Hey all, what's up? My name is Denali. Welcome to a new weekly vlog. Technically this week is gonna be a little bit shorter because it was Memorial Day and I took the Monday off just because there was really nothing going on. But I wanted to start the morning off by making matcha and I want to try a new recipe. I went to this one matcha place in Austin last week and they put coconut water in their matcha and it tasted so good and I wanted to try to make it at home to see if it could come remotely close especially because they have some wonky hours so if I like wanted their matcha one day and they weren't open I'd be really sad so I want to try to make it at home. I don't have like all the ingredients because I know they have that blue magic powder in theirs but I don't think that makes it taste any different. I think it just like you know changes the color. I'll be honest I'm a little rusty at matcha making especially at home. I haven't done it in so long but I'm hoping this recipe will get me back into it so let's do it. Here's the matcha powder I'm going with today. I think my friend Sarah gave it to me but I never know how much powder I should put in because I remember the last time I made matcha it was actually so gross and I like matcha like I have the taste for it. I usually order it at you know coffee shops but I think I put a little too much matcha powder so actually first let's put some hot water in here. I think I'm just gonna do like half of this spoon. Okay so now I don't have the cool little matcha what's it called blender so I'm just gonna use this with this is the glass of choice today you guys know I'm obsessed with like my really funky glassware. This is from Amazon I can link it below and I also have a whole like folder on my Amazon storefront called unique glassware and there's so many cute freaking cups over there so if you guys are like me and you love some funky shapes definitely go check that out but I tried to whisk it to the best of my ability I don't know like the order of what I need to put in there but let's just get my coconut water out and my oat milk. All right so let's put in the matcha first there we go okay matcha is in. Next up we'll do coconut water I'm really hoping I can perfect this at home because that would be so nice. Yum okay I don't know how much I need to put but we're just gonna eye it the matcha is like pretty dark I feel like whenever I see other people make it it's a lot brighter and lighter but it says it's like yeah you can make smoothies with it so I'm guessing you can make yeah or the classic latte so whatever we'll see okay next up oh oh and usually coconut water has a sweetness to it so I'm hoping I don't need to use too much more sweetener all right I'm gonna need some space at the top in case we need anything else like more coconut water or something else it looks good pray for me all I'm going in for the taste test could use ice I think it just needs more sweetness so if I could get more sweetness in there which I do have simple syrup oh you know what maybe I'll try agave hopefully this does the trick I'm just trying to make it taste like that really good matcha I had but I wonder if they put just regular simple syrup in it it's like all at the bottom okay that's already so much better it honestly just needs a little bit more sweetness and then I can add ice once I drink it down okay not too shabby not too shabby we're gonna work on this together and once I perfect it I'm gonna come back and show you guys the perfected recipe maybe when I get like a little matcha whisk if you guys watched my last week in my life you guys saw that I got the apple ipad keyboard thing and I wanted to get this for mainly emails but also to do like notion and stuff if you guys don't know what that is it's pretty much like a note-taking app me and my assistant Anna have been working on just organizing my life a little bit more in notion so I'm trying to download it but it says I need to install an update so just doing that now click to install and then I do need to edit a video today but I feel like I have my makeup on and everything and I want to like actually um film some tiktoks almost as my matcha I think the agave definitely definitely made a difference it's currently six o'clock and I just filmed a tiktok and I really had to admit but that took me a way longer than I expected because it was like an outfit one and I wanted to like style some like outfits together and so you know obviously pulling the outfits and then changing into the outfits and now I have a big mess waiting for me to clean it up beautiful that's why I was like literally pushing off this specific tiktok but I got her done and I decided to film it on my camera today because I was filming it on my iphone and I noticed that it was like kind of like grainy you know how you like see like the spectacles kind of like coming alive I don't know how to explain it but I was like okay the lighting is just like not the best so I pulled out my light over there and then I was just like let's just film it on my camera because I have it so might as well use it um and so went well now I just have to edit it and I tried to like change my hair for all the frames just to make it look a little bit more interesting I feel like my hair is getting so long and I'm like so happy about it because I wanted to have long hair for the summer hey y'all it's Wednesday it's actually mid afternoon I had a grad shoot this morning it was actually at st edward and I've never shot there before it was a pretty small campus compared to ut um but it was also super freaking humid outside like it wasn't even that hot but just like so like gross and like wet feeling outside um and I also worked out before that came home did the smoothie I also made myself toast and then I have been editing my um memorial day weekend vlog so hopefully that can go up today and now I'm just filming some tech talks but I'm gonna do an amazon tech talk first and I wanted to share um what some of the pieces look like on my body because I think pretty much all of them I actually unboxed and I want to say like the last weekend vlog or the last week of my life but basically I didn't try them on so I thought I could do like a little try on session with you guys first step is this tube top which I feel like I've definitely tried on in one of the weekend vlogs because I think I was wearing it out but I swear I can't get enough of this like this is gonna be like my amazon top of the summer in the spring it was like that long sleeve green top and then last summer I remember I wore what shirt was it I can't remember now but I remember always gravitating towards like a certain amazon tank top so it's kind of just like a cycle I guess but this is it on I got a size large I definitely probably should have gotten a medium just because it does have some extra space especially if you're going to go out in it I did have to kind of pull it up every once in a while but it definitely wasn't horrible I mean it still fits like a charm um and it's not a bodysuit it's just a tank or a tube top so I just like tucked it in next up are these botega veneta dupes and they kind of have this like net material on the shoes which is perfect because I don't have my toes done and yeah they're really cool super unique looking but also like very neutral trying to like show you guys the way it tied it next up we have this beautiful flowy jumpsuit look how flowy it is I love it and you guys know I love the color it's just very flattering I feel like makes me look very slim very tall even though I'm just 5'3 I am pretty sure I got a large in this and all this will also be linked on my amazon storefront so definitely go check it out I'll link it in the description but the quality on this is really good because they have adjustable straps in the back and then also I like this texture in the back it's kind of like that ruching material and it just feels really comfortable last thing are these shorts and they remind me of the chino shorts from j crew I literally like begged my mom to get some for sorority recruitment and I got like one pair and I was so happy but these ones are a little bit thinner definitely more lightweight so perfect for summer um I'm pretty sure I got a size large in these as well just got off FaceTime with my friend Laura she was my roommate at UCF in college for like two years and we always have this like ketchup session that goes like so long and we're always trying to plan a trip and I'm just hoping it happens one day and I know it will this year it's gonna be this year I actually just purchased this from amazon um one of my friends from college actually Kailin she like snapchat us one day and she was like should I get the cloud perfume from Ariana Grande I'm like I don't I don't know and then like literally maybe a couple days after that I don't know who it was but somebody walked by me and I was like oh what perfume are you wearing because it like smelled really good they said this one I was like interesting and then I saw tiktok the other day of someone saying it's like their favorite scent ever and that they give so many compliments on it and I was like okay honestly I think it's time to make a little purchase so I got this and honestly I'm not a big perfume girl I have like a roll on scent that I got at Sephora one time but I never really remember to put it on okay honestly the packaging is like a little bit cheesy I'm not gonna lie I'm not a fan of the packaging but let's see if I still really like the scent because sometimes like the scent is something different on you rather than another person so I'm hoping it smells just the same and I hope I like it okay I like it but it's definitely not a me scent like it it has a hint of a grandma scent and I that's just not me but oh okay that's better this is just like a holder I guess okay that's a lot better without this thing I mean it's still kind of cool but yeah so the scent is not me I'm gonna see if Ryan likes it when he comes home because I'll be interested to see what his reaction is I usually go for like a citrusy what's it called not musty musky maybe scent which this is more of like this is definitely sweeter and and it does have like a musky smell so maybe that's why I like it but it's good it's just a little hint of a grandma and maybe this perfume will actually stay on me because I feel like perfumes I'll spray it and then I can't smell it and I'm just like what's the point of perfume opening up some jewelry from Goriana now this is my all-time favorite jewelry brand I have all my Goriana bracelets my earrings most of the time all my necklaces are from Goriana um and we work together pretty much every month I'd say not every single month but I love their jewelry okay so this is a little ring it's super basic but I thought it was so pretty it's the Sloan ring and it's just very like one size all around also both of these rings are from Goriana this kind of has a little bit of texture and then this one is definitely more expensive I actually bought this with my own money they have I don't know what these stones are definitely not diamonds um okay let's see which finger I have to put it on because actually all my fingers are really fat and I feel like no one goes up to like a nine these days like they're only all eights and my fingers like this is definitely a nine right here I think this one could probably fit in that doesn't feel horrible I'm just like worried if like my fingers swell up and then like what if it gets stuck on my finger my sister legit had to happen to her and we had to go to the ER when we were little to get it to wait a second wait oh okay we're good I literally thought this perfume had like glitter in it but then I realized that I literally like put glitter on my well not glitter it was like the dibs beauty stick that has like a highlight we're good that was scary I don't like glitter anyways so that's the ring and yeah she had to get it cut off very traumatic moment for her and me seeing it being cut off and then this one is the lou link bracelet and this is what that looks like so I think I'm gonna put this one on wait what the heck how do you get it on uh on the world it's not stretchy I like can't find a clasp I feel like I'm going insane already um very interesting I legit do not see a clasp anywhere on here and it's not like this thing is slimed on my wrist so very interesting I'm gonna figure that out because I really want to wear it I'm going to wind down Wednesday at Wunderlust it's like their downtown location has happy hour on Wednesdays and I believe the east side location has happy hour on Thursdays but I'm going to downtown because it's currently Wednesday and half off tap wine and it's really cool they had this thing in Orlando too it's called the wine room where you just like kind of like went up to each tap and you could like try as much as you want obviously you have to like pay for it how much ever you get it kind of like tracks it on a card super cool concept so I'm really excited to go back tonight and meet some new people because I'm going with a couple new girls so that shall be fun and then when I come back I want to like chill out and relax and do nothing yeah that just sounds really nice happy Thursday it is later in the day because this morning was pretty hectic I got up at like 6 30 because I had my official last grad shoot at 7am this morning and when I say official I feel like I've been telling you guys that I'm like done with grad season and technically I was at UT but I had two grad shoots in June that just were like not at UT so yesterday's would say Edwards then today's grad was graduating from Concordia nursing program so she wanted to just do it downtown now I'm officially done with grad season and I won't mention it again okay until next year or like literally November I think after my grad shoot I met up with my friend Andy for a little coffee date and whenever I say coffee I mean matcha or chai because I don't really drink coffee depending on like where I go I guess so we went to Merit and they actually had this strawberry matcha drink which was so yummy I was kind of like surprised because I thought like Merit was more of like a coffee shop like they wouldn't have that many like different kind of drinks that weren't coffee so I was shocked by that but very very happy and then I got my nails done because also another update is that I did buy a gel machine at home and I really really wanted it to work out and I really tried my hardest like you know painting my own nails but they were just so bumpy and I'm not gonna lie they like kind of were making me annoyed and I was just like I just need to get my nails done and it's like almost worth the investment for me to get my nails done so I think I just kind of came to that conclusion that doing the gel nails at home may not be for me but I'm not going to knock press-ons because I still love press-ons especially the olive and june ones but I haven't done press-ons in a while just because I kind of want my nails to be like gel or like dip I think I'm gonna get dipped the next time but I went to get my nails done because my toes have not been done for like a week and I could not go another day without getting my toes done because like literally yesterday when I was picking on my outfit I just had to wear closed-o shoes and I didn't really have that many cute closed-o shoes to wear so I was like okay I need to get my nails done then I came home I showered and we actually just went to specs to get some more tequila for tonight so tonight is first Thursdays which I've never been to one I've always heard about it I've always seen it on social media but I think it's at South Congress hotel it's basically like a little party every first Thursday of the month um and I kind of compare it no I don't even know if this would be a good comparison but like in my hometown Roswell Georgia they do like an alive after five in historic Roswell so like you know the whole like city comes out and just like has a lot of vendors and stuff like that I'm not really sure if that's gonna be yeah this is because I think this is more of like a party party so I'm very excited for tonight because all my friends are gonna be together and I feel like we haven't been together in a group in a while here is the life update I decided to stay in my apartment because there are so many factors honestly so couple of the reasons why I'm staying in my apartment is because I tried looking at other places and they're either ugly super small still really expensive not even that much closer to the city like there was just so many reasons that I should just stay here we also didn't want to like change my address on a ton of forms that I have for like my business and stuff and I personally think like if I would have like moved somewhere else or I don't want to say downgrade in my lifestyle but like that's kind of how I felt I really believe in manifesting in the abundance mindset so if I pretty much downgrade in my lifestyle I feel like I wouldn't get I don't know how to say this I feel like I wouldn't grow it's so hard to explain it's so hard it's so weird but basically what I'm saying is I really do you want to stay here I love living here I painted the walls white and I'm really thankful that I can't afford it even though I don't want to pay that much for rent um so yeah we're staying here and that is that so I'm really happy about it I literally just signed Belize and I just got a text from the person who made my headboard we got our headboard custom made I'll put like a video or a picture here it was this beautiful hair and bone um headboard I saw like a bunch of pictures online and I didn't know where to buy it and I thought maybe it'd be more affordable to have someone make it for us so I reached out to this guy again to see if he could make me some shelves for this office to put like literally right behind my head I think I reached out to him like a week or two ago and he just said that they're done I ordered the brackets and these shelves are not cheap and holy shit like I don't even I don't I don't know like I want to house so bad but like I can't even imagine what everything costs like if I wanted to do renovations if these shelves were like not very cheap you know what I mean like okay these are just like wooden pieces I mean it's probably like beautiful and he probably did a really good job and I know this guy takes his time because our headboard is like literally stunning but if these shelves are expensive I can't imagine what like tearing down a whole wall or like redoing the whole kitchen would cost like it's mind-blowing so I am kind of happy I'm living in an apartment for a little bit longer just so I could like not have to think about that kind of stuff um but anyways he is gonna come over and install them and I'm just like really hoping that they look good so I actually just set up my tripod so that I can like kind of measure where I want the first one to start because in my sit-down videos I want it to like show you know and the reason why I'm getting these shelves is because it's almost like an investment for my videos especially my TikToks because I feel like this white wall is just too plain like I really like having a plain white wall but a lot of the time the content that I'm personally attracted to is the ones that like kind of show personality like in the background so like whether that's like a really colorful bedroom or your nice aesthetic picture frames and stuff like that so I just feel like I wanted to show more of that so I am so excited to show you guys what they look like because I personally have not seen them in person so I'm really hoping they turn out good because again that's not cheap so praying praying that they turn out good I sent him like inspo pictures and everything um and then I think we went with white oak wood so please god let them be beautiful beautiful shelves and worth my investment um so yeah this is not the lens that I usually use but I thought I could just see what it looks like I usually put my camera over here and then what I feel like like is that too low to start a shelf you know I didn't think the wall was that far back um no actually I don't think that's too low I have two shelves so they're like long ass shelves and I'm a little worried that I made them too long but hopefully not and I need to make sure this is where I want my couch I think it is but I want you know the shelves obviously to be very symmetrical to the couch um so one would go here and then I want like a good amount of space between the other shelf because I don't know how big like I haven't really bought anything to like style the shelves with so I don't know how much space I need I guess if I needed to do like a bigger vase I could put it on the top one um but I need Ryan's help so he could like mark it for me and then I can like see it but well because these pillows are so big I don't want these to like be blocking like part of the shelves and maybe like up here a little bit I asked him to make the shelves like three inches deep so I'm thinking it's that thick I think I guess we'll have to see but I should probably get dressed because I don't I don't even know what I'm wearing didn't my makeup it's very glowy I did like highlighter I feel like I never do highlighter anymore I'm kind of sad because he brought up the shelves and they weren't like the color that I really wanted and I felt really bad telling him that even though like I am paying a lot of money for these shelves and I literally gave him so many inspo pics like I did kind of want that like raw look so basically he asked what finish I wanted there was like a matte semi gloss gloss whatever I said the matte one and first of all it ended up looking like a lot shinier than it I thought that matte would look and also it turned it so much darker than the original picture that he sent me so I was like okay I just really just don't like the color like I'm paying so much for this white oak wood and it literally looks like a school bookshelf like I don't know how to describe it other than that um so it just like wasn't the vibe I was going for so I asked if he could just sand it off and just make it look like raw and so he took him back he did put up the brackets though because he had all of this stuff already with him so it's like you can just put the brackets in the wall um because I don't think sanding them down should take that long hopefully he said they'll be here by Saturday because we're leaving on Sunday to go out of town so we'll see and I'll give you guys an update I guess in the next vlog whenever um they come I know it'll be worth the wait I'm so excited to like style them and now that's like the next thing I have to do I'm gonna just buy a lot of stuff from probably either Amazon or like CB2 I love CB2 like trinkets and stuff they're so expensive but I mean they're really good quality so I'm just gonna look and see what I can find but now it is time to party I sound so stupid saying that but it is 552 I think I'm meeting my friends at 6 30 slash probably leaving our houses like 6 30 um and I have no idea what to wear I want to dress cool I don't want to be basic but like wash my outfit be super basic whatever I got these topochico margarita hard seltzers they're like the new ones they're just like margarita flavors and I wanted to do a taste test with all of them do you want to do it with me Ryan? little taste test there are four flavors in here there's a signature margarita we have strawberry hibiscus tropical pineapple and then prickly pear I feel like this is such a trendy flavor slash trendy scent and I don't even know what the fuck prickly pear is like do we eat these like I don't even know all right let's get to taste testing don't want to break a nail prickly pear is that classic? classic marg I think my favorite strawberry hibiscus the pineapple one tastes like a regular topochico salsa did you agree with that? yeah it's just like very familiar I can't talk already drunk after a four sip which one you like best? I think the first one I'm trying yeah this one all right this is the winner strawberry hibiscus I kind of like the mid-order actually do you try them? really? here's my outfit of the night now my room my closet my bathroom is a tornado because when I start to drink I just want to like throw everything everywhere that I don't want in front of me I don't even know I just like make the house a tornado so great got some stuff to clean up I feel like I'm such a lightweight like I think I drank one of those and I'm really feeling it like really feeling it but that's great so um also he sanded my shelves already he said when can I come back over yeah he's coming at nine so I can show you guys in tomorrow's what no no 9 a.m. I can show you guys tomorrow the shelves I'm so excited okay first Thursday here we come literally my first first Thursday okay I'm gonna stop him I think I'm drunk this morning and I also got my shelves back sanded them down last night and was able to bring them really early this morning so I am so happy with it I'm gonna show you guys right after but first I wanted to do an amazon unboxing because I purchased some really cute sunglasses I've actually had a few of these before and I have no idea where they went so I repurchased them but they're like so cheap that I was like okay why not some of the other things I'm gonna be unboxing are kind of random but I saw them and I was like okay I need this so starting off with downy wrinkle release I just had to see two tech talks about this and I was sold steaming it's definitely time consuming and annoying so when I saw this I was like okay I need that um especially for like bed spreads and stuff there's this one um girl in tech talks she does like the cleaning videos and she was the one that posted the video and it was like a wrinkled sheet she sprayed a little bit like kind of like stretched it out and they were completely gone I was kind of like shook by it so I wanted to try it out for myself I think that's all that was in there okay next up I was also influenced by this from tiktok and this is an apple watch band but it's just like a solo strap so basically you hook it onto your apple watch and you can just slide it onto your hand literally every morning I hate putting my apple watch on because you have to like buckle it in and it kind of like irritates my skin sometimes it gets itchy so then I have to like redo it while I'm working out so I thought this was the coolest freaking thing I don't know why I hadn't seen it sooner but I feel like this is going to change the game and actually make me want to put on my apple watch more often and then I got some sunglasses like I said I got kind of a lot of them or I think I only got three but that's kind of a lot so these are actually ones that I haven't gotten before I was very intrigued by just the coloring on them because they're this tortoise color on the outsides this is what they look like on I love oversized sunglasses and yeah I think they're really cute okay so I got those and then I actually got this same pair but just like a normal pair or a normal colorway just black and gold here is like the original colorway just black and gold like I said same exact style just different colorways and then I got one more pair of sunglasses these are like my favorite style of sunglasses and I was like so upset when I couldn't find them but that is why I purchased amazon with sunglasses I swear I wasn't even drunk last week but I misplaced my sunglasses and I looked everywhere for them and I can't find them so kind of sad but here are these sunglasses these are a little bit smaller and a lot more rounded and these are kind of like that Ray Ban Duke sunglasses which are so cute I think these are like my go-to my favorite pair of sunglasses for sure I probably should have gotten two of these to be honest like one for my car one for like everyday outfits I guess well I guess I'll be no one for my car one for Ryan's car I feel like I'll be smarter but I'm gonna link all these sunglasses they'll be on my amazon storefront but I'll put direct links if you guys want to check those out and then this is kind of random I got like a cuticle cutter because I feel like I'm just getting random hang nails and I cannot find mine so I thought I was just Amazon Prime it Amazon's just a little too easy these days but anyways I'll link everything again on my storefront and there's so many good like summer pieces that I just added to my storefront in like the swim and summer section so definitely be sure to check that out especially if you're like going on vacation soon which I am and I need to start ordering clothes like I was thinking of doing a shop with me video I don't know if you guys would be interested in that my style has definitely changed over the past few years I feel like my price ranges have kind of changed too because now that I have you know my own money I get to spend it however I want while I always kind of like had a job adult money is definitely different than just having like a part-time job in college so anyways I have some editing to do I filmed a lot this morning and now I'm gonna put it all together and also make some edits on another sponsored TikTok that I had submitted um they just like sent me the edits and so I want to get that done and ready to go and then I actually just made a reservation at Joy in the domain I don't think I was vlogging this day when we tried it out for the first time but it was a really good sushi restaurant again it's Joy J O I and so we're gonna go back there because you know you guys know I'm always craving sushi I'm never gonna say no to it I got a lot of editing done but there's just so much to do I feel like I need to pack today because we're celebrating one of my friend's birthdays tomorrow and I'm doing a photo shoot in the morning and we might be celebrating her birthday at the evening too but it's okay I'm trying to stay calm because I got my shelves look how stunning they are like this is going to make such a big difference in my room and just like the background for my videos my TikToks and you can even see them in the mirror for outfit of the days I feel like this is going to be a game changer once I figure out how to style these so I want to be kind of like transparent with how much they cost I think I paid they were a thousand dollars and I always thought like going to an independent person just like freelance kind of thing would charge less but and and I know he probably did but the materials you know they they definitely cost some money because I went with white wood he showed me like maple and white or not white wood white oak and I was like okay I'm gonna you know get these shelves made let's go all out so I got white oak and yesterday like I said he put it like a matte finish on it and it turned out to be really glossy you know a lot darker than what this looks like it was not even near this color like I square it was just it it looks like two completely different shelves in different woods and so I asked him to sand him down and he did and this is exactly what I wanted I'm so happy it like matches pretty much all the wood in my room and it's just gonna look so good I just again need to figure out how to style them so I think I'm gonna take a picture and like when I'm home maybe go through Amazon and kind of like Photoshop it to see what like looks good um but if you guys have any tips for styling shelves let me know because I'm gonna need out let me show you some close-ups at the shelves please don't mind my dying plant I just kind of put it there to see what it would look like um but this is what the wood looks like up close it is so freaking pretty he said that because he sanded you know the finish off it might stain or like get dirty but he said you could just like sand it off I'm really happy with how they turned out and basically how I justified the price is that I know these shelves could be brought to any other house any other apartment that I ever go to and they definitely have like a more classic look so even though they are like trendy I also feel like they won't go out of style like I said before we're gonna have a date night we're gonna get sushi and this is my outfit of the night I got this top I think before I went to Italy from Abercrombie and Fitch and at first I didn't like it but I think it's like really flattering I really like it now so I don't know why I didn't take it with me but I also have these jean shorts from Topshop I love A-line shorts I think that's what they're called when they like kind of flare out they're just so flattering and also so comfortable because they're not like hugging you like look how much space I have to just wiggle around and then I have my favorite Dolce Vida shoes at the moment I have a task for you can you figure out how to get this on me I still have not figured it out it's a bracelet do you see a clamp no they all have that I'm like I literally don't see a clamp wait what you see one yeah I know that's what I'm saying but I can't just slide that on my my wrist Ryan I knew you could figure it out you are a smart cookie you know that yay we got home a little bit ago and I've been just pulling outfits because tomorrow I have a shoe I'm doing some branding minis and we rented our studio space and I have some time to take my own photos which is really nice because I've been wanting and needing branding photos for so long just been kind of putting it off just because I don't really feel like that great about myself and I was trying to wait for that but since we have the studio space rented I was like why not I literally pulled like 12 different outfits so I'm not sure if we'll have time for all of them and if I'll even have the energy to do all of them but I wanted to just bring them in case I do um and I know I've been like really really needing these photos for stuff like media kits and just the social profiles I feel like I use those same pictures for years as my profile picture and banner photos so it's going to be good to have like just updated like high quality photos and my friend again is going to come help take photos of me and then I'm going to take some of her and we're also going home for a week back to Georgia and so I'm going to get to see my family just do some hometown things eat at my favorite sushi restaurant in Atlanta so if you want to see content in real time you can follow me on instagram or tiktok both are so underscore gnarly without the g and I will see y'all in the next vlog bye


from Korea to Germany, from Alaska to Puerto Rico. All over the world, the United States Army is on the alert to defend our country, you the American people against aggression. This is the big picture, an official television report to the nation from the United States Army. Now to show you part of the big picture, here is Sergeant James Mansfield. Welcome to the big picture. Today, we bring you the story of another famous infantry division, the Seventh. Fighting its way across the South Pacific, from Quagelain to Leyte, and finally Okinawa. It brought the war to the front door of Japan. Later in the program, Colonel Quinn will review for you some of the elements necessary to effect an infantry operation So now for more about the program, we take you to the office of Colonel William W. Quinn. How do you do, ladies and gentlemen? On our last program, we were extremely fortunate to have with us Mr. Doug Larson of Scripps Howard and Sergeant Francis Porter of the United States Army, both noted the war correspondence in Korea. I'm sure that those of you who saw the program are convinced that, as I am, that press coverage of a combat unit increases its combat effectiveness and efficiency. There are other elements that have to do with this combat efficiency and effectiveness, and I'd like to discuss them with you later. But right now, let's look in on the Seventh United States Division. Seventh Scrape and the Seventh Down Black on red. The shoulder patch of the Seventh Infantry Division. My outfit. They call us the Hourglass Division. You can see why. There's something else about an hourglass that fits the Seventh. It's got sand in it. They say a guy with fighting guts has sand in his claw. The Seventh has sand in his claw, right? We proved that for certain. But in the fall of 42, the sand was mostly in our hair. We'd been training in California, and when Ramo began playing foxy in Africa, we got introduced to camel climate. When we left the desert training center, we needed a bath. We got it. Amphibious training off the California coast. Then it was up to Frisco for the Mediterranean cruise. But Africa was not our destination. Ramo was scampering for Tunis, and we were needed elsewhere. We shipped out in April of 43. The convoy went through the Golden Gate, took a sharp right turn, and aimed for the North Star. Ahead was Alaska, the Aleutians, and the Jap. Hirohito's little men had pried open the back door to America, and were crawling over the Arctic Bridge, taking Kiska and Attu. We were supposed to slam that back door and lock it. Attu was first. Way out on the bitter end of the Aleutian Fog Factory. That every man carried a one-each hollow feeling in the pit of his stomach on that trip to the beach. Our division commander was General Brown. The hourglass was turned. The sand was running through. The seventh had gone to war. We didn't know much about Attu. Most of the places on it were named later for our heroes. But the plan called for the main force to land on Blue Beach and push up Massacre Valley to Jarman Pass, where they'd meet the northern force working down from Red Beach above Holtz Bay. Then, together, we'd go after the enemy around their main camp at Chachagov Harbor. The first wave got ashore at Blue Beach without any trouble. They moved up Massacre Valley. Other waves followed, lugging their equipment by hand over the snow and tundra. The northern force sneaked ashore at Red Beach, hauled their gear up a 20-foot cliff, and started around Holtz Bay. The artillery worked over the snowy hills. The fight had begun. The Japs were dug in high up on the mountains, and the elevators weren't running. The main force got the Jarman Pass the first day. A week later, it was still there. But the northern force had been fighting their way along Holtz Bay, and that put us on both sides of the pass, so the Japs took off to the east. We joined our line then and chased them over Robinson Ridge, and Serrana Nose, and Fish Ridge, and threw Levacy Pass into a tight, hard pocket around Chachagov. We began to learn about war, how it feels to get hit, and how frozen feet can be just as bad. We learned the price of victory. We learned about heroism, private Joe Martinez, for advancing alone to inspire his battalion, the Medal of Honor, posthumously. We learned about banzai charges. One night, 500 screaming Japs threw a flying wedge down Jimfish Valley. We cleaned up the mess, moved into Chachagov, and the battle was over. After 19 days and 2,300 enemy dead. This was the first American soil retaken from the Jap Invader. The back door to America was closed and bolted. We said goodbye to the Northern Lights then, and headed south, but we didn't go home. The next stop, Hawaii. A little fun, chance to thaw out, and practice on lending craft of a different sort. Then some training that was guaranteed to teach you or else. We wanted this training, believe it or not, because on our tour we'd learned what any Boy Scout can tell you. It pays to be prepared. But Uncle Sam was busy shopping for Pacific real estate at the end of 43, and some unwanted tenants had to be evicted, so the 7th Division packed its duffel and headed out to take possession. The address, Quajalan Atoll, in the Marshall Islands. We had the southern loop of the Atoll, including the island of Quajalan. With the preliminary soften up aimed at the main island, we pulled a sneak play to the weak side. On D-Day and the night before, we sent forces to capture the lightly defended Outer Islands. The strategy worked so well that the whole invasion was later called a near-perfect operation. By afternoon, we had commanded the channel into the central lagoon, and our artillery was setting up on Carson Island, getting the range on Quajalan. D-Day plus 1, February 1st of 44, we turned our attention to Quajalan, a strip of coral shaped like a banana. The artillery could help us from Carson. We were landing from the seaside on the southern tip. The island was divided up the middle. Two regiments were assigned. Each regiment got half a banana and three days to peel it. At dawn, the Navy, the artillery in the 7th Air Force started dumping explosives on that little island until we thought it would sink. For the second time, the hourglass was turned. The 7th Division was moving in force. The Amtracks bumped over the coral reef and headed for shore. The Navy moved their fire then, but the artillery kept shooting until we wondered if they'd been told about the landing. That was the plan. We crossed the beach right through the smoke. The artillery shells walked down the island three steps ahead of us. It was supposed to be jungle warfare, but the jungle had gone with the wind of the heavy bombardment. It was battle in 1,000 acres of city dump.  It was like taking pins out of a new shirt. There was always one left to stick you in the back. Tanks had rough going in the beat-up terrain. We crossed the airstrip and saw why this stepping stone was needed for our road back to the Philippines. We didn't do all this without getting hurt, but our casualties were light. Prisoners were few, mostly Korean laborers at Marshall Islands. While two regiments of the division were cleaning up Kwajalein, the other regiment and the recon troop were picking off the other islands in our sector. At the end, we had more than a dozen islands, and the Emperor had lost the first bit of his pre-war stock of Pacific bases. General Corlett led the 7th in this fight. Before we left, we said goodbye to some buddies. Been a busy week. We went back to Hawaii for some more training. And a parade we didn't mind at all for the Chief. General Arnold took over the division in Hawaii. That's him standing by the car. We had two fights under our wet belts, and we felt sharp. We even managed to look sharp. Maybe we were. Listen to this. Officers and men of the 7th Division, I've heard much what the 7th Division has done. We're all proud of the 7th in what it has done and what it is doing. Another reason why I give you all the good luck in the world. But things were moving fast in those days, and it wasn't long before we were back at sea wondering where we'd been booked for our next appearance. After a switch in plans, it turned out we were going with MacArthur on his famous return to the Philippines. We were making our entrance at Laity. Once more, the hourglasses were going into action on the southern flank of the invasion spearhead. This was our toughest beachhead. The Japs knew if we got a foothold in the Philippines. It was the beginning of the end for them. We knew it too. We fought west through the matted jungle, took the airstrip, went into Dulac, then on to Barawa, north to Degami. Our first mission on Laity was completed against the infamous Japanese 16th Division. The death march out of Bataan was their idea. This was lesson three in our study of world climates.  We were liberators now, and in every town we got a reception. Even the animals were friendly. Off our important beach supply, the Japs made a desperate bid in Laity Gulf. There was a close call, but our Navy landed a Sunday punch from which the Imperial Fleet never recovered. Some of our carriers were lost. Their planes flew over to Laity and landed on the unfinished airstrips. Thanks to Navy men like this, our beach areas were secure. After Degami, the 7th Division got orders to turn south, sweep the lower part of the island and move to the west coast. Final objective, Ormagh. Those were big orders. Skirting the central mountains, we pushed south to Aboyard, beating the Japs their own game of hide and seek in the sloppy jungle. The Division spread out over Southern Laity and swept westward. One regiment got the job of securing a jump off point for the attack north to Ormagh. Through continual rainstorms and across dozens of streams, their supplies came up from Aboyard. Through nine days and nights of Banzai charges, they held their area against superior Jap forces, until the rest of the Division could catch up. Then the whole corps converged on Ormagh. Another Division landed from the sea and captured the town. We closed up the gap from the south and took over from them. We mopped up the west coast and the mountains to the east, and the Komodi Islands nearby. That was the end of Laity. All told, we'd covered 2,000 square miles of jungle and counted 15,000 dead Japs. That took us to the end of February. And less than a month later, we were back aboard ship and on the way to our next appointment. About the only place left to go in early 45 was Japan itself. We almost made it. Okinawa. At this time, the hourglass was really turned. The 7th was going into its toughest fight. We were still with the 24th Corps, but now under the 10th Army. Am tanks and Am tracks brought the first waves ashore on the Higushi beaches. It was April Fool's Day, but the Japs didn't pull any tricks. There was practically no opposition. We took the Kadina Airstrip, about one jump ahead of the engineers with their bulldozers and graders. We saw a race across the island. We saw a few Japs, but they weren't in force. They planned to fight it looked like they'd choose their own time and place. We were invaders now, and the civilians couldn't be trusted. Even the ones that smiled looked pretty. The 7th Division won the race to the east coast. In two days, we'd cut the island in half. Then we turned south as the left flank of the advancing line. The advancing got tougher. It was going to make a stand, all right, and on their own terms. They were waiting for us in prepared positions. We faced more Arturi, more Japs, and more rough fighting than we'd ever faced before. We battled yard by yard through the rugged hill country. Skyline Ridge, Hill 178, Rocky Craigs, Hill 196. It was tough, dirty, and deadly. In 12 days of continuous attack, the 24th Corps smashed the Machinato-Oki line, but the worst was yet to come. We found ourselves up against the real backbone of the Okinawa defense. The Shuri Line. Solid fortifications. Fancy cave systems. This would take some doing. The 10th Army began an all-out drive.  Full scale. Kamikazis went for the supporting fleet. Somehow, the Navy handled that. They launched attacks all down the line with Arturi support. That hurt, but we took it. Their beach landings failed. Then it was our turn. Along the front, the word was attack. Full steam ahead for the whole 10th Army. After 41 days of combat, the 7th was given a 10 days rest. We read up on stories of thrilling adventure and saw movies of Hedy Lamar. To our cemetery came General Buckner, 10th Army commander to pay his respect to that push on Shuri. The Japs were tough, but not that tough. The 7th turned the flank of the Shuri Line with a vicious thrust through Yanobiru. The line crumbled and the Japs retreated south. Yanobiru. The 7th Division passed this way. There was still more to Okinawa. We took the Chenin Peninsula. In spite of rain and mud made the going sticky and kept the tanks to the roads. We slogged on and found a wall of cliffs. The Yeju Daki escarpment. Honeycombed with caves. Flame tanks were good for those. The Japs had the top of that hill there. Hill 95. But this was the 7th Division. We ran a hose up the side, pumped napkin and set it afire. Then we went up and took the hill. There we pushed south toward the last Japs stronghold at Mabuni. With a sea at their backs, the nips began to surrender in droves. Some were holding the leaflets that guaranteed safe passage. They came in all types and in all sizes. With victory certain, General Buckner was killed. But his job had been done. Okinawa was ours. To take over the 10th Army then came Uncle Joe Stillwell. Who had been our 1st Division Commander. It was a nice time for reunion. Then suddenly the war was over. Celebration. But there was still another landing for the 7th to make. Korea. This time the reception was different. The Jap guns were loaded, but they weren't pointed at us. We hoped. We marched into Seoul to stand by at the surrender and do a little changing of flags. The sun shone brighter when they ran old glory up to the top of the pole. At the 38th parallel, they stationed the 7th to guard this outpost of freedom. We had won the privilege. 14,000 miles around the Pacific. Hattu, Kwajalein, Lattie, Okinawa. Four times they turned the hourglass. Four beaches, four battles. Four victories. That's my outfit. The 7th Division. I'd like to take a few minutes to discuss with you some of those elements which we discussed earlier which make the man with the rifle a formidable person. The first of these of course has to do with training. The infantrymen must be well trained. He must be in excellent physical condition and he must have developed or learned those elements. Are those things which maintain for him his self-preservation in combat. The second element of course is one of leadership. Soldiers must have good leaders and they in turn must be well trained. The third but probably one of the more important elements has to do with pride of unit. A pride of unit is a hard thing to explain except that it means the outfit and that men will do practically anything for the outfit and in battle when they feel that pride. I asked many of my men just why they did take hills just why they did keep on going and why they fought and many other questions along that line and this was their answer. First the outfit. When men belong to a hard-hitting close-knit military organization there is a great feeling of mutual confidence and as I say they stayed the outfit is number one the number one reason to the buddy. Within a foxhole where two men are together and undergoing the same set of circumstances there develops a very unusual relationship one in which the ties are very close and in some instances greater than that of blood. The third is anti-communism in the sense that these men my men felt that well if we have to fight this thing it's a lot better to fight it somewhere else than in our own backyard and it has to be eliminated. But coming back to the pride again it's a very difficult thing to develop pride I think probably my outfit in the 17th we accomplished it in a great measure by having every man written about well that's about it for today. Ladies and gentlemen next week winds up our blue badge series I believe that our last program however will be very interesting in that we're going to trace for you the evolution of the rifleman from 1776 until the present day we're also going to have for you the story of the famed blue and gray division the 29th infantry division so until we meet again ladies and gentlemen this is Colonel Quinn speaking for the combat infantryman who asked you to look twice at the man who wears the blue badge it's the mark of a man. The big picture is a weekly television report to the nation on the activities of the army at home and overseas produced by the signal corps pictorial center presented by the US Army in cooperation with this station you can be an important part of the big picture you can proudly serve with the best equipped the best trained the best fighting team in the world today the United States Army


The present review outlines recent progress in the study of exosomes, which are nanosized biovesicles released by cells that carry cell-specific cargos and can be taken up by neighboring or distant cells to reprogram them. Exosome research is focused on understanding their regulatory mechanisms, molecular composition, and potential users' diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers and vehicles for drug and gene delivery. Further in-depth study of subcellular components and mechanisms involved in exosome formation and specific cell targeting will shed light on their physiological activities. This article was offered by Yuan Zhong, Yunfeng Liu, Haiying Liu, and others.


Good morning Mr. Hello, I have got a basic doubts about the isentropic process and adiabatic process. In the equation delta S is equal to DQ upon DT and DQ is 0 and delta S is also 0. How we can differentiate between these two properties? Can you clarify this? This is an absolutely basic question about entropy. Our definition of entropy, remember definition of entropy is always a differential definition that is Ds is DQ by T. But with the condition that this DQ interaction must be for a reversible process element or for a reversible process. This is definition. I can put it as remember again definition. Then we have shown using the inequality in the inequality part of Clausius inequality that for any process reversible or otherwise Ds is greater than or equal to DQ by T. So you can say this is definition of Ds. This is a consequence of the second law through the Clausius inequality. So that means that even when DQ is 0, DQ is 0 means only the right hand side is 0. So this will be 0 if DQ is 0 that means for an adiabatic process. But remember because of this greater than or equal to sign, this means that Ds is greater than or equal to 0 for an adiabatic process. And remember that because of this greater than sign, even when DQ is 0, Ds need not be 0. It can be greater than 0 and in fact for real life processes it will be greater than 0. Because equal to 0 means a reversible process which is very difficult to implement in practice. Over to you. Sir, in the steady flow energy equation, we have got the terms kinetic energy and potential energy which is divided by GC that is a local gravitational force. And we are assuming that GC is equal to 1 for all altitude whether it is a correct or a GC is going to change the side for the altitude is correct. Over to you sir. The question is you ask something like GC. My question is what is GC? I have never seen it and I have never used it in this thing. Our first law equation in the reasonably general form we wrote is DECV by DT is Q dot minus W dot plus m dot i H i plus V i squared by 2 plus G z i minus m dot e H e plus V e squared by 2 plus G z i. There is no GC which I see here. The G only which I see here is the local acceleration due to gravity. But that too when I write it like this G z i and G z e it is expected that the Z i and Z e are not what you say not very different from each other. So, that the local acceleration due to gravity can be considered uniform. But if you set up a open thermodynamic system say going from the surface of the earth to say you know the geosynchronous orbit something like 36000 kilometers then naturally this model of G z i G z e will not work. But write it as delta e p this is the specific gravitational potential energy at Z i this will be the specific gravitational potential energy at Z e and then use the appropriate variation of G as it goes from Z i to Z e and you will still be correct. But there is remember there is no place for anything called GC in this equation over to you. This is regarding 0 degree Celsius and 0 Kelvin or whatever we assume 0 degree Celsius is 0 energy level and from steam table we get the energy levels above 0 degree Celsius. If for convenience we have taken 273.16 as a triple point and is it ok that my idea is at 0 Kelvin 0 energy level for all the substance on the earth is 0. Is it correct? See thermodynamics defines only changes in energy. So it is never right to say for example at 0 degree C energy or thermal energy of water is 0 that is not true because we never say that energy is 0 we always talk of the change in energy. So correct way to say is at 0 degree C the thermal energy of water is taken as a reference and the reference value is set to 0 that too for algebraic convenience. For example if you take your steam tables you have values of U values of H and values of S and you come to table 3 table 2 the very first line in that. Notice that at triple point 0.01 Celsius the specific internal energy for the liquid phase U f is 0 that is defined to be marked in this table the three points temperature of 0.01 degree C then U f of 0.00 and S f of 0.000 these are defined values at the triple point of water U f and S f for the liquid phase and 0.01 degree C for all three phases because it is the triple point. So but this 0 is arbitrary it is only for convenience if you feel like it and if your favorite number is say 14.97 for some reason just add 14.97 to all values of U here all values of U not just that U f value of 0 add your favorite number to all values of U and since your H is U plus P V that number will have to be added to H also and then absolutely nothing will go wrong your steam table will differ from other people's steam table but finally you will need only the values of delta U and delta H and those will not change because in the initial state as well as final state you have added a certain number in its energy value and same thing is true of S f S f also as an independent reference. So all over the steam table if you add your favorite number to S f whether positive or negative nothing goes wrong because all problems finally require only delta S but you also asked about 0 Kelvin so what is true for water is also true for other material in fact 0 Kelvin is only a derived or a created number in our thermodynamic scale unlike 0 C which was defined at some stage as the as a fixed point on the Celsius scale 0 K is not a defined temperature it is a temperature which is extracted out of the definition over to you now over to you why see college on a course for my good morning to you my question is what is the limitation of mass flow rate of steam extraction in the regeneration of steam power plant has it got any relation with the pump characteristics the question is what is the limit on the mass flow extraction from steam power plant and does it have anything to do with the pump characteristic yesterday I showed you only what is known as a contact heater which requires two pumps for that single is extraction which I showed the remember that an extraction reduces the specific output and if you do a detailed analysis it turns out that where you extract and how much you extract affects the efficiency and if you do some calculations you will find that there is a certain pressure for given parameters of the cycle like boiler exit state and condenser pressure there is a certain pressure at which the extraction should be taken and a certain rate of extraction which maximizes the efficiency so it has nothing to do with pump characteristic it has something to do with the properties of steam itself and the way the cycle is laid out in the applied thermodynamic not even in the applied thermodynamic course we have a third course known as steam turbines and gas turbines in which these detailed calculations of the optimals of various types of cycles and various extraction I considered only one extraction in an actual power plant there are anywhere between for a small power plant there will be one but for a large power plant there may be as many as seven or eight extraction five and six extractions are very common and one can go through an optimization process which optimizes or maximizes the energy for this. Derivations are possible but those are very tedious derivations because the equation of state for water vapor and water is not simple over to you. Thank you sir over and out. Good morning Sivakasi over to you one question please over. Good morning sir please. Can you explain about STP and NTP over to you. Okay the question is about STP and NTP these are defined P and T for reference states and depending on who you are whether you are a physicist and the chemist and what you are doing the values will be slightly different I have seen the pressure being one atmosphere that is the one standard atmosphere which is 1.01325 bar sometimes it is one bar similarly temperature I have seen 0 degrees C 0.01 degrees C 25 degrees C 30 degrees C and 300 Kelvin when you say STP and NTP find out from that field and that textbook what is the definition but if you take if we are doing thermodynamic calculations assuming either this and this or this and this is a good approximation if you do not know that because those are the most common values I find these days over to you. Thank you sir. Amal Jyoti Kerala good morning over to you. Sir my question is air is compressed to 200 bar then cooled to atmospheric temperature if the diesel is sprayed at this point will it ignite over to you. No the question is air is compressed to 100 bar then cooled to atmospheric temperature that means you have air at 100 bar and say the ambient temperature say 300 K then you want to ignite air I do not think why should it ignite just because it is at a high pressure temperature but maybe I misunderstood the question over to you. Sir if the diesel sprayed at this point. Oh the question is whether the diesel is sprayed at that point one has to do the so you have ambient temperature and high pressure diesel is unlikely to ignite because you will just have some kinetic energy of the diesel spray you need the you know the temperature to be above the flash point and if the diesel temperature is ambient I think it is unlikely to ignite that is my feeling but I am not really sure what will happen that is my feeling over to you. Sir another question from our side my question is that we have got petrol engines and diesel engines and for heavy duty applications we are making use of diesel engines why would not we go for petrol engine over to you sir. For heavy duty applications you require not only heavy power but also heavy torque and when it comes to very large power if you determine the mean effective pressure which leads to the compactness of the engine you will find that a diesel engine has slightly or reasonably high mean effective pressure than a typical petrol engine that happens because diesel engines can work at much higher compression ratios in fact they need much higher compression ratios than petrol engines. In petrol engines we cannot increase the compression ratio because then you have a problem of pre-ignition remember that in a petrol engine we must initiate the process of combustion by a spark if we do not use a spark but compress it to a higher temperature petrol vapor will ignite by itself and that will not be under our control we need control on ignition because of this the compression ratio of petrol gets restricted to around 10 maximum whereas compression ratio for diesel can go to as high as 22-23 this gives a diesel engine a higher mean effective pressure that means they become more compact and hence for high powers like transportation and heavy equipment a diesel engine happens to be the default choice over to you. Sir we have another question sir give example for sublimation process with respect to any industry sir overs. The very common sublimation process that we come across is that of the so called dry ice carbon dioxide the triple point of carbon dioxide as a pressure higher than the ambient pressure consequently if you leave it open at ambient pressure the dry ice that is the solid carbon dioxide straight away goes into the vapor form this is the most common in fact that is why it is known as dry ice looks like ice but does not go to liquid solid goes straight away to vapor that is the most common and demonstrable form of sublimation over to you thank you sir thank you sir over and out thank you VNIT Nakpur one question from you over to you good morning sir sir I am asking this question just due to curiosity do we have any practical application of Ericsson engine and Sterling engine anywhere as on today over to you no practical application of Ericsson engines Sterling engines are being worked on in fact they were working Sterling engines but when the IC engines petrol and diesel came up they lost out some research some development is going on on Sterling engines the advantage is that they will be external combustion engines but Sterling refrigerators are very common in the gas liquefaction field over to you I think Kalina cycle is it same as Rankine cycle with more number of heat exchangers or is it a separate standard cycle the question from K. K. Wag Nashik was about Kalina cycle whether it is a Rankine cycle with modifications or whether it is another standard cycle what I know of Kalina cycle is Kalina cycle is not a pure fluid cycle it uses mixture as a working fluid and because of that there are additional heat exchangers separators mixers involved if you a very very crude way of looking at Kalina cycle is remember we talked of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle and you can consider Rankine cycle and vapor compression refrigeration cycle to be roughly or crudely inverses of each other with appropriate modifications similarly you have the vapor absorption refrigeration cycle and if you say vapor compression refrigeration cycle and vapor absorption refrigeration cycle on the refrigeration side then on the power side you can roughly say the corresponding cycles could be Rankine cycle and the Kalina cycle the Kalina cycle is nowhere near being considered a standard cycle now it is a proposed cycle and successfully implemented commercial power plants based on Kalina cycle I do not think exist now it is still under development and experiment stage over to you. Hello sir one more question sir sir as we have seen absolute temperature and absolute temperature in degree Kelvin and degree Celsius we have seen the relation is there anything special about absolute pressure it is atmospheric pressure plus gauge pressure how this idea may be coming over to you sir absolute temperature is actually a misnomer what we have defined is the thermodynamic temperature or ideal gas temperature or anything like that on that remember for the Kelvin temperature triple point of water is defined as some value 273.16 Kelvin that is the only temperature defined on Kelvin scale so based on that 0 Kelvin turns out to be a derived temperature if you have a system at 0 K you will have to measure and demonstrate that the temperature is at 0 K 0 K is not a fixed point on the Kelvin scale there is only one fixed point and that is the triple point of water that is not true of pressure nothing in the system so no internal pressure on the walls of the system that is something which can be created and that is our fixed point for pressure and that is 0 pressure so pressure which is measured with respect to vacuum is the so called absolute pressure we have simply been using the word pressure for it but when you measure pressure using a manometer or some such thing usually what you end up measuring pressure by default is the pressure difference between your system and the surroundings and since the surroundings are usually the ambient conditions what you end up measuring is the pressure difference between the system and the ambient as indicated by the instrument usually called the pressure gauge so pressure as indicated by the gauge became known as the gauge pressure and that is how the term gauge pressure came add to the gauge pressure the local ambient pressure and you have the real thermodynamic pressure that we are talking about over to you sir I have a problem on work interaction piu can you go to the exercises on work interaction piu number piu sir exercises over to you sir yeah work interaction piu this is the quasi static and isothermal compression or pressurization of a metal block from 0 bar that means very low pressure to 1000 bar I do not have the thing just now with us but I remember this was discussed as the keyword here is in the third line the last line on page 2 that we have to assume that the density and isothermal bulk modulus of the metal to remain constant and between remain and constant within bracket you have the world almost that is the keyword because you have to assume some variation but at the appropriate stage neglect that variation because if you say that the density is going to remain absolutely constant then the answer is simply 0 there is no change in volume but we have a small change in volume but that change in volume in spite of the pressure going from 0 to 1000 bar it is so small that we might as well neglect it so using the bulk modulus you get a relation between the pressure and volume and the volume during the process is considered almost constant and is given by the mass of the block divided by the density I think if you look at the archives of this course which should be upon the moodle if they are not already there otherwise ask a question on moodle and you will get the answer within a few days over to you thank you sir over and out sir Balchand college sangly over to you hello sir my question is are there any power plants in India where the working boilers are at critical pressure or to you sir as far as I know today we do not have any installed supercritical pressure power plant in India but I would not be surprised if in the next four five years we start developing some in Europe we have such plants not very large scale but users critical supercritical power plant supercritical boilers and corresponding turbines etcetera are reasonably well established for the last maybe 30 years 35 years so there should be any difficulty it is only a question of scale and economics at that location over to you thank you sir another question is regarding the test three it is on the di-thermic movable piston sir will you explain the system formulation for the same there are a number of questions in the third test that is the test which we conducted today and I do not know which one you are talking about but remember one thing when you have a system and you have a di-thermic movable piston and you have something else here may be a movable piston or an immovable partition whatever now consider this as your part a of the system consider this as part b of the system and let us say that for simplicity that is an inherent assumption that the piston in between which is di-thermic and movable so let us neglect the thermal capacity and any presence of it except that it keeps the two sides separate the moment we say it is movable we will assume it to be leak proof friction less and this implies that at any stage p a is equal to p b similarly di-thermic means t a equals t b and that means if a and b in a few problems at least I know a and b was the same ideal gas like air which is approximated like an ideal gas so when you have a di-thermic movable piston since both sides are at the same pressure and both sides are at the same temperature you can consider it to be one single system if both gases are the same if the gases are different or if the fluids are different these conditions t a equals t b and p a equals p b will work as constraints and you will have to use the characteristic of a and characteristic of b to get the solution over to you. Sir one more thing when we insert a stirrer inside the system b how the system will change? When you insert a stirrer either here or here the same interaction that you are doing work this is our standard work direction because it is stirrer the magnitude would be a negative it is like inserting a stirrer in this big system if this is a fixed piston then a and b together are doing a constant volume process if this is a movable piston and say constraint to constant pressure then a and b together would be doing a constant pressure process in either case during the process if you assume a quasi static execution of the process temperature of a and temperature of b will be equal pressure of a and pressure of b will be equal. So, just consider it to be almost one homogenous system may be two parts with two different characteristics if the two gases are different and you should be able to reach the solution over to you. Okay sir thank you over and out. G. H. Raishoni college Nagpur good afternoon over to you. Sir my question is about IC engine sir there are two type of engine external IC external engine and external combustion engine and internal combustion engine. So, my question is what is interminant external combustion engine and what is continuous external combustion engine? Over to you sir. During my lecture yesterday morning on the cycles I have explained what is meant by an internal combustion engine and an external combustion engine. This classification pertains only to power plants only those power plants which have a fuel which undergoes the process of combustion and releases thermal energy which is absorbed in the form of heat at say the q 1 or q dot 1 of an engine and there is a heat transfer process involved between whichever medium in which in which in which the heat is released to the working fluid. If this happens we say this is an external combustion engine. So, in any external combustion engine you will have definitely two parts one is the engine and it is working fluid and the other one is fuel plus air releasing heat which will be transferred across this boundary. So, because of this the working fluid of the engine does not get contaminated because of the products of combustion it does not come in contact with the combustion products at all. So, the composition of the working fluid remains the same and it can be reused till it either leaks out or deteriorates because of some other reason. In the internal combustion engine part of the working fluid is fuel itself and you start off with a combination of fuel plus requisite amount of air or more than sufficient amount of air. The process of combustion and heat release takes place within the fluid or within the working fluid that is in the engine no external heat transfer process is involved and because of this the composition changes and you will have to exhaust this working fluid because you cannot use it again. So, such machines internal combustion machines will all the way also be open cycle machines that also was explained yesterday. So, that is about internal combustion and external combustion. We have in internal combustion engines again the gas turbine types based on Brayton cycle and the IC engine types based on the auto cycle or the diesel cycle. I think your second question was continuous combustion engine and intermittent combustion engine. If you see the gas turbine engine it is a multi component or multi unit engine. So, implementation of the Brayton cycle with typically 3 units being an open cycle you have a compressor and a combustion chamber and a turbine that will result in the minimal realization of a gas turbine engine. There is no cooler because the exhaust products are simply thrown out into the environment and you can because it is a continuous flow of air turbine is not a reciprocating device. It works in a it can be made to work in a steady state. So, you have steady combustion. So, you have a so called steady means continuous combustion, but you take an IC engine and you take say 1 cylinder of an IC engine which is say 1 unit of an IC engine. There are a number of stroke typically 4 strokes and at some point during the cycle you will have to initiate combustion and when the charge is consumed the fuel in the charge is consumed the combustion will well terminate itself. And next time again you have to have a spark or a new fuel to be injected and the combustion will be initiated again. So, you can call that this is an in what you say intermittent combustion engine. These are the only descriptions of various engines whether to give it the potential or put it on a pedestal of a classification or not that is to be decided over to you. But, how we refined the intermittent and continuous engine for external combustion. This is you have explained this is about the internal combustion engine. Open gas turbine is the example of continuous internal combustion engine and reciprocating system also example of the interminate IC engine. But, what about the external combustion engine? Because the steam engine is the example of interminate external combustion engine and steam turbine is the example of continuous external combustion engine. So, how we will define the internal interminate external combustion engine and continuous external combustion engine. How to use? See I doubt whether the steam locomotive can be considered an intermittent external combustion engine because the process of combustion is uniform out there although the it is a reciprocating cyclic device. So, the process of steam consumption may not be uniform, but the boiler has enough you know buffer in terms of mass and thermal energy. So, as not to be worried about that intermediate extraction of thermal energy in the form of steam going to the if you start a or if you work a Britain cycle or a gas turbine cycle with just you know switching on and switching off the combustion periodically based on some VIM or some requirement then it will become an external interminate intermitted combustion engine. But, I do not really see whether there will be any application for such thing. You switch on a gas turbine when you need it run it continuously and switch it off when you do not need it any more over to you. Thank you sir. One more question sir about work done. Sir in PV plot during the calculation of work done we take V volume on the x axis and pressure on the y axis. Ok sir and during the calculation of work done for non-flow process we take perpendicular strip on the x axis and during the non during the flow process we take perpendicular strip on the y axis why during the derivation of work done over to you sir. If you see the in a closed system which you may say non-flow work I will call it W expansion. W expansion is remember any work is forced into displacement. So, that can get converted to integral p dV over the process. It is expected that it is quasi-static so that we can integrate it. If you show it on a figure it is p V 1 to 2 over that quasi-static process like this. Now, when you consider an open system in open system also there will be a W expansion if the system expands or contracts like that of a football bladder or a car tire. But apart from that you also have a flow work and the flow work is again remember like any work flow work is calculated as F into the displacement in its direction. When we did the derivation we had an outlet to the open system and we said F this is the exit state and then we said let the fluid which was at this exit state at t plus delta t occupy this location. For algebraic simplicity we had said that let us assume local equilibrium at the inlet and exit ports and one dimensional flow at the inlet and exit port. And here we had said that we are taking a cut section perpendicular to the direction of flow. So, this is our d s this d s turned out to be velocity at the exit into delta t. And what was the force acting? Consider that there is a piston here which is sucking the fluid out or the fluid in the control volume is forcing the piston away. So, the force on the piston will be pressure at the exit plane multiplied by area at the exit plane.  All that you do is multiply this by the specific volume at exit and divide it with specific volume of exit. Of course, as I talked I said multiply first and divide later, but I think as I wrote I said divide first and multiply later does not matter. Then you notice that this is your rate of flow out. So, that is m dot e and that is why this component of the flow works turns out to be m dot e P e B e into delta t and similarly at the inlet you will have m dot i P i V i into delta t and that is out there the force is force and displacement are in the opposite direction. So, you end up with a negative sign. So, a very similar derivation will give you P i V i into m dot i delta t. So, this is our flow work term in the time delta t. I think that should explain the difference to you if any, but remember that there is no real difference, the difference is in application in detail of it. Otherwise, it is always some force into some displacement over to you. PSG, Coimbatore over to you. So, good afternoon sir. This is regarding assignment sir. Assignment will be posted in the Moodle and we have 18 participant. How many number of questions will be posted sir? The question is about the assignment. I will put, try to put up the assignment by Sunday evening on the Moodle. So, each and every participant will be able to download it. There is hardly any teamwork involved. Each participant will have to, there are there is essentially one problem, which is common to all. Otherwise, the other problems are some things for the participants themselves to set. I will give exercises from the exercise sheet and I would like the, I would provide hints to how to combine them or how to extend them, because all the participants are supposed to be teachers. And so apart from solving problems, they should also develop the ability of creating problems or setting up exercises. What you see is the development, which began with my teachers. I have inherited those problems, modified them further and every year based on the question students ask and the mistake they do, I modify the problem, I add to the problems and create an updated set. So, now that I have effectively something like 750 or 800 students with me, why shouldn't I depend on them to create some more exercises for me? Part of the assignment would essentially be that. Over to you. Sir, after solving that problem, we have to upload it in Moodle sir. What is that? Yes, you will have to upload them on the Moodle and along with the assignment, the details will be posted. But one thing is certain, which I have already announced that I only want pdf files. I do not want any doc files or docac files or some swf files or xyz files. I want only pdf files. That does not mean that I am forcing you to use some package. You may write down nicely by hand. Absolutely no problem. Just scan it up. Every scanner will be able to create a pdf file for you. Upload that file. Over to you. NIT Calicut, I hope you have overcome the audio problem. Over to you. Sir, regarding the break problem, we have shown the break drum and can you please explain by considering the three boundaries, the working reaction and the heat interaction. The question is about the break power. So, I think a simple way of doing things perhaps is to show. I am just showing a block diagram. This is not a reality diagram. Let us say this is the working fluid part of any engine. So, what you have? You have streams going in. Typically, the streams going in would be flow of fluid, flow of air. Streams coming out would be m dot exhaust. Now, there may be a direct interaction between the action. For example, the exhaust may be coming out through an exhaust duct, which may be directly exposed to the surroundings. So, you will have a q dot loss. Let me put it loss 1, but the working fluid provides a work output, which you can say w dot indicated power to the mechanism and structure of the machine. There will be some heat transfer, because usually our working fluid internal combustion engine is supposed to be adiabatic. It is our assumption. So, you can say this is some q dot loss to from the working fluid to the mechanism and structure. Now, the mechanism and structure may itself have m dot say cooling water again the same m dot cooling water or sometime cooling air. And the structure itself may have some heat loss to the surroundings q dot loss 3. The structure may absorb this much power, but the structure will then deliver w dot break power. Now, out of this, the things which are easy to measure is this w dot break power, because you can use a machine dynamometer of any kind to measure that. Then you can say heat loss to cooling water. Actually, it is nothing but m dot this m dot cooling water into enthalpy at water at this point B minus enthalpy of water at this point A. If you have another air stream include that if you have an oil stream going in and coming out include that add all those streams which are going through the structures. And that will be what we call heat loss, but it is actually enthalpy outflow energy outflow, because of the flowing fluid. These losses and these losses which are directly from the structure are difficult to measure, because the mechanism is combined convection and radiation. And we generally do not measure or we do not have the ability to measure in any detail the surface temperature distribution and the surface characteristics. So, we make a reasonable guess and try to estimate these losses this one as well as this one. And because these remain estimates and because whatever you measure will have certain uncertainties with it, your first law will not exactly be satisfied. And that small dissatisfaction we say unaccounted losses, but so long as they are consistent with the magnitudes and our uncertainties, then that is ok. Over to you. Here, this is one of those exercises which I put in to find out who the culprit is, who through that sack of sand. And actually you will notice that there are four questions here, 0, 1, 2 and 3. I am following the tradition of thermodynamics starting counting from 0. And here I have said please help the prof by computing the quantities needed to answer 1, 2 and 3. And end of the question was finally guess the answer to 0. Since here my students that is all of you participants are at least a few tens of kilometers away from you. I know that the answer is no one of you, but when I put it to my students in a examination many students wrote the answer to the 0th part as definitely not me sir. But anyway let me come back to the solution of the problem. You have some mass in this particular case a sack of sand which is thrown from some height h onto the ground. So let us say this is the m of the system and it goes down a height h. So finally it comes down here. Now read the explanation. You may assume that the height of the building is 30 meters it is given. Also it may be a good idea to assume that the initial and final temperature of the bag was 25 degrees C which was also the temperature of the environment. So T initial was 25 degrees C, T final was also 25 degrees C and T environment was also 25 degrees C. The problem has really been simplified. Even though frictional heating may have raised the temperature of sand as it fell and smashed to the ground heat transfer to the environment could have cooled it to the ambient temperature. Now although it has been asked in the order 1, 2, 3, delta S of the bag of sand, delta S of the surroundings and what was the amount of entropy produced that by our standard definition would be delta S of the bag plus delta S of the surrounding. And finally what was the amount of lost work that would be the entropy produced into the temperature of the surroundings. So this is our T naught of the combined first and second law analysis. One way to look at the problem is the initial state of the sand is height of 30 meters h i or z i is 30 meters, T i is 25 degrees C. The final state of the sand is 30 meters z final is 0 meters, T final is also 25 degrees C. The interaction there is enough hint that there is a heat transfer to the surrounding but since it is a free fall and it is smashed on to the ground. If you assume that the ground is solid and does not deform under the drop of the sand then we can say that the work interaction is 0. In any way the first law will have to be delta E is Q minus W. W is 0 because there is no agency here to absorb any work and so the first law reduces to delta E equals Q. You can say that the system is this or system is the sand sack initially out here finally out here. So turning this around Q equals delta E and of all the components because T i is the same as T f. So there will be no change in the thermal energy of the sand. Initially we assume that it was just drop from there. So initial velocity is 0, final velocity anyway is 0. So there is no delta E k the only thing is delta E p. So that will be g into z final minus z initial. So this gives you minus g into h because h is the difference in the height z f is 0, z i is h meter. So this will be minus z h in appropriate units and the direction of Q is this or if you want you can show it into this sand bag. Now this is the heat absorbed by the system and because there is no change in the temperature of the sand the changes only in the energy part of the sand. The delta S of the system is also 0. Now this is from the sand bag as a system looking at it from the environment point of view heat absorbed by the environment is minus heat whatever is absorbed by the system equal and opposite amount of heat will be absorbed by the surrounding because it is an interaction. So this comes to be plus g h and by our definition of heat entropy change of the surroundings. So this will be Q naught by T naught that will be g h by T naught and the lost work W lost is delta S naught into T naught because sorry one more step in between delta S universe is delta S plus delta S naught which turns out to be g h by T naught and then this delta S then W lost is delta S universe into T naught is g into h. Actually there is nothing surprising in this answer and we could have come to that answer straight away by considering that look if instead of just throwing the sack of the sand downwards over a height h I could have set up a winch like thing or a chain pulley arrangement and I would have just balanced it with an equal weight assuming there is no mechanical advantage in the chain pulley arrangement balanced it by an equal weight on the other side and just tap the sand bag and sand bag would have come down by a height h and on the other hand the weight on the other side would have risen by an height h giving us the work output g h that is the work output which we could have obtained but did not obtain so that is the lost work. In fact you can start from that argument and from the lost work you can say hence the entropy produced could be this much. I hope that explains it over to you. Thank you very much sir. College of Engineering Pune over to you. Thanks a lot for this workshop we learnt many new concepts and new approaches and we all are waiting for you for your book on thermodynamics and I have one question to ask how reversible adiabatic work interaction does not depend on the path. We have seen this while defining the energy. So, how to explain it? Thank you over to you sir. See the reversible adiabatic work between two states that means you have an isentropic process between the two states it is a unique process and it is a reversible process that means for our fluid systems only the expansion type of work could be done over a unique process and that is why it is unique. Actually this comes out of the fact that the d q by t for a reversible process is unique that is the derivation from the second law of thermodynamics and from that this follows. We define entropy delta s equals 0 means isentropic that means you have an adiabatic process and reversible adiabatic process just the way I have argued now will give you a unique amount of work over to you. Sir we have started before we have not done anything from first law or second law we have formed the definition of energy and for that we have used this. So, how to explain it before we have done first law and second law? How to explain it before without taking help of second first and second law? Madam if you do not take help of first and second law how do you make an explanation using the science of thermodynamic because the thermodynamic argument will definitely invoke first law and second law whenever needed so over to you. Okay thank you sir over to you. Anirama Amdabad over to you. Hello sir please give hint to solve the problem number PR 8 property relation from property relation PR 8 over to you. We are almost at the end of the discussion session. So, I will quickly tell you that PR 8 was discussed in the class sometime after property relations were derived. So, let me ask the people here whatever I have written here and on the tablet will be uploaded on moodle right when how long will it take. So, I am told that in a reasonable amount of time of about 2 or 3 weeks mid July you will have the whatever I have written down here either on the iPad here or on the tablet will be there upon moodle. So, even this discussion will be there on moodle. So, now I will say over and out. Thank you very much.


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