Hi everybody, it's Sam at Mixed Up Crowd, thank you for watching my tutorial today. I'm going to be showing you how to make this really nice sized, I'm going to call it a boat bag, because it just, every time I look at it I just think of a boat this bit here. I don't know, maybe you can see it as well, but that's what it makes me think of, so this is my boat bag handbag. And yeah, and I just think it's come together really really nicely, I love the shape. It's again, it's evolved from a treat bag that I've done and I'll link that one up here, it's just the bigger version than that but I decided to do the sides differently. And then you have your Velcro closure here and then inside, you can see you've got lots of space. It's deconstructed which I like because you just seem to have a lot more freedom, you know, with making gift bags and the sizes that you want. Love the handles, I've done this style before as well and I will share my handbag style playlist along here somewhere during the video, so check that out. But yeah, this one measures nine and a half by three and a half and then your height is, it's eight and a half, so there's a really nice size and you don't have to have this on, this piece is optional, so if you, I pop that in there, imagine the dots not there, you can have it just like that so it's nice and open and if you've got tissue paper and things like that sticking out the top. Let me show you how to make this very easy gift bag. Okay, so this is the paper pad I'm using, it's the Paper Addicts Fever Forever, I don't have much left of this one but it's just such a bright and colorful pad, it's really good for birthdays, so I've got this lovely polka dot paper, so I'll give you the measurements for that in a moment. I've already done one side, so for the front and back you need two pieces of nine and a half by 12, okay, and along the 12 inch side you want to score it three and a half and then have that score line towards the bottom and then along the short side here, the nine and a half side, just put a little marker at one and a half, so just a notch in the cardstock at one and a half and eight, so that should be one and a half in from that side as well. Do that on both pieces, then you will want two pieces that are four and a half by six, along the six inch side you want to score it five and then along the four and a half side you want to score it half an inch and then four inches, do that on both pieces, fold and burnish those score lines, okay, and then for the decoration on the front or the back, I'm not sure yet whether this is going to be the back or the front, I've only got this one piece because I might do something different on the front, which I'll show you when we get to it, but this is a piece of nine and a quarter by eight and a quarter and along the nine and a quarter side with a pencil, do a pencil line at one and a half and a pencil line at seven and three quarters, okay, and we're going to cut from the pencil down to this point and again from that pencil down to that point to give us the perfect matte shape to put on the front or the back of your bag, but if you do want to do this on the front and back then you'll need two pieces of this size, okay, so you'll have two pieces like this, so you just want to fold and burnish the bottom score line and then where you've got those little markers there, that's where we need to trim and what we're going to do, now if you want you can draw a pencil line from, let me do it on this one, from that little notch down to the top of the score line, okay, but to the very corner, so it will be there, okay, and then you can cut straight down that, you're cutting to the corner of this piece here, all right, don't go all the way down to this corner because that's the base, we just want to have that shape, that tent shape just on the front panels, so just lie it on your trimmer and make sure you've got the pencil line on the blade edge here and then that bottom score line point on the other bit, on the bottom of the blade as well, and you're just going to, drawing that across, so I can rub that pencil line out in a minute, and then just flip it over because your indent should have gone through onto the other side and do the same, just lie it down and make sure that that lines up, okay, so now you've got that shape, you want to do that on both pieces, then with your decorative papers, again you're going to lie the pencil so it's on the track, and then that point, again I can rub away all that in a moment, and then that side there just pop in, make sure the points on the blade and the pencil mark, okay, so you should have two pieces of this shape which is your front and back, and they should sit perfect together, and then one or two pieces of decorative paper, and then these ones here, you just want to fold and burnish those three score lines which we did before, and then the bottom here where you've got that fold, you just want to cut up to that first score line, okay, and then again that one there, like so, and then just cut across and across there, cut it on a slight angle so you just miter the bottom there just so everything folds in, but you should have two like that, you don't need to miter the tops, we're going to stick that the way we stick it in it doesn't need to be, but now you should have those pieces which are our sides ready to stick, okay, also just take off the bottom bit there, I forgot to mention that because you don't want any of it overhanging, I'd already done that one, okay, so with one of these pieces this is going to be the front, flip it over so this is facing you, and this is going to be the base, you're going to add glue to the bottom here, and then you're going to stick it right to the edge here, so the score line of this folded piece lines up with the bottom here, so if you fold it over you can kind of wiggle it around until it all lines up perfectly, you see there, so when that comes up that's going to be like this, this is going to stick inside there and that's going to become the side of your bag, looks really nice, I love the polka dot on this one, okay, so just make sure that that's all stuck down, then you want to do the same on this side here, so again just add your glue, just spend a minute just again lining that all up, okay, then we want to add some glue along our tabs here, you can use double-sided tape so it doesn't have to be liquid glue, this is my Kalau glue, I've just popped it into this bottle because it's got a fine point, so I find that it comes out much much better for me, so that's what it is if anybody's wondering, and then you just want to bring this up and just line up the side there so you get a perfect side to the gift bag there, okay, so you can see how that's all coming together, you can go inside here now, make sure that all sticks down, and then do the same on the other side there, and I'm going to bring that across and again just stick it to the side like so, okay, so that's that now, okay, and that's going to be the front, this back piece is going to stick inside here, okay, so we're going to put glue all on the base and then we're going to stick our sides in exactly the same way, just push that in there like so, all right, you can see there how that all comes together, now I'm just thinking, what I might also do is I'm going to score the sides of these, so I just want to show you how you can easily still add score lines even when you've started putting things together, if you pop it on your scoreboard so your top of your scoreboard is facing you and lay this all in so it is butted right up to the corner there, okay, so just push this corner right into the corner of your scoreboard like so, and then just score about one and three quarters, you don't have to do this, I'm just going to, I just thought actually it might look nice with the score line, one and three quarters and just score it all the way down, if I just bring this up because I know you can't see, but in there can you see I've just done a score line at one all the way down to the bottom, okay, you just see the score line there, all right, then I'm just going to flip this over again, butt it right up into the corner, it will go because again you're working with easy angles and one and three quarters, and just score all the way down, you'll see my score line there, and then what I can do is just fold that out, it's up to you whether you want it out or in actually to be honest because you can go, I'll do it that way, you can have it folded inwards like so, okay, once the back's on that will all fold in like this, or you can have it out and I think it's going to look quite nice out, looks like a boat, I like that, so add them in if you want to, it's entirely up to you and you get very different looks with your gift bags if you do, so now we can stick this one on the top here, now if it goes in and it's a little bit, you find it kind of catching, just cut a little slither off of the ends, off of the sides here, so I'm just going to, so you're just doing a very very slight miter really, you're just taking a very small wedge off of there just to help you slide that in, like that, there we go, so what I'm going to do because I think it'd be easier is I'm going to put the glue on the bottom here again, I'm using the Kalau because it dries nice and stiff so it's perfect for reinforcing the base of your gift bags and boxes, it really does add a lot of strength, and then just pop it in slightly higher, get it right in and then just lower it down onto the base there, and it should sit in there perfectly, you just spend a minute just making sure that glue spreads out, okay and then just kind of fold it back a bit, fold in these tabs here, and you can do one at a time but it might be easy if you do them both at the same time and then just fold that in, if you kind of just kind of hold the top in place for a second and then it should kind of grip, okay so where you've got the join there that's the back, so the front you should have that cardstock that wraps right the way around and then when you squeeze the top, look at that really cool effect you get on the bottom, love love love this bag, okay next you want to stick your decorative paper over the top, I've decided I'm going to have this on the front because once we add the handles and I'll go through all this with you next and then I've also got my happy birthday here which is from my new die, this one here it's the creative expressions by Sue Wilson and I shared this in last week's what did I get video and it's just such a nice size happy birthday I wanted something that was big to use on gift bags and and so on and it's just yeah it's lovely so what I've done is I've die cut it in the matching yellow and I've die cut it again with some fun foam so it just gives it dimension so once I stick this onto here you see there you've just got a shadow and it just gives it a little bit more something than just sticking it on there direct so I'm going to use my again my strong glue and just stick this down so if you've got one for each side then pop yours on the back as well but I sit that one perfectly over the top okay so that's that one next we want to add our handles so I've already done this one here and you see how lovely that is all going to look look at it I love it I get so excited with bags oh a little bit mad anyway okay so these here are now mine are the length of the little card stock so this is a three okay doesn't matter if it's not a three just have yours to 12 it's still going to work okay and it's by one inch width now what you want to do is along the one inch width I'm just going to pop it in the middle here just so it's easier for you to see so I've got it lined up at the five and a half to the six and a half there and you want to score not from the very beginning come up about one and a half inches it's just an estimate don't worry if you're slightly you know off but just score as far down as you can and keep it nice and straight which I didn't do that let's do that again there we go and then if you just kind of slide it up keeping it in the track and then just keep scoring down until you're about one and a half up there you just want to score through the middle but not touching the ends because what we're going to do is we're going to create this like triangle piece I've done this handle before in other gift bags so again some of you may be familiar but do that on two pieces and then you just want to fold down the score line okay and it should fold over halfway then what you want to do is at the end here where it's where it gets to that point is just kind of push it it back on itself and you'll get this kind of triangle you see that so all I done it was like that I just pushed it against itself so I'll show you again here so just pinch it you'll see it's already starting to loosely form a triangle once you push it back you'll get those two score lines and you just want to just squeeze them so you've got that again it doesn't have to be exact it's just going to add this nice little detail then I've just punched some circles here and I'm going to cover them on here now what I've got differently there you see my triangles go behind the circle so what I would do is maybe trim that off but what I'm going to actually do is still stick them there because I want that length but I'm going to redo I'll show you what we're going to do is it's easy so first of all you want to glue all of this down here so I'm just going to run some glue through the middle okay so while that's drying I'm going to add some glue to the ends here because I want to keep that length because obviously I've already done that one so I'm just going to change this slightly so I'm just going to stick them so it's covering get it right up to the edges here these are one uh two and a quarter I think circles oh sorry one and a quarter circle okay but you can have big if you want to it's entirely up to you again I'm going to pop some glue on the end of that one okay and then what I can do is I'm just going to fold it again so it goes down now behind that circle you see there and again with this side you see I'm just going to push it just so that disappears behind there because it doesn't matter if I've got a little bit of a school line you don't really see it actually where I had it before that's what you want you want the triangle see there to come out to go behind the circle there all right and then it will open up a little bit okay so maybe don't have the glue so far down like so just a little bit so it can sit flat on your bag you see there are any glued so far don't glue all the way down to there so just leave a little bit open and then again with this one here just going to refold that I'm going to put this one on the back anyway and then when you're happy that the glue's all dry whatever side you want to maybe hide anything just curve it on both sides and you will have your handles and I think they look really really lovely like so all right okay so now I'm going to stick my handles on now I am going to use the hot glue I don't usually use hot glue but because of the way these are I want to make sure that obviously they're going to stick so I'm going to have this one on the front you want to have it so that I don't know it's maybe like there it's actually you could have it right up the top there but I think I want to I want I want this triangle kind of on the bag so have a little look play around and then in terms of spacing I think I'm going to have it so that I'm coming in from here that's about three quarters of an inch again it's entirely up to you there is no kind of right or wrong with that but I want to have it yeah I think about there looks really nice so let's pop some glue on the back of this one I'm quite generous with it so I do want to make sure this is not going to go anywhere so let's go there yeah I think that looks nice I mean they're not going anywhere if you want to reinforce them anymore and it can look quite decorative as well as you could put a brad through the center I may well still do that and then you could just punch the more yellow circles to cover the brad on the inside so I'm going to do the rest and see how that all comes about but isn't that gorgeous I wish that was like again a real handbag I really like it okay and now you can see they're all lined up perfectly it's very neat let's see inside there you've got lots and lots of room with this one so now I'm going to stick down the happy birthday okay so I went ahead and added this bit and again I think I need to keep saying I've got to look at my camera but I keep forgetting because it didn't record but basically this piece here is optional because you may not even want it to close completely you know together like that because what you might already have a gift in mind to go inside and it might be quite a chunky gift and therefore you don't need to have the closure but if you do want this closure then you want to cut a piece of cardstock that is three and a half by three and along this three and a half inch side because I've done it that way you want to score it two and three quarters which is this score line and then fold and burnish that piece there is what then I've stuck on the back and all this will be overhanging this little piece to decorate here is two and a half by two and three quarters okay and then I just rounded off the edges and then I've just added one of my 20 mil hook and loop dots inside there so it's nice and strong just make sure everything's lined up when you go to stick it all together okay so there you have it I just think it looks really really fun I love the colors I've chosen it's really bright really fun whether or not I put brads on depends what I end up putting in this I've got someone in mind that it will go to but I haven't brought the gift yet so the gift will now work around the gift bag so as long as it fits in here but I think it looks great I love this kind of boat look on the side I might call it a boat boat bag because I do think it looks like a boat so anyway there you have it I hope you've enjoyed it please give me a thumbs up if you have and subscribe to my channel once you get to see more thanks for watching bye


Hello, everyone. I'm Weiping Wu, the Director of the Master in Urban Planning Program, our Master of Science in Urban Planning Program here at Columbia. And I have my two colleagues joining me today, but before I ask them to introduce themselves, let me quickly say another welcome and also share two resources with you in the chat box as you talk or as you join this session. And one of the reasons I'm sharing this is that yesterday we had a fantastic day welcoming many admitted students in person. And I know some of you were not able to make it. So the first link I just shared with you. So there will be a recorded session of the introduction and overview of the curriculum from yesterday to be posted on that page. So stay tuned and you'll see more information on that page. And then the second link is the landing page of the Urban Planning Program. I would encourage you to explore, discover and connect with us by reading some information on this page, two pages carefully, especially on the first page. There are a number of student works as well as a program booklet that you can download to read with, you know, whatever time you need. And I would encourage you to do that and then reach out to us with any questions. So let me allow my colleagues to introduce themselves. And then we're going to start with a few common questions the students ask faculty. And then you should feel free to drop down your questions in the chat box. I will monitor that or just raise your hand electronically and I will get to you. It's probably a little easier to put in the chat box. And this is a session to really have a conversation between you and the faculty so it's not about over viewing the program. And so let me start with my colleague Anthony. Hi everyone. I am an assistant professor here in the program, actually realizing all the people speaking today are also recovering designers. So I also do have a design background if you're coming from that. But I teach primarily in the urban analytics sequence. I would kind of categorize myself as an urban technologist. So I personally my research and some of my teaching look at the intersection between technology, urbanism and the people that inhabit these fantastic or sometimes not so fantastic urban spaces and thinking about how we utilize that data either through the creation of it or the analysis of readily made data sets to actually improve the urban condition for folks. I guess this is my turn. So good morning everybody. Can everybody hear me? Anthony, raise your hand if you can hear me. Great, okay. So I'm Douglas Woodward. I'm the associate director of the program for professional development and practice and what that means in English is career services mainly. And then also I coordinate studios and I've been an adjunct since 1991. So I also teach mainly New York centric courses like zoning and other sort of practical things in the New York area. And I'm trained as an urban designer and I founded the urban design group at the department city planning where I was for 18 years followed by a stint at Lincoln Center and then 10 years at a developer. So I've been at knowing the government in the not-for-profit world and then also in the private development market. So that brings an interesting I think perspective to both courses and also to placements for students for their first jobs and internships. Thanks Douglas. I just want to add really quickly everyone. I am thrilled that Douglas is with us because I actually in the last few years have pushed very hard for this program to have this capacity of career service and advising. It's really beyond service. It's advising to really make sure when you come to our program your aspirations for your career are connected closely to what you study in the program. So Douglas talks with every student one-on-one in addition to many career services you know the regular activities you see in on college campuses, right? So you obviously also will have connections with an academic advisor. So Anthony, myself, and other faculty members obviously will put you on that role. So really quickly introduction to myself for myself. I've been a faculty here and program director since 2016. Before that I taught at Tufts University as well as Virginia Commonwealth University and my teaching responsibilities here are both in the master program and in the doctoral program and in the master's program I teach studio every other year and the thesis. All of the full-time faculty advise thesis and capstone and I also teach an elective on Chinese urbanism in global context. So with that let me start with a few questions to my colleagues and I can also chime in. I really would encourage you to put down your questions in the chat box and feel free. Don't be shy. Planning students are always the courageous sponge so I hope to see some questions. So maybe let me start with both of you Anthony and Douglas, right? So what do you see as the kind of faculty-student relationship at GSAP especially in UP, right? What kind of individual attention do you give to students and how accessible you are as a faculty? So maybe you will start with Anthony. I mean I think that's the highlight to be honest. I've had an opportunity to be at a couple universities now and I think the availability of faculty I think is really a highlight of this program. Perhaps you know sometimes I've been told to a fault for myself, sometimes I need to make a little bit less time but I think that's a favorite part. Some of you even saw me kind of in the hallway at the coffee shop when we were having what was supposed to be a short discussion and ended up being a little bit longer but I think that's the hallmark. I think especially the full-time faculty being very around. The chances to kind of speak engage with both curricular and extracurricular aspects. I mean I know Doug will speak a little bit about engagement with his office but I think you know for us the faculty represent a lot of different professional paths. We all have varied professional experiences in varied parts of the world and I think my observation is that students you know have been very kind of open and willing to engage with us in thinking about what are the paths be it traditional or non-traditional? How do we shape our classes? What are the questions that classes are asking? What's going on in the larger world? So I think that there is that kind of strong engagement but I'll say you know I think one aspect is every program will say that. I think the other strength of our program that is very unique to us is that the adjunct faculty are in the you know kind of in the best spirit of the adjunct. They are being in a city like New York bringing professional experience and seeing the amount of students engaging with someone who is currently you know preparing something that will go before DCP or someone who's working in government and having that connection with people who are very engaged both here at GSAP but also very engaged in practice I think is a real hallmark you know and sometimes there are kind of interesting debates that happen you know between that of what happens in the classroom what happens in the world and we you know could really think about how the sausage is made in shaping these better environments. So I think that connection with the faculty in an intimate way here I think is like kind of just really special and a strong hallmark and I think it actually strengthens a lot of the classes because there's a lot of information being shared that reemerge in different conversations with informally and formally. One of the things that Anthony is talking about I think is really important and that's that at GSAP practices are not opposed that they're actually complementary and so when you get out into the world you'll use the theories and the no the GIS and the other things that you've learned at GSAP but you'll also have an appreciation beyond other schools I think in terms of what the practical consequences are of the things that you've learned and being in adjuncts myself and we're native studios one of the really nice things about adjuncts you'll find is not only are they committed to the program and they are very committed but at the same time they are a great source of jobs so you shouldn't be shy at all in in having adjuncts help you sort of navigate the job world I'll certainly do it as well but I can point you to adjuncts we're teaching in the program who are at the firms that you want to work at I mean you will find very often in New York we have a lot of international firms as well and so we're not it's not just the local department of city planning or the local parks department that we have contacts at we also have contacts at AACOM and and international organizations that are centered in New York as well and so this is a conversation that we've been mentioned I have one on one with every student we have in the program just to learn about you and sort of to figure out with you what kinds of things you want internships and jobs and we do very well right in the middle of interviewing and people are getting interviews right and left so there are a lot of this interview sessions that I've been running out of the office yeah let me just add really quickly and you might know have noticed that the number of full-time faculty in this program is quite moderate in the sense that's both by necessity but really also in to some extent by design because we are in New York we are a professional program and we really like to see our master's students very much career-ready by the time they graduate so we have about 40 adjunct faculty to in the program so they are seasoned practitioners and they are very much you know in the spirit of helping the next generations of planners to blossom so they are very committed to the program and I work quite intensively with each and every one of them in terms of you know helping them onboard with teaching and developing syllabi and developing teaching pedagogies developing you know methods of student engagement within the classroom and then many of them in fact stay with us continuously some you know Douglas for example has been with us for extended period of time and so this adjunct faculty group is something we feel a very very unique feature of the program and also as Douglas was saying we really try to prepare students not just for your you know mainstream common and typical planning jobs we are now increasingly getting adjunct faculty who are in the urban tech sector who are in consulting who are perhaps in real estate practices where in these sectors there are increasing roles and functions for planners and then we really do feel for planning the profession to grow and we need to expand and and that's what where our program is doing and and we have expanded our curriculum accordingly so that we have you know for students knowledge and skill acquisitions in neighboring fields but with very strong planning orientation so let me also then follow up this question with another one to Anthony first that is in what ways do you collaborate with students who are interested in research on perhaps even going on to further research career or doctoral studies so I'll one of the other aspects so since we made mention of our adjunct colleagues who are bringing in kind of professional experience I think one of our jobs as the full-time faculty is that we're doing a lot of research in a way kind of asking questions of the built environment or taking things forward and there are many opportunities from myself and from colleagues to engage in this type of research and I think what's interesting is is that we all kind of have a different take on what urbanism looks like so I know that Hibabu Akkar just had a big symposium here on campus looking at Middle Eastern Studios so she was working with both masters and PhD students to flesh out kind of that discussion looking at the state of research out there I'm working with one master student where she is running a natural language processing algorithm on Street View images to see if we can actually catalog all the languages being spoken in the suburbs like you know so there are direct engagements in working with us in answering kind of these questions that may have future implications or may look at the built environment in different ways that may ultimately inform policy or how we think about the built environment you know in many cases there are maybe more projects that are geared towards implementation and there are many ways that you can engage with us with that there are also a couple labs as well that master students have engaged with quite a bit for instance the Center for Spatial Research has quite a few master students so they're doing a lot of really interesting work and in between kind of urban data science critical cartography sociology digital humanities where you could where you can kind of flesh that out and that that'll say all of these are coming from you know the faculty side and being kind of the intellectual base you all also have chances to do research and you know you'll definitely do that in your thesis or capstone where you are in the privacy and you're engaging with us being able to kind of derive hypothesize a phenomenon in the built environment and taking that forward and sometimes those kind of conversations spill back and forth between our research and your research there's also I'll say a couple students here as well that I've talked to have also began especially I think because we have this base of kind of technical skills again I have a bias towards you know working with people who have kind of maybe more data skills other people on campus are also looking for you too I know a colleague of mine in engineering is potentially taking on one of our master students for a summer research position just because engineering has sometimes deeper pockets than we do so be able to support that so you know that's in brief but I think that there are many ways that you can engage and it comes from multiple sides and also say another secret that there's money floating around on campus so if you wanted to do your own independent research there's ways to support that from the resources on campus and just to plug a few of our students also participated in projects in the city as well so data by design a couple students got I think it was six thousand dollars or so to do an installation a data-centric installation for open data week in the city a couple of our students also came up with a project and they did a session at Open Data Week which is a citywide project a citywide initiative so there are chances to even kind of go beyond us but I think you know the there's a strong kind of culture here of I want to say entrepreneurship when it comes to asking questions you know and taking it forward into doing really interesting things with research at different scales from the potential publishable paper you know or if you're interested in the doctoral studies working with faculty to your own personal initiative like the open data week for your portfolios you know there are different ways to look at it thank you for my opinion at least yeah so let me actually share with you all a link which you can open now a actually right now it doesn't have a whole lot of information but once you enroll you will get email during the summer for these r.a. positions you can apply for for the fall and for spring positions the application process usually opens in October or November and so as Anthony was saying all of the full time faculty members in this program work with at least one student as r.a. and you can find out about the faculty research interest in this program booklet I just put it in the chat box which is also on our main web page as well as the open house web page for urban planning program there you will see who the full time faculty are and what their research interests are so I mean I'm being completely honest so with r.a. positions it's possible for first year students to get because of the matching of research interests but for teaching assistantships generally they are offered to second year students because they need to assist courses of first year right so they will she should have taken those courses already so each year the urban planning program has 18 positions each position is one semester and which has both tuition benefit roughly 8400 dollars and then plus about little over 3000 stipend and then as Anthony was saying there's other units in in the school that you can also apply for r.a.s and then there are units across campus which you would then be more in charge of looking for those information but all of the positions within GSAP would be made known to you during the summer if you decide to enroll


So in the earlier videos of lecture 33 introduced Gaoua groups and we did some examples. And I kept on pointing out the following observation that the order of the Gaoua group was always equal to the degree of the field extension. Now, it turns out that this is true in general, but there's an important assumption we have to put into play here. Now, first of all, we do want these to be finite extensions because what does it mean for the infinite case, do, do, do, do? You can extend it to the infinite case as well, but that's gonna go beyond the scope of this lecture series. So we're gonna focus on finite there, but it also requires that it be a Gaoua extension. All right, so E as an extension of F needs to be a normal extension, which means that it is the splitting field for some collection of polynomials, but also it needs to be a separable extension. That is that polynomial collection, that split, you can't have any repeated roots in that side of that collection. That's what we need, that's what we need for E. It's a separable normal extension, hence a Gaoua extension. When you have a Gaoua extension, then it turns out that the order of the Gaoua group is equal to the degree of the extension. And while this one is typically a lot easier to compute than this one, this helps us compute Gaoua groups for finite extensions, which is very, very important. And the proof goes in the following way. So suppose, since it's a Gaoua extension, E over F is gonna be a finite, finite Gaoua extension, normal extension. So E is gonna be the splitting field for some single polynomial, okay? Because in general, to be a normal extension, there should be some collection of polynomials. But as we're a finite extension, that means at worst case scenario, we attach a finite number of roots to the field F to form the field E. And so if you had an infinite collection of polynomials, then, well, I mean, maybe they overlap on the roots or whatever, but we can only add a finite number of roots over these polynomials to E to form E, as we attach them to F to form E. And as such, there's only finitely many roots in general. We can just take the minimal polynomials of those elements over F, take their least common multiple, that's our polynomial F right here. So because it's a finite nominal extension, without the loss of generality, we can suppose that E is a splitting field for a single polynomial F of X, whose coefficients come from the field F. And we can also suppose that since it's a separable extension, because that's part of Galois definition there, that F has no repeated roots. Again, that's what it means to be a separable extension. We can assume that F has no repeated roots. Now we're gonna proceed by induction to prove this result. So the base case is gonna be pretty simple. What are we inducting on? We're inducting on the degree of the extension E over F. So the base case is when the extension E over F is degree one, that only would happen if F and E are exactly the same polynomial, excuse me, the same field. And the Galois group is all of the automorphisms of E that fix F. So if we fix F and E is equal to F, then the only field automorphism available to us is the identity map, because we have to fix F, but F is everything, so we fix everything to the identity map. So the Galois group contains only one element in that situation, because your Galois group of F over F is just the identity map, which we're gonna denote that as one. And therefore the order of the Galois group of F over F is one, which was equal to the degree. And so that gives us the base case, that's pretty trivial. So then for our induction hypothesis, assume that the formula holds for all Galois extensions of degree K, such that K is anywhere from zero up to N. And I guess I said zero here. Well, this is degree zero extension B, that should be a one. We're gonna go from anywhere from one up to N, but not necessarily including N right here. And consider the situation for which the extension E over F is exactly degree N, okay?  We do require that F of X doesn't have any repeated roots though, since it's a separable extension. So let P of X be an irreducible factor of F of X, which F splits over E. And suppose that P of X has degree F, okay? Now since F, F of X splits over E, each of its factors must also split over E. So P of X splits over E as well. And so all of the roots of P of X are included inside of E. Let alpha be a root of P of X. And consider the chain of extensions E over F adjoined alpha and F adjoined alpha over F in that situation, okay? So in this situation, I want you to consider this extension first, okay? Because P of X is a polynomial, an irreducible polynomial of degree R. So that tells us that the field extension F adjoined alpha over F is a degree R extension, as we've seen previously. And so we also have that degrees factor. And so if we take the field extension, it's degree E over F, this will factor as E over F adjoined alpha. And you times that by F adjoined alpha over F. And so we can solve for the degree of E over F adjoined alpha, because you're just gonna get the degree of E over F divided by the degree of F adjoined alpha over F here. This is really the part where the finite extension comes into play here. This cardinal arithmetic would be a little bit more complicated in the infinite case, which we can handle it, but again, for the sake of our electric course, we're not gonna go there. So we don't have to worry about it right now, but you can repair this proofs to work with infinite Galois extensions as well. But again, Galois extensions in infinite case get a little bit more complicated. You have to introduce the Zyrinski topology to make things hunky-dory to get the fundamental theorem of Galois. So again, we're not gonna worry about that. We'll just worry about finite Galois extensions. Now by assumption, E over F is degree N and by construction here, F adjoined alpha over F is gonna be degree R, like so. So our inductive hypothesis is going to apply to this field extension because the degree here is gonna be less than N because R is greater than one in that situation. So by our inductive hypothesis here, we are going to get, which I mean, I guess it's certainly as possible that P of X could be a linear factor in that situation. Maybe we'll come back to that one in a second because if you have a linear factor, you can remove that from F and so we can assume that none of the, we can assume without the loss of generality that none of the roots of F of X belong to F. Otherwise we'd be in this case as we were above. So yeah, we can assume that R is a least degree too larger.  So our inductive hypothesis applies in that situation. Since E is also the splitting field of F of X over F adjoined alpha, right? If so E makes F of X split over F, so if you take an intermediate field, it's gonna still split and this is a minimal extension. So E is a splitting field of F of X over F adjoined alpha and the degree of this extension is less than N, we can use the inductive hypothesis to tell us that the Galois group of E over F adjoined alpha is equal to the degree of E over F adjoined alpha, which is gonna equal N over R in that situation. Let beta be another root of this polynomial P of X. There's gotta at least be two because P of X is not a linear polynomial. And then consider the map tau which is gonna send F of alpha, the field to the field F adjoined beta and this is gonna be the unique isomorphism that fixes the base field F, but then sends alpha to beta. Such a map always exists, okay? There could actually be lots of maps that potentially do that but there's at least one that'll do it. I mean, I should say that in this situation there's only one map that'll send alpha to beta because if we think of this as a vector space, your basis is going to be just one alpha, alpha squared, alpha cubed all the way up to whatever the degree needs to be, right? Continuing on here, this is a span of the powers of alpha. And since this is supposed to be a field isomorphism, it's gonna preserve multiplication, preserve exponents. So if you know what alpha does, you know what it does to every element of the field. So there is one, there's only one map tau we have in mind right here, okay? Now, of course, since F adjoined beta can be embedded inside of the algebraic closure without the loss of generality, we can actually think of tau actually as a map from alpha beta to the algebraic closure of F. And since alpha adjoining to F is an algebraic extension by the extension theorem, the isomorphism extension theorem from previous work, we can actually extend this to some map, an injective map from F bar to F bar which then forces it to be a field isomorphism in that case. It's not necessarily a unique extension. There could be potentially other isomorphisms but there's at least one. There does exist some map tau bar which is a isomorphism of the algebraic closure. The nice thing about splitting field these normal extensions, if you restrict a field isomorphism on the algebraic closure to some splitting field below that restricts to an automorphism there. Cause after all, every automorphism is going to permute conjugates.  I did not write that correctly. Let me try that again. We get that E is equal to F adjoin all of these elements and tau bar is just gonna permute these things around. In which case that means the image of F adjoin all these conjugates will be F adjoin all the conjugates still. So if you take tau bar of E here this is gonna give you back E. So the restriction of this map to E gives you an automorphism on the field E. So this is a very common trick we do. We can take a map, we can extend to the algebraic closure, we can restrict it to a splitting field. The fact that it's a splitting field is very necessary here because as automorphisms permute conjugates, if you don't have all of the conjugates, then you might actually exit your field.  That's the whole point of a normal extension there. So you can restrict automorphisms of the algebraic closure to splitting fields. It's a very, very common trick here. And so this gives us some map tau that's gonna do exactly this. Alpha goes to beta. There's gotta be some map that sends alpha to beta. Okay? And so we'll call that map tau bar. It belongs to the algebraic closure, excuse me, it belongs to the Galois group of E over F. Since P of X splits over E, there actually are our choices on what beta could be. So this map, this original map tau was dependent upon our choice of alpha, excuse me, a choice of beta. We can map, we can construct an automorphism that sends any element to any of its conjugates. And as there are our choices for those conjugates, they are gonna give us our different possibilities for this map tau. And so the algebraic, excuse me, the Galois group here contains at least our many elements. This Galois group E over F in that situation, because you have these our choices for the original map tau from before. Now, consider, and this right here is where the separability comes into play because I know P of X doesn't have any repeated roots because F of X didn't have any repeated roots. So I have actually our distinct conjugates to alpha. So I get exactly our choices for tau here, at least our choices, right? Because like I said, when you extend it to the algebraic closure, there potentially could be other possibilities going on there. It doesn't really matter which one you choose though, when you restrict it down to E, you're always gonna get the exact same map here, which we can call that tau. So we have our different choices for tau. We also had this map sigma from before, excuse me. We don't have sigma yet, let's introduce it now. Let sigma be a map that belongs to E over F, the joint alpha, right? So this is a subset of Galois of E over F. In fact, this is a subgroup, in fact. And I want you then to of course, recognize that if I take sigma times tau, this belongs to the Galois group of E over F, because sigma, it doesn't just fix F, it fixes F of joint alpha, but in particular, it fixes F. So since this one fixes F and this one fixes F, the product will fix F, and so it belongs to here, okay? Now, consider what are the possibilities here? So if you allow sigma to be an arbitrary element of this subgroup, and you have these elements tau, which there's our choices for tau, depending on the r conjugates of alpha there, I want you to think of how many possible, how many possible automorphisms do we have here? Well, this group right here has order in divided by r, and tau has r options. And so this then accounts for in, and this counts for in automorphisms in the group, the Galois group of E over F. Notice that in of course is the degree of this, all right? So what we've now done is we have shown that the order of this group is at least in this situation. But on the other hand, if you take two elements, pi and phi that belong to this Galois group E over F, I want you to be aware that the following statements are equivalent. That pi belongs to the coset associated to F, associated to phi right here, because after all, the Galois group of E over F of joint alpha is a subgroup. So we can talk about its left coset. Look at the left coset associated to the map phi, right? Pi belongs to this coset, if and only if the quotient pi inverse phi belongs to this subgroup. But if it belongs to the subgroup, that means it fixes E over joint alpha. Now, if the quotient fixes E over joint alpha, what that means, that happens if and only if the restriction of pi and phi to the subfield E over joint alpha, that means that the functions do the exact same thing. These functions don't have to fix E over joint alpha, but because their quotient fixes E over joint alpha, that means they act identically on the elements of E over joint alpha. Now, because of Lagrange's theorem, it turns out if you take some subgroup, in this case we can think of this as the subgroup H, then every element belongs to some coset of H right here. So in particular, you have this thing going on that the group, the Galois group of E over F, it can be partitioned using the cosets. So every element belongs to one of the cosets, okay? And that's where this factorization comes into play right here, that if you fix the representatives of the cosets, then we're gonna have the order of the subgroup, many options in that coset, and we can add up all of those cosets together. So what are the possibilities? Who represents the same coset? Well, this is what we're saying right down here, that two automorphisms represent the same coset exactly when their restriction to F over joint alpha is the same. So basically you can ignore the F over joint alpha part. And so we've now counted all of those possibilities here because this is then the elements of the subgroup H and there are gonna be R possibilities for what you can do here because what you do to F over joint alpha determines these possibilities here. And so the different options we have for R are all the possibilities we do to alpha. So what you do to alpha determines which coset you belong to. If you do nothing to alpha, then turns out you belong to H here. If you send alpha to beta, well, you belong to that coset. If you send alpha to gamma, you belong to that coset. That's what we've now spelled out here and there are options there. And so by Lagrange's theorem, when you multiply these two things together, that gives you everything in the group because the cosets partition it. And therefore we've counted every element, thus establishing the function by induction, right? I wanna now summarize what great result we've just established here. Suppose that we have an extension of fields. So F sits inside of K, which sits inside of E. And suppose that E over F is a Galois extension, okay? So previously we have shown that degrees of extensions are multiplicative. So if we take the extension E over F, we can factor this through the intermediate field K, E over K times K over E, like so. Now because of the previous theorem we just proved here, we get that the order of the Galois group, Gal of E over F, this is equal to the degree of the extension like so. Now because E is a Galois extension over F, we also get that E is a Galois extension of K, right? Because this is a splitting field over a polynomial set with no repeated roots. Those coefficients of polynomial come from F, which means their coefficients are in K as well. So we do get that the E is Galois over the intermediate subfield there. And so we also are going to get that this field extensions degree is equal to the associated Galois group. So we're gonna get the order of the Galois group of E over K, like so. But then by Lagrange's theorem, we get that if you take a subgroup, because this is always a subgroup of that group, if you take the order of the subgroup, then times it by its index, for which I'm gonna struggle to fit that in there. So we take the index of Gal of E over F, colon Gal of E over K. So the product of the order of the group with the index of the group gives you the whole group. The Lagrange's theorem tells us that. Well, since we have equality between the product and one of the factors, then it's gotta be true that these factors are equal to each other as well. So we can infer this very important relation for Galois extensions that the extension K over F, the degree is equal to the index of the Galois groups E over F over E over K. And this actually justifies why we used index notation to describe the degrees of field extensions, because there is this correspondence between the degree of the extension of a field with the index of a group, at least in the case of Galois extensions. Now this result we proved when you do have a Galois extension, it turns out that you get the other, if you don't have a Galois extension, you still get that the degree is gonna get upper bound of the Galois group. You can't have more automorphisms than the degree of the extension, but there are cases where you don't have it, since you don't have a Galois extension, you don't have enough automorphisms, and this inequality can be strict in that situation.


Hi, I'm Dr. Sushal Shantakumar, I'm a consultant orthopedic surgeon in Manipal Hospital, Bangalore, who specializes in shoulder surgeries and shoulder injuries. So today, I'll talk about a common topic which every sports person has. What are the common shoulder injuries which we encounter in sports? So let me tell you briefly about the shoulder. So the upper half of the human body is evolved for dexterity and flexibility rather than strength. In contrast, the lower half gives strength and endurance. So what happens is in virtually all sports, the shoulders are disproportionately called upon to perform feats of strength and endurance, which in turn lead to injuries. So the shoulder is a ball and socket type of joint. It is lined by a thin layer of cartilage or what we call labrum, which is vulnerable to injury most of the time. So most of the injuries involve the connective tissues, the capsule, the ligaments around the shoulder rather than frank broken bones or broken muscle tears. Those kind of injuries are far more common. So what are the most common type of major sports injuries? First we have the dislocations. A dislocation is the partial or complete separation of two bones, the ball and the socket. The victim or the patient will classically hear a pop when the shoulder moves out of the joint and then another pop when it comes back. The best case scenario, you will be able to reduce the shoulder joint on the field or on the court. In worst case, you might have to be admitted to a hospital and reduced under sedation or anesthesia. Repeated dislocations will worsen the joint causing damage to the socket and it makes recurrence much more likely causing long term damage to the labrum and cartilage. We also have something known as separated shoulder. This is different from frank dislocation. Here the clavicle or the collarbone separates from the shoulder. So this is graded into multiple levels and may even require surgery can be treated with simple rehabilitation. Then we have rotator cuff injuries and rotator cuff tears. Rotator cuff is made up of several tendons, together they provide remarkable mobility to the shoulder joint. Any sport that requires repetitive overhand motion presents a danger to the rotator cuff. Athletes which are particularly vulnerable to rotator cuff injuries include swimming, bad mitten, volleyball. So typically what happens is when you present with a rotator cuff injury the character is with pain, weakness in the shoulder and reduced range of motion. Next we have the labral injuries or what is commonly known as slap tears. So a slap tear tends to develop over a period of time from repetitive overhand motion such as throwing a baseball, playing tennis or volleyball, again similar to rotator cuff. It may also occur from direct impact to the shoulder such as it might be caused by falling onto the ground or somebody might be tackled when you are playing football. Typically what are the common symptoms we encounter? There might be a loss of power in your shoulder, a feeling of looseness in the shoulder, almost as if the shoulder is going to slip out. There might be pain which accompanies overhand moments such as throwing a baseball, smashing a bad mitten shuttle. Also there might be accompanying sounds like clicking and grinding or popping in the shoulder. So this was Dr. Sushal giving you a brief overview of how to take care of your shoulder when you play sports. For more queries you can reach out to me, I am a consultant shoulder surgeon in Manipal Hospitals. We will be happy to help you in any which way. Thank you very much.


So I'm here to talk about Project FLEJ as our pit just mentioned. It's uniquely focused in the OT space, the industrial IoT space specifically. And so I'll be talking about exactly what is the project. But FLEJ builds intelligent pipelines from machines to the cloud to aggregate data, process data, and integrate data with the different systems you'll find in industrial places. They all say the ISA 95 stack, the operational systems, and the new systems being built in the cloud. So Project FLEJ is rather mature. The contributors are unique, though, in that most of them are from the industrial space. So some of these names may be new to this audience. But companies like Aviva, OSISOF, which is owned by Schneider, Google is a contributor to the project. RTE is the largest energy company in Europe. Jacksonville Energy Authority is the eighth largest utility in the United States. Teledyne Flur, one of the more respected sensor manufacturers, best known probably for infrared cameras. They actually embed FLEJ into their new generation cameras. Biba is the University of Austria, kind of the MIT of industrial out of Austria. So a lot of work in Germany captures another German systems integrator. BRP, a large, discrete manufacturer. They build small engines in Europe. You've probably heard of them. UC Davis, real cool use case on the bottom here I'll talk about at the Opus One Winery. Newman Aluminum, a supplier to BMW for aluminum parts. Allander, another very large energy company out of Europe and in Dianomics. So those are the major contributors today to the project. And as Arpit mentioned, the project has also been embraced by LF Energy, which is focused on green energy and open source projects around the development of green energy around the world. And FLEJ is being used as an edge technology there. It's also in trials, it says me, in a very large food processing company. And some of our public deployments are listed there. I'll talk about two of them specifically as I go down. It's also deployed. I'll have a use case here in one of the largest chemical companies in the world. And I'll talk about how it's pushing about 2 and a half million tags a day right now through their infrastructure. And then my name's Tom Arthur. I'm the co-founder of Dianomic and we're a contributor and also offer commercial help for those that are wanting to join the community, learn how to program it and distribute the code. So as Arpit talked about, the industrial edge is a little bit different than IT in general. So when I define the edge, I usually talk about it as being the first hop I don't own. And so in the industrial space, that usually is the, I'll call it machine edge. So the very first place one acquires data in industrial spaces is generally a SCADA system, a DCS, a PLC, or maybe a directly connected analog central. And then so gathering that data from the edge, processing that data and moving that to the various operational systems that industry uses. And it's almost always associated with the continuous monitoring OEE quality projects and applications, predictive maintenance, situation awareness. But really the big idea in OT is the future of the self-deriving factory. The more automation the factory, of course, the more data brings value and the opportunity to have that happen. So what exactly is Project Fledge? Fledge is a series of six microservices that first connects any kind of industrial asset and really any kind, any protocol, even analog signals. It'll connect those assets, it'll aggregate data. And tomorrow's factory, it won't be adequate just to connect to the PLC of a machine. You'll be putting aftermarket sensors on that machine as well. Let's say a camera looking at quality coming from this machine on this part or process, maybe vibration sensors that are doing predictive maintenance on the bearings so you know failure before it happens. So it's a natural place on the edge, not just to get PLC data, but to aggregate all the data associated with the health and maintenance of that specific machine. So Fledge connects the data, aggregates that data, and then it of course can buffer that data. Many, many networks in the industrial space are not that reliable. Assets might be remote, they might be actually still going on Bluetooth. Of course, the opportunities for 5G and all that, but the types and sources of network and the reliability is very vast in the industrial space. So buffering is critical. And then it begins to process that data and it can filter the data as it is ingested from the edge. And it can also filter the data on the egress as it sends that data to various destinations. It can then analyze that data on the edge and do events and notifications. And it's a natural place obviously to do machine learning techniques on the edge when you need to run inference on the edge. And there are many, many applications in the industrial space where that's a requirement usually due to latency and data volume. For instance, one of our projects has it on four vibration sensors on centrifuges that are producing gigabytes of data a day off four 10 kilohertz vibration sensors.  And then last, it integrates that data. And in the industrial space, it must integrate it with the current operational systems, things like MES systems, OEE systems and historians, as well as of course send that data to the cloud. So you probably have in mind right now after that explanation is Fledge can connect data from machines and sensors and send it to a destination. But if you also track, it can connect to multiple data sources. Let's say the camera pointed at the output of the machine and the PLC. And then it can integrate that data to the operational systems at the industrial site as well as the cloud. But then Fledge can talk to Fledge so they can be deployed in the hierarchies or meshes and you create what I would call smart or intelligent OT data pipelines from machine all the way to the cloud and then do the processing where it's appropriate anywhere from the edge to the edge before the cloud or in the cloud. And Fledge allows that infrastructure and the redundancy of that infrastructure to occur. So the Fledge architecture, you probably have in mind after that second slide is a set of, as I said, six microservices. So the South microservice we call is built to integrate the data and connect to the machines and the sensor assets. These little blue boxes you see there, we call plugins. And what's interesting about the plugin architecture is that a coder writing in Python or C without completely rewriting the South microservice can add virtually any protocol in a matter of weeks. So today the Fledge project has about 100 protocols on the South side. And then the second thing you can do in the South microservice is begin to filter data as it ingresses Fledge. So once again, something like vibration data where you're processing 10 kilohertz data, it's a natural place then to start doing signal processing, doing functions like RMS or FFT. And so then from the South microservice data flows and is converted into a common JSON and we run Postgres at the storage layer. And from the storage layer, we have a North microservice which is where data then is integrated. And once again, you have the same plugin architecture where you can do data transformations and filters as it egresses Fledge. And then you have plugins to integrate Fledge with various destinations. So for instance, OMF is a protocol to a Py Historian or Google has contributed both IoT Core and Google Pub Sub to send it into Google Cloud or you'd have the various common and universal protocols you'll find in industrials like OPCUA or MQTTT or of course even protocols you find in IT like Kafka then to integrate that data, format that data, transform that data and send it on its way. And then in Fledge, you also have a service for doing set point control. Of course, this is a Linux project. And so it's good for set point control but it's not an RTOS obviously. So doing things like writes back to an MES system or writes back to a PLC based on some PID function and changing how this machine operates. And then the next microservice where we can do events and notifications. And then the last microservice is value, administrate and manage Fledge. All of this in REST, all of it using REST APIs, all of it of course open APIs or anyone then can go in and configure and manage these Fledge instances. And so my last two slides when I talked about pipelines I wanna give kind of the flow of common types of applications that have been built with Fledge. And this is doing with no code, low code or source code types of application building. So typically you might have PLC which would be time series data coming from this machine. You might have an infrared camera connected to that. So the plugin would be Jenny Cam and you're actually processing the array data. And then again, you might then have an accelerometer where we're actually taking vibration data and doing RMS and FFT signal processing as the data flows from machines and sensors. It can then be processed with machine learning on the edge and then integrate it to the cloud or an OEE system like Appiah Historian as these flows from machine to cloud are managed using Fledge. And then the last slide I have the largest deployment of Fledge today has about two and a half million tags flowing. And this is an implementation of a large chemical processing plant here in the United States. They had about 250,000 LoRa sensors deployed across 120 plants. All of that was being aggregated to about a dozen MQTT servers. And the problem was this is about a five year old deployment the formats of how these sensors from different manufacturers and the different data formats they have and how that was all aggregated in MQTT was very specific. But they always wanted that information or that data in their PyHistorians that the operators were using on a per plant basis. They couldn't figure out how to integrate the two. So in this case, the pipeline is actually cloud-based. So the MQTT servers flow their data into Fledge with our MQTT plugin. We do a data transformation where we can automatically identify, for instance, a new topic in MQTT. We can then process that new topic and send that data all in its way to the historian and understanding the format of the scheme of the historian automatically transform that data from this MQTT of a new topic and integrate that into the right historian at the right plant in the right format to the right operator. And those would be typical Fledge deployments. And with that, we're trying to build out a very large open-source community in the OT space. One of the things we've found in the OT space that actually in Linux itself is a new, is new to them. As you may know that Microsoft has done a very good job with OPCDA and is really a dominating technology in the OT application space. So we're hoping to build a very large community in OT, bring Linux into it and build these smart, intelligent data pipelines from machines to the cloud with open-source tools and processes. Thank you. Excellent. Thank you, Tom. That was very insightful. And if you can stop sharing, which will be on the screen. There you go. Okay. Very good. Again, to the audience, if there is any question, please put them in the Q&A box. Tom will be able to answer them in real time. I do have one quick question and this has to do more with the southbound. Like for the networking crowd, it's generally easier. I wouldn't say it's easier, right? It's either 5G or broadband. And yeah, there are protocols and all that. So not a big issue from a connectivity perspective. But for Edge and even more importantly, IOT, as we move into the extreme left constrained edge, as we call it in LF Edge, the protocols and the physical interfaces are quite prolific, right? And part of it is because each vertical has a physical requirement of hardening or compliance or whatever, right? And then of course the messaging protocol. How do you see that world evolving over time in terms of bringing, I mean, that's why frameworks are there, I'm sure. But what do you see needs to be done or should be evolving? Yeah, well in the industrial space, as you said, there are right now probably over 120 southbound protocols in the industrial space, a bunch of them that you and I probably never even heard of. And so that's the first issue. Often you can connect to those protocols using ethernet, sometimes not. Some of these sensors you actually have to do an analog conversion through some sort of ADC or signal process to actually interface that data. So that's the first problem. That's a problem that's been around in the industrial space since 1995. And there are commercial products that solve the protocol conversion. Basically, I'd call it a multi-protocol gateway. It goes from this to this. And then the next big issue besides that, and people are starting to standardize around probably a dozen protocols going forward to answer that first question. The other major problem in industrial is there is no data standard for a machine. This man's pump versus that man's pump. Just because I have OPCUA does not mean that I can move that data from this OPCU APLC to this guy sitting over here. I need to understand the pump. I need to understand the data formats, the schemas of that pump. And then I need Bill to convert that. So that's the first transformation that's critical on the edge. And then Fledge can handle that. So it's both a protocol problem and a data translation problem today. Very good. No, I think this is why frameworks are so important and critical, especially in this space where there is not a lot of memory or compute power to go in, right? Like what are the smallest deployments you've seen? Well, we've put it on Raspberry Pi zeros and actually deployed it on that. So it's anywhere from that. So Fledge of course can run on hardware like a Raspberry Pi, but in a VM or in a container. And you are seeing a lot more containerization also even in industrials pretty far out on the edge. Like a Cisco, we've deployed on Cisco switches in Cisco containers and substations. Okay, good. As another mechanism, sure. Got it, got it. No, excellent. And I think the last question, again, for people who want to ask questions, the Q&A bar is on. The last question I have is, you've been working very hard in the Fledge community to collaborate with LF Energy and the energy projects, right? We heard from our colleagues in APAC yesterday in keynotes that edge computing plays not just an important role in new applications like the cool stuff, AR, VR, blah, blah, blah. But it is an extremely important technology for marching towards the green revolution that we want to go to as a global community. So what are some examples that you have been focusing on just as a quick overview? Sure, two of the examples that are contributors to the project. One is RTE, which is the largest TSO in Europe. TSO, there's three parts of energy, there's generation, there's transmission and there's distribution. And so they run the big wires that transmit from generators to distributors that you probably... For my networking audience, core, edge and access. It's really similar, it's very parallel. Yeah, I went to Novell, I think I wanted something else. So they're building, actually a legacy protocol into FLEGE, it's IEC 104. And it's used in their substations and it will be because another problem in industrials is the CAPEX expenditure. They're buying assets the last 20, 30 years. And so they have what are called RTU servers, which are actually the switches in the substations that use this protocol 104. They need it to work with this emerging protocol called 61850, which is the newest protocol in green energy products from Siemens, ABB and Schneider. And so they need a universal way to go into these substations, control the old stuff with the new stuff. First thing they're building is IEC 104 as a south plug into FLEGE. Nice, nice. Okay. I know there'll be a lot of questions. I mean, this is a fascinating area, IoT and IOT particularly. So really appreciate your insights and thank you for giving us a great overview of FLEGE. So thank you, Tom. All right, thanks, Arbett. Take care.


On the show today, we will have an update from Abdul on the ongoing situation in Gaza. Not much has changed on the ground from reports that are coming in. More Palestinians have been killed. The Israeli onslaught continues. Unabated, also humanitarian aid has not been able to come in in the extent that is required for the over 2 million residents of Gaza. But our lead story today, on the 4th of October, the Pakistan government, this is a story that we have not been able to cover so far on Daily Debrief, announced a decision to expel undocumented Afghan refugees, the deadline for which is the 1st of November and that deadline is now here. What does this mean for almost half of the 4 million Afghans who have sought shelter in the neighbouring country? And Turkey celebrated 100 years of a republic on Sunday with celebrations involving thousands of people across the country marking the historic occasion. A lot has of course happened over the century and Turkey has gone from its founding roots as a secular republic to military coups of course and now the era of Erdogan. What does this historical evolution of modern Turkey tell us and how does it inform our understanding of Turkey's role in the world today? Salam, you are watching Daily Debrief and we are happy to tell you that we are coming to you from the People's Dispatch studios here in New Delhi once again. Hopefully we will be able to access this space and continue our coverage on People's Dispatch. Before we go any further, take a second and subscribe to our YouTube channel. Abdul, before we get into our lead story for the day which is of course Pakistan, if you could give us a quick update on what has been going on in Gaza since we last spoke. As far as the war in Gaza is concerned, of course the ground offensive is continuing and the bombing of course continues and according to the Palestinian Red Cross there have been bombings in and around Al-Quds Hospital which basically threatens the thousands of people who have taken shelter into the hospital apart from those who are injured. Apart from that, as far as the occupied West Bank is concerned, the Israeli raid there also continues and there have been reports that more than six people have been killed in the last 24 hours there. So just to say briefly because of the lack of time, what situation the guardians are facing is by and large similar despite the fact that there was an UN Security Council emergency meeting in which again all the countries including the US have expressed concern about the rising debt toll in Palestine and they have raised concerns about the need of ceasefire. Of course nobody knows when the real resolution is presented what the US will do but at least when it comes to verbal assertions it seems that by and large there is some kind of common understanding on the civilians in Palestine. There is one more thing, during the Security Council meeting the UNRWA had basically kind of officially confirmed the figures which were quote-unquote contested by some of the western countries about the number of people and number of Palestinians in particular children killed by the Israelis in the last three weeks and so. So this is by and large the situation and there seems to be no reason for any hope that there will be any improvement as far as the bombing, Israeli bombing is concerned and even on the humanitarian front there is hardly any improvement. And very little indication that any is coming quickly as Abdullah was pointing out and our next story which is our lead for today on Daily Reef isn't a particularly great story either because four million Afghans call Pakistan home. Many of them have moved there over time as various conflicts took over their home country and economic prospects steadily dwindled. We've reported before on the present humanitarian economic crises in Afghanistan where a large percentage of the population faces critical food shortage. There is mass food insecurity alongside of course the impact of natural disasters and the political sort of still ambiguity, turmoil and issues that remain. In that context Pakistan on the 4th of October, this is a story we've not had a chance to report on on Daily Reef in this period, announced a decision to expel all undocumented Afghan refugees around 1.7 million of them, many of them are already making their way or have made their way thousands back across the border where Abdul prospects remain bleak or are even more bleak than they were whenever these people managed to get out and at least find some semblance of safety as well as livelihood in Pakistan. Well, it's a very difficult situation for more than 1.7 million that is the number of undocumented Afghans in Pakistan and most of them of course not most at least a large number of them around 600,000 of them basically came post the recent takeover of Taliban in 2021. And these are the people of course who are who have the immediate threat of being persecuted if to go back at this moment to their own country because it is assumed that Taliban authorities will take them as hostile or someone who does not favor their route and that is one thing apart from the fact that the more than a million people Afghans who have been living there for decades and now some of them are living there for decades now and they have not been able to get documentation done primarily because a large number of them are really poor in the sense that they do not have enough money to even bribe the quote-unquote official state officials to get some kind of documentation as a proof for their quote-unquote official status within Pakistan. So a majority of them are poor people without any means of livelihood back home and given the fact as you rightly pointed out the overall economic condition in which Afghanistan is today it is in no condition to provide even if it wants to whether we are not sure whether the Taliban government is really willing to work for creating opportunities for these people there even if they are willing to do it they do not have enough resources to do much beyond a point so it is going to be a complete disaster as far as the economic and security if you look at them from the economic and security point of view for the majority of the Afghans who are going back because they do not have any option by the way in fact there are already reports that hundreds of thousands of people have quote-unquote voluntarily left the country in the last four weeks since the order was passed and more and more people are moving towards the Chaman border and other border points and that is one side of it the other side is it is also not clear whether Pakistan authorities are ready to handle the situation given the fact that a large number of Afghans are going to try to cross the border at once and there will be a chaos all across the country from wherever these people are coming whether there are enough means of communication for them how they are moving, do they have enough economic resources to carry whatever essential commodities or essential goods they have carry their families and if there are any how they are able to reach the border whether they will be able to cross it in a human way whether it is possible or not and Pakistan government has even issued if you see their language it is really harsh threatening almost of detention for millions for all these millions of people who did assume that if they are trying to escape moving out of Pakistan and try to remain somehow so they have issued threats they have issued kind of orders to the police their security forces there to create temporary jails, temporary detention centers the condition of those detention centers the Pakistan is not very of course they are not known for any kind of good conditions in the prison and we can assume that it is going to be really a disaster for if the deadline as predicted as announced by the government is literally followed this is going to be another humanitarian crisis that is unfolding in Pakistan in the next few hours tens of millions already Abdul in different ways reeling from that crisis which not only in Afghanistan but also has had a major impact on Pakistan we have talked about the state of the economy there and what is going on with the cycle of IMF funding and loans and debt and issues with of course the government that are going on against the former Prime Minister Imran Khan all of that is going on so where does all of it or this forced expulsion at this point will fit in with what is happening in terms of domestic Pakistani politics or do we just see it as disagreements between the Pakistan government and the Taliban which is now de facto ruling Afghanistan of course not the only reason being the structural problems with Pakistan is facing and their ruling class is being unimaginative being unwilling to explore the possibilities other than looking for ad hoc measures and they think that for their economic problems with Pakistan is facing the kind of restrictions which IMF have imposed has imposed on the different kinds of social kind of social policies which is required given the fact that majority of the Pakistanis are not in a position to kind of depend on market in any way for their basic living in that condition Pakistan government thinks it seems that's the only way one can explain what is happening at this moment that if they are able to kind of create this kind of one of course event which diverts the attention of people to some extent of course it has an impact all over the country because Afghan refugees are everywhere they are in Karachi, they are in Lahore they are in rural areas, they are in urban areas they are not only restricted to the border areas with Afghanistan so it is a national issue it is a national event which basically before the crucial elections which is going to be conducted in next year first month or second month that basically provides a kind of divergence, the other of course instead of addressing the real issues the other thing that is behind this is it also but I don't know how the economic logic works, according to the Pakistani media the overall expenditure which the state will incur if this plan of quote-unquote expulsion of Afghan quote-unquote illegal refugees is carried out more than 2 to 3 billion rupees Pakistani rupees will be spent on this exercise if it is carried out, this is early estimate we don't know exactly what will be the real amount and in a country which is struggling to survive save its economy from complete collapse is a huge amount to waste thinking that if 1.7 million Afghans move out of Pakistan it will help Pakistan economy in some way, this is a complete lazy way of thinking of addressing the economic issues in Pakistan, as far as the security concerns raised by the government in Pakistan at this moment that this illegal Afghans are primary reasons behind the increasing quote-unquote terrorist attacks happening all across the country Tahrir Qataliwan Pakistan is getting support because these illegal Afghans are becoming cadres of it Pakistan has had more terrorist attacks before this new fresh quote-unquote immigration coming in the number of terrorist attacks have not gone down even if Pakistan has earlier taken expelled hundreds of thousands of Afghans in the past has no real impact on the number of attacks the real reasons behind the rising violence against non-state violence in Pakistan is primarily structural and it is a long term reason it cannot be addressed by expelling some of them who are considered to be quote-unquote illegal aliens these are the words seen in Pakistani media or the Pakistani official documents to describe them so security concerns are bogus that is a justification just to carry out this huge event which has a demonstrative effect they think the Pakistani government think and it is also not related to as some of the Pakistani officials are claiming to the recent disagreements between Taliban government and Pakistan the border closing which was the case for months this has nothing to do with that as well it is primarily as I said before an attempt to create an event to divert the attention from addressing the real economic reasons in Pakistan and using the exact playbook and language that we have seen used in every one of these cases Abdul they have copied the texts produced by Europeans and they talk about the refugees there European right wing, extreme right wing and at the same time of course looking back at the history of Pakistan as accepting of refugees and taking credit for or trying to at least take credit in the narrative Abdul we leave Pakistan here for the moment because we will of course also see how this deadline is actually enforced by the caretaker government and then the kind of impact it will have because also on the ground I would assume 4 million people Pakistan is a populist country but these 4 million people will have established ties and it is bound to have a political impact domestic of course an economic impact because refugees also contribute to the economy I don't know how that is skipped all of a sudden but yeah but we will move on to our next story and we will ask you to hang around for a bit to talk to us about that it is 100 years of Turkey which was celebrated the Turkish Republic that was celebrated country-wide in Turkey on Sunday from Mustafa Kemal to Recep Tayyip Erdogan a lot has happened in Turkey as it has I suppose all over the world in that 100 years we are not trying to summarize of course that history unfortunately we don't have the time to sort of get all the details from Abdul on the show but broadly speaking give us some context Abdul of this evolution that has taken multiple different strands sometimes divergent sometimes parallel and where that has brought us to broadly speaking where we are today 100 years later well Turkey today is not the Turkey which Mustafa Kemal had basically had a reason to establish and if you see the there is a complete change not only in terms of the social and political initiatives taken by Mustafa Kemal at the time in 1920s there is also a complete economic shift which has happened in Turkey so a country which was primarily trying to imitate the European modern ways of living and ways of doing things has basically has basically evolved to accept much more conservative set of ideas both politically and socially and if you see the kind of emancipatory project which Mustafa Kemal had when it comes to when it came to women when it came to minorities when it came to a kind of both religious and cultural minorities all those emancipatory projects have been by and large forgotten at least for the majority of the Turkish population today and the Justice and Development Party which has been ruling in Turkey since more than a decade now has basically has kind of led a transformation which basically goes backward on every count Turkey which basically had attempted to give women certain rights in 1930s give women a right to vote and so on and so forth in 2020s comes where it basically denies any existence of femicide and walks out from Istanbul convention which basically asks for nothing more than illegalizing domestic violence and taking action against all kinds of domestic abuse so that one example basically establishes how Turkey has shifted from a complete modernizing society which wants to aspires to be modern to a society which wants to kind of preserve whatever cultural heritage it seems to be so it has become from a modern looking country to a more autonomous kind of going back into the history and so on and so forth this is about cultural aspects only when we talk about economic issues you see that today Turkey is much more kind of regressive when it comes to the rights of the working class in particular the rural presentry in particular there is no attempt to kind of address those issues or very little attempt to do that despite the fact that Turkey is at least for first 7-8 years of Erdogan's rule a booming economy becoming one of the G20 countries in terms of GDP becoming one of the richest countries in the entire West Asia and North Africa despite all those economic achievements when it comes to working class the overall situation has not improved so this kind of mix of course on one side the military coups have stopped happening for the one last attempt was a failure of course in 2016 but and there are claims that the democracy court and liberal democracy has become much more stand-in in society but on the other side the one-man rule has also become much more stronger Erdogan is unchallengeable in Turkey today it has never been the case after of course the initial phases of Kama so this is you can say coming back to a kind of rule it is West of Gokhamal so another kind of example of a mixed legacy which Turkey has gone through for a century in its last century to broaden the context a little bit and look at it from an outsider's perspective Erdogan also carries Turkey's international sort of ambitions, the role of being a regional player we of course talked about the Ukraine grain deal in the past on the show and of course with being a member of NATO plays a major part in that so while perhaps there is a domestic effort to counter these opposing trends sometimes the establishment or the strength of Erdogan's establishment organization what does that mean for the wider region going forward and do some of these evolutionary processes actually play a role or are we sort of starting a different phase altogether in some sense? Well on that front also there is a mixed signals you can say, Turkey initially of course when it came out from the first world war it adopted a policy of neutrality for a while in the case that it did not participate in the second world war completely from that onwards what has Turkey if you see in terms of foreign policy in terms of its regional policy has joined NATO in 50s has tried to become a member of European Union its membership is still pending it is a former applicant of it though European Union which was quite it seems open to adopt except Turkey as a member in the early 1990s or has completely gone back to it there are two reasons behind it of course one despite the fact that Turkey is a NATO member it has you can say taken a very radical step to kind of portray itself as a much more non-aligned country with a foreign policy which is independent to the dictates of NATO on the independent of the dictates of the US in last few years at least and that basically has angered the US and its allies in Europe to basically completely trying to some Turkey's attempts to become or recognized as a European country they have of course used Erdogan's policies Erdogan's politics as an excuse to kind of deny it but it has basically a larger geopolitical reasons behind it and that is basically Turkey's attempts under Erdogan to maintain a balanced relationship with Russia on the one side on the NATO members on the other side and that basically we have seen how during the initial days of the Ukraine war Turkey was the only NATO member or only country which had some kind of influence to kind of start to mediate a talk between the Ukrainians and the Russians Istanbul talks we are talking about so that is one apart from that his non-alignment also comes with Erdogan's attempts to kind of portray Turkey as a regional power and that basically has also reflected in its policies towards Syria its policies towards Libya or trying to intervene at least in the first decade of Erdogan's rule in different other countries in the region even now Turkey's forces are intervening, have been intervening quite regularly in Iraq they are already there in Syria they are already there in Libya so that is an attempt to become a regional hegemon when it comes to military power and portray quote-unquote independence from the US that is one part of it the second part of course is related to basically on and off with other regional hegemon so whether it is Saudi Arabia, whether it is Iran to some extent Egypt there have been attempts to kind of there has been hot and cold relationship with these countries except for Russia one can say Erdogan's foreign policy has not been stable when it comes to other regional and global players in last 20 years and that is something which is of course we cannot pass a judgment at this moment but something which is very interesting when we see the overall evolution of Turkey's foreign policy in the last 100 years unfortunately that's all we have time for today but thank you very much for inputs on actually some pretty complex situations in both these countries as well as the update from Ghazam Shah we will have you back on the show very soon as I was saying right at the beginning of the show we are back today coming to you from the People's Dispatch studios in New Delhi our coverage of these stories and also other major events around the world continues as well as movement news from around the world on peoplesdispatch.org don't also forget to give us a follow on the social media platform of your choice from Abdul myself and the entire team at People's Dispatch thank you very much for watching we will be back with another episode tomorrow until then goodbye