Hi, I'm Zor. Welcome to Unisor Education. Today we will talk about certain nuclear transformations which are called alpha or beta or gamma decay. Now this lecture is part of the course called Physics for Teens presented on website Unisor.com. I do suggest you to watch this lecture and any other lectures of this course from the website. Because there are many reasons actually. First of all the website contains a prerequisite course, which is called Math for Teens. Secondly, every video lecture is supplemented on the website with a textual description which basically is like a textbook. I mean piece of the textbook, which is dedicated exactly to whatever I'm talking about during the lecture time. Then there are certain problems solved. There are exams if you want to take them and you can take as many as you want as many times as you want the same exam until you're perfect. Now the site is completely free. There are no advertisements. So it's just pure knowledge. I do suggest you to basically take a look at the website and take the whole course basically and obviously all the lectures are interrelated. I'm using something which I have presented before in subsequent lectures. So there is definitely certain sequence, logical sequence, all these lectures are put together. Okay, now back to business. We are talking about certain nuclear transformations. Now what transformations actually mean? It means that there was something in the nucleus like certain number of protons and neutrons and then there is something else for whatever reason. Now in the beginning of 20th century, it's like about 1900 approximately, physicists such as Rutherford and another guy, the French guy, Villard were experimenting with radioactive material like uranium or a radium or something and they have noticed that from this radioactive, what's the radioactivity actually mean from whatever they have observed? Well, it means that something is emitted. Now that something was actually experimented with and they have discovered that certain particles actually which were emitted are positively charged. Certain particles are negatively charged and then there are certain particles which are neutral to electricity. And they have decided to call them at the time alpha, beta and gamma rays. Now what decay was probably introduced later, I'm not sure, but basically it means again the transformation, something like something is going out from the nucleus and that's why the word decay was actually used. So alpha, beta or gamma particles, alpha, beta, gamma rays, alpha, beta, gamma decay as a process, all these are terms which later on were researched and through the experiments they have discovered that alpha, beta and gamma particles or rays, if you wish, they are something which they have discovered from other experiments as well. So let's start with alpha rays. So alpha rays experimentally discovered as to be a combination of two protons plus two neutrons as a particle, which is basically the same as a nucleus of helium. So there is a helium. It has four particles inside the nucleus. Two of them are protons and two of them are neutrons, exactly what it is. So sometimes alpha particles are cold helium nucleuses, nuclei. Okay, so now they are positive because there are two protons, protons are positive, neutrons are negative. Okay, so whenever something like a big chunk of nucleus goes away, well, it's what remains is a completely different nucleus. So let's just write down what happens in one particular case for example. Let's say you have a plutonium. That's a radioactive material. It has 94 protons and 239 is the total atomic mass. So total neutrons and protons is 239. Now we take out two protons and two neutrons. So we have remaining 92 protons and 235 is the total number of protons and neutrons minus 4, which is uranium. So it looks like plus alpha particle, which is helium 24. So that's what happens when plutonium, radioactive plutonium emits one alpha particle. Now when it emits, it transforms into uranium. Now uranium by itself is also radioactive and it might actually undergo its own transformations by emitting alpha or beta or gamma particles, but that's beside the point. I just wanted to exemplify what is in this particular case alpha decay of plutonium into uranium and and alpha particle. Now why it happens? Well, I can't really say why it happens, but it happens and certain elements have their own probability of happening. So every element like plutonium or uranium, etc., every atom actually of this element has certain probability of decaying during a certain period of time and obviously the greater period of time, the greater probability of decaying is asymptotically, obviously, going to the probability of one. So it can be investigated probabilistically and there are certain calculations, not very complicated, but based on theory of probability, basically, which gives, again, based on this probability, probability of decaying during certain amount of time as a function of time, probability is a function of time. So based on this function, you can calculate what is an average so-called half-life. So what is half-life? Half-life is the average time required for any quantity of the element to decay half of it. So half of it will convert from whatever original element is into another element imaging alpha particles. Basically, after half-life, from a chunk of, let's say, one gram of plutonium, they will remain on average only half a gram of plutonium and the rest will be something else. So this is called half-life. Now different elements have different half-life. Now, something which has a very long period of half-life probably emits slower and obviously during any period of time the amount of alpha particles emitted will be really low. But there are some other elements which are much faster decaying. So here in the unit of time they emit more alpha particles, so the more of this element is transformed into another element based on alpha decay. For example, there is an element called polonium and let me check. It was 84 protons and the total atomic mass is 210. So protons plus neutrons are 210. Now it emits alpha particles converting into H2, two protons less and four particles less, atomic masses of A. And this is plumbum, lead, plus alpha particle. Now this element has half-life of 138 days. So approximately in the 138 days from a gram of polonium will remain only half and the rest will be lead. Now what about the alpha particles? Now these are relatively heavy particles. I mean it's two protons and two neutrons. These are the heaviest particles. So it doesn't really travel fast or far in the air. Molecules of air would stop it. Also even a sheet of paper will be an obstacle for an alpha particle. It will not penetrate the sheet of paper. It will not penetrate the skin. So if you have a source of alpha particle, alpha particles near you, it will not penetrate your body. So it's safe. However, if it's inside your body, it will definitely bombard with alpha particles tissue around that place and it will destroy it slowly. But again, considering 138 days is half-life, if you have consumed something, it will relatively fast, like in two three weeks. It will be already felt as a damage down to your body. And that's what happened with poisoning of Russian spy Alexander Litvinenko. He actually was somehow given polonium. He was consumed with tea or something, I don't remember. So it was inside his body and as it is inside the body, it starts basically destroying the tissue around it and he died in whatever amount of relatively short amount of time. And nothing can be done about it because you cannot really extract it. It's already inside the whole body and the blood stream. So that's about alpha particles. Now let's talk about beta particles. So beta particles are cold those particles which are emitted and have negative electric charge. By the way, how did they find out that something has positive, something has negative electric charge? Well, they just put some electricity around some electric charge and they saw on some screen maybe how the flow of these particles is deviated from the original straight line. So if they saw something like this, they saw that there is an electric charge, obviously. So if you have some positive electric charge near the flow of beta particles and it turns on some screen, you can probably detect these particles or a photoscreen or whatever. So now it appears to be that beta particles are electrons, light electrons, much lighter than alpha particles because electron is tiny relative to proton and neutron. I think it's about one two thousands of protons. So if you have four particles, so it's one eight thousands of alpha. So it's a very small and that's why it travels a little further. But still it's not really very damaging because it's very light actually and it doesn't have a lot of penetration ability. Something like aluminum foil would stop it. Skin will not, but still I don't think it's very dangerous. It probably will be completely slowed down. In any case, it's a not very dangerous radiation. Again, it's light and it can be stopped by aluminum foil. Now, but how come the electrons are basically going from the nucleus? There are no electrons in the nucleus. There are protons and neutrons, but not electrons. So what is the beta decay in this case? How can it happen? Can electrons which are surrounding atoms just be flowing away? Well, sometimes it does happen, but you need some external force for this, not by itself. If you have a completely neutral atom actually of the element, electrons would not really from whatever electrons are surrounding. Electrons will not actually fly away because the protons inside the nucleus hold them. I mean, that's exactly how atom is made. So what actually is happening is the following. One of the neutrons inside the nucleus is transformed into positive proton and negative electron. So that's what happened. It does not change the total atomic mass because the total number of protons plus neutrons is exactly the same, but it releases one electron and it goes away basically. So, for example, here's what happens. For example, you have a carbon, but not a regular carbon, which has six protons and twelve is the total number of protons and neutrons. Let's say it has 14, which is unstable isotope of carbon. Now, in this particular case, when you have this beta decay, it's converted into something which has seven protons now. And the same 14 atomic mass. And that would be nitrogen and electron would be emitted. So that's what happens. Okay, so this is the beta decay. So beta decay is conversion of a neutron into a proton and electron. And electron can be emitted from the nucleus. Now, this is not really a complete reaction. There are some other components here. Now, in this particular case, the component is called antinutrina. It's a tiny particle which doesn't have a mass, doesn't have an electric charge. It's actually very hard to detect. But in any case, I don't want to go into the smaller details of this, because there are some energy released, etc. So we're not talking about these. These are probably much more specialized things. But the most important thing is this conversion. Neutron can spontaneously change into proton and electron. And electron gets released as beta decay. Now, the third one is gamma. Gamma decay, gamma rays. Now, these are rays which did not really have any electric charge. And as a result of experiments, what they have discovered, the gamma rays are just oscillations of electromagnetic field. This is electromagnetic oscillations of a very, very high frequency. So if you don't see them, it's beyond the visible spectrum. It's much more frequently oscillating. So the wavelengths correspondingly much smaller than the wavelengths of visible light. But because it's a very high frequency, now, you remember about duality between the particles and waves as far as electromagnetic oscillations are concerned. So whenever we are dealing with the higher frequency of oscillations of electromagnetic field, the more properties of the particles it has. So basically, it acts like a flow of lumps of energy, which is basically something which we called photons. So alpha rays are flows of photons. So during whatever the reaction nucleus of some atoms undergo, the result of this transformation is a meeting of gamma radiation. We have a lot of gamma radiation coming from space. And they are damaging, actually, because the higher frequency means that they are really having a very, their ability to penetrate is very, very high. Now, I was talking about penetration of alpha particles, and you can just stop it with a sheet of paper. You can stop beta particles, electrons, with aluminum foil, let's say. Now the gamma rays to be stopped, they need a good, thick layer of lead. And lead, you know, is a very heavy metal. It's very difficult to penetrate it with a particle or oscillations of electromagnetic field. So that's why in reactors, for example, the power plants, nuclear power plants, they have a lot of protection, including a lot of lead they're using in many different purposes for many different reasons. So that is about this gamma rays. Now, they are used, actually, for some useful purpose, not only for protection against something. They can be used for, for example, oil exploration because they have this penetration characteristic. They can penetrate the earth. And based on certain, I'm not really sure about what kind of devices, but something which can be sense about whatever the way how they go through the earth. And based on that, they make some decisions about whether there is oil or gas or not. Cancer treatment also might be radiation. Cancer treatment also involves gamma rays or diagnostics of something like cancer. So in medicine, it's used. But obviously, these are supposed to be relatively big. And well, obviously, whatever whoever is using should know really what he is doing. Based on experiments, etc., people come up with certain dosages which can be used for medical purposes or exploration purposes or something like this. But again, the gamma rays are dangerous and must be properly handled with. Alpha is not a deal, beta probably also, but gamma rays are very dangerous. And obviously, they can destroy the human body if the body is exposed. Many physicists of early 20th century who were dealing with radioactive materials, they did not really know about the gamma rays. And they did not really protect themselves properly. And some of them really died of radiation. I think Marie Curie, the famous physicist, she was working in France, but he was originally from Poland. I think she died of something like lymphoma or something like this. I'm not really sure, but definitely related to radiation because she was basically handling uranium with bare hands. That's definitely, she didn't know about how dangerous it might be. Anyway, my lecture today was about alpha, beta and gamma rays, decays and particles. And why I have decided to dedicate the whole lecture to this because it's very important for what I will be talking about next. And that will be something like splitting the atom, releasing energy, atomic bomb. So that will be next lecture. So thanks very much. I do suggest you to read notes for this lecture. It's on Unisor.com. Other than that, good luck.


Hello, welcome back. Today we are talking about suicide, and in particular we're going to think about three common myths and misconceptions about suicide. These are things I hear all the time, so I thought I'd take a few minutes just to try and set the record somewhat straight. Number one is the idea that suicide is selfish. When we look at the people who are left behind after a suicide has occurred, then sometimes we find ourselves thinking what a selfish thing to do.  However, when we talk to people who have struggled with thoughts and feelings of suicide, then their thoughts are not about doing harm to their loved ones. Often, conversely, actually they feel that their death, their absence from the world would be a positive, that they're a burden to the people who they love, and that them leaving, them dying would actually be a good thing. The point at which someone kills themselves, they are in such great emotional pain, their thoughts aren't of the devastation they'll leave behind, but rather just of ending this pain right now, and also the idea that maybe the world would be better off without them. So if you know someone who struggles with thoughts of suicide, it can be really, really helpful to help them to understand that their presence in the world is a positive thing and that actually they would be missed if they weren't here anymore. Number two is that if someone is really set on killing themselves, there's absolutely nothing we can do. Again, this isn't true. Right up until the moment that someone has died, there is some possibility of turning things around. No matter how unlikely this might feel, it is possible for things to change. Right up until death, there's hope. The other thing here is that if you have unfortunately experienced the death of someone by suicide, then it can be really easy to say, well, there's nothing we could have done. But actually, whilst in the short term, it doesn't really do any good to be kind of laying blame and finger pointing because it's a really difficult time, in the fullness of time, it can be really helpful to stop and think, what are the signs that we might have missed or what might we be able to do differently next time? Because then hopefully you can learn something from that death in order to try and prevent future similar deaths. Number three is if we talk about suicide, we increase the risk of suicide. Now, this is a slightly tricky one. Certainly, if you are worried about someone and you think they might have thoughts of suicide, then the best thing that we can do is to ask the question and to tackle it head on. If someone is feeling suicidal, then actually you've opened the door, you provided them the opportunity to talk, to share, to try and find a way forwards with something that is clearly very, very difficult. If that person had not thought some feelings of suicide, you're not going to put the idea in their head. Feeling suicidal and thinking about how you might kill yourself is something that happens when you're in an extreme kind of state of emotional distress and it's not something that's just suddenly going to come into your mind because someone starts talking about it. However, we do need to take some care when it comes to talking about suicide more generally in order not to cause any kind of contagion type effects. So, the Samaritans have really clear media guidelines, for example, around the safe reporting of suicide because we know that when we talk about specific methods of suicide and we provide detail that sometimes we see an increase in people using those methods because maybe they had had thoughts of killing themselves, but they hadn't thought about exactly how they might do it or they hadn't known that a particular method might have been really effective. The other thing is that if when we talk about suicide, we talk about a particular method as being quick or painless or we talk about someone ending their suffering, then again, this can make this feel like a more inviting option for someone who is already really distressed and struggling with thoughts and feelings of suicide. So, sure, we need to be really careful in how we talk about suicide more generally, but if we're really worried about someone and we think they might have had thoughts of killing themselves, actually having that really awkward conversation and asking outright is not going to increase their suicide risk. And in fact, you may well be in a better position than to help them and prevent them doing harm to themselves. I hope this was helpful. If you have thoughts and feelings on this, share them in the comments below. It'd be great to get the discussion going. Thanks for watching. Goodbye.


We're good to go. OK, thanks. Hey, everyone. Thanks for joining our session today. We're going to talk about how Nginx and OpenStack work together. I'm Vaisal Memin. I am product marketing at Nginx. And along with me is my Kyle Pleshnikov, who's going to be doing a demo later of our integration with OpenStack. How many people here actively use Nginx? Very cool. And how many either give it a thumbs up or a thumbs down? All right. I see all thumbs up, two thumbs up over there. Thank you very much. So first and foremost, Nginx is open source software. We have been open source software since 2002 with the first release. Since then, we have grown to over 140 million sites, are now being powered by our software, by Nginx. But more importantly, or more telling to me, is that of the top 10,000 sites as ranked by volume of traffic, we have 50% of those sites running on Nginx. I'll have the quicker. And just a nice logo wall here that shows that if you use the internet today, you likely interact with Nginx at some point. The world's top technology leaders and largest enterprises all rely on Nginx to deliver their applications. This is Igor. He's the guy who created Nginx and founded Nginx Inc, the commercially supported company on top of Nginx. And the problem that he was trying to solve when he started Nginx was very simple. How to get more usage out of a single server, out of an existing server? How can I use the server to handle more users? And he targeted a specific problem, which was with the Apache web server. And in this graph, the larger number is worse. That's the amount of memory being used as an amount of concurrency goes up, or as the amount of concurrent users increases. We can see here that Apache starts consuming more and more memory as the number of users rises. We keep it pretty flat. And so he created Nginx as a high performance web server, something that you could use instead of Apache to deliver static web contents with high performance and low resource usage. We've since gone on and created Nginx plus that is our commercially supported offering on top of the open source Nginx. So now you can use a great open source Nginx product that you like, move it to the edge of your application, use it as your load balancer, use it as your content cache, use it to do security and authentication to your application. You can run Nginx plus just like Nginx anywhere. We have 10 million downloads of Nginx on Docker Hub. If you're into containers, we run on virtual machines in both private clouds as well as public clouds. We have an open stack heat template that Michael is going to be showing later that shows our integration with open stack. You can even run our software on a Linux server bare metal. And the clicker is not working today. You can use us to replace hardware load balancers. If you have hardware load balancers within your data center, within your enterprise today, you can replace those hardware load balancers with a software solution based on Nginx plus, reduce your cost by 85%. This is a quote from one of our customers from Discovery Education. They had an expensive upgrade.  They looked to Nginx plus and compared the numbers. And they found that with Nginx plus, they can get all the features that they wanted, all the functionality, but at a quarter of the cost of what were being quoted from their previous hardware load balancer. OK, thanks. Sorry, we're having some problems with the clicker. But we're back online. We're continuing to innovate at Nginx. And just in the past year, we have introduced UDP load balancing. We feel that UDP load balancing is an emerging protocol for the internet of things. It also covers existing use cases such as DNS, radio servers, infrastructure that most enterprises already have existing within their data centers. So exclusive to Nginx plus is active health checks and a few other advanced features. We have introduced support for HTTP2 to improve the performance of existing websites. With Nginx, you can start using HTTP2 with making no changes to your back end infrastructure. We translate HTTP2 traffic on the front end back to HTTP1 traffic that your application servers already speak. Service discovery. Within Nginx plus R9, our latest release, we added some nice functionality to better integrate with service registries. If you're using continuous integration and continuous delivery to push changes out to production environments, those changes can get pushed sometimes with little to no warning. If you're using an environment like that, the IP address and the port numbers of your services are dynamically and constantly changing. And you'll need a service registry to store the current IP address and port for each server. Nginx plus can now integrate with those service registries to automatically get the current location of services that we're load balancing to. We introduced a preview of JavaScript support within Nginx, and we're going to build out this functionality enabling you to use JavaScript to do pieces of your Nginx configuration. You can use this to do custom routing, security, and authentication within your application. We introduced a preview of OAuth 2 support. With this functionality, you can now offload OAuth 2 processing to Nginx. Nginx will do the OAuth 2 authentication for you and then feedback the user information to you in the form of HTTP headers that your application server already speaks. And we have some exciting new features planned for the coming year. And most importantly among those is a web application firewall. We've been talking about this for a while, but this is the year that we will see the web application firewall come to both Nginx and Nginx Plus. It will charge a small amount on top of the price for Nginx Plus to get access to the commercial rule set. And final word, before I pass it over to Michael, I just wanted to bring it back to Igor and his motivations for creating Nginx. He wanted people to use Nginx, and that's why he made it open source. OK, thank you. And Michael, off to you. Well, thanks, Faisal. And the goal of the demo I'm going to show you is to show how it's easy to configure, deploy, and manage Nginx Plus in your open stock environment and also to see various Nginx features in action. And before launching the demo, I'm going to explain what it does and how it works. Yep. So what we're going to do, we're going to do an HTTP load balancing of simple web application. And this application is deployed inside an virtual machine. And we're going to call such machine back end, or back end instance, or back end. And we're going to have multiple back ends because we're going to scale our application up and down. We also have Nginx Plus deployed also in a virtual machine. And it has connected to back ends via a private network. And Nginx Plus virtual machine also has a public floating IP address. So we can connect to it from outside of our open stack cloud. The number of back ends we're going to change by scaling our application up and down. OK, so how do we deploy such setup? So we're going to use a key for that. And we created the hit template, which I'm going to briefly show to you. This is the template file. And the important things to note here is we define back and count parameter. And through this parameter, we will tell Hit how many back end instances we want to be created. And in this Hit file, we define multiple resources. The first one is the back end instances resources of a type Hit resource group. And we say, and we pass our back and count parameter to account property of this resource. The next resource is Nginx Plus instance. And the important thing to note is we tell Hit to add the list of IP addresses of back ends, back end instances as instance of this instance metadata. And we're going to use this metadata to reconfigure Nginx. The last two resources are floating IP and floating IP association for Nginx Plus instance. Let's go back to slides. OK, how Nginx gets reconfigured? This is the question. So first step is Hit after it's done creating the back end instances. It's going to insert IP addresses of these instances into Nginx Plus instance metadata. The second step is on the Nginx instance, there's an agent that is running. And it's constantly monitoring the Nginx Plus instance for any updates in its metadata. And once it sees the updates, it immediately adds or remove back ends from Nginx Plus where it's on the flyer configuration API. And this agent is a simple Python application that we wrote. OK, so with that, I'm going to show you the demo. And we recorded the demo. So let's start from the first video. The first step is to deploy our setup in our OpenStack cloud. So we do this with creating the stack from this template file. And we specify the template file name. The name for our stack. And the important thing is we specify back end count equals 3. So we're going to create three back ends. OK, to the next video. So once Hit done creating the back ends, let's see what carries on dashboard. And we see that all the instances I did created. So what we're going to do now, we're going to connect to the other applications where public floating IP of the Nginx load balancer. And what we see is that the page that we get, every time we refresh this page, it comes from the different back end because we do load balancing. And now what we're going to do, we're going to go to the Nginx Plus live activity monitoring dashboard. And it provides you the real time statistic about what's happening in Nginx and the applications that you load balance with it. And we're interested in the upstream tab and it shows us all the configured back end in the Nginx. And we have our back end here with three instances. So what we're going to do now is we're going to scale the application up. So we're going to add more back ends. Let's do this. So we're going to issue stack update comment. And we specify the number of back ends 6 in this case. And we're going to look at the Nginx Plus dashboard in a moment. And what we expect to see is the new back ends should be added. And one thing to note, we also set it up health checks in Nginx. So every one second Nginx sends an HTTP request to back ends to check their health. And if they don't respond, Nginx marks them as unhealthy. So in our case, in this demo, the back ends are added before actual application, our web application services are started on those instances. So immediately Nginx will mark those back ends as down. So let's just see that. So you see back ends are added, but Nginx immediately marks them as failed. And once the web application starts running on those instances, health checks will stop failing. And Nginx will mark the service back ends as healthy again and start sending distribution traffic to them. So what we can also do, OK, let's just see how they one by one by one, they will get healthier. Yep, two to go. Perfect. OK, so we can also scale down our application with the same heat stack update command. OK, let's just do that. And so we're using a stack update command. And again, if you look at Nginx plus dashboard, we will see that what we're going to see is that the health checks for these instances that's going to be removed by heat are going to fail because heat terminates those instances before we can know that it terminated them. And that's another way to see these health checks in action. And after some time, those back ends are finally removed from Nginx. Well, I hope you like the demo. And I'm going to pass the mic to Faizo. Let me just put some final thoughts on the demo. So what I show to you is how it's easy to deploy and manage Nginx plus, and especially with dynamic reconfiguration option that we have. And I also show you a health checks in action and the live activity monitoring dashboard. OK, back to you, Faizo. OK, cool. Thanks, Michael. And we have about two minutes or three minutes left for any questions you guys might have. And if you think of anything later, or if we run out of time, we are at booth B20. It's just right back there, right behind the Intel booth. We have a question there. We were hoping to have that before the end of this year. Question back there. I'm sorry, I can't hear that last part. That's a good question. Is heat orchestration possible without Nginx plus? Oh, yeah, definitely. So yeah, heat orchestration is a part of the OpenStack services, so it's easy to provision your applications with heat. It's a very useful tool, and you see how it's easy to deploy our application and a load balancer with it. Yeah, so you get some advanced functionality with Nginx plus that makes the integration easier. OK, thank you guys for your time. Like I said, my name is Faizo. This is Michael. We'll be at the Nginx booth B20 back there. Please come by and see us. Thank you. Thank you.


This research paper proposed a new hybrid framework to evaluate suitable sites and technical potentials for large-scale solar photovoltaic PV systems in Saudi Arabia. It combined two multi-criteria decision-making MCDM methods, the critic and Topsys, to determine the best locations for PV plants based on a variety of criteria such as climate, technical, geographic, and economic factors. The results showed that Riyadh was ranked first with a performance score of 72%, followed by Jeddah with a score of 65% and the other three cities scoring below 50%. Additionally, the reliability and robustness of the results were tested through sensitivity analysis. These findings can be used to identify potential areas for building solar power plants and promoting the expansion of electricity generation in grids. This article was authored by Imad Hassan, Ibrahim Alhamrouni, and Nurul Hain assassin. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


So it's a great pleasure to be here today on behalf of Mike Bernier, who's the Minister of Education, and he's the one responsible for funding these school improvements. You now have space in this school for 38 kindergarten students, 326 students in grades 1 to 7, and having been in the school for a time you actually know it better than I do, but it's a beautiful new school. It also incorporates the old façade from the old Queen Mary, so there's that feel of being kind of traditional, but still being very modern. Since we are both students here in grade 6 and have been attending since kindergarten, we have both been through every step of construction there is. Some of our favorite parts of the new school are the school is so open and welcoming with its many windows and open hallways. We love our new playground structures and amphitheater areas. We know that all students here love our new school as much as we do.


According to the National Alliance of Mental Illness, one in five adults in the United States will experience a mental illness in a given year. Bemidji State University is aiming to break the stigma with a Make It Okay presentation. Lakeland News reporter Sherell Moore has the story. Bemidji State University wants their faculty, students and staff to know it's okay to talk about mental illness. Today, strides were made to help break the stigma with a Make It Okay presentation. It was meant to be an interactive session where people can talk about their experiences, learn a little bit about mental illness. There was a lot of shuffling around the room for group activities, and naturally, a lot of group discussion. We did a lot of group discussion and had practice time talking about our own stories and sharing as much as we were comfortable with so that we could be able to leave here and look around the room and say, I am not the only one with some experiences either with mental illness for myself or a friend or a family member. A big message to Make It Okay presentation wanted to send out was that just talking about it can really help mental health. We oftentimes don't self-identify that there's something going on and we don't know ourselves that this is more than just being sad. Maybe there's a deeper depression that things just haven't gotten better after two weeks. People also learned that you shouldn't be afraid to check on your loved ones. It's about identifying what those things are, having conversations with other people, like being able to say, hey, I notice, I notice you. I see you. What can I do to help? At the end of the presentation, attendees were given various information on where to go to for help. Breviks says it's important to remember you don't have to be suicidal to use the national suicide prevention line or the text crisis line. They can come to you, they can come to the home, to the workplace, to the school and they can help make a safety plan and put those things together of how do we move forward and so it's an it's an okay resource to use. We want people to to be able to use it and reach out and get help. We have links to various resources online with this story. Reporting in Bemidji, Shremor, Lakeland News. Attendees at today's presentation were also given the opportunity to learn how to facilitate their own make it okay session. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


Welcome. It's the 27th of February, 27th of March of January. Wow, I'm way off January, not February. Okay, so let's fix that. Okay, only made a few times that mistake. So 27th of January. And it's Jenkins documentation office hours, topics, action items, Debbie and 12, Google summer of code, and we'll skip over requests of note this time. So on the Debbie and 12 without JDK 11 topic, JDK 17 or open JDK 17 will be available for for Debbie and 12. When it releases in April or May 2023, open JDK 11 will not be available for Debbie and 12. They're dropping it because Debbie and 12 life lifespan, I think will be longer than Java 11's end of support, they don't want to end up supporting it themselves after others have stopped. So what that means is the docs, SIG has decided that beginning in in at the release of Debbie and 12. We will switch to document Linux installs with Java 17, not Java 11. We will continue to support Java 11, but we want to have a single document that describes the installation process no matter which version of of Debian or Ubuntu Linux you're on and using Java 17 is the simplest way to do that. Okay. That's any questions there. So is it because like, it's backwards compatible. That's why if we have 17 seconds automatic works very long. Correct. So Java JDK 17 is already fully supported already fully supported with Jenkins has been supported now for many months. So, so this isn't actually any any all any change of support or anything it's just which one we document. Okay. And that has been since at least 2.361.4 I think it's even 2346.1. Okay. So it's not a this is this is only a change of documentation now upcoming. The day will come when Jenkins will eventually stop supporting Java 11. But that hasn't been decided yet. And I more discussion is needed. Okay. All right, Google summer of code. Let's take that one next. How would you like to approach it Chris. Maybe. Should we go through some of the like the project ID pages. Let's do. Yeah. Yeah, you go to Jenkins style. Yeah. So project Google summer of code. G start 2023 project ideas list. Okay, any particular ones you'd like to look at more closely. Maybe let's see. I think this time we should look at another one because like last time we looked at the alternate boot tools and the booting Jenkins. Right. We looked at last time so this time we may be a look at another one. Okay. We I mean we could do. We could do plugin installation manager tool improvements we could do something like that. I think there's it's probably better if we do items that I'm involved as a mentor. Yeah. Thanks area. Well screenshot automation. Okay. Okay, so I'm going to pick plugin installation manager tool because that one for me is while it's, it's approved. I think there's more for us to discuss and identify and consider. Right. So here for instance, what this just says is improvements to the existing tool, but does not suggest suggest specific improvements. Yeah. So let's let's look at some of those and see what they are. And I think we ought to extend the project definition to, to specifically highlight some of those tools. Some of those improvements. Yep. Okay. Now I assume we probably want a text editor so that we can write some words. Yeah. So let's bring up my text. Where did it go? Where's my mobile X term. My favorite text editing tool. Apparently I killed it. Okay. Okay. Here it comes. Add. Plug in. Install project. Details. Yep. Okay, so. And 2021. 2020. Where is our, well, maybe I'm going to have to go all the way back to the up top. Yeah, let's just do this. And we'll grab that page. Interesting. Content. Yeah. Projects. G sock. Yeah. Okay, just a minute. Okay. Content. Projects. G sock. Yeah. 2023. Ideas. Plug in installation manager tool. Okay. Here we go. Right. Okay. So now back to our back to our. Recommendations. Okay. So. Quick start clone the project, run the tests. Run the, run the tool for various plugin combinations. Yeah. Okay. We're going to try some edge cases to see what could be improved. Good. Okay. Okay. Right. So now. Back to our. Document. All right. So. It was created and it's been improved. And now it works well inside the. And there's the suggestion for some ideas. Okay. So. This one. This is actually a good first issue. Okay. And that's, that's something we can help the newcomers with. Of. Flagging things that are good first. Good first. Oh, whoops. We have a good first issue. Tag. Oh, okay. Oh, we do. Okay. Good. That's why. Yeah, I'm more accustomed to them getting that one right without me needing to refresh, but yeah, okay. So. Now. Add support for file protocol. You've used update the Jenkins war. Yeah, actually this list of enhancements. So this one, for instance, I like a lot. Okay. And I think it's a, so, so there. And I'm not sure I'd call it a plugins lock file as much as I'd call it a plugins.txt file. So, but. Let's, I would say we put that one in. And so. Key improvements identify prior to some plan, propose the areas for improvement, work with mentors to plan those improvements. Some candidate ideas. From the mentors. Include generate plugins.txt file from existing directory. That a fair way to say it. Yep. Okay, and we can price certain prioritize these later as we get. All right, so show progress bar while downloading plugins from plugins.txt. That one feels like a good one. Show optionally show. Show progress bar during download. Okay, then list. What is that. I'm not even interested in that one. Okay. Option which lists install plugins filtered by only the plugins. Not installed by another. I'm not, I don't even understand what they're asking requesting. So I know. Okay. Okay. Keep comments on the text export. That's an interesting idea. Okay. Is there a way to retain the comments and somehow associate them. Interesting. Okay. Retain comments. When. Creating new file from existing file. List skipped plugins. I like that one. Okay. So let's put the file protocol. Oh, that, that one was already, that's a good first issue. So we should probably put that into the, let's see, there's already. Yeah, here it is. Oh, yeah. Right. So it's already, it's already going to find that one. Okay. Support for the file protocol. We already talked. Yeah. CLC Li fails with incorrect plugin dependency minimum versions. No, okay. This is just a user misunderstanding. They're missing a flag. Oh, okay. Okay. Yeah, this is just the user is missing misunderstanding. You're okay if I make an update here. Yeah. This is a user misunderstanding. The. The plugin installation manager tool. Installs the most recent version of a dependency. Unless the. Unless the more most recent compatible. Most recent version of a dependency. Unless. The, and now I need to find the option just a minute while I bring my command line. Maybe option we need is. I don't know what the option is and conversion latest. Yes. Minus minus latest faults. Now wait a sec set to true to download latest transitive. Yeah, I think this is the one where we want, let's do, I could do a quick check, but I believe we want minus minus latest faults. Okay. Yeah. Those. All right. So back to our issue list. Okay. Proxy proxy basic off. I don't know if I'm not a big fan of proxies, but. That's a good one. Here's one, right? So this is a really good one. This one is split the command line to. Split the command line options to sub commands. So. And here it's. Let's get that in there. Okay. So. I guess I should, I'm not persuaded, add sub commands to the command line interface. Arguments options. Arguments. So, and this one. Requires. A design and. Definition of definition and design. Of the sub commands. And how they should work. Okay. And their meaning. Great. All right. So back to our list of possible issues. Here's an interesting one. Log the suggested mirrors for download. Okay, but I see no. No resolution on it. So, okay. Yes. So report the mirror URL. And download failure. And original URL. Okay. Yep. Okay, here's some discussion from Oleg on the idea from 2021. Specialization. Okay, so this is calendars with the zoom link. Okay. That doesn't help us. Okay. So no recording. Have wanted. Let me see if it's in the Jenkins. YouTube channel just a moment. Like it is right here. Okay, good. April 13, 2021. Okay, very good. So this is one. That's a good candidate for us to link to and even to embed. Okay. So we're going to go into the. Into that page, right? Because now I have, I need to watch it to see. But he's got. I'm sure their ideas there. Yeah. Okay. You're okay if I put that in as an embedded video. Yeah. Now, where would we put it? Here we go. How about here in background? Additional background information. Maybe found. In a video. According. From 2021. And here it is. I have to find the syntax. Just a minute. There we go. That's what I need. This magic. And then I replace. Few characters. With a few other characters. Okay. Okay. So we've put an embedded on that discussion topic. Very good. All right. And this one really. I don't see any reason to leave it open. I don't see any issue since the recording is available. At. Oops. There. Yeah. Close as completed. Okay. Good. All right. Yeah, this is, this is just a, okay. User wants something different than it actually does. All right. I do not fetch plugin versions easily. Oh, right. Okay. Interesting. Okay. So. That one, that one is an interesting one. Because. Docker containers. Have, have a specific problem here. Improve image caching for Docker container builds. And I'm not sure how you would do that because the cache needs to somehow be outside the container. Yeah. But, but I think it's an interesting thought. Okay. Option to ignore bundled plugins. Hmm. I don't, I don't understand the, the. The question. Okay. All right. So. We'll continue. I don't understand the proposal here. Okay. The current plugin installation manager treats requested and dependent plugins. Identically seems like that's correct. Neither are downloaded. If it's already installed and the required version is less. That's correct. But change to download a requested plugin, even already installed. Use the version calculated already using requested. Assuming that some plugins have dependencies or is it not? Plugins plugins do absolutely have dependency on other plugins. Yeah. You bet. And so what this is saying is. If I read this correctly, it's. There are duplicate downloads of the same plugin. But if a plugin is a dependency, so. I'm a little, I'm quite surprised. At that. So this, this one is worth testing. And seeing if that is in fact reality. So. Only download a plugin once. Once per session. Test if still an issue. There. Okay. Errors. It will exit the image. I'm going to talk to you. See, I think. Okay. My take on my, my idea on this one is. I don't want the plugin manager attend plugin installation tool manager to attempt to be a database. This is asking for rollback, right? And if you want rollback, there are other ways to get rollback. Yep. Okay. So I, I don't, I don't. Don't particularly want that one. Okay. This one feels like a reasonable one though. Right. Show updates for. Yeah. Allow security warnings. Worked. For. Only specific plugins. Okay. Only specific plugins. Okay. Or only specified plugins. Okay. All right now back here to where we were. So we've, we've been through several of these. Plugin manager is losing plugins installed in previous images. Oh, oh, this they want to. I don't understand if this is resolved. It's not obvious. Okay. So. Based on the earlier comments. That this is resolved in newer releases of the tool. Okay. I'm closing it. Okay. Good. Thanks for your patience with this Chris. Okay. So on to the next page of, of possible issues. Add option. Yeah, we, we've looked at this add option to ignore bundled plugins and I didn't. Get it. Okay. Next. Optionally skip plugins listed in plugins.txt on latest version. Close tabs to the right. Updating all current installed plugins to their latest version. I don't understand it. Okay. Updating all currently installed plugins to their latest version. Okay. So they're not current. I run this, they become. Okay. We have to check the update center. You need it. I don't understand that. Is there more information in the jury issue? Okay. So. So as it was resolved in this. Change. And that was resolved in 2019. So I'm closing this one. With what? Change number 44. Oh, you know what? I can put this. No. Why can't I. I'm in a milestone. Okay. So. Resolved with number 44. Here, let's make it easier to read. There. Okay. Good. And I can do that. Continuing. Support Maven repository. I don't understand this concept. HPI files are not in the Maven repository. Okay. So how will that help? At least as far as I know, okay. Double checking. Find. M2 repository. Minus name. Start at HPI. Oh, well, surprising. Okay. There are some in there. Yeah. Why would they be in? Huh. Interesting. Okay. Let's look to see how many of the get client. Okay. There are quite a number in there. Yeah. So not a bad. Not a bad idea. As a way to use another local, a local disc, a local cash. Right. This is good. Reduce downloads. Yeah. Okay. I think I understand what they're, what they're requesting. And this would add additional logging levels. Right. So for diagnosis. And allow. Read. HPI files from Maven cash. You have found there. And now that is an interesting. Okay. This one, I think I understand what they're, what they're requesting. And this would add additional logging levels. Right. So. Multiple logging levels allow. Logging to be increased and decreased. Increase for debugging and diagnosis. Okay. Reasonable way to describe it. Yep. Thanks. Okay. Some features are slightly fragile. Security. Oh, security warnings should be shown by default. Yes. I agree. Right. Yes. I like that. That's, that's a good show security warnings. By default. There we go. I feel like we've got a good list, Chris. Yeah, that's quite comprehensive or does quite a lot. Longish enough to start. Well, and, and there also some of them are a good, good thing for a new contributor who wants to try something to say, I'm going to try one of these. I'm going to try show security warnings by default. That's probably actually a good first issue. Yeah, I think so. So, so that's. Maybe what we do is put that one. There seems to be no real reason for this to be do things to save. I agree with that. Okay. Good. So I'm going to actually label it good first issue. Good. All right, Chris. Thank you very much. Welcome. Let's see. Let me submit this. Well, let's read it first just to be sure that I didn't make some terrible mistake. It's happening. Thanks. What's that? Is that an extra strike six after the last link you added? Oh, thank you. Yeah, right there. Okay. Link to the video. Remove an extra blank line. And then our list of candidate issues. Okay. Good. All right. And I'm going to take that one out because we made it a good first issue. All right. All right, so add video and list of the issues. Possible issues to. Idea. Plug in installation manager tool. Project idea. Needed. More, more details. Those details are now included. On the page. Along with. And embedded video. From. 2021 discussing. Enhancement ideas. All right. So let's first see that it looks okay for us. Run. So thrilled. You've been at connection. Implemented Ruby 3.2. And so it's, it's now running a modern version of Ruby. And a modern version of no JS and. So. Nice updates. All right. So, Mark. To this one. Come on. Answer me. There we go. It's here. Okay. Now. Sub projects. Sub projects. Google summer of code. GSOC 2023. Plug in installation manager tool improvements. Oh, that's tiny. That needs to be bigger. Yeah, is that so tiny? Okay. Oh, I didn't start it in my editor. Okay. Get grab video. Ah, there it is. We need to give it a height. Oh, okay. Yeah. Or a width. There we go. With the 640 center aligned. Extra. Yeah. That's much better. Now look at that. Yeah. That's a lot better. So I think we've given some, some additional ideas. Now I've still got a schedule a session with those who are interested. Friam, I believe said that Friam was interested in mentoring this one. And so I've still got to do that. But this gives us a good, a good start, I think. Okay. All right. Chris, thank you very, very much. Let's submit this pull request. Okay. So title should be. Extend. Plug in install manager. Project idea. Submitted. Thanks, Chris. Welcome. All right. I'm going to stop sharing and we'll call it done unless there are other topics you'd like to discuss. Don't think so. No. All right. Thanks for your time and thanks for your help improving it.


What's up everybody? Jason here for jasperjasecasebrakes.com 2020 Pinini national treasures football just sold out This is a two box half-case break random teams number 16 and again guys 32 total spots everybody gets a random team in the NFL and of course These are the last two boxes of the case. So here's a dice roller. Here's a customer name So Matthew down to Chad only had to do one fillers this time around and Tom down to Matthew got that from mosaic 61 and Then the Cardinals down to the football team. So let's roll the dice Got ourselves snake eyes just two times one two Matthew down to Daniel two times one two Denver Broncos down to the Tennessee Titans So Matthew you have the Denver Broncos Robert with the Cowboys Daniel with the Bills Andrew with the Giants Robert Flores you have the Washington football team Matthew with the Vegas Raiders Alan with the Steelers Matthew with my Eagles Alan with the Bangles Matthew with the Raven Saints as well as the Browns Robert Flores you have the Seahawks Paul the Chiefs Michael P with the Bears Tom with the Falcons Matthew the Texans Dolphins Cardinals Chargers Alan with the Colts Chad with the Lions Coleman that is last but most of Chad Mario with the 49ers Matthew the Jets Robert Flores with the Jaguars Tom with the Panthers Matthew the Packers Vikings Rams Brandon with the Patriots Matthew the Bugs and Daniel with the Tennessee Titans Eyes of anybody who wants to trade of course I'll give you as a quick minute if no responses to customers in the chat or nobody's chatting Then I'll cut it in about less than a minute Little car trips as I trade the Giants and smoke he says is there one card I could hit for the Patriots. I Do believe so. I believe there is a lot of cards you can hit for the Patriots actually and His name starts with a Tom and his last name starts with a Brady Patriots have a lot of hits actually He's in both smoky and that's how Tom Brady will always be they're always gonna put Tom Brady Patriots stuff in every product There you go, man. I'll help you out man There's the link You can see for yourself All the potential hits you can get for the Patriots are right here That's what you want right there Well, you want to trade the Patriots for the Jaguar smoky if not, I'm gonna close it All right, I'll take that as another sorry Robert stick to the Jaguars Hi guys, so here you go. Good luck everybody So again, these are the last two boxes as I put RT 16 at the corners here Good luck. Let's get ourselves some nice hits You didn't get a booklet on the first two, so I expect us to get at least one booklet on this side, right? Since we don't really get booklets Good luck everybody at a 25 Darius Leonard and Vaughn Miller to 99 Colossal jerseys Marquis Hollywood Brown Steve large it see Hawks Actually, let me show you this Go a quad relic here for the bangles Joe Burl Joe Mixon Tyler board and T Higgins We do have a booklet and it's Cooper Cup. Treasured patches 18 out of 25. That's Jersey number I think he's number 18 actually is me. Oh No, is he number 10? Oh, sorry. I thought he was in my 18. All right That's for the Rams and Matthew agent Sorrell to 99 Joshua Kelly two out of 25 wish those are herby Field pass. Oh, the field pass is a really nice insert though Love that from this year.  Little Herbie very nice. I had a feeling that it'd be something nice in here first half was not the best There you go. Nice little Herbie That's gonna go to these chargers and Matthew There you go, man. All right, we still have one more box Let's see what we got on this side Another booklet on this side Have a put an autograph at the top. We have a booklet here unless it's a treasure chest could be a treasure chest actually We'll find out. Well, they did put an autograph at the top. They put John Brown to 49 And then AJ Brown to 99 Core Davis Another one nice three color patch at the top two color patch at the bottom out of 25 That is NFL gear Trio materials Denzel men Sam Darno and la Michael P. Ryan TD Terrell Davis to 49 To 50 Henry rugs for the Raiders Raiders going to Matthew out of 99 Brandon Jones, you know 130 We got Brian Edwards to 99 We have a Jake from book eight out of ten another one just like the Herbie one. Look at that Very nice Buffalo bills that is going to Daniel We get a herbie on one side of Daniel or sorry a Jake from on the other side And there actually is one more hit hiding behind this and it is a very nice little two-color patch Two out of ten very nice Chase young for the Washington football team going to Robert Flores There you go, man.  I gotta get a 130 for this But again, we got a nice little chase young on this side Jake from And of course in the first box Getting that herbie was a beauty Jason Kelsey Joshua Kelly So appreciate it guys. This was National Treasures football How to box half case break number 16 on Jaspies case breaks calm. Have a great night guys


Oh yeah, I was gonna buy water wasn't I?  Mage Rugu. So I didn't have to haste dude. Oh he broke it!  He would have died, it was on one second cooldown. Go on Fiend. He has blind, I can't trigger this. Oh my... Livschmecker. I have faith. I have faith! Oh my god. I almost threw it in the bin. Oh no. Can we see the fresh gear? To be fair it's improved a lot over the last hour or so. On there I've got in combat. I'll see what we look like here. It's more than I've got on retailers. I can do one buff to get in combat. I'm off the face of the earth man. It's clean. It's gangry. Ooh, the insta-blind. Ooh it's a new T as well. Okay, and we've got a PS. And blind. And I hope he doesn't die in the kidney. He's not dying in the kidney. Blessed. Surely he dead.  Does he even have mana to fear? No risk. Just down. And then start off here.


module 13 and difference curves. We may have utility under cardinal approach and cardinal approach. Cardinal approach is a way where we can measure utility. Under cardinal approach we assume utility that someone is getting from a particular commodity is independent from the quantities of other commodities. But in reality utility that someone is getting from a particular commodity is also depends upon the level of quantities of other commodities. For example usage of loaf without butter will give you a certain level of satisfaction. But when we use loaf with butter then there is some change in level of satisfaction that someone is getting from the consumption of loaf. Similarly if we make the utility that someone is getting from a slice without using jam it will be some will be different than if someone is using the same slice along with jam. So utility that someone is getting from the consumption of one commodity it depends upon the available depends upon the quantities of other commodities too. And similarly under cardinal approach we assume we can add utility that we are getting from different commodities. And the utility that we are getting from different commodities are independent from the quantities of other commodities. And these are this is an unreasonable approach to measure the utility. While under cardinal approach we assume consumer is getting satisfaction from a consumption bundle. And that consumption bundle usually includes our large number of goods and services. And the utility that someone is getting from a particular commodity it depends upon the quantity of other commodities too. Under ordinal approach we are also in a position to rank different to rank the level of satisfaction against different consumption bundles. And we are not measuring the utility numerically we are only making a comparison where we are assigning ranks we are assigning orders to different levels of two different consumption bundles. For example again if we are considering the example of apples and oranges your consumer is using apple and oranges to get satisfaction against different combinations of apples and oranges he will get a certain level of satisfaction. But against those different combination of apples and oranges we are in a position only to rank orders to different consumption bundles. We are not in a position to say because someone is getting 25 euros of utility against this particular combination of apples and oranges and 50 units euros of utility against another combination of apples and oranges. We can only say consumer is getting more satisfaction from a particular combination of apples and oranges as compared to another combination of apples and oranges. And to elaborate the order of the preferences of the consumer we usually use the concept of iso utility. Iso means same and utility means satisfaction. So, iso utility is iso utility curve or indifference curve is a curve that shows different combination of commodities against which a consumer is getting same satisfaction. To keep things simple we assume consumer is getting satisfaction by using only two commodities. If we assume those two commodities are apples and oranges in real life a consumer is in fact using a large number of commodities. But to keep things easy to keep things understandable we start by making an assumption consumer is getting satisfaction by using apples and oranges. In this diagram which shows different combinations of apple and oranges that provide same level of satisfaction to a particular consumer. So, by using one apple and ten oranges consumer is getting a certain level of satisfaction and that same level of satisfaction can be achieved by that particular consumer by using two apples and five oranges. Same level of satisfaction can also be obtained by using three apples and two oranges. So, again different combination of two commodities that provides same level of satisfaction every represent those things graphically we use a curve to which we called as iso utility curve or indifference curve. Whenever we make study about the indifference curve again we start may we start we formulate certain assumptions. First of all under the theory of the preferences we assume consumer can assign rank to all the consumption bundles that are available for consumption. Consumer can make an ordering of all the consumption bundles that are available for his consumption. Secondly there is no point of saturation, there is no point of saturation, there is no point of saturation more is always preferred over less. So, an indifference curve shows the same level of satisfaction along all the points that lie on a particular indifference curve and a higher indifference curve indicate a higher level of satisfaction at and each indifference curve is associated with a different level of satisfaction. The indifference curve that we considered here is convex to the origin. It might be possible our indifference curve is a negatively sloped straight line. It might be possible our indifference curve are right angled curve depending upon the nature of the commodities. If indifference curves are right angled curve then the two commodities that are under consideration for consumption are perfect complement. And if we consider two commodities are perfect substitutes then our indifference curve is a negatively sloped straight line. But when we assume consumer preferences are well behaved preferences then our indifference curve is convex to the origin and more is always preferred over less. As I have already mentioned higher the indifference curve higher the level of satisfaction in this diagram by taking apples on horizontal axis and oranges on vertical axis. We are showing here theory indifference curves IC1, IC2 and IC3. Among these three indifference curves IC3 indicate a higher level of satisfaction as compared to IC2. IC2 indicate a higher level of satisfaction as compared to IC1. But along each indifference curve level of satisfaction of the consumer is constant. There is no change in level of satisfaction along a particular indifference curve. Any combination that lie on any difference curve provides same level of satisfaction but IC3 indicate a higher level of satisfaction as compared to IC2. So under ordinal approach by using indifference curve we can assign ranks to all the consumption bundles that are available for consumption to a particular consumer. Higher the indifference curve higher the level of satisfaction and that is all in this module. Thank you.


So we're here at the Linaro Connect, and hi, so who are you? I'm Larry O'Killius, and I'm in charge of all of our partner and software enablement at Marvell. And right here, this is Thunder X2 dual socket desktop right here. So what is this? So this is a workstation that is based on Thunder X2, which is our server processor that is based on the ARM V8 architecture. It is the leading ARM server processor in the market and supports both single and dual socket configurations. And in this particular case, we now are delivering a workstation for developers to expand the development opportunities for developing ARM on our platform. So right here, this is a very, very high performance ARM desktop, maybe the highest performance that's out there. Yeah, really what you're seeing is a silicon implementation that's being deployed today in some of the most demanding compute environments, like the Sandia Astro system, now available on desktop. So this particular implementation is dual socket and supports up to a terabyte of memory. And you can have it upright standing or like this? Yeah, typically you'll see it upright. We're just making it on its side so you can see the physical part of the board a little bit easier. So it's working? Oh yeah, yeah, you can see we're running off the system here. Noresh is part of our Linaro team. And we've got just a web page up here, but various applications are fully available and in support. So let me first decide. So who are you? I'm Noresh, working as a Linaro assignee from KVM and Marvel. Right now, you're running a, what are you doing right here? I'm just playing a video. It has got a media graphics card and I'm just trying to compile some stuff with 224 threads. Can you show how many cores and stuff or threads? Yes. So what is it saying here? It's a per second 32, like CPUs are there. So it gives the CPU all details, actually. So there's a dual 32 core, right? Correct. Dual 32 core up to a terabyte of RAM. Correct. There's all the specs are right here. Correct. Let's try to get, so very high performance. You can also have NVMe anything. It's a very rich configuration, both physically and then from a software standpoint, it adheres to industry standards for both firmware and boot, what's called the SPSA standards for ARM, as well as standard Linux distribution availability, whether it's CentOS, Ubuntu, variety of Linux distributions. So what's the hopeful availability and price? Is there availability starting now? Yes, so Phoenix is our distribution partner and that's the company that you go directly to for orders. And from a pricing standpoint, you're going to see this as a comparable workstation for other workstations in the market at a similar performance and memory configuration level. So kind of similar to Intel Xeon, but what do you call it, prototyping? It's kind of prototype, I want to know prototype, but it's not a full mass production. It depends on volume, right? It really depends on volume, but the Thunder X2 chip is fully, generally available and fully released by Kiavi Marvell. And the Thunder X2 is the best ARM processor in the world right now, is it available? Well, we have published a lot of benchmarks and what you're seeing is very good performance, whether it's base compute, scalability, both memory throughput and capacity. So we're really leading in a lot of key benchmarks. And who's going to be the customer for this kind of product right here? A lot of the interest for the workstation are actual ARM developers. So whether it's developers within Linaro, within other organizations who are developing ARM-based code, now they can develop their software for ARM architecture on an actual ARM system. And then they can plug in a GPU? So there's a range of physical devices. This is standard PCIe, either by 8 or by 16. So just depending upon what devices you have and whether it's storage or other elements, we've got that capability.


Air defense forces of Iran have started military exercises. Iran's armed forces have launched a large-scale military exercise, featuring the country's domestically developed air defense missile systems, radars, electronic warfare devices, communication systems, and any integrated air defense network. Defense of the state sky 1401 under the conditional name Ya Ali ibn Abu Talib. The joint aerial maneuvers attended by air defense divisions of the Army and the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps IRGC and codenamed Modafin Asman Velayat 1401 Guardians of Velayat Sky 1401, kicked off in the country's northwestern, western and central areas. Second Brigadier General Amir Farajpur said the deployment of air defense systems with special significance given to the mobility and agility was carried out at the first stage of the drill. Farajpur said the exercise covers two-thirds of the Iranian airspace, adding that manned and unmanned aircraft of the Army and IRGC conducted reconnaissance sorties over the area before detection and combat systems carried out tactical and defensive operations against the MOK enemy aircraft. The senior Iranian military official noted that control and command centers are using active and passive radar systems capable of signal and electro-optical monitoring of the exercise area and missile air defense systems will use artificial intelligence and decision-making techniques as they discover a hostile target to launch an appropriate attack. Farajpur underlined that the entire detection, reconnaissance, interception and missile systems that the Army and IRGC air defense units are employing in the drill are homegrown and have been manufactured by Iranian defense specialists. During the training, the tasks of protecting nuclear facilities, power plants, military and economic facilities will be carried out. More than 100 warplanes and drones are participating in the military exercise.


The Cold Case Unit is responsible for investigating unsolved homicides that occurred in Denver. There are approximately 700 to 1,000 unsolved homicides dating back to the 60s, 70s. Those cases are investigated based on tips, case reviews. We get lots of phone calls and that kind of generates some of our investigative efforts. Lab results, changing science. The crime lab can now do things with evidence. They certainly couldn't do 40 years ago and maybe not even 15 years ago or 10 years ago. In general, cold cases are defined as a case that's unsolved for a year or longer. The cool thing about cold cases, sometimes a fresh set of eyes can see something that has been there all along or see something in a different light and gives us another angle to potentially investigate that case. We know that in a large majority of these cases people know stuff. They know things they have not told us. They know things that can potentially bring these cases to resolution. That's the key. If people will give us that information then we can resolve some of these cases. There are victims in our community who suffered these losses that can never be fixed. These are people's lives and to me it doesn't matter if they were murdered in 1970 or murdered in 2010, they've been taken by an act of violence by a criminal act and somebody should be held accountable. At the very least the family has a right to know what happened to their loved one and just because 40 years has passed doesn't mean that that person wasn't a mother or wasn't a father or wasn't a brother or a sister. And when you take somebody out of somebody's life by an act of violence that resonates and it never goes away and I think it still matters. You know, it doesn't stop mattering just because 30 years has passed. The families and survivors that are left when somebody dies due to a violent act or a crime I can only imagine how difficult it is when those cases remain unsolved. And so I think it's important for our community and for the families that are left behind that they know that the cold case unit in the Denver Police Department exists and that they know we work on these cases all the time. The Denver Police Department will never forget what happened to your loved one and will continually make efforts to try to bring some resolution to that case.