put it on the books as an asset. If I want any kind of comparability between one month or year and another month or year because if I expense it in one year and I use it for 30 years it's not really fair comparison on a year by year or month by month. And the United States were forced to do that as well. This is an accrual thing to do as opposed to a cash thing to do and we're forced to do that when we get to our taxes. The nice thing about the furniture and equipment is that we don't do it we don't buy furniture and fixture or any property plants and equipment or fixed assets all the time we only do it every once in a while. So there shouldn't be a lot of activity in this account typically as compared to accounts receivable or inventory if we use inventory and accounts receivable or of course the cash account. So it's a lot more static that way. So that makes the accounting for it a little bit easier in some ways. Then we've got the accounts payable. This is an accrual account as well. We would only be using it if we're tracking the accounts payable. If you're a small business you might just be paying for things as they come do and not putting them into the accounts payable but rather just using bank feeds and paying things as they become do. But as cash management becomes more important then the accounts payable becomes more important to track. We've got the credit card. The credit card of course is stuff that we purchase on the credit card. It is similar to a bank account because we're running this through a financial institution. So we could track this in practice with bank feeds as well and that's quite common and could be quite useful because the bank feeds are going to come through as we pay for things and we can allocate them to expenses. We'll talk about bank feeds more in a future course or section. And then we've got the loan payable which represents us borrowing money which is fairly common in many businesses to finance the business by using that money to purchase say fixed assets for example and using the fixed assets then to help generate the revenue. But the loan payable, the activity with it we don't finance all the time. We're not taking loans out all the time usually unless it's like a liner credit situation. So you've got the loan is a pretty fixed transaction and if we're paying off the loan steadily then we're going to be paying it in accordance with an amortization type of table. The problem there is that we have to deal with interest and principal breakout between those two. So we'll talk about those transactions as we go and then the equity. We don't usually post anything to the capital account but instead this account is used after this beginning balance after we did the first thing to just roll over the income statement into. Now we might have other equity accounts if we're sole proprietorship for draws the money that we take out of the business which are similar to dividends if it were a corporation except that draws we can take out as the owner anytime we need without permission from the board of directors or anything and whatnot. You don't have to worry about other shareholders getting paid the same dividends and that kind of stuff. And then we might have investments which is us putting money into the company. However hopefully we're not putting money into the company all the time once it gets rolling we are generating revenue and then taking money out in the form of draws. So that's the general layout. Let's take a look at some other reports that are subsidiary reports to these major reports. So I'm going to duplicate a tab and look at some other common reports that we might be taking a look at. Now the first one I want to touch on is going to be the let's go to the accounting reports the trial balance. The trial balance I'll just type in up top trial balance. Many people that don't have an accounting background don't like maybe or aren't used to the trial balance. Let's say it that way because it has debits and credits but even if you don't like the debits and credits or are not used to them you'll notice how much easier it is to look at a trial balance that doesn't have the subtotals and it has the balance sheet on top of the income statement in one report. So this is basically like a summary of the balance sheet and income statement in one report. So instead of having two reports open as you do the data input you could if you're used to it and you feel comfortable just have the trial balance open and that could save you some tabs up top. So I think that's a really useful report. I'm going to duplicate it again. The other common report is a subsidiary report to the accounts receivable giving us a breakout by customer. So if I go up to the accounting tab and go to my reports I'm going to scroll down this time to the receipt to the this is going to be the here we are those where I want payables and receivables. So we've got the aged receivable details and the aged receivable summary. Let's just go into the summary report. You have other receivable reports but the general idea here is that as of any given time we should have be able to track our receivables by customer. So now I'm breaking out my receivable by who owes us the money. Anderson Jones Smith that ties out to what's over here the twenty thousand five hundred. Now in practice we will often be working with collections on those receivables internally going to the tab to the left by going to like contacts and looking at our customers for example contacts we could go to the customers and we get another little summary of the people that owe us money and so this is where we usually go internally but it's useful to to imagine it as a report because we don't have a total down here if you look at the report the idea is this is a sub ledger report breaking out this information not by date but by who owes us the money and it should tie into what's on the balance sheet at any given time and that's why the the zero system will often not let us enter a transaction for accounts receivable unless we have assigned a customer to it otherwise the sub ledger would not tie out to the accounts receivable and that would be messy. So if we the other one the inventory as we saw before if we're tracking I'm going to duplicate again if we're tracking inventory within the accounting system on a perpetual inventory basis then we will have inventory reports so if I go to my inventory I'll just type in inventory you know look at my inventory item list this is another sub ledger report that will be adjusted as we do inventory transactions purchasing inventory with bills checks and so on and then and then decreasing inventory on a perpetual basis with sales forms invoices and money out forms so you can see our inventory list here this will be adjusted the number of inventory 2896 as we do transactions that would increase and decrease inventory on a perpetual basis and then we've got the fixed assets they don't look again the sub reports for the fixed assets in the united states oftentimes we might do those externally in tax software for a lot many small businesses will do that because you have to do tax basis depreciation and so you might as well use the software to do both book and tax so we'll deal with those later in practice what you need to do for tax preparation at the end of the year is make sure that you have a list of the new purchases and the sales that happened during the year which there shouldn't be many of because uh we don't buy a lot of equipment from day to day we just buy periodically and then those adjustments need to be made on the sub ledger which might be on the tax software so if the proper accumulated depreciation can be calculated and then we can make periodic adjustments in our system either monthly or yearly based on that sub ledger so we'll talk more about that in the adjusting entries accounts payable has another common report so if I right click and duplicate again we've got our and let's go to the reports again and go to our reports and let's take a look at accounts payable accounts payable we've got accounts payable summary so similar report to the accounts receivable summary and the idea is that we're going to break out our payable by vendor who owes who we owe money to so in practice we'll typically be tracking that by going to our customers and our suppliers or vendors or whatever you want to call them and there's our list but once again it doesn't give us the total and so you want to think about this from a reporting standpoint as a sub ledger breaking out your accounts payable by uh vendor supplier whatever and then the total is going to tie out to the liability account on the balance sheet all right and then we've got the credit card which will have bank credit card reconciliations we may need to deal with there's no real sub ledger for the loan payable except that you might have an amortization schedule which is provided externally typically by the uh who the bank or the financial institution but if they don't give you one then you you can generate one an amortization table that'll break out interest and and uh principle for each payment using excel or online tools or actually your accountant to do that so we'll talk more about how to do that in future presentations so those are some of the some of the reports that will be impacted as we do data input so just remember as we do the data input then your primary thought is i'm going to check out what happens to my primary financial statements balance sheet income statement and then i'm also going to then think of what other subsidiary reports are going to be impacted keeping special attention to those accounts that i i want to have very important and specific subsidiary ledgers for that being the accounts receivable that has to be broken out by customer inventory that has to be broken out by items of inventory and accounts payable that needs to be broken out by uh vendor as well so when we do transactions to those accounts specifically we want to make sure that we don't do something funny to it that throws that out a whack like doing a journal entry to accounts payable instead of entering a bill which properly tracks the vendor and so on and so forth so we'll take a look at that as we do data input uh in the future let's take a quick look at some of the other reports if i go to the tap to the right and go down to our reports down here uh we've got our favorite reports we've got the financial reports the analysis the budget reports these are these are reports that would help us to kind of make projections uh out into the future the financial statement reports of course being the balance sheet and the income statement being uh the primary two reports the payables and receivable the aging reports for the payables and receivables that we looked at notice that all most of these reports are giving us more detail about one or multiple line items on the balance sheet or income statement the reconciliation reports bank reconciliation and credit card reconciliation primarily are an internal control type of report helping us to tie out to what is on the bank side of the financial institution and then we've got our taxes our 1099 report are important for the united states journal reports can help us to give us that detail of the journal entries a journal entry format and then the general ledger which is similar to those drilling down when you drill down on this particular number on the balance sheet but it'll give you the whole general ledger transaction by date report typically and then you got your transactions uh account transactions duplicate lines and inventory item summary and so on so the general idea you think first balance sheet income statement all of these other reports are basically usually subsidiary reports giving you more information about one or multiple line items and that'll help you to kind of not be overwhelmed by the number of reports


Robots made of frog cells. Wow. Exciting. We don't pay enough attention to biogenetics. Ethan Allen, our Chief Scientist, joins me here on likable science for the ThinkTech 5 o'clock show on a given Tuesday. I'm Jay Fidel, and I'm looking forward to learning more about what do you call it, biogenetics, biocopying. Ethan, tell us what's going on. We don't know enough about this. Sure, Jay. So it's really pretty intriguing stuff they've figured out, and they just really started, this work was really pretty new. Started last year, they found if they take skin cells off of embryos of this particular frog scientist love called Xenopus larvis, and that's why these are called Xenobots. Nothing fancy about the frog. Garden variety frog. Well, it's an African clawed frog, technically, but yes, it's been around for years and all, but they discovered that the skin cells of these embryos, if you sort of put them just in a dish by themselves, it's like they don't know they're supposed to be skin cells anymore, and they start doing different things in different environments, and they'll start clumping together spontaneously, and they'll start working in a coordinated fashion when they've got some hundreds or thousands of cells gathered together into a little ball, and then what scientists discovered is they could actually take some heart muscle cells to get embryonic heart muscle cells and stick them into the little cluster of cells, and they actually build these things cell by cell by cell and stack them up in certain ways, and the muscle cells allow it to contract, and then it could start to move, and it could move in organized fashions as all the cells would get together, and they line up in certain ways, and they can make coordinated movements, and so it's been very interesting, and they'll start spontaneously doing things like gathering up other cells into piles together. Well, one exactly understands why they're doing this. There's no nervous system, there's no sense organs, these are just skin cells basically, but they don't know they're skin cells. It shows importance of context, right? Normal skin cells, we lie on a basal lamina, we're packed in other skin cells in very organized fashions, and getting signals telling them to behave like skin cells, these don't, and so they start doing other things, and some of these things are pretty amazing actually. Well, we always knew that the DNA of a given organism is found in any one cell, am I right? Right. So that, you know, the idea is to take that one cell and make it into the whole organism, and now it looks like, you know, they've found at least some example of how that might work is pretty exciting. Yes, it's very intriguing these things, and there's a great deal of potential down the road. This is just one of the first steps, it was only last year they first built these things called Xenobots, and now they've actually refined them to where they're exciting just recently, they've built Xenobots that will reproduce themselves, but it's not like biological reproduction, that is, biological reproduction is either a cell splits into two half daughter cells, you know, doubles its chromosomes and splits in half, or they split into haploid cells and have so-called germ cells, sperm and egg, right? These Xenobots, if you form them in a certain way, and they're for a pac-man formation, they then gather cells up, apparently using the little pac-man type opening, these other cells into, essentially into pac-man type shapes exactly like themselves, these go on to sort of grow up a little more, and they will then start gathering up cells and build more pac-man type shapes out of the cells that are around, so it's not cells actually reproducing, cells actually building models of the same organism they are, if you call them an organism, it's sort of a question, what these things really are, they're very strange interfaces, not exactly life forms, not exactly machines, oh, did the scientists have to do anything to make this robot come alive that way to activate the robot, or they just leave it sitting there? Apparently they, it took a great deal of work, and this was the University of Vermont's Advanced Computational Center or something like that, that figured this out, they had some sense that if they put a bunch of these cells together in certain forms, they could get them to start doing certain kinds of things, and so they literally did computer models of, if you put a thousand cells together into a tube, or a star shape, or a line, or whatever, what's gonna happen, and they ran some computer models, fairly sophisticated computer models, and eventually settled on a smaller subset of cells of shapes that looked interesting, and then began building these, and literally they would take individual cells and hold them with essentially a little pipette and move them around and stick them on to other cells, one by one by one, and so they actually build these things out of a few thousand random cells basically, and once they put them together in these shapes that had been predicted to do interesting things, they began doing interesting things, you know, they began moving around, and moving around, not just like one of them, but if you put several of them together, they'd all move around in concert, and how they're doing this, and why they're doing this is sort of a puzzlement, I mean they have no sense organs, they have no neurons in there, how are they knowing what this other one is doing, and how are they coordinating their actions? So the scientists had to put the cells together in a certain way, I mean not just that they moved them around with pipettes, as you say, but they had to stack them in a certain way, and that may be critical to activating them as a robot, but what was the what was the way, you know, what was the architecture? Well, that's the one that they've gotten very excited about, is what they call a pac-man, because it's a blob with a big wedge cut out of it basically, and that turned out to be, for regions that aren't clear, a very active thing where it will use that wedge that's cut out of it to apparently gather more cells together and then it somehow knows how to build itself, so out of these other cells it builds something very much like itself that then goes off on its own, and you know finds yet more cells and builds, so they've done this multiple generations now, so these things are great, I mean that they're, so unlike machines, one, they heal themselves, like life forms do, you know, you can actually injure them and they will actually regenerate the tissue, two, they're obviously completely biodegradable, they're tissue, you know, they're biological tissue, they're not machines, so they're not going to pollute anything, they don't need an outside energy source particularly, other than whatever, they're getting out of their local environment in terms of chemicals and all. You have to feed them? I would guess their environment must contain stuff that they use, you know, the right balance of ions and various types and probably some sort of precursor molecules to enable them to keep their metabolism going and keep building cell parts and repairing themselves, you know, you probably couldn't just stick them in distilled water and expect they'd work very long. Yeah, but is this all at the microscopic level, you couldn't see this with the naked eye? I guess once they build them with a few thousand cells, you know, they're less than pinhead size and maybe a millimeter or a fraction of a millimeter, so you can just barely see them apparently, they're up about that scale right down magnifying glass to microscope level, you know. This is fascinating, you know, I mean, I just, you know, maybe it's a statement of the methodology, but so I'm a scientist, I'm a biological scientist, I like microscopes and things, I like to operate at the cellular level rather than the atomic level, I suppose, and I wake up at two o'clock in the morning and I say, frogs, we have to do this with frogs, frog cells, I mean, how could they have made that choice? I mean, there were a lot of other organisms in the world that they might have chosen at two in the morning, why frogs? Xenopus has been a very favorite so-called prep, an animal that has been widely used by a lot of biological scientists for years, particularly in developmental studies.  I mean, they were working on Xenopus when I was in graduate school, it was not a new prep at that point, so it's well established, it's developmental thing, it's developmental characteristics, so they knew that the properties of the cells and what they would do depend upon where they find themselves, who their neighbors are, and what their environment is, and so it wasn't really a big leap in some sense, I mean, somebody obviously was pretty bright to figure this out, but to think, gee, maybe if we put a few hundred of these cells together in an interesting conformation, maybe they'll do something interesting, and indeed that's exactly what happened, and as I say, they apparently ran a computer model to figure out what might be interesting, you know, confirmations to build, given a few hundred to a few thousand cells, and tried literally apparently hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of these potential shapes, and then selected the best few for different things.  If they had been working with some other organism, they might have used that organism, so I guess the question I would put is, is a frog, is a frog cell, the biology of frogs, the chemistry of frogs different, then, you know, why is a frog different from all other things that make it special for this, and I get the answer as well because we've been working with it, because we're familiar with frogs, we know how we have to handle frogs, we know how to, you know, provide nourishment or whatever you need for an environment for so frog cells can grow, but if we had known, you know, I don't know, catapellas just as well, we might have tried catapellas for the same experiment. I would be willing to bet dollars to dominance at this point that are already trying, we're probably with mouse cells now, I'd probably take embryonic mouse cells, because again they've pretty well established what environment they need, and they're probably, you know, trying to pull groups of mouse cells, individual mouse skin cells together, maybe with some heart cells stuck into it and build them into certain configurations. There's no real fundamental reason it shouldn't work just as well in a mouse or a person as in a frog. Yeah, I thought you said person there for a minute, Ethan. Yeah, there's no person, human being person. Yeah, you could take embryonic human cells and just again, we're not that special, you know. Yeah. Animals just like everyone else, you know. Well let's make a wild assumption and assume that the same process could be achieved, maybe you'd have to, you know, tune up the environment for the growth environment for the cells and the way you handle them, but let's assume that you can achieve the same process, not only for mice, but for human skin cells. Let's assume that, what do we learn from all this? What do we learn about cellular biology? What do we learn about biochemistry on the microscopic level? What do we learn about life? Well, I mean, it tells you very interesting things about some of the factors that control function. So it is indeed a classic case of, you know, form yielding function. Literally in this case, they build certain forms and get certain functions out.  Just like a little Pac-Man. Yeah, exactly. You know, or, you know, set them loose in the environment and if you have some that were essentially trained or programmed to go after microplastics, they could perhaps bring all little bits of microplastics together and form them into some little macroplastic conglomeration. Did you say trained or programmed? Yeah. Is there a suggestion from where we are now to training or programming a frog skin cell to do a somersault, for example? Yeah. I mean, that's very much that is these different shapes they built, did different things. Some were more or less just big spheres and they apparently run around and will gather other cells together in nouns in their environment, but they won't reproduce themselves after a week or two weeks that they just die. This peculiar Pac-Man shape they developed is the first one now it reproduces itself. So that was very exciting to them because, you know, that serve as you can build something that can last and not only do a task, but then it can build its next generation of beings to go on and continue that task. So the potential for doing a lot of useful work suddenly has expanded immensely, you know. It's mind-blowing. I mean, I have a vision of Star Trek, you know, how they could heal anything wrong with you and it wouldn't necessarily be, you know, working on the skin or in the body. It would be taking the cells from the body and putting them in this this auger dish somehow and letting them develop and then, as you say, programming them, training them, tuning them up so that they achieve a certain purpose, maybe healing. And then you put that cell from the auger plate back into the body and it does its job. Sort of like that book years ago, a fantastic journey was it? There's microscopic healing things. What's your reaction? Absolutely. There's no reason, for instance, and again, we're just speculating wildly here. But if you could, for instance, train little Xenobots, these might be human bots, instead to go after certain tumor cells to recognize and glom on to and kill off tumor cells, you could use them to get rid of tumors in your body and they might do so very, very efficiently. You could use them, yes, in wound healing conceivably. There might be ways to do all kinds of things. One can speculate wildly. You could go off and they could circulate in the brain and remove skull tangles and plaques in the brain and help actually reverse Alzheimer's ultimately. There's really, if you start speculating, there is no end to how useful they could be. Well, to get to that level, seems to me that we're going to have to know more about the atomic level, the molecular level of the frog cell that's reproducing this way or whatever, whether it's the mouse, the human, we're going to have to look deeply into that cell to see the mechanics and how exactly that works. There's a researcher in the cancer research institute. His first name is Clarence. He's a Clarence Naguma or a name like that. He's been on our shows. I want to get him on again. He's been doing AIDS research and he looks into that and he can give you charts, electronic microscope, you know, graphics of exactly what's going on in a given cell at the molecular level. I think that it sounds like this research is not really yet at the molecular level. I would want to know how the molecules interact and activate each other in order to achieve the reproduction. What's your reaction to that? Yes. I think one of the next things that will happen, and you and I have talked about CRISPR technology where you can go in and essentially manipulate DNA now with some reasonable degree of precision, cutting out bits you don't want and inserting bits you do want. I suspect that's going to get combined with this technology and that they'll take the embryonic cells, run some CRISPR alteration on them and insert DNA sequences that they know generate, for instance, generate more cilia, let's say more of the little protrusions from cells and then put a bunch of those things together and they'll have a highly ciliated little or whatever, which probably can do different kinds of things on without cilia. Cilia turn up to have a lot of interesting properties. So yeah, it's absolutely they're going to, I'm sure they're looking at sort of why these behave the way they do. A lot of it apparently actually has to do with sort of the biophysics that actually the structure of the cell and how that structure is determined by its neighbors, its environment, the chemistry of its local neighborhood as it were, almost. Well, you know, this is pretty interesting because it's sort of it's a parallel to CRISPR. It's a parallel to do the remarkable things that the molecular level or even smaller than that at the table of elements, if you will, and how the atomic elements connect with each other, then all these things are like we find out about them and they run parallels. But when we figure out how to connect these disciplines and these laboratory, I don't want to say tricks, but these laboratory procedures to implement one procedure and another procedure, have them both at the same time, connect them up, then God, the possibilities are unimaginable. And so I wanted to ask you about that. So okay, I mean, I'm thinking fictionally of Star Trek. And I'm thinking fictionally of a fantastic journey, voyage, whatever that book was called. But I don't think we're that far from it. I mean, for example, we had a show not too long ago by a woman who wrote a book on COVID. And her really remarkable aspiration was that one of these days, we're not only going to figure out how to deal with the viral particles that make up COVID, but we're going to be able to anticipate their mutations, their variants. We're going to be able to determine how they will mutate in the future and head them off. Because we will know the process of mutation and therefore, we will be able to deal with anything they can come up with. Now that will change life on this planet. I'm not sure exactly how, but it will change life on the planet. Now if we could get these Pac-Man things, okay, to go after virus particles, anticipate them, train the Pac-Man robots, not from frogs, but human cells, to go after antigens of one kind or another, we could attack all kinds of things that are happening at all kinds of levels in the body. I mean, it's the fountain of youth. It's beyond imagination. You know, I don't think you actually need to use this whole Xenobot technology in a sense, because once we begin to understand how that mutation is happening and can anticipate it, then using something like CRISPR, you can go in and just hit your own immune system cells and plug in the right DNA so that they will already be sort of primed and ready and expecting that it's sort of almost like they've been vaccinated for this new variant that they've never seen. So yeah, fascinating stuff, but to your point that bringing these different disciplines together is very interesting, that's certainly proven true in the past, say five or six decades of science. You see much of the really interesting work is happening at interfaces between traditional branch of science, between biology and physics, as the Xenobots are, between chemistry and engineering. These fields of chemical engineering now are very popular, very productive fields. People are developing really interesting stuff through them. I know you shared some very interesting articles with me on some of the bioengineering stuff that some of the research groups in Israel have been doing. So yeah, it's where a lot of the action is these days is at the interface of traditional fields. Well, you know, all of this raises, when you talk about Xenobots, about living, you know, for living cells, and these really fantastic intelligences that we find in living cells that we never fully understood, we never knew that they were there, that they could behave this way. You know, it does suggest that we step into a godlike role of being able to change living organisms, build them, create them.  We can create organisms that we've never seen before, or recreate them. We can create organisms, for example, that are extinct. We can make them happen yet again. We can build a whole new world for this. And that suggests, and we have four minutes to do this, that suggests the ethical considerations that are right out there, and that scientists have to study at the same time. What are your thoughts about that? Oh, exactly. There was the Japanese or Chinese scientist a little bit ago who did some genetic engineering on human embryos, and was, has been widely criticized for that, basically, the rest of the community feels very much that that's not an ethical thing to do. We don't know enough. He's screwing around with stuff that we don't really understand well enough to be screwing around with. And it's, you know, it's a whole, it's a big issue in a lot of sciences. The whole thing with climate change now, people looking at geoengineering, right? The Chinese are, they're definitely looking at that. Everyone's looking at it actually. And again, there's all kinds of ethical considerations, because when you pile stuff out in the atmosphere to make your place a little cooler, what are you doing? You know, that stuff that you've put in the atmosphere goes around and around, and it's pretty soon everywhere in the world, and it's affecting your neighbors and the Arctic and the equatorial regions.  I think people worry about the science fiction movies and the, you know, the, the valley of the walking dead, that sort of thing, these aberrational organisms that might be people or were people. I mean, it's, it's out of science fiction and it's out of scary science fiction. And I think that's what scares people about not wanting to go there. But, you know, you imply by your answer, Ethan, that there will come a time perhaps when we understand the connection, the connection with, with these xenobots and with bio, biological processes in general and, and as CRISPR and, you know, this molecular biology that Cancer Research Center is working on and atomic, atomic understanding of the atomic interactions. I mean, all of this is right out there. We know the disciplines. We just haven't put them together yet. Something like that. And we're, we're, you know, University of Vermont does this. Well, what about the University of New Hampshire? They do that. They may not talk to each other enough. If they talk to each other, maybe there's something come out of it. But the problem is, is this how much you're going to hate this question? How much do we have to know about this before we can get comfortable about doing clone work or manipulation of human cells and tissues and bodies? Where's the point of comfort there? Do you see where that would be? What would be the standard before we could go there? Well, they ran into this when the whole issue back in the 1970s of recombinant DNA first came up, and they realized this is a potentially life life altering technology.  They had theologians, philosophers, government people, all kinds of people there to hash things out and say, Hey, look, look what's happening here. Look at the doors. This is opening. How do we deal with this? What do we say is basically our standards? What are we going to say is okay, you can do this experiment? No, you can't do this sort of experiment. Yeah, you've got to hash these things out, because of course, as we know more, we keep opening up doors on what we don't know, which is always larger, and there's always more that we don't know out there. So we're never going to get to a point where we say, Hey, we really we've got this when we know it all now. If you get that point, you know, you're you're fooling yourself. Well, I mean, it suggests two things to me. One is that maybe there has to be some international regulation of this sort of threshold threshold standards. So we don't go to places which are too scary to a panel of scientists that has looked into the ethical hyphen science issues. That's one thing. But the other thing, you know, not that it's settled, but there are those even still today who believe that the Wuhan laboratory was actually weaponizing virus, not necessarily limited to COVID-19, but other viruses that could be weaponized. And I mean, and that's a logical possibility, of course, but everything you and I have talked about in this half hour could likewise be weaponized. And God knows, and I'm using that term advisedly, God knows what that could would that could do to humanity. What are your thoughts? There are big groups talking and debating on this dual use technologies. And how do we how do we control that when you have a technology that, for instance, you make take a deadly disease and make it more transmissible now, more easily transmissible? That's like, is that okay to do? I mean, maybe you've learned something about transmissibility and all, but you've also potentially then you've made it, you've made a nasty weaponizable thing at least, if not an actual weapon. And yeah, large debates happen about this kind of work. And it's a good thing. It needs to happen. Discussions need to be taking place. You can't have people just working on these areas by themselves, talking to others, because they'll go right ahead and do that. They'll go right ahead and take that next step without thinking, you know, without considering all the ramifications. They'll just see their little narrow piece of it, like, oh, this is going to make this piece better. It's going to make me famous. And but I'm not considering, yeah, what if you let the xenobots loosen the world and they start reproducing and reproducing like like the tribbles in Star Trek, right? Well, I'm thinking of I'm thinking of the boys from Brazil, where I mean, this is all fiction, but what is fiction today is fact tomorrow. I'm thinking of the boys from Brazil with a bunch of scientists aside, they would make a generation of Hitler's, and they create that biologically. And we we don't need a generation of Hitler's. I'm thinking of the Clay soldiers in Xi'an, China, which were, you know, a clay, of course, but you could build a soldier that would be stronger than the other guy's soldier. And before you know it, you could you can have a very indefatigable group of soldiers, you could build people are very smart. You could change humanity by changing the groups that would predominate. This is pretty scary stuff. I prefer the natural myself, however flawed that might be natural Mendelian, you know, selection. But I mean, it's irresistible for a scientist who may not be so much interested in the ethical aspects of it. And, you know, he could be working in a laboratory in the Ural Mountains and invent these things and then pop up with a weaponized technique that would change the world. And so it's hard actually to stop it, because that scientist in the mountains can read the material from all the other scientists and not share his work.  Absolutely. Absolutely. And then more and more of more are getting that way. But absolutely, you're quite right that that should and must be a requirement in science to understand that implications of your work. Yeah. So what's your sense of the horizon on this, you know, we you and I have talked about this kind of thing, you know, from one show and then another show and it all kind of comes together is that biology is moving very quickly. Microbiology is doing things every time you look that are more remarkable. When are we going to see some changes that are, what do you say, you know, life changing? That's the wrong word, isn't it? Life changing. When are we going to see that happen? Well, I mean, arguably, we've seen some of those. I mean, our lives are much different if you think about how you spent your time during COVID than how you would have 10 years before that, 15 years before that in terms of the internet and cell phones, all your communication devices and the way you and I are running this show right now. You know, it's already changed big aspects of our lives. The whole world of commuting for work is probably never going to be the same. I mean, yeah, and biology is, you know, sort of right behind that. I mean, they're already, you know, working on they have new vaccine from malaria now. You know, that's remarkable news and is going to likely going to save hundreds of thousands of lives per year. So there are, you know, changing people's lives in a big way, right? Families won't lose children. So it's a, you know, I'm fundamentally an optimist. I think scientists in general are pretty good people. I hope enough of them are ethical enough to realize that the implications of their work. And I believe that they are. They've shown a good deal of willingness to step up and say, hey, let's, let's put a little pause on this and talk about it before we sort of run down that alley. And it's going to move on. It's going to move on. Science never stands still, you know, and the question is, yeah, can we keep it in sync with our ethics and our humanity, you know? It's biblical, Ethan. What I mean is, let's assume for a moment for this discussion that there is a God, and the God gave humanity, you know, the skills to look deeply into our world, including the natural world in the planet, you know, vis-a-vis climate change. But what we haven't understood until now is that we not only have the ability to look and improve, we have the ability profoundly to change things, to change our own species, our own natural biology, our, I mean, the physical planet, the physical condition of humanity, we now can change it. And that's the biblical test, you know, beyond anything we expected before. And you and I live in that time. We live in that time. And I suppose, from an observer's point of view, a journalist's point of view, you know, we are very, we should be very happy that we can observe and see this and participate and have this conversation together. Absolutely. I feel truly lucky indeed. Thank you, Ethan. Let's do it again soon. Ethan Allen, our chief scientist who takes us far and wide around the universe, from the planets and the stars, right down to the microbiology in our skin. Thank you, Ethan. You're welcome, Jake. Aloha.