First question is, can I be heard all right? Is that any better? No, I'm sorry, I simply cannot handle technology. I'm a Scotsman, we're famous for our engineering, not me. If I were to try a PowerPoint presentation, I'm afraid it would be a farce. You'll remember the lecturer in the third man who ends up running away and being bitten by a parrot. No good. So if you can bear with my voice, here we go. I might start off by saying that I am a historian and it's been very interesting listening to people talking this morning about economics. It always strikes me that the sort of economics you get in the later 20th century is really based on the first half of the 20th century, that great slump. It's utterly anomalous, a product of the First World War and so on. Sooner we get back to 1890, the better. Now, I suppose it is the end of, it is the hardlock story of all lecturers, but I have a huge subject to cover and I'll do my best with it. The Middle East, the Ottoman Empire, with all the complications that follow there from. The Ottoman Empire, Morocco to the Volga at one stage. I don't want to talk about this. I can only indicate one or two main lines. Now, let me just sum up the period that I think we should maybe concentrate on. The First World War didn't really break out in 1914. It broke out in 1911. I don't know, those of you who maybe remember the origins of the First World War will maybe remember the Second Moroccan dispute when the Germans sent a gunboat to Agadir and a Franco-German quarrel resulted. Now, that resulted in the British taking the side of the French. In the gap, the Italians thought, oh, good, time for us to get our bit in the sun. So they invaded Libya, which was then an Ottoman possession, and then went on to occupy the Dodecanese islands, some of which are just down the road. That was Italy firing the starting gun. Now, the Turks didn't have a good time with that war. They didn't have a navy. Of course, it excited the Balkan states to start attacking the Ottoman Empire, so they took the Ottoman Balkans all except for the area around Edirne. Then the First World War comes up, and there's a dimension to that, which is really what the Germans and the Austrians said. The Ottoman Turkey is going to be our Egypt. The position that the British have in Egypt, or if you like, the French and Syria, the Germans would get in Hanatoli. The German presence, the Austrian presence, is all around. Acro really became capital because the Germans put a railway station in it. It comes that dimension of rival rail for the Middle East, already involving oil, brought Russia and Germany for the first time to the great clash. That's the background. Now, the war in the West formally ended in November 1918, but then it went on, and it went on with the Turkish nationalist war of independence, which was really only ended in the summer of 1923 by the Treaty of Lausanne. So when we talk the First World War, we're really talking 1911 to 1923, after which the world makes its failed effort to get back to what an American president called normalcy, wonderful word, President Harding. Now, what do we make of this? Of the attempt by the West to take over the Middle East? The Germans didn't manage it. The Russians had a goal. The British and French and the Italians stepped in, created mandates, created, if you like, a Jewish national home. And people like Lord Carlsman, the foreign secretary, who had been viceroy of India, when he was asked, what do you think about the British Empire, your lordship, replied, we shall be in India as if forever, thinking it's going to be a new Roman Empire. Now these people look very foolish indeed, not just by 1947 when they had to scuttle out of India, but even by 1930 it was obvious enough that Iraq hadn't worked. Lawrence of Arabia observed it all, and he said, why is it that we, with an army of 100,000 men, with poison gas and tanks, can't keep the peace in Iraq where the Turks did it, with a locally raised army of 14,000 men, executing 95 people a year? It's a good question, be it said then as now. Now looking back on it, the thing that I really don't understand is this. Why is it that these people of 1914, Gertrude Bell, Croson, Lloyd George, are very well educated, they're very clever, they wrote extremely well a lot of them, how could they be so wrong? What accounts for this amazing overconfidence with which they lead the West into this adventure in the Middle East? I suppose, although I don't want to harp too much on it, I suppose the same thing would have to be said about the Americans later on, going on to Iraq. I have to say that maybe I was mistaken, but I supported that. All my Turkish friends said you were quite wrong. This is not a good idea. The striking thing is the confidence with which they go in, and then suddenly run into a situation, which is to say the least complicated. As I say, I'm not going to condemn, because I'd have to condemn my own original misjudgment, which I would do. So we're dealing with a question, first of all, of overconfidence, and dealing with the Middle East. Now, I might as well tell you a little anecdote about this. In 1915, when the Turks appeared to be very weak, Winston Churchill said the moment has come to send battleships through the garden elves, and the Turks will just collapse. After all, they collapsed in the Balkan wars. They won't fight back. And they landed their army at Gallipoli. And only two people in the whole of the British army said this is a mistake. One was an interesting man, Obrie Herbert, who was the son of the Earl of Carnavon, who was one of these weird linguists. He picked up Persian, Turkish, God knows what. And he said, don't do this. He was the interpreter. He said, if you push the Turks against the wall, they'll fight back. And the other man was another interesting chap, a regimental colonel and Doughty Wiley, who had become what was called a military council in Adana. You know, as the Ottoman, well really the Armenian question, to be frank, as it got internationalised, international observers were placed there to see what was happening. They were called military councils. And Doughty Wiley was one, a colonel of a decent regiment. And he lived in Adana and saw what was going on. He could see the problems of the whole Armenian thing. And he ended up sympathising with the Turks. And when the Balkan wars broke out, he resigned his commission and served in the Turkish equivalent of the Red Cross. It's called the Red Crescent. And they gave him a big medal for it. Now, if we joined the army, did his patriotic stuff in Gallipoli. But when he was invited to go and land at the Dardanelles, he said, I'm not carrying a gun.  So he carried a swagger stick only. And I'm sorry to say he got shot, or all Doughty Wiley. They were the only two people in the British army who said, this is a mistake. Now, let me just introduce another little theme, which I think I owe it to myself to mention. You'll be aware of the name Edward Said. Now, before you read Orientalism, have a look at a devastating book by an uncle Robert Irwin, which is about the Said question. The word Orientalist has now become an insult. It means that people look at the Orientalist with western eyes and, as it were, adopt an insulting, patronising attitude to it. Now, that is an utter and total misuse of the word Orientalist. The Orientalists are people who, almost by definition, are love the subject. You cannot take on something as difficult as Arabic, or Ottoman Turkish, or I think old Persian. Without having always a love of the subject, you'd have to have it. And they don't spend their lives looking at places like this. If they automatically dislike it or want to patronise it, it's quite wrong. And the Said book is full of holes. He neglected the whole of German scholarship, and German scholarship on this subject is bigger than anywhere else. So I want to make my ritual protest against this misuse of the word Orientalist. Now, there are Orientalists, and the Orientalists in this Said sense are here. There are people who look at their own civilisation and say, why are we not the West? These are the Orientalists, not us. And this introduces quite an interesting subject about the background to the First World War and the aftermath. What made Turkey tick? Because we can know us that question. The Middle East, when it was Ottoman, somehow ticked as Lawrence noticed of Iraq. It didn't tick with the West at all. Now, what made the Ottomans tick? And it's a good enough question to begin with. In the days when Kersin was expressing himself with neocontent on the subject of glorification on the subject of the West, he would say, people would say, the Turks bring the old everything to Byzantium. There is a theory of Turkish history, associated with man called Gibbs, American. When he was stuck, written in 1916, which said that the Turks are the sort of people who can create an empire of the steppe for a couple of generations, then in collapses. If they want to make a real empire, they had to take the mobiles of Byzantium. So there is sort of Byzantium with attitude, if you like. This can really be weaved aside. We can forget about that. There are interesting similarities between the Turks and the elite Byzantines. Half the Byzantine aristocracy simply defected to the Turks because they had a steppe that worked. It's as simple as that. But you can't really argue that it's Byzantium in disguise. What you can maybe argue about Turkey is that the Islam of the creative days, by which I mean the 15th century when Constantinople was taken, is an Islam which is much more open. Wine is drunk at the court, for instance. The Orthodox Church became the biggest landowner in the whole of the empire. Mehmed Fatih, the conqueror, was after all himself three quarters bulk and Christian by origin. You could argue, I'm not going to be dramatic, that the Islam which created the Ottomans in the early days up to Suleiman in the 16th century is maybe much more flexible, more open. It's at least arguable. It's possible to argue, and here you're stamping on corns. Why did the Ottoman Empire decline? Again, there is, as it were, an Orientalist attitude which is associated with the Republic of the 1930s, the 1940s, when people would say the Ottoman Empire declined because of Islam. You take this sort of story. In 1583, I think, we're up the third, I'm not sure, but around then. There was an Ottoman astronomy. You did it for navigation, and they had a very good navy. And they had telescopes at the top of a tower at Beshingdash. The clerics didn't like this. The ulema didn't like this, partly because it's astrology. And they said, look, you are trying to probe the secrets of God. You mustn't do this. And then there was an earthquake. And the ulema said, that's God's punishment for your tribe looking at his secrets. So they stuffed the telescopes down over the tower, end of Ottoman astronomy. You might say, right, Islam, anti-progress. But then you might widen it to take in what generally happened in the Mediterranean at that time. If you take, for instance, the world of counter-reformation Spain, it's not entirely dissimilar. I came across a wonderful one, 1776, Adam Smith Publishers. America does its stuff. There was one faculty left of the University of Salamanca. All the donors were busy doing something else, so there was only one question to be answered in Latin, and it read, what language do the angels speak? That is the world of counter-reformation Catholicism in the later 18th century, and it's rather similar to what could be said to be going on with Islam in that period. Now, however you want to argue it, there is one strand which is worth picking up now, I think, when we're looking at present-day Turkish politics. For a long time in Turkey, you were supposed to see that the late Ottoman Empire was just so much historic and rubbish, and there was a great line in one of the bits of proofs, which I remember, which is that these people look on history as a chicken looks at the bits of eggshell from which it is.  Let's emancipate the women, let's follow the best foreign examples, John Dewey came from America to advise them on education, this kind of thing. Demineck de Valois arrived to tell them all about the ballet, and German architects all over the place through a heroic period, but they do not want to know about their history. And although Islam wasn't exactly suppressed, it wasn't given any sort of encouragement. You know, sometimes if you don't give religion what it wants, it claims to be persecuted. When it talks the language of the persecuted and the style of the persecutor, in effect, so you have to be careful about that. And there were limits to the persecution of Islam at the time, but they do not want to know about the Ottoman past, and they had thrown out almost all members of the Ottoman dynasty who were languishing abroad, a lot of them. They reformed a language in a way which some people would, and I'm sure Mr Varacur would say that the language reform was brutal and unnecessary, but it still divides the Turks. They've got a literate population. If you go into a bookshop, you will see quite a flourishing publishing industry, and it wouldn't be true of anywhere to the Eastern South, but this would be the case. At any rate, my point is that the Ataturk Revolution is something which abolished history. Now, it's that incidentally which accounts for the survival of all these statues around the place. I'm not terribly hostile to it because I can see why an educated girl would say that so many of them do. If that man hadn't lived, I wouldn't have been where I am now with an independent income and a job of my own. It's important.  I don't know what they can do. Some of the quotations are in funny with... I don't know how many of you here are Turkish, but the best one I ever discovered was in a garage on the way to Cappadocia where a great man was statueing there, and it read, too sure for you, meaning the Turkish driver is a person of the most exquisite sensitivity. I don't... Obviously, we have to get away from this kind of hero worship. Now, what has been interesting about it is the way in which the Turkish Republic, despite everything, despite its military coups, despite this and that and the other, it's been a success story, and the little examples all over the place.  I don't believe the statistics of... I don't believe any statistic in Turkey at all, actually, because they've got better things to do than to count their statistics. I often think that the Italians steal from the state and are dynamic, and in England the state steals from the people and it's stagnant.  It's going somewhere, little example. There are something like 2 million refugees here, and that is not true of any other country in Athens and Singapore. I won't go on about that. The point is too obvious, I think, to anybody who has seen it. Problems all over the place. Now, one strange consequence has been that the Atatürk Republic has been eroded its secular standards, which resulted in many, many very good things. Very good hospitals, not bad schools, all that sort of thing. The secular standards have ceased somewhere to be living. You have the phenomenon coming up of political Islam here. I don't want to talk too much about what goes on internally. What I'm interested in is what the consequences are going to be for the whole area, because Turkey has the dynamic bit of it, to be frank. The one where it makes things, and says for example, that Turkey is going to be sucked into the sort of role that it had in the 17th, 18th century, when it's got its tensions, it's got its funny relationship with Persia. I'm afraid to say, we have a Kurdish problem here. It's not an easy one. There are seven different Kurdish languages. Setting up a Kurdistan is not a simple matter. Maybe the answer to it is going to have to be that the Turks take over Northern Iraq. That's happened in the days of Selen Ligrim. It means problems for the Turks. Their relationship with Europe has become complicated. I don't know what on Earth can be done about that. On the economic side, it's very valuable. On the other side, the Turks are expanding into Russia. It exports to, even to Central Asia, are going up at something like 15% per annum. In other words, Turkey is in a very dangerous position at the moment when it might get the idea that it has the right to be a great power in the region. I think this sort of thing is dangerous. I found I have to say that business with Israel the other day just immensely dismaying. I don't know what the answer to the Gaza Strip would be, but I think to use it as a way of building up anti-Israeli sentiment, which is quite easy to do here. Not anti-Jewish, but anti-Israeli. It's quite easy to stir it up. Allowing that to happen, and then for the Israelis to handle the whole thing so incredibly badly, of course, compounds the whole problem. It looks to me as if when I came to Turkey in 1995, people said it was a strange eccentric thing to do. I came here for many reasons. The very first of which was when I arrived at the airport, I saw six policemen straight out of Midnight Express looking unbelievably grim, with great big black nostaches, smoking half of the under a sign mark, strictly no smoking. But I thought, oh, my sort of country. Now, the decision to come here in 1995 now looks a great deal less eccentric. I didn't know what I was letting myself in for, but it's been an extraordinary, really interesting time. Now where we go from here is, I think, going to be complicated. I'm afraid that the Ottoman Empire got torn apart looking at Persia one minute, looking at Vienna the next, having to deal with Morocco one minute and the Volgaire the next. Worried again what sort of Islam it has, what its attitudes could be to education of women, all this kind of thing, until at the end they say, oh please, West, can we copy you, which is quite the wrong thing because this country has got strength of its own. Now, I think I've probably gone for the initial themes of what I wanted to talk about. So, thank you.


In October 2014, a friend of mine wrote a book and he thought I should review it before it goes to the public. The book happened to be a book about blogging. For those of you who know my story, you know that I have been a writer since I was 14, and though I've been hearing a lot about blogging, I never really knew how blogging worked, nor did I expect any miracle by reading a book written by my friend. Unexpectedly, I found a miracle inside the book I was to review, and that miracle was too simple for me to not have known until then. I'll tell you this miracle I discovered on the course of this video. I'll also try and show you how to discover a million-dollar business opportunity on the internet. If you're new here, consider subscribing so that you won't miss other interesting videos like this. Familiarity breeds contempt When I think about the internet and how much people abuse it, when I think about the internet and I see the massive unprecedented opportunities it presents, I don't have words to explain why so many educated people are poor, even though they have an internet connection. This may sound funny, but I think it's saddening that people have the most powerful technology ever invented for free, and yet they don't make use of it to their advantage. I can't believe that. I know why this is so. It is called familiarity. It's often said that familiarity breeds contempt, and that's what has happened with the internet. Because we have this miracle inside our phones, we don't take time to think about the mystery of it. If we had taken time to think about the mystery behind the internet, that would have prompted us to search for the opportunities it brings. Two keys of wealth There are two things that make people rich, just two things. Those two things are attention and trust, and the internet gives you the two, almost free. To be wealthy, you need to earn people's eyeballs either for yourself or for your products. This is very important, and I'll get you to see it. You see, the most expensive resource in the world is attention. If you can get enough attention, you can make a million dollars next week. You think about these. What does it take to be a successful musician? Very simple. Get 10 million people to know you. What does it take to be a successful actor? Get millions of people to know you. What does it take to be a successful writer? Get a few million of people to know you and hundreds of thousands of them while buy your books. What does it take to be a successful entrepreneur? Get millions of people to know about your products. At least, that's the first important thing, because if people don't know about you or your product, then they can't love you or your product, even if you have the best product in the world. I think this is simple to understand, right? Now that you've understood this, let me tell you something that will shock you. The world used to be a village, a village where you needed a letter before you could communicate with someone a few miles away. Up until when the radio was invented in the year 1895, nobody could communicate with 10,000 people easily. Then the TV was invented in the year 1927. It was a big miracle. Now we could not only speak to thousands of people, but we could also get them to see our faces and our body language. That was a big opportunity for many smart people, because it was easier to sell when people see images and hear voices than whether hear your voice alone. But it was still expensive. To advertise in the newspaper cost thousands of dollars. To buy 10 minutes every week on the radio was too expensive for 98% of people. To buy 15 minutes every week on the TV was impossible, except for the wealthy companies. Because the attention was monopolized, wealth was also monopolized by something, but something was coming, and that is the Internet. When the Internet came, it democratized the most expensive resource in the world, attention. Now attention is democratized and anyone can get it, but yet most people don't care about it. Let me tell you a personal story. My first successful business is an agric technology company. To market our products, we didn't spend any dollars on the radio or TV. We never had a signpost or billboard. What we did was to create a website, blog, and after some hard work, clients started pumping in. We sell our services to more than 15 states in my country and about three continents in the world. Let me tell you what you already know. That is a miracle. I can't imagine a better word to qualify that. I mean you can do what we did just 30 years ago, except you're the child of a billionaire. And because the most valuable resource in the world, attention has been democratized, anyone can now become rich if they want to. Let me tell you about this channel. You see I've been a writer since when I was a teenager and I always loved to talk, teach and inspire people, but if I were to be an adult in 1975, well, it would have been ten times more difficult for me to get people's attention, or I would never have gotten it at all. Think about this. Just yesterday I was checking the dashboard of this YouTube channel and I discovered that last month, the month of July 2019, our channel was watched by 1.2 million people. I don't mean to say 1.2 million views, no, I mean 1.2 million human beings from more than 25 countries. I don't know what you think, but I'll tell you what I think. This is insane. This is crazy and impossible just few decades ago. How can you sit down in your office and have the attention of more than a million people? That's the power of the internet and if you want to discover the opportunities to create wealth on the internet, you have to realize, cherish and worship this miracle called the internet. The trust. I told you earlier that there's two keys to massive wealth. The first is attention.  Now, let's talk about trust. The first thing you have to understand is that nobody trusts a ghost, so people only trust you after they know you and that's why attention is the primary and most important thing. When enough people know you and trust you, you can sell them any helpful products or services and you can make as much money as you want. So how do you earn people's trust? Well, the internet provides the best answer. Show up, contribute, help and love. You can do all of these almost free with patience and persistence. You can build an audience that knows and trusts you. So what are people's problem? I explain all these concepts as if they are so simple and I honestly believe that it's simple. So if it's simple, why don't people do it? Well, let me tell you, the concluding part of the story I told you at the beginning of this video. You see, until I read my friend's book about blogging, I did not understand how blogging works. The simple thing that changed my life was that my friend wrote in his book about how you can use Google Keyword Planner to know what people are searching for on the internet. That single in knowledge changed my life because I never knew that there was any software like this. If I could know what people are searching for, I can know their problems and if I can know people's problems, I can create a solution. That's the miracle that changed my life. The miracle you need is the knowledge of the enormous opportunities you have inside your phone. You could only get this if you're curious and willing to search and learn. I've tried my best in this video by telling you to cherish and value the internet. I've tried to give you a simple formula about the way wealth is built by getting attention and trust for yourself or your products. If you can get a million people's attention and earn the trust of half of them, you can make hundreds of thousands of dollars each year. If you can get 10 million people to know you and make 5 million of them to trust you, you can make millions of dollars every year by creating helpful services or products for these multitudes. How do you get those attention? How you get those attention and trust is by showing up and contributing. The more you show up and the more contributions you make, the richer you'll be. Stop making excuses. The internet is a miracle. Be curious and learn how the internet works and you won't lack for money. I hope this video helps a few people and I'll make more videos to help you further understand how the internet can make you rich. Thank you so much for watching our videos. Do you love to start your day with high energy? Then we invite you to join our new channel which was designed to give you daily inspirational videos that will help you become a high achiever. We call it Inspiration Tube. Look at the description box to join the Inspiration Tube. We love you.


Moving on to Brainerd Little Falls taking on Moorhead on the girls. First period Lindsay Booth finds Josie Kramer lays it up for Abby Polkamp for the goal to put the Warriors up 1-0. Later in the first try on A-Bear finds Sophie Robinson across the ice who snipes one past the goalie. Brainerd Little Falls up 2-0. Still in the first puck comes out to the point. Robinson fires one and the rebound is perfect for Polkamp to clean it up. Warriors looked really impressive in this one. When they go on with the huge victory, they take this one 13-0.


Hi, I'm Niles Agay. Invented in 1940, I present you the halter. No, this is not some punk-rop form of birth control, although probably a good double is that. The halter has nails in the mouthpiece that when worn by a calf would prevent it from nursing. Yeah, I'd say that this would scare the living daylights out of any animal. Do you want some milk? Oh, all you have to do is get past this death trap that looks like it came from the prop department of any saw-moving. It looks like a birthday gift from Tim Burton. It was used sparingly because it was invented in the 1940s during World War II, which I guess makes sense as it would ration. It also really helped the veal industry, right? Oh, what's that? Do you want some milk? Oh, maybe not so much, little heifer.  That was sad. Try not to think about it. Let go of the visual. This probably isn't helping, right? This is terrifying. Anywho's, so fun thing that you wouldn't notice just by seeing it, but once you get this close and you hold it, it looks like it's made of leather, but it's actually about 90% nightmare. Fun fact, who would have thought?  There's no way that any person who invented this has ever seen any kind of Disney film. They're just, how could you? They got nothing. This thing has stumped me. It's broken me as a person, I think. This next part is for the parents. So kids, if you could look away. I personally think we should bring this back. Maybe just put it on little children. Obviously a smaller size, which would save on leather, which ironically the calves would appreciate.  They just be slamming up against the fridge like a great light on Shark Week. That's a visual I think you can keep, right?


Hello everybody thanks again for joining us today on this Friday afternoon depending on where you're at the time here in Colorado it's a 61 degrees in January it's absolutely gorgeous. As well as days where I was just in the slopes of Breckenridge this morning skiing and beautiful day and then come back here and you could probably golf I don't golf but it's that kind of a beautiful Colorado day. I have just an esteemed guest who I have such great deep respect for, and as I was telling her before we get on the call. It's just an honor to have her time. She serves in so many capacities and so many ways and has always been just a brilliant writer mentor. And in so many ways in my life so I really appreciate that. Let me introduce her. Dr PM Smith spent her first 20 years of practice as an emergency room physician in the Detroit Medical Center, and then she's been. I don't know how many years that this might be old 26 years as anti aging functional medicine has it been longer Dr Smith. Anyway, long time she is again just a great teacher I think we first met through a for m but we've crossed paths and so many levels and, like I said just so she just is a producer of great content great lectures. What I love about Dr Smith way of writing and teaching is it's just so succinct in this like, you know, list and formulas and super easy to consume for those of us that are learning so she's just been a great mentor, and I bet. Most every position who's in functional medicine or an integrated holistic personalized precision medicine has some story of Dr Smith being a part of their training on some level. I wouldn't say so much more but I just have greatest respect that you are here today with me Dr Smith and I thank you for your time. Thank you for the invitation truly. Yeah, so today we're going to talk about hormones so if you're listening as a patient or a client or someone who has seen a doctor about your hormones. We're going to start with a little bit of the basics and I'm going to ask Dr Smith to kind of lay the groundwork here. But what's really important today is, we are at risk. And if you're listening as a patient of losing our ability to get bio identical compounded hormones. These are tools I always say our toolbox as conventional allopathic MDs is quite small and it's very powerful we use medications and surgeries. And any of us in the field find those tools incredibly helpful. I know like Dr Smith I value my training in conventional medicine because it's giving me this rich foundation of diagnosis and treatment. However, now that we're doing precision and personalized medicine. There's this greater toolbox and one of the tools that I think is probably the most powerful thing we have outside of just the conventional pharmaceuticals is competent hormones. So Dr Smith, I'm going to let you talk just a little bit about why is this important for women and men and really all ages. Let's just set the groundwork first. Thank you so much truly. The hormonal therapy is really interesting. People ask why do you need to be on hormones. Do you need to be on hormones, etc. So just follow the science. What is the science really show. Let's start with women estrogen has 400 functions in the body 400.  It's cholesterol blood sugar blood pressure. And there are many studies to show that for women, it is your memory, literally. And so that is the reason that it's so important to look at estrogen, but there's three And a lot of doctors even don't know this. There's a one estrone e two estradiol and e three estriol. When you need hormone replacement of estrogen, we do not replace a one is the one that is linked to breast cancer. And two is the 400 functions. e three is the one that helps prevent breast cancer. A lot of people ask us is this new information on e three. It's not the first article came out in drama, and well, 96 years ago. Wow. It's been a long time that we have known about e three. And it does matter if it balances with the other hormones. estrogen has to balance with progesterone. And not every woman needs estrogen in her life.  So if you're a little bit overweight, then you may not lose estrogen lighted and some women never lose it. We only replace the hormones that you lose. Progesterone is its balance and symptoms of progesterone loss are anxiety, irritability, insomnia, mood swings, depression, heart racing, bladder problems, gut disturbances, etc. We tend to lose progesterone or have an imbalance of progesterone to estrogen at any age. PMS, PCOS, perimenopause, menopause, PMDD tend to all be low progesterone states. So it's important to have progesterone for balance. It's just huge. When it comes to testosterone, that's a different story. Testosterone, not all women lose testosterone. I will be 67 in July. I still have very normal testosterone. It's dead center of normal, which means I probably will not lose testosterone in my lifetime. Not that remaining one half of people, one half of them end up with high testosterone, one half end up with low. And that can occur at any age. PCOS, or polycystic ovarian syndrome, is high testosterone. We don't want to leave it there because high testosterone drives up the risk of heart disease and it drives up the risk of blood sugar being elevated. We don't want to leave testosterone too low because it's very important for sense of well-being, sexual interest, and strength of bone. So all those hormones are made in the ovaries and it does decline with age, but it's important to replace them at the right time. There are now several studies showing that when it comes to heart health and for brain protection that we try and replace estrogen as soon as the woman loses it. Would we still replace it 20 years later if she's a candidate for it? We would, but there is more brain and heart protection if you replace it as soon as it's gone. This is a hormonal symphony. That is the way God made us. It is supposed to be balanced. And so DHEA and cortisol made from the adrenal glands are part of that balance. And DHEA makes estrogen and testosterone and balances cortisol, our stress hormone, and who isn't stressed in today's world. It's a hormone made from a hormone called pregnanolone. If you've not heard of this hormone, I am going to spell it because even some doctors have not heard of it. And of course it's hard to say and hard to spell because it's your hormone of memory. It's P-R-E-G-N-E-N-O-L-O-N-E pregnanolone. And it makes estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, DHEA, and cortisol in both men and women. And it is the hormone of memory and has many other functions in the body. It's made from cholesterol. And sometimes cardiologists don't realize that the total cholesterol has to be at least 140 to make pregnanolone. If they get the total cholesterol too low, then the body doesn't make pregnanolone or the remainder of those hormones. So again, it's about balance. And the same thing when it comes to men. Do they need hormone replacement? Many men do, yes. They lose hormones as well with age. So what does testosterone do for men?  It is muscle mass and it is their memory and energy. So it's so important. They make DHEA, they make pregnanolone, they make progesterone, and believe it or not, they make estrogen. Men need estrogen. They need it for memory and bone structure. Too much estrogen increases their risk of heart disease and increases their risk of prostate cancer. So are hormones important? They are. They're extremely important to maintain vision, memory, mobility, energy, and all the things that I just mentioned. Now you all know why I love Dr. Smith, because as you just heard, she just gave us this like overview that covered almost every little bit as far as why we need hormones as men and women, what happens as we age. And what we see in clinical practice is I like to frame it in the sense of maybe 100 years ago without the toxic load in our environment, without the infectious burden, without the stress levels, without the EMFs. There's so many factors now that are affecting our hormonal cascade that probably I would love to hear if you agree, Dr. Smith, but more than ever, we are getting hit with things that deplete our hormones or that affect our hormones. And then there's things in our environment that have a chemical effect that have either estrogen like effects or other hermetic effects on our body. So what we're seeing in clinical practice is a lot more disruption in these cascades. And I would say in younger and younger women as well. Would you agree, Dr. Smith? I do. In younger women and younger men as well. In both. When I first started practicing, I never saw a man under 47 years of age with low testosterone. Now we do. Right, frequently. And with women, polycystic ovarian disease, when I went to school was thought called Stein-Levin-Thall syndrome. Yes, I remember. And I was told I would see one or two cases in my entire career. Now I see 10 cases a week. Yes. So have hormonal balances changed in the last 40 years they have dramatically and pretty much not for the better. But the good news is the science is here to help us go back and balance it and customize it for each and every person. Yeah, and that's again, the importance of our talk today is there are available options. What Dr. Smith and I can do is there is a myriad of compounding hormones that can create the exacting mixes and doses based on good research. And that's the thing I want to talk just a little bit about as well as there is lots of strong evidence to support the use of hormones. Would you want to just address that just a little bit because some doctors and patients have been told that there's either no evidence or there's no science to support what we're doing with compounding hormones. Number one, there are myriad of articles supporting the use of hormones to begin with, and both men and women, but let's take women because that seems to be what is most controversial at this time. Are there articles to say that estrogen equals memory hundreds of them in traditional medical journals. Are there articles to say that it is important to have natural hormones, it is. And what does natural mean. People usually think it means it comes from a plant and hormones honestly do come from soy or yams, but that's not the definition of natural and medicine natural means the same chemical structure. And that's the actual definition. When you use synthetic hormones, which are not the same chemical structure, you get disrupted messages, you get incomplete messages, you don't have balance between hormones. And now there's several studies to show that if you use synthetic hormones. It's not guesswork. There's actual clinical trials that if you use synthetic hormones there as an increased risk and other diseases, for example, an increase in breast cancer. Are these small trials. No, some of the trials are 80,000 women. So large clinical trials showing that hormones are necessary. They're important to balance, you have to measure, and that they should be compounded and used natural hormones for the patient, meaning the same chemical structure. So let me summarize what I hear you saying and then I'd love to hear if there's anything different from what I'm saying that that is more accurate. It sounds like from the research this is what both of us do. As soon as a woman starts to lose her natural hormone. So we measure this so you and I are scientists first. And as you would, I always would start with a measurement. There's multiple different ways and multiple different studies that show blood levels, urine levels and saliva levels can all be accurate. I would love your comments on that in just a minute. But either way, we're measuring hormone levels. And then as soon as that woman, whether it's 40 early menopause or 50 or 60 is starting to really decline and have symptoms. So what I would do in practice is start to replace those at physiological levels so that she has that function back in a safe way. And then I typically will monitor them and watch and make sure that we're doing, you know, safe and balanced levels. And I think you said, if you would just give estradiol which is e2 without the progesterone to balance that these things some of them cause rapid cell division, and some of them cause the stopping of that division and differentiation. So that's this checks and balances that our body naturally has so we want to replace them in conjunction as well so basically testing treating when a woman is symptomatic. And then as far as how long we treat, I always talk to the patient with informed consent, and we decide together what they'd like to do what the risk are but I'd also love to hear your thoughts on when you might just continue how long you would keep them on I know there's like Dale and he's giving hormones for memory in women over 80, because for them, the memory is more important. And I do believe that that is appropriate in certain cases. What's your thought on that process is there any of things you would do differently, as far as assessment and then treatment and then how long. Well, for one thing, honestly, I never stop hormones, unless the patient wants to stop. My oldest patient currently on hormones is 102. And she's sharp as a tan. Yes. And she still flies around the world. So she's just an absolutely fabulous person. So that's for both men and women. It really is again about balance, but you have to measure. It's important to look at physiological as you just stated levels. We don't just give a lot of hormones so it's quote unquote feel good. It's just about symptoms. It's not, of course, symptoms are really important, but these are hormones of repair. They build bone structure, they help prevent disease, but that's in physiological levels, usually very small doses. For example, when a woman's 25, she makes her peak hormonal level. And for estradiol, the e to pre literally, she makes about 365 micrograms micrograms baby some out.  That's not the idea. The hot flashes come from stress. We want to look at the cause of the problem. So we replace it physiologically and balance. So I give hormones forever. At almost 67 I don't plan on ever stopping my own hormones. I did this year for one month over the holidays, because for the first time I was not on call during Christmas ever. My partner took a call for me. And I always offer to take it as a senior partner this year. I did not. And so I stopped my hormones for a month just to see what would happen. Because as a scientist, of course, the first person you look at is yourself and what happens. It was amazing. First week, no problems. Second week, it was like, I think I'm just a little bit tired, but yeah, it's the holidays. Yeah, third week. Oh gosh, I just, my clothes feel a little tight. I just, you know, don't by the fourth week I had no brain. It's a good thing my partner was on call for me. So I started back up my hormones. I really I had not I've done on progesterone for 29 years. So it had been a long time since I had stopped everything. And now I'm even more proponent for hormones. But again, small doses, you have to measure when we see patients in our practice and I'm sure you do the same thing. We see them, we test them, we start hormones, we recheck them in 90 days, and then every six months thereafter. Yes, that way we know they get the perfect dose for them. Yes. And are you typically testing blood urine or saliva or a combination. I know there's a lot of controversy on this. So we actually just finished a clinically controlled trial in our practice. And we're going to publish this wonderful because there's been a lot of controversy. So there shouldn't be any more. Dr. David Zava had studied this for many years, and we wanted to reproduce the studies and see where they indeed accurate. So I can absolutely tell you today that if you put the hormone on the skin, it will not show up in blood. We prove that. And estrogen for women and testosterone for women should always be transdermal, meaning on the skin. So if it's on the skin, blood is out for measurement. Also, when it comes to cortisol, the stress hormone, there's six clinical trials showing that the gold standard to measure cortisol, not for Addison's or Cushing's disease but for hormonal balance is salivary testing. Even Quest and LabCorp offer salivary testing for cortisol. So when you measure cortisol, that does have to be by salivary, transdermal, that has to be by salivary. If you measure something that you're taking orally, perhaps progesterone, for example, or DHEA or pregnanolone, you could use serum, but it's more expensive. It's much more cost effective to do all of it by saliva. Urine is a very important test, but it's a metabolite. It's a breakdown product. See, honestly, you can't dose off of a breakdown product. Do I do urine tests to look at breakdown? Yes. I want to make sure that her estrogen is breaking down into the right estrogens. So she has a decrease in breast cancer, et cetera, and all the other hormones too. But I don't recommend dosing off of urine because then you're dosing off of a metabolite and not the hormone itself like you would be with saliva testing.  And one thing I want to talk about for those of you listening is Dr. Smith mentioned oral dosing. So if we give oral hormones, they have to go through the liver phase one and phase two, and there's a lot of other dirty, it's kind of a dirty way to do it. And it actually stresses the liver. The liver already is doing the detox work of chemicals and everything else. So the less we can put through that pathway, if we do it trans-Germany, we're doing it much more like how the ovaries actually release it into the tissues. So I couldn't agree more. Is there anything else you want to say about first pass metabolism and why it's more dangerous to give them orally? Well, you know, some hormones are fine given orally, like progesterone. The HEA and pregnant alone can be, but particularly estrogen never should be. Because estrogen, when it's given orally, there is an increase in clotting. People can have a blood clot, et cetera, a pulmonary embolus. That trial has been done several times. When you give estrogen orally, it's inflammatory. Every disease you can get after 45 is inflammatory in nature, including memory loss. When you give estrogen on the skin, it's anti-inflammatory. It decreases inflammation. And then, of course, there's many other reasons why estrogen should be on the skin. But a really big one is the following. It lowers growth hormone, the hormone that keeps you young if you take it by mouth. So if you want to stay healthy, put it on the skin. When it comes to testosterone, it has to be on the skin because the oral version, methyl testosterone, there is an increase in cancer of the liver. So we do want the liver to be healthy, but newer information is also showing the part of estrogen is broken down in the gut. And so we can now measure that. There is a test to measure estrogen metabolization in the gut. So is it important for the gut to be healthy? Yes. I mean, you are the expert in the area of gut gel. Truly, as you know, if the gut's not healthy, the patient's not healthy. Well, and this is great to know. And since we have no, we can say anything if you want to share. What is the test for the gut? Is it a commercial laboratory or something that physicians can order? It is. It's called Biome FX testing. Oh, yes. Yes. And so it's right on that test. It's a fabulous test. And it's made by Closet Lab. And they are right outside of Washington, DC. They actually do some of the blood work for the White House, no matter who's sitting in the White House. And it's a fabulous stool test to look at how the body is really, the gut is functioning, but there's literally an estrogen breakdown test out there. Wow. So this is so funny. Right here sitting beside me. I just recently got it because I was checking out the company and I have not looked at the results. So guess what I'm going to be doing after this call? I'm going to dive in. I literally have my results right here, hot off the press. I was like, oh, that's amazing. So I will be learning right alongside on that. So I'm going to, I don't think I'll put you on the spot because you are so good with details and stuff, but I'm curious. So I had breast cancer at 25. I had ERP or negative and her two new positive, which is a very aggressive. It means the cells as you know, but for people listening, it means the cells were kind of mutated way away from the normal kind of healthy cells that have estrogen progesterone receptors. I was not a candidate for hormone therapy because the breast cancer cells didn't have hormone receptors on them. And I had three-door chemotherapy. Now I know now there's so many things like the chemicals. I had a silent celiac. I had massive inflammation, lots of things. And I had grown up on a farm with atrazine, which is a known endocrine disruptor, probably in utero exposure from my mother, because I actually at 25, when you get cancer at 25, you probably have the cells that go bad at like 10 or five or way before that age. So you and I know a lot of these pathways and how it kind of makes sense. Now since that time, it's been this year is 20 years since my breast cancer diagnosis. So it's amazing. And I feel like hormonally, I'm in the best shape of my life. And I'll tell you what, I feel like even though there's probably not another doctor out there that would say, Jill, you could take hormones. I know if I wanted to, you know, do that, I would feel comfortable monitoring and doing that. I'm curious if you'd be comfortable saying to someone like me who has that history, but also knows and actually monitors her things like for hydroxyestrogens, which we can talk a little bit about that's the type of estrogen that Dr. Smith was mentioning that can come down this pathway and damage DNA. So that estrogen is really, really high, which in the past it was now it's not because of the stuff that I've done for detox. So my question to you is, I'm 44. Would you consider giving me hormones if we monitored them as a breast cancer survivor? That's a great question. Even OBGYNs now that are traditionally trained have looked at the idea that 20 years is the draw line.  Because at this stage at 20 years, there is an increased risk in having heart disease and cognitive decline, which outweighs your risk of getting breast cancer again. So I knew you'd have a beautiful answer. I'm so glad I asked because again, this is even for me. Now I know I'm comfortable taking that risk if I were to choose, but I also am curious about another professional and what they would say to me and that's brilliant because I did not know that that was the kind of data. And I have had those discussions. What I typically do is one-on-one with the patient with informed consent say, hey, there is some risk. Here is what it is. Let's monitor it. But I didn't realize there was kind of a 20-year cutoff. So I just hit that. And I'm assuming just like anyone else, you would test every six months and monitor that for hydroxy. Is there anything besides the for hydroxy that you would watch in someone who had had previous breast cancer, anything other that you would think about in someone like myself? Yes, because the 16 hydroxy, you need a little bit for bone structure. Too much is really increases your risk of breast cancer as well. And I do want to measure the entire methylation pathway. Like you, I have not had breast cancer, but I have a very strong family history. On my mother's side, I never met my grandmother. She died of breast cancer during World War II. So before I was born, I have a cousin on that side who never had shoulder, which is a risk factor for breast cancer. And she died of breast cancer at 51. On the other side of my family, I had an aunt who got it, who died of breast cancer. Another aunt who got it, who survived. Both of them drank alcohol. The new studies that are out now show that you can very much mitigate your risk factors if you have a family history like me. Number one, women metabolize alcohol at a much slower rate than men. And so for people who drink alcohol, one drink a day is max for women because of our slow metabolization. And if you have a family history like mine, you shouldn't drink it all. And if you ask me, am I a tea toddler? I am because of my family history. So I don't, I don't drink it all. And the American Cancer Society came out very recently and suggested that women should consider not drinking because it is a risk factor. You have to mitigate them. And do I want to look at homocysteine and the rest of the methylation pathway? Yes. So 50% of people don't methylate well. For those of you who don't know what that is, it's putting a CH3 group on a pathway so that they not only go through methylation, but through detoxification and the transfer filtration pathway and then into the other side of that pathway for energy production. I have a high homocysteine. So of course, I have a family history of heart disease. My dad had his first heart attack before a week before he was 45. The family history of breast cancer, of course, I had a high homocysteine. But fortunately, I have known that for 29 years. So at that time, the only test that was available was methotetrohydrofolate. Looking at that measurement through homocysteine, the reductase part of the whole pathway was not available. I started taking methotetrohydrofolate 29 years ago. My homocysteine is normal and has always been. But now we can look at the whole pathway all of it. So can we do a lot? Yes. Absolutely positively to mitigate these risk factors because many people have them. Yeah, that's exactly how I feel. I feel like over my 20 years that's been my education is how do I fix the pathways that were dysfunctional back then and do the detox. So things that I often think about with hormones and would love any comments you have, glucuronidation is a pathway through the gut and estrogen. So often if a beta glucuronidase is high on the stool, you can give calcium deglucidate to aid that pathway and that can help with hormone detox. As you mentioned, methylation is key and some of the urine metabolite test and of course some of the blood tests, you can see the pathways and the different metabolites you can basically infer which ones might be needing more support. And those types of things would be methyl B12, 5MTHF, which is methyl tetrahydrofolate, as Dr. Smith mentioned, and then B6 or P5P and riboflavin, those are all pretty important in that pathway. Other things, dim is really important. And yet I find postmenopausal, I think that can be too much and I'll actually turn things the other way as far as osteoporosis. So if you're more careful about how much dim I give postmenopausally, any comments on those and then of course we could talk glutathione and AC, what's your favorite nutrients that you would say you want to make sure that patient has for detoxic hormones. Well, I actually like to measure. I measure everything. And so it is a customized approach. Not all my patients are on dim. If there's a problem with the CLMT pathway, et cetera, then great. There's many ways to fix all of these pathways. So I do measure them in every single patient. And that includes gut health as well. And looking at beta agrogrammatization, the science is here. Well, we probably should also mention is melatonin. Melatonin is not just for sleep. It's part of the immune system. And it's made in the pineal gland in the brain, but it's also made elsewhere, particularly the gut. And melatonin is a key component for the immune system. We actually treat stage four breast cancer and other kinds of breast cancer with melatonin, with or without chemotherapy, and they are getting very, very good results. So there's a lot of different ways of mitigating these pathways.  You can over methylate and increase your risk of getting cancer and other diseases. So we have these tests. Please come see a functional anti-aging practitioner and please come have it measured. Come see a compounding pharmacist and determine, do you need methylated vitamins because we don't want you to over-methylate it. Right. And I find if you're super toxic for other reasons and you don't know it, and you all of a sudden just replace all your methylated bees and all your detox, you can really overdo it because your body can't handle. It's almost like you're mobilizing toxins and you can excrete at that same rate. So I find people who are very toxic, you have to go very slow on these processes or you tip them over. It's a bell-shaped curve and you can throw them right over the roller coaster bell-shaped curve into overload, over-methylation. And it can cause, if you're over-methylating, you can have anxiety, insomnia, agitation, even diseases like bipolar schizophrenia can be parts of these pathways. So just be careful. Yeah. So in maybe less 10 minutes or so, let's talk a little bit about right now, we have access to these kinds of hormones that will basically individualize protocols where we can compound exactly what the patient needs based on testing and then change it if needed and do it trans-dermally or for progesterone or DHEA maybe orally. I would love to hear your, this is how we first started about this conversation is accompanying pharmacists for us are key, they're part of our toolbox. So what is that risk with our accompanying pharmacies and what do people need to know to be advocates for this tool that we have that we could lose if we're not careful? Well, it's important to understand that compounding pharmacists have specialized training. They're not just a pharmacist and people who go to school now are actually PhDs or pharmacy called FarmDs. So they have a lot of education, but compounding pharmacists have even more. They take additional training to learn how to actually make hormones, make skincare creams, not just for, hey, wrinkles, but psoriasis and rosacea. Again, they make many other things. And they also make different kinds of chemicals for people who may not be able to take something over the counter because they have an allergy. And so all these reasons, sometimes it needs to be in a different base. There's different bases you put hormones in, for example, so they actually do get into the skin. So how do we know if it's made right? People always ask me that. Number one, do they have training? They do. And they have updated training all the time. But you can always send off anything, hormones or anything else to Eagle Laboratories or any other outside lab and have them analyze what is being made. So we know it is very safe. We know it is very accurate. And I do send it off now and again. In my personal practice, I use 11 different compounding pharmacies in six different states. And now and again, I do send it off just to make sure of accuracy. I, so far in all these years, I've never had anybody be less than 98.7% accurate, and most people are over 99.5% accurate. So when people think, oh, it's just made like in a back room, that's not true. You know, they, there's sterile hoods, there's all kinds of things, there's training, and there are checks and balances. But I love compounding because it is personalized. And that's where medicine is in 2021. The science is here for a personalized approach. Thanks for sharing that because again, a lot of patients, they just expect us to get what they need and we take care of it, right, which is fine. That's what our job is. But what they may not realize is, and this is funny because we're transitioning to an EMR and I'm like in the dark ages because I still my paper, I love my paper charts because I can like flip through, but all that to say one of the hindrances to that that's been the most difficult is most patients I see, I might have four prescriptions and four different pharmacies because I know this one does really good at this and are good price and I know this one does be 12 and I know this one does. So and I know those just like you I have my book of pharmacies that I know and trust that I know are accurate and they do a great job and they have the good prices for the patients, and they might be depending on the state the patient I'm seeing, you know, so there's a lot of things that go into that and having the knowledge to know and trust and pick the right pharmacies, all that to say, patients may not know that number one that we rely as physicians on these experts that have training to get the tools we need to help the patients. If we today lost our ability to have company pharmacies. It'd be like my hands were tied right Dr Smith like would be literally like practicing either blindfolded with our hands tied behind our back right. Let me give you an example I said earlier that I have normal testosterone. So I do need dha as most people would in my age group, because I have normal testosterone, or if you had high, you need the keto form of dha. That means they put a keto group on and it breaks down into estrogen but not a lot of testosterone, because you already have it for the first things that they're trying to take off the market is the ability to compound keto dha. That would be a disaster for me, I would have terrible acne, because my testosterone would go right. It would be a disaster for my patients as well. Now some people do, you can get keto dha without a prescription, but the trouble is the doses are usually very large. I only take one milligram of keto dha. Wow, just one milligram. Otherwise I get acne. And if there wasn't the ability to have compounded, then I would not have the same energy and brain power without the dha, because I would have a hard time taking it. I probably have to buy it over the counter, open it up, take a lot out and close it back up, which would not. Dr. Smith, the ones I know, they start at 25. Exactly. I would literally be doing the story most of it out. Absolutely, no. And then, like you said, we didn't talk today about like muscle activation and some of these, but I see a ton of patients that are incredibly, exquisitely sensitive to the environment. So I need to compound minuscule doses, just like you mentioned, or very specific ketotaph and we can't get commercially. That's a mass cell stabilizer, really critical to a lot of my mass cell patients. So it's not just hormones. So what, is there an action or is there a link I could share or anything that I could share for anyone who's interested in taking action and just speaking out about the value of this, whether it's a physician. Is there anything you can give us for resources so that we can have our voice heard? Absolutely. I can send you a link. And please share it with everyone, because we'd love to have your story. So please share it. And we'd also like you to contact your congresspeople, both in the Senate and in the House of Representatives, because they do listen to their constituents and let them know how important it is for you, your parents and your family to maintain the ability to have compounded hormones and everything else. One of the most hardest things to make in the world is compounded thyroid. But at least 40% of my patients are on compounded thyroid for two reasons. One, everything over the counter is either T4 only and the body makes T3 and T4. Or it's a desiccated thyroid, which is four parts T4 to one part T3. That ratio is not perfect for every single patient. But a compounded pharmacist can make it any ratio we want it to be, one to one, 20 to one, 10 to one, and then the patient has the perfect amount. Also, there's one study showing that if you have Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which is an autoimmune hypothyroidism or autoimmune disease, most patients are hypothyroid to have it, meaning low thyroid function, then you shouldn't be on desiccated thyroid. You should be on non-pore sign. And you should have, according to clinical trials, 98% of people need T3, T4. There would be no other way of getting that desiccated compounded. Yes, thank you for mentioning thyroid because it's a whole another issue and a lot of patients are dealing with that. So we will be sure I'll get that link. If you're watching on Facebook, that will be added. If you're watching on YouTube, that will be below in the notes. And if you're on the podcast, I will put that in the show notes. So this will be on anywhere you see this podcast, you can find this information. And please, please help us by putting your voice out there because this is going to be critical going forward for us to do our jobs of personalized medicine. This was again, one of the first reasons of the main reason why I wanted Dr. Smith to come. And among that, all the other amazing knowledge that she shares. And as you can tell just such good concise information based on research, she's a scientist at heart. Anything else that you want to leave us with as far as hormones, hormone replacement, what we can do to be advocates for ourselves or patients or physicians? Yes, from the viewpoint of hormones, it's important that you measure. And I think this has been part of the problem when it comes to looking at hormones going away, is that not all doctors measure. Please make sure that you see a physician, a nurse practitioner, APA, a pharmacist that is fellowship trained. They actually have training in this area that is a fellowship attached to a medical school, and they didn't just come up with a dose from anywhere. They didn't take a one day course. Make sure that you see someone who is really an advocate for you in a personalized medicine approach. And they took the time and effort like Dr. Carnahan did to actually become a fellowship trained in this field and be a wonderful prescriber and a patient advocate. Thank you for saying that because that's maybe one of the biggest questions I get is where can I find another doctor like you or Dr. Smith? Is there a website or place I know that we both worked with A4M and where would you recommend people find the training or doctors that are trained in this? I will send you a link to that as well. So we'll have two links for this. Perfect. We'll add that on. Fantastic. Thank you so much Dr. Smith for sharing your knowledge. I know people have been, I've been seeing the feed and the questions and I know it'll just continue with the viewers. Thank you all for listening today. If you have any questions, put them in the box and I will come back and answer those in the future here. And if you want to find more of our videos, you can find me on YouTube at Jill Carnahan, the playlist there. Please subscribe because you can get these and all the rest that are there for free, free content, and we'll be back next week for more. Thank you so much. Thank you so much.


Hollywood heartthrob Timothy Chalamet is donning the purple coat and top hat as he portrays an all-singing, all-dancing Willy Wonka, as a musical Wonka film is currently in the works. I'm Matt Rogers, join me today as we redeem our golden ticket and enter into the magical yet somewhat mysterious past of the fantastic chocolatier. Willy Wonka, the iconic character from Roald Dahl's 1964 children's novel, has quite the ambiguous past, which has always shrouded him in mystery, and brought a level of unpredictability to the character. He at first appears as a charismatic mascot for a family-friendly chocolate company, but then cracks begin to show when he becomes a child-punishing sociopath. Background aspects of the character were explored in Tim Burton's 2005 film, where Wonka was shown to be the traumatized child of a dentist that has now made an empire by rebelling from his father's strict, candulous upbringing. Burton's version is one of my all-time favourite movies, and somewhere against giving Wonka a backstory and I guess a valid argument could be made that shedding light on his past could make him too much of a good guy and destroy the mystery that makes him so intriguing. But I thought how they did it in the 2005 version fit the tone of the film perfectly and made the climax of the film more impactful. This new take on Wonka starring Shalameh will be solely dedicated to the story leading up to where we were initially introduced to him. This coming off the recent threat of origin story movies in the vein of Joker or more recently Cruella, one would be forgiven for thinking that Wonka's origin story would also be a dark twisted tale, however when you look at the people behind this production, that's probably not going to be the case. Simply titled Wonka, it will be produced by those that brought you the Harry Potter series and the live action Paddington movies. With names such as David Heyman who is producing and Paul King in the director's chair. Penning the script is Simon Rich who is a writer best known for SNL if you can believe it, but he also was a part of the writing team for Pixar's Inside Out. It has been confirmed that the movie will include singing and dancing including from Shalameh which will be great to see. The original 1971 movie was of course a musical and Burton's version to a lesser extent with music only coming from the Oompa Loompas. Musicals aren't usually known for their dark tones considering the contrasting upbeat musical numbers spattered throughout, but it's not unheard of and I personally would love for the film to have the same tone of something like Burton's Sweeney Todd. We all remember classic scenes such as the boat ride which are notoriously terrifying so it might have dark elements but I'm not holding my breath. For reference when watching Paddington 2 there's an end credit scene where we see the antagonist played by Hugh Grant in a vibrant musical number amongst prison inmates. Considering this is made by the same people as Wonka will be my money is on this being more of the style. The official synopsis currently states quote the story will focus specifically on a young Willy Wonka and how he met the Oompa Loompas in one of his earliest adventures end quote. In Burton's version Wonka famously found the Oompa Loompas in Loompa Land while searching for new exotic candy flavours and trades their labour for their most prized possession Cocoa Beans. I somehow doubt this origin story will be the same for this new movie but it goes to show that we will also likely be traded to a signature Oompa Loompa number. Production for Wonka is expected to begin in September 2021 with the movie scheduled to debut in theatres on March 17, 2023. But in the meantime Chalamet is having a stellar year for roles, playing the lead role in the film adaptation of Dune followed by Wes Anderson's new drama The French Dispatch but that's not all we will also see him alongside Leonardo DiCaprio and Jennifer Lawrence in Netflix's upcoming disaster flick Don't Look Up and also confirmed to play Bob Dylan in the biopic called Going Electric. I really come to appreciate his acting too where most young handsome actors rely on their looks to put bums in seats at the theatres. Chalamet backs it up with nuanced performances and an obvious passion for the craft of acting. It really is exciting to see his meteoric rise through the industry. Some critics have spoke their mind in light of the film's announcement as to its purpose. Do we really need to know how Wonka got his cane and when he put the hat on his head? Because I distinctly remember putting a hat on top of my head.  You could never reach. Being such a huge fan of the Wonka world and its characters, I actually do want to see that. But my argument to those who are skeptical of this movie is that was what happened when Paddington was announced. Nobody asked for a live action version of the Marmalade loving Bear, but it ended up with the 2017 movie and its sequel being two of the highest rated movies of all time. So I wouldn't be settling on an opinion this early in the piece. But what do you think? Is Wonka just a money grab relying on the names of the characters it portrays? Or do you think there's a story there that's worth exploring? I'd love to hear what you think, so let me know. I'll be down there in the comments. But be sure to join me as I keep you up to date on all the latest movie news and announcements. Subscribe and ring that bell to not miss a single thing. If you subscribe during this video, then walk on the board. And if you had a good time hanging out, then spank that like button. This is Matt Rogers, and that is all.


Hello and welcome to NewsClick. Today we're joined by Manik Sarkar, the political member of the CPI, and the former chief minister of Tripura. And we're going to be talking about the situation of COVID-19 as well as both in the state as well as in the country. Thank you so much for joining us. So first of all, my question was regarding the COVID-19 situation in the state itself. So the Tripura is one of the states which has been quite severely affected in the region, both in terms of the number of cases as well as in terms of the number of deaths. So could you talk a bit about how the BJP government has been handling the issue? There have been a lot of protests by the left over there on regarding the handling of the pandemic as well. So could you talk a bit about how it has been handling the issue? Initial stage of this COVID-19 attack, the situation of the state was not that bad. But what is the state of affairs nowadays? Total number of positive cases so far found, it has crossed 25,000. And the number of deaths yesterday night, it has touched 270. I think by this time, number must have increased. From this, you can well imagine the gravity of the situation here in Tripura. That's why I would like to say really, really the COVID-19 situation in Tripura is very, very alarming or is up. What you have asked, how the government of Tripura is handling all these things, I would say very humbly and modestly, right from the beginning, the BJP-led government in Tripura have been taking lackluster attitude towards this problem. At the initial stage, the number of positive cases are very, very limited. No death at the initial stage was there. Perhaps that might have created some self-sception in the mind of the political leadership of the government of Tripura. But we have warned them. This is just starting, how far it will go, what will be the gravity in the coming days, considering the international situation and national situation. And location of Tripura from three sides, it is actually garralled by international border, particularly Bangladesh in the large area. And situation in Bangladesh at that point of time was not that good. And now also, it is being aggravated, you know. So keeping all these things in our mind, we tried our level best to draw the attention of the government for taking necessary measures so that right from the beginning, they can well take a lead. But I would say, wrong handling, inept handling of management of this problem. Regions are many. The doctors, they are the frontline warrior. This very phrase word has been used by our government of India. Very good. All right. They cannot move on their own without the assistance of nurses, paramedics, and other supporting here. So it was the demand throughout the country. And also they have earned these experiences what the other countries in other parts of the world have been taking with regard to the protection of doctors, nurses, paramedics, and other helping hands. And the very popular collaboration that is PPE, personal preventive equipment that was very, very inadequate in Tripura. We have been actually right from the beginning saying, until and unless they are protected and they feel free from any sort of uncertainty, it would not be easy for them to discharge their, I should say, holy responsibilities. But the government of Tripura did not take care of that with that seriousness. Then the most important thing is this. It was actually over centralized. But right from the beginning, we have been saying, until today we are saying that it should be decentralized. I would say the infrastructure, health infrastructure during the left-hand government with all its limitation tried its level best to decentralize it right from the state capital to the grassroots level that is gram panchayat level. What we have said don't depend on the tertiary level hospitals located at Agartala. That is the capital town. Eight districts are there. 23 administrative subdivisions are there. So at the initial stage, we have requested and advised that all the district hospitals should be equipped. Of course, before the breaking out of this pandemic to take care of all this in protest, et cetera, keeping all this in mind, the lab of those district hospitals are not actually equipped. So we told them at a time you cannot gradually, gradually, you please try to strengthen the district level hospitals. And then you come down to sub-division level hospitals. Then, PhD, of course, in PhD, this sort of lab development is not that easy. And we have not asked for that also at the initial stage. But that was not properly heated too. Just a cursory comment, yes, we are thinking of. But I should say it failed to take care of this very particular aspect. Then most important thing was this. More than 44,000 people, they have been migrated to other states of our country. Most of them, they actually deserted the state in search of work and food. Apart from them, some other people are there for treatment, for examination, for actually visiting different areas, education, et cetera, all these things, are going to make their relatives. That number may not be that many. But most of the number, among these 44,000, this number actually has been provided by the state government itself, the GPP-led government. So, yes, there was a hue and cry, all of a sudden, within the gap of four hours, this lockdown throughout the country, that created a lot of problems. Like demonetization, like this one country, one nation, one tax, that has created a lot of problems. We know all these things. So, this time also, only with the gap of four hours, this actually lockdown has started taking place. So, these people throughout the country, they were quite at a loss, how they have come to their place of residence. So, in this situation, in Tripura also, we ask the government, because this is actually surrounded by the international border. Two countries are there. Then people are coming by rail, by road, by airport, air, et cetera, all these things. We requested that these migrants, when they will start returning back, they should be taken in the hands of the government and first start, test, identify the positive cases. Instead of doing that, out of five, they are testing one. That actually created a mess. Doctors, more than 30 doctors have been actually attacked because of positive. Nurses, good number of nurses, paramedics and people who are involved in cleaning activities in the hospital, security personnel, good number of them, they also have been attacked. Number is not being disclosed by the state government. And some of our doctors, very good doctors, they have been forced to take shelter in their own residence and one or two of our doctors have been sent to other state for their better treatment. That is the situation, please, you can try to understand what is going on. Root cause, another cause is this, that the government has failed to take the doctors into confidence. Particularly senior doctors, experienced doctors who are available in our state and working in the hospitals, particularly in the tertiary hospitals. And they should have been given free hands so that they can devote themselves to take care of the patients. Interventions were there and not only free hands, they need all sorts of assistance from the government, not only financial, from the administrative side also, but that was not given. So all these actually have created a lot of problems. So in this context, I also wanted to ask about the CPIM and the left front itself. In Tripura, has there been any regaining of the ground that was lost, what has been the people's response to the issues raised by you and how do you see the way forward for the left in Tripura but also maybe at a national level itself? First of all in Tripura, braving all odds, attacks, psychological, physical, administrative, keeping police unmoved, I should say. Police cannot be blamed. They are actually played in the hands of the ruling clique as form. Some of them perhaps try to take some initiative in an independent manner. They have to face for all these things. So in this situation, for democracy, for food, for job, before pandemic, CPIM and left, they came down on the street, started raising all these slogans, all these demands, put forth before the government, inside the assembly, outside the assembly, mobilization were going on, attacks were there, threats were there, but all these things could not stop left to move, stop CPIM to move. During this COVID pandemic, after formal withdrawal of lockdown, again with the CPIM and the left, started coming on the streets. At the national level, what I have already mentioned, the burning demands to take care of the daily wage earners, peasantry, workers, working people, unemployed, we have been raising all these things. What we have been experiencing, started getting response from the common people. Among them, a section who deserted us, again started returning back. I am telling you, in the center, busy village government, in the state, busy village government, spent only 30 months. In this situation, when they are threatening that we have come to stay for a long, long time, it may be 25, 30, 40 years, but in this situation, those who were the BGP flag bearers, poor people, semi-middle class, at this stage, they have started deserting them, taking red flag in their hands, and openly declaring, we have committed mistake. Now it is clear to us, there is no alternative to left. We again mobilized ourselves on the platform of left and it has to be strengthened. Work may come. It's a very encouraging thing. Within a very short span of time, through their limited experiences, they have realized this is not the government has come to work for the people. This is the government of the rich people. They are the looters. They are against the poor people, against the common people. So this is one. If this is the reaction and observation, it might have other reaction, other picture, what is that? BGP has started losing their ground, supporting base. They have started realizing all these things. That's why they are trying to concentrate on facistic attack, attack on democracy. We know this may come, but the people of Tripura, we are trying to house their braving boys. Face it, unite yourself, bring new people with you, go ahead, otherwise you will not be in a position to survive. Your back is actually just dust to the wall. There is no space further to go back. Now you have to proceed further. There is no other alternative. So they are getting gradually, gradually isolated. So they have no other alternative but to resort to further attack. Yes, people are getting them prepared to face all these things. Yesterday also this sort of thing happened. Our tribal friends, under the leadership of Ghanavukti Purisha, they organized demonstration to submit their memorandum. They were attacked in one area. The other area of people, those who came to attack them, unitedly they left the area, leaving their motorbikes. When police came for their rescue, this is what is going to happen. We are not telling people.   So governments should realize all this. This is what they are trying to do. That will not ultimately allow them to go in an unending length. I am telling you. So about the national situation, what you have said, that how the left, the national level and in Tripura should go forward. I must say, not for Tripura alone. Tripura is part and parcel of India. Struggle, struggle, struggle. Of the masses, united masses struggle, there is no other option. Why I am saying so? During this pandemic, you see, RSS dictated BGP led government at the center. They have been adopting one after another anti-people, disasters, police, for the benefit of monopoly capital, corporate houses, both for India and abroad. Overnight they are working for them. They are not in a position and mood to listen to people getting day by day, very, very agreed. Riding roughshod what the country, the world has observed in the last parliament session, small session, what they did in the Rajeshwara, I don't like to narrate all these things, throttling the democracy. Parliamentary democracy is the root of our Indian democracy after independence. That is under attack. Very bad situation, economic situation, pre-pandemic, that was just on the verge of economic recession. Now it has aggravated, now it is grasped. Some people are theoretically says, yes, yes, yes, not yet recession. I don't agree with them. I may not be economist, but where is demand? If you have no work, if you have no money, if you have no purchasing capacity, you cannot go to market. Demand is falling down. If demand is falling down, supply quotient does not come. Economics, most important point is demand and supply. On this it is a revolving point. Everything is actually revolving around. That is coming down. And our GDP, first quarter, it is minus 23. I think in the history of independence India, this first time, this sort of thing actually has happened. It will again aggravate the way they are moving. So to stop the resistance of people, struggle of people, to stop raising their demands, what they are doing? Trying to divide the people. Raising the caste question, the religious question. And targeting the minority particularly the Muslim minority. Very bad thing. That means they are indirectly attacking the constitution of India. Secular principles of our country. Democracy, the main thing is equal rights to all. And as it test is what is the state of affairs the minorities of a country. If they are actually enjoying all rights then you can say, yes, democracy is there. But the minorities, particularly the Muslim minorities, this is the second largest in the world next to Indonesia, even higher than Pakistan and Bangladesh they are being attacked like anything. What is going on? What happened to Delhi? What sort of charts they are making one after another? Were being targeted? You know better than me. I am in the distance corner of the country but I have been observing all these things. Very very bad situation. What they are doing? Attacking thoroughly right and left democracy. And now attacking our constitution. I am not detailing all these things. They are thinking of rewriting. Rewrite our history. New culture they are trying to inculcate to our children. Those who cannot differ their mother and aunt they are trying to inculcate new culture, their culture. So-called Hindutva culture fascistic culture they have learned it from Mussolini learned it from Mussolini then Hitler if you read their literature you will find all these things. Mussolini is still their master. That way they are shaping their RSS. So main target is this. So in this situation what I am telling you see not the left alone yes left whatever strength they have equally not strong in each and every state in some states we have strength we may not win election but we can mobilize people people are there to listen us to those states and we should try our level best to stand them the left unity and pose the alternative to all this in a pragmatic manner. Don't say socialism at this moment but against the capitalist system that is in crisis that's why they are attacking democracy taking autocratic steps taking this fascistic measures this is the sign of ugly crisis of capitalist economy so in this situation it has to be destroyed alternative socialism there is no other alternative it is not a matter of dream it has to come because you have to change the relation between the productive force and productive relation this method this mood should be changed so all this cannot be brought until and unless ousting capitalist system from the state power and bringing the socialist system I don't like to detail all this since but at this moment from the pragmatic point of view the demands you should raise which you had on that one point of time even during British rule through a struggle those are being snatched one after another that should be stopped and prevented and try your level best to get back all these things economic demands trade union rights so in this situation left shall have to take special initiative to mobilize working class working people peasantry and agriculture workers they are the village proletariat so if unity between them is developed and it is solid then they will be able to draw the attention of the other sections of people the semi middle class middle class so this will be the core so left has to take this initiative but left should not close their eyes they shall have to open their eyes and try to mobilize other non-left non-BGP political parties they may not agree with the left on all questions it cannot be but that might be a limited space limited demands on democracy on also some economic aspects wherever there is agreement broadest possible unity of left and other democratic forces there should forced and they should unleash ceaseless struggle it is not monsoonal I would say in a humble manner ceaseless struggle is necessary and what I have said already alternative should be projected only just to return back get back the snatched demand that will not suffice need alternative and internationally now people have started thinking all these things socialist countries they have shown their metal in tackling this covid pandemic and also consolidating their economic situation even in this crisis alternative they have shown and non socialist countries too even in USA people have started thinking different way this capitalism imperialism and adopting facistic measure this is the ugly face of capital system we will not take care of the problem people have to start thinking after us start for thinking alternative thank you so much for talking to us and giving us information as well as perspectives on the way forward and that's all we have time for today keep watching us


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The most commonly used method for data collection in qualitative research is interviewing. With technology changes over the last few decades, the online interview has overcome time and financial constraints, geographical dispersion and physical mobility boundaries which have adversely affected onsite interviews. Skype as a synchronous online service offers researchers the possibility of conducting individual interviews as well as small focus groups comparable to onsite types. This commentary presents the characteristics of the Skype interview as an alternative or supplemental choice to investigators who want to change their conventional approach of interviewing. This article was authored by Roksana Jang Horban, Robab Latifnijad Rutsari and Ali Tagipur.