Good evening everybody, and thank you so much for turning out in such great numbers on such a lovely day. It's one of the few days when you should all be home cutting your grass, or doing something like that, because we've had such a bad summer, but we're so honoured indeed to be here this evening in the presence of the Chief Justice to launch this, if I may say so, really excellent publication, European Criminal Justice post Lisbon and Irish perspective. The Chief Justice is going to formally launch the book for us now. Susan Denham is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and precisely one year ago today she was appointed to that position. So today is her birthday, and a very healthy one-year-old you're looking Chief Justice. She was the first woman to ever hold this position. And a quick run through the senior positions in the legal profession in this country shows now I think five positions held by women, the Chief Justice, the Attorney General, the DPP who's here, the Chief State Solicitor, and the head of the Parliamentary Drafts Office, all women. So it's a very nice tribute to pay to the women of Ireland that they have at last been recognised in their talents. Susan Denham, as you probably all know, was educated here in Dublin and Alexander College, Trinity College, King's Inns and Columbia University, and she was also Pro-Chancellor of Trinity College in Dublin. Now she's a long distinguished career as a practising both junior and senior counsel and did a nice stint in the Midland Circuit, which I'm sure was a very interesting period of her life and because the best stories come from that circuit. And then in 1992 she was again the first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court. I was very honoured indeed that Susan agreed in 1995 to take the chair of the working group on a court's commission. And I see a few people who were around here at that time when we set up that working group. It was the first real look at our courts since they were founded in 1923. So it was really a kind of a magical time and Susan chaired that and presented several reports outlining significant reform in the organisation of our courts since the foundation of the states. And it led to the establishment of the courts service. Then Susan in turn was on the interim board of the actual court service and served on that board from 2001-2004. Most recently she was chairing the working group on a court of appeal and now the current minister has announced that there's going to be a referendum. Don't please ask me when, but there's going to be a referendum on changing our court structures as well. So Susan Denham has been a really significant person in the life of this country with regard to our courts, the improvements, the modernisation of it. I don't need to tell you that of course this is terrible but her father was the former editor of the Irish time Douglas Gageby and her brother is a practising criminal barrister Patrick Gageby. But I also know that Susan likes to spend a little bit of time down in Connemara walking the roads there where she's probably thinking about the next sentence or the next issue that's going to come. And believe me at the moment there's some very interesting cases just entering into court at the moment. Not let's say anything Alan, entering into court at the moment. I want to just acknowledge if I can the IEA for this work but I want to acknowledge all the contributors. Eugene will talk about them in a few minutes. We particularly are privileged to have the contribution of the United States Attorney General Eric H. Holder who himself kind of was in the eye of a political storm recently where the Republicans were trying to kind of throw him off centre and accuse him of all sorts of things. But he withstood it, he was a really great speaker and a charming man. We particularly want to acknowledge the contribution of Eugene Regan who's here today and thank you Eugene for being here, particularly after your really sad bereavement and your lovely two daughters. We also could not have done any of this without the work of Jill Donohoe. Jill is the director of research here at the Institute and honest to God she is incredible, she just never seems to stop. Joe Brosnan, former Secretary of the Secretary General, that's a really slip up. The General Secretary is trade union but the Secretary General is a department of the Department of Justice and he peer reviewed the chapters and Brian Martin and Mike Mahan known in the IEA's creative team for their exceptional work in bringing the publication to fruition.  That's Katrina Heinel, Katrina has been the kind of worker behind this whole group, the Justice and Home Affairs group, the main researcher and she's currently in Singapore so we didn't think the Institute could stretch to return tickets for her to come over and go back again for the launch. So she's here in spirit and she can watch it on whatever clever website or something you set up. But there was a lot of work that went into this book and particularly by the writers. And if I could be forgiven for just mentioning two bits of it that I think came into its own in this publication, I've been very strong on the whole issue of data protection.  Billy is now reminding us all of us no matter what area of work you're working in, data protection now has to be looked at and be mentioned and examined. No point in saying oh nobody will care about that. And of course one of my babies, the criminal assets bureau, it's now like the example that's being used in that right Eugene all over the world. People I don't know how to get any work done because I think every other day there's some visitor from some country coming in to see how we started and established it. And if I could say so, it was probably one of very few instances when Dal Aaron actually worked properly and effectively and got something done in the shortest possible time that is working so well. And I mean if people want an example of how our parliamentary system should work, maybe they should look at that, I know what led to it, it was the tragedies of two heinous murders. But nonetheless it's a very good example of showing if the members of the parliament work together, they can get something out. So I'm going to pass over now to our Chief Justice Susan Denham who's going to say a few words for us and thank you again. Thank you very much indeed for those kind words. I'm delighted to be here this evening. I'm delighted to be here with all of us as we joined for the launch of the European Criminal Justice Post-Lizb and Irish Perspective. This book is a timely publication coming in advance of Ireland assuming the presidency on the 1st of January. And it's an absolutely wonderful collection of opinions of experts who are giving us their expertise. The publication has been produced by this Institute of International and European Affairs, Justice Steering Committee, and there is no doubt that the Institute is a leading policy research institute on European and international affairs in Ireland, and it's an independent not-for-profit organisation with charitable status which gives it a particular and unique status. Its extensive research programme seeks to provide its members with high-level analysis and forecasts of the challenges which we are going to meet in global and European policy agendas. Which will impact on Ireland. It aims to act as a catalyst for new thinking, new solutions and policy options. And this publication is an example of a success in achieving that aim. This is the product of the Justice Steering Committee, a neutral forum bringing together experts to discuss and examine issues of national, European and international importance in law and justice where it monitors the implications of developments in the EU area of freedom, security and justice. The Steering Committee is therefore a reflective group of experts, a very useful institution in our society. With an eye to Ireland's presidency, beginning in January, such a national body of experts engaged in these policy areas enriches our whole national debate. Those who work in the justice sector in Ireland are indebted to the work of the Institute in elucidating complex areas of law which have an ever-increasing European and international element in our society. The committee, of course, is chaired by Nora Ohn, who was the second woman to be appointed Minister for Justice and with whom I worked, as Nora said, with great pleasure during the 1990s and we managed to get a number of very important projects up and running. It was a very important time for me too, Nora, and it's very important that this innovative work that Nora did as a minister is continuing as she brings her expertise now into this institute and shares with it and leads it. I agree with your sentiments expressed at the beginning of the book that the constructive suggestions, support or criticism offered by the contributors are levelled ultimately at improving the livelihoods of our citizens and securing the right of the individual in all jurisdictions throughout the globe, not just in Ireland, to safety and freedom from the ripple effects of crimes which, of course, no boundary or border. When we look at this wonderful publication and we think about the Lisbon Treaty, and of course I can say nothing about the Lisbon Treaty because we are in the middle of all kinds of interesting litigation at the moment, we must remember that the history of the Lisbon Treaty and the European Union is rooted in those ashes of World War II and as time passes it's often easy to forget the essential truth of our union and I'm very fond of looking back at Robert Schumann's declaration where he starts by saying Europe peace cannot be safeguarded without the making of creative efforts proportioned to the degree which threatens it. The contribution which an organised in living Europe can bring to civilisation is indispensable to the maintenance of peaceful relations. Europe will not be made all at once or according to a single plan it will be built through concrete achievements which first create a de facto solidarity and although we've seen great development in Europe over the last few decades we're 27 nations, 500 million people and it is quite a unique project. The debate that goes on and the steps that go on, there are a few steps forwards maybe one back but they're all small achievements towards ultimately the vision that was elucidated in the 1950s by Robert Schumann and others. Now the project leader of the steering committee is Eugene Regan who has edited this publication and he has developed a wealth of expertise of course going right back to Peter Sutherland's cabinet and his later work and I'd like to congratulate him on bringing to fruition this excellent legal resource which will be much examined by policy makers, legal practitioners, academic lawyers and all interested citizens in our union. In the introduction of the book he notes that the creation of an area of freedom, security and justice within the union is for the first time defined in the Lisbon Treaty as a shared competence between the union and the member states and he points out that this represents an acceptance by the member states that if they are to effectively combat serious crime which invariably has a cross-border element at national level they can do so more effectively by working together at a European level and with the full involvement of the European institutions and that's so much what this book is addressed to individual specific areas of the individual experts. Mr Regan also provides us with the most interesting and informative overview of criminal justice post Lisbon in Chapter 1, charging the beginnings of the treaty to the present day and it's noteworthy that he points to the area of freedom, security and justice as being the signal achievement of the heads of government in the Lisbon Treaty. This excellent publication sheds light on aspects of the treaty and its implications for criminal justice across the European Union with particular references to Ireland and I would like to complement each of the authors for contributing to our shared knowledge of what is often a very challenging area of the law. Brian Purcell, Secretary General of the Department of Justice has written on criminal justice cooperation in Ireland opt-in protocol and this is really a very helpful discussion in a complex area including on the facility for opting into individual measures protocol 21. At the time of writing the Department of Justice and Equality had, when he was writing, had dealt with 22 measures to which protocol 21 applies, all of which are helpfully appended in tabular format at the end of his chapter. Ireland has in fact adopted for 18 of these and this kind of information is so hard to find, it's an absolutely wonderful resource. Commissioner Van Gardia-Shakona has written on police cooperation and security in the EU. Commissioner Kellanon examines the role of our police force in the European Union and security cooperation following Lisbon and as Commissioner points out the EU and international police cooperation is an increasingly essential aspect of national policy and he makes the very interesting and very important point that of course it's an amazingly beneficial factor in Ireland that we have a national police force on Garda-Shakona and that we don't have multiple police forces because it's so complex dealing with other jurisdictions where you have the metropolitan police and you have a variety of other police forces. The commissioner notes that Ireland's forthcoming presidency will include chairmanship of elements of the Europol Management Board in cooperation with Lithuania and Greece. Our former DPP James Hamilton has written a chapter entitled Prosecuting Crime, the European Context and he outlines the role of the EU in assisting the effective prosecution of crime at national level, the role of legal instruments such as the European arrest warrant. Last week we published the report of the court service for 2011 and it shows that there were 414 European arrest warrant applications in the high court in 2011, which was a 9% decrease, but there was 1368 orders made in the European arrest warrant cases in Ireland for going out. So a 21% increase in 2000 is very interesting, very busy. As you know we have to have dedicated judges dealing with it at the moment. There's a very informative account of the development of European criminal law given by Mr Hamilton and he also has an interesting discussion on the civil and common law systems. He points out that really when you think about civil law there's a bit of precedent when you're thinking about criminal, our common law, we have our statutes. So he makes the point really very well that the truth in spite of all our different argyns is that there's no pure civil or common law systems but they're all mixed to a greater or lesser degree, a very informative article and very well worth reading even on the wider context rather than also the specific area he's contacting. Detective Chief Inspector Eugene Corcoran of Keath writes a very informative article on criminal assets bureau, a case study for Europe and as Nora said of course it's one of our great successes and we have and gather up in a variety of conferences. I'm always being told we've got your guard that she called here, they're explained to us all about it, it's a wonderful system. So it's really been a great thing for Ireland that we have led in this way and shown this absolutely excellent multidisciplinary agency model which is now being copied in so many other parts of Europe. Our retired Attorney General and Princess Kiernan wrote on judicial protection in the EU, they outlined the structure of judicial protection in the EU and the differing approaches of the member states to the rights of the individual. They started way back Magna Carter and moved forward. It's a really informative article and I'm sure that all the young barristers and solicitors and academics will hone in on it immediately. And of course they point out that membership of the EU doesn't mean that all countries must have identical values in the fields of criminal law and procedure but that there are certain minimum rights which are the subject of judicial protection in all member states, it's the most informative and useful article. Mr Billy Hawkes has, as Nora said, written on data protection and citizens rights in the fight against serious cross border crime. This is impinging of course on all our lives. Wherever you move now it's a very critical aspect of decisions even when one isn't aware of it and to some extent perhaps it's creeping in and we have to have much more awareness of it and I'm extremely pleased that this article is there. I had brought to my attention a couple of years ago, we were hoping to put online a whole series of sentences that had been made in the court, in open court, after an open hearing and we just wanted to put them up for the judges and practitioners to look at and to be able to see what the circuit court is doing in this area and what the district court is doing in that area. And we immediately ran into the data protection which said now although it was an open court and although it was all in the public domain and although there are public documents I'm afraid you can't put it up on the website in that format so they all had to be anonymised and of course anonymising cases just took time but I mean it really pulled me up to think we must be so aware of how important this change in our society is and how the balance has to be struck between the various interests that have to be considered. Eric Holder, Attorney General of the USA, has written on advancing common priorities combating crime and ensuring global security through international partnership. I was delighted to be here last year when he was here and he spoke and he has pointed out that partnership between the US and the European Union is central to the common goals stating that as transnational organised criminal networks and cybercrime have transcended national boundaries so too must be united in combating these threats. It was the most interesting speech he gave here and it's excellent to have it in this collection. So the contributors are all to be congratulated for the detailed and informative very learned chapters which obviously have involved very careful preparation. There are very synthesised exercise and knowledge and they will be really a great asset to the national conversation. I congratulate all involved in this project about the writers and I compliment the staff of the institute for all their work managing and getting something like this together is very hard work. It can be said with certainty that the institute lives up to its guiding motto sharing ideas shaping policy. This is an important and timely publication and it gives me great pleasure to officially launch European criminal justice post Lisbon and Irish perspective. Thank you Chief Justice for those kind words. I also think it's a good book. I think we got it right. We tried to keep it short but I think it's comprehensive. In fact I think my chapter is the longest. I broke the rules having suggested they be of a certain length. There's a lot of information in the book but I think it's easy to read. I think it's suitable for the expert in the area of criminal law and Europe but I think it's also suitable for and helpful to those who are unfamiliar with the subject matter whether it is data protection or policing or otherwise. I think the book is opportun as the Chief Justice has said. I think that's very important at this particular juncture. Not only because of the major changes that are introduced by the treaty but also the coming Irish presidency when a lot of the issues in this area and legislation which is going through the system will come to for final determination during the Irish presidency. But more particularly this opt out or opt in and the three year review of Ireland's opt out from EU criminal law and policing measures which was introduced at the last moment before the signing off on the Lisbon reform treaty. I think also some recent decisions of the Supreme Court in the area of extradition one in relation to extradition to France and the more recently in relation to Hungary have highlighted first of all the cooperation that's going on in this area between member states. It's also highlighted perhaps some flaws in the formulation of the framework directive under your arrest warrant perhaps some flaws in how we have transposed it in Irish legislation and also the problem and it has been highlighted in the Supreme Court by the Supreme Court some of the justices in relation to not being able to refer a matter of interpretation in relation to that your arrest warrant for interpretation by the European Court. That's all been resolved by enlarge by the Lisbon treaty. This publication has been said is by people who are expert in their areas and responsible for their areas. They're speaking from first hand knowledge and I think that comes through in the chapters. It's both in the formulation of criminal law policy, in the detection investigation and prosecution area and in the area of the protection of fundamental rights whether it is in the courts or in the transposition of the EU directives or otherwise. I think it also gives and I hope it gives a clear picture of the actions which have been undertaken in all of these areas and it gives an insight into just what is happening at a European level and how the actors at national level are interacting with the players and the institutions at a European level. The objective really is to provide that insight and through that insight to serve as a guide to policy makers and legal practitioners. The background to the publication as Susan Denham has just said is that this whole fundamental principles upon which Europe is based originally very much while politically based it was an economic community and more and more that recognition of the importance of the rule of law democracy, fundamental rights then the creation of an area of freedom, security and justice which sums up that objective and I think the Lisbon Treaty provides a much better framework than has ever existed to translate those principles into reality. In particular it's the first time that Europe has been acknowledged as having a shared competence in the area for a long time member states did not want the institutions at all involved in criminal law matters. Now it is a shared competence and that's treaty based. So there is an acceptance by member states that they can work more effectively within that European framework. The Court of Justice has full oversight from 2014. The European Commission will have the normal enforcement powers. We have infringement proceedings against member states in a lot of areas for failing to transpose directives but not in this area because the European Commission doesn't at the present time have that authority with Lisbon it does from 2014. And of course we have the Charter of Fundamental Rights which is part of the Lisbon Treaty which plays very much in this area because if you have European institutions like Europol and you're just playing a greater role in criminal law matters and policing matters, prosecution issues, then it has to be flanked by greater accountability and legitimacy and that can only come with the Charter of Fundamental Rights, the recognition of the role of the European Commission and co-decision by the European Parliament. It is interesting to note that our involvement in this whole area it was in the Convention on the Future of Europe which ultimately led with some amendments to the reform treaty. There was a working group 10 on criminal law matters and justice matters chaired by John Bruton and it was that group that decided that there had to be radical changes in this area so that the institutions would play a greater part and that you would have in particular qualified majority voting. You wouldn't have this unanimity requirement and it was from that committee and the report from that committee which laid the basis for this section on criminal law matters and policing. And of course the fundamental change was the qualified majority voting and of course that created a concern in Ireland in relation to and of course in the United Kingdom as to the threat that might pose to our criminal justice system and therefore the up doubt. I don't say that logically follows, I just say that that is what created the concern. A few words about the individual chapters and I think that Chief Justice has highlighted a lot of the important points but I would say that the chapter by Brian Purcell in relation to the up doubt it's clear, factual, non-judgmental and it is the perfect chapter, perfect piece for anyone who's going to examine this area and decide do we really need this up doubt. Would we by not having this up doubt by participating in the formulation of policy from day one have a bigger influence on the procedures and the style of a directive which would be more compatible with our common law system. We faced all of these issues before in other areas and found by operating and working with Europe with the commission in the qualified majority system that we could get the changes we wanted. I think it's a stumbling block myself, I did raise it in the Senate as early as 2008. I never agreed with it but I can see why it was established but I think it is decision time now as to whether we continue with that up doubt. On the Martin Kalanin and the Gareth Commissioner Chapter 3 I think the one thing that comes across is just how embedded we are in the European system how the work of the Gareth Chicona is very much linked with the work of Europol which took quite a while to get established. I think it was that film with Catherine Zeta-Jones as she walked across the podium and Europol in banner headlines. I think that's probably what broke the ice. In reading that chapter you read about European analytical work files and strategic overviews by Europol which is pretty critical I think to the work. I think the other point that comes across is just how complex the structures are and one looks at the table on the Euro policy cycle and those other tables and diagrams in your chapter which highlight just what you're dealing with. I think what's also interesting is you've highlighted specific areas where the interaction and the cooperation with Europe has worked and given rise to results whether it's on drug interceptions, Europe counterfeiting or terrorist issues, human trafficking in particular. Former DPP James Hamilton I think has produced a very nice think piece on this whole area of prosecution and I think the Chief Justice highlighted the point I wish to highlight and that is that point you make about convergence that there is actually a convergence emerging of our civil and common law systems and I suppose it didn't start yesterday. There has been an evolution over a period of time but I think you've highlighted one very crucial point and I think it is in that spirit that we can work with the common civil law systems and ensure that there is no transgression on what the principles of our own system which we value. Eugene Corcoran on the criminal asset bureau and the porffiture. Now there's quite a number, Chief Justice mentioned, history of I don't know which chapter you were speaking about but the chapter on the criminal asset bureau and civil forfeiture I think it's very nice introduction piece, historical piece on how this whole procedure has evolved. It's an excellent chapter. It shows just how successful the criminal asset bureau has been and how Ireland has played a big part in that highlighting the establishment of this Camden Acid Recovery interagency network current and it started here and I think it's a very interesting model which we've established and I think I have no doubt it will feature during the Irish presidency. Paul Gallagher and Francis Kiran on the issue of judicial protection in the European Union highlighting the diversity among member states in the protection of fundamental rights and in the different criminal procedures in member states. The Charter of Fundamental Rights, how that feeds into it and of course Europe's accession to the European Convention of Human Rights. In particular I think it's a very nice thing piece again on that whole issue of mutual recognition, mutual respect of judicial systems between member states which is the basis for cooperation in this area. Again I think that was touched on in a recent Supreme Court case in relation to that extradition to Hungary and that recognition and acceptance of other legal systems and perhaps the questioning of whether one can presume that fundamental rights are protected. Then we come to the Data Protection Commission of Billy Hawkes. If one knew nothing about data protection or how it impacts on our lives or how it affects police enforcement, criminal law enforcement I think read that chapter. It is an excellent piece on the whole issue, the risk of to individual freedom and invasion of privacy without adequate safeguards and it also highlights the legislation which is coming down the line from Brussels and it's particularly in this area it will come to the fore during the Irish presidency so I think that is a very important issue. In relation to the Attorney General of the United States we're very happy to have that, his chapter included Eric Holder and we had a, the Chief Justice said a very interesting presentation by him at the Institute here and one thing he emphasised the partnership with Europe but in combating international terrorism highlighting that the importance of safeguarding the commitment to the rule of law and respect for fundamental rights and I think he laid great stress on that, recognising that perhaps and I think he acknowledged that the United States had perhaps overstepped the mark in quite a number of areas in that regard. I didn't suggest many changes to his chapter and after all he is the Attorney General of the United States. Just from my part I want to thank Nora as Chairperson of the Justice Group she played a critical role in this work as she always does and she has that wonderful facility I've been able to get people to do things. It's no pressure, just force of personality doesn't matter whether it's the Data Protection Commissioner they respond and they did in this case all of the authors in providing comprehensive and succinct chapters. Katrina Heinal played a crucial role. She sweet-talked everybody into getting their chapters done, completed and in on time and I think she really does deserve a lot of credit and Jill Donahoe the key driver in all of these processes and just the Institute itself I think it does, the publication is a reflection of the commitment of the Institute to stick with producing quality publications on European policy matters and follow this justice area for quite some time now we had a publication in 1997 that was the Justice Cooperation of the European Union and then the new third pillar which we did in 2000 so I think the Institute have done well on this one thank you very much


Hi everyone! Hello, I'm Alexandra, greetings from Slovakia. So I decided to say a few words about my Tefo journey. So I started my Tefo journey in January 2023 and I have also finished in January 2023. For me it was something about two weeks that I needed to finish my Tefo. So I decided to do 120 other online Tefo cars. I'm happy to do that. Right now I have this certificate in my hands, which was the first step for me to start working in Europe, which I'm hoping to do in a short period of time. So what I like, I like the content as well as the broad range of topics for essay. I like that you could practice when you were studying. You could also practice at the end of every unit. And the communication was great, brilliant. I mean, when I had some questions, I wrote the email and they reached out to me immediately. So it was fantastic. I can honestly only recommend this to you guys. If you want to teach abroad, this is something you most probably need. So for me it was great. So I hope you will be great and I wish you best of luck on your Tefo journey and on your teaching journey as well. Okay, bye bye. Thanks so much for watching. We are ITTT, the leading provider for Teflon TESOL training courses. If you like this video, please subscribe by clicking the button down here and click on any of the videos here on the left for more interesting teaching tips for getting certified to teach English abroad and online.


The tea plant, chameleus inensis, is difficult to culture in vitro, making it difficult to study its genetic makeup. Recently, however, researchers have used high throughput Illumina RNAseq to obtain a comprehensive transcriptome dataset of the tea plant. This dataset provides a wealth of information about the genetics of the tea plant, including the identification of genes involved in the flavonoids, the anines, and caffeine. Additionally, the dataset reveals the expression patterns of these genes in various parts of the plant, providing insight into how they may contribute to the overall health and quality of the tea leaves.


Is a unisex ambulance facility enough? This is a question about F2.4C, which is the part in volume one that requires the provision of facilities for people with an ambulance disability. Not to be confused with a wheelchair-accessible facility. This is a facility for people who don't use a wheelchair, yet have a disability, like an amputation, that means it helps to have a sanitary facility provided with handrails. And the question has come up. Does the BCA ask for separate ambulance facilities, one for males and one for females? Or is a single unisex facility enough? To find the answer to this question, we need to go to the Dean of Satisfied Provisions. And here is F2.4 in part. And as you can see by the title of this provision, F2.4 is the provision that stipulates the minimum-century facilities for people with a disability. In F2.4, you've got A here, which just requires the unisex wheelchair-accessible facility, or about that in table F2.4A. But that's a unisex facility, as stipulated there in A, which males and females can use. You've also got B, the unisex accessible shower. There's more about that in table F2.4B. But in residential buildings, and where you need to have showers for able-bodied people, like, say, the sporting venue, then the accessible sanitary compartment will also have a shower. And we've also got C, the facility for a person with an ambulance disability. Now notice how this one is different. A and B both ask for a unisex facility, one facility for use by either gender. But notice that C doesn't ask for a unisex facility. C is saying, well, you've got a bank of toilets, and at that bank there's an accessible unisex facility, besides any other toilet, then that's the trigger for the provision of an ambulance facility. And it clarifies that facilities need to be available to both males and females. What it's doing is giving the decision about whether it can be unisex or not to another provision. And that provision is F2.3. F2.3 provides overall requirements for facilities in class three to nine buildings. And it says you need to have separate facilities for males and females, except in some circumstances. Those circumstances include F2.4A for unisex accessible facilities, which we just covered. There's also F2.4B for when you put a shower in that facility. We've also just covered that. Notice that F2.4C is not listed. It remains that therefore there has to be separate facilities for males and females. So a single unisex ambulance facility isn't enough. But like every good rule, this one has an exception. And in fact, it has three. And they're on the slide right now. Can you see them? Yes, it's B, C and F. These are the circumstances when you don't have to provide separate facilities for males and females. You still have to provide facilities for both genders, but they don't have to be exclusively labelled. It's unlikely that B would apply because a building with 10 employees will normally get away with a single accessible facility without the additional facility, which would trigger the ambulance facility. You've also got C for where all but two of the employees are one sex. And you also have the ward area of a hospital in F. These are the circumstances where you don't have to provide separate facilities, but you have to still serve both males and females. That's why in F2.4C, it talks about providing for males and females, rather than saying that you have to have separate facilities for males and females, because the job of deciding that belongs to F2.3, as you can see here. But typically, there will be an ambulance compartment in the men's facilities and another compartment in the women's facilities, as clarified by this part of the guide to volume one under commentary for F2.3.


figured you might recognize this one this is spur for bridge north of north Vancouver on the Fisherman's Trail took me about an hour and a half to hike up here this obviously was used for finale of Supernatural the final scene on the bridge where the brothers meet in their supposed heaven this also has been used for numerous other episodes throughout the show's history but I really I'm glad to finally see this in person this bridge has a lot of sentimental value it also brings up a lot of memories and a lot of feelings for people now as the show has ended I'm up here right now on July the second after the major heatwave that just passed through BC the fact that there isn't a massive amount of smoke fire from forest fires behind me is kind of incredible because I know that in the next few weeks it probably will be with the amount of forest fires that are starting to happen up here so I'm happy I got to see this probably before I wouldn't be able to but yeah it's not hard to get to you just got to hike a little while it's definitely not one you can drive up to the service road is for service vehicles only so obviously whenever they shot up here they had to get special permits to shoot here but to see it in person it's it's pretty cool it's it's pretty cool


In this video we are going to review the basics of algebraic coding theory that we explored previously in Math 42 20. Now, if you've been following along with this lecture series, then it's been a long time since we've done anything with codes. So it's a good chance you've forgotten these things. Or if you're just new to this topic, you might need to go back and review some of these topics that we explored in our first coverage of algebraic coding theory. You should be able to see the links appear on the screen if you want to see those lectures for an in-depth review. Now, many of us, like I said, if you've been following along with the lecture series, then you might just need a quick reminder of many of these topics. And that's what I want to provide to us in this video. If this video feels insufficient, please go back to the original lectures for review. But I hope this brief video will be sufficient. So before we go into the details of the review, why are we coming back to coding theory? What's to be gained now? Well, you will recall, hopefully, at least by the end of this video you will, you will recall that when we talked about algebraic codes, we were really focused on this idea of a group code, which will define exactly what that is in just a second. But we can use the benefits of groups to help us study these error-correcting, error-detecting codes. But honestly, the types of group codes we developed were not the full-blown group theory. We really were focused on something called a linear code, which again we'll define what that is in just a second, for which in particular, these are vector spaces. All of this was taking place with linear algebra in the background. Linear algebra mod 2, mind you, but we're still doing linear algebra, so we use matrices and vectors in that situation. The whole point of a group code is like, oh yeah, if our code happens to also be a group, in that case it always led to a subspace, we can use algebra to strengthen our coding theory. Now, as we're trying to develop the idea of a polynomial code, we can make not just, we don't just have vector spaces anymore, we're going to come up with rings. Like after all, a finite field, every finite field is a vector space over its prime field. So if we take fields, finite fields of characteristic 2, in addition to a vector structure, we also have a ring structure. If the group structure of a vector space helped us make codes, could the ring structure also be beneficial? The answer is yes, and that's what we're going to return to codes to do, is to actually use ring theory, or field theory, finite fields to help us better understand codes, make better, better codes here. All right, so with that said, what are the basis of coding theory? So the idea was we have some type of communication. We're thinking of this as a digital communication, right, where we're sending sequences of zeros and ones. We could generalize this to other characteristics, but we're just going to focus on binary messages. So we have some binary messages that we want to send. Now that binary message is going to consist of m bits. The bit here, of course, is just a single character in this binary language. It's a zero or one. So m bit messages, we will just, I mean, that's just, it's the fundamental data thing we're trying to send there. We have a sequence of zeros, ones, and that sequence is m characters long. Now every binary m bit message, we can identify with a vector in z2m. This is the finite vector space there. So we want to transmit these m bit binary messages, but because there's noise in the system, we're afraid that error might enter into our message as it's transmitted. But it's important that our message be transmitted correctly, because otherwise the wrong transmission is like, do we make peace or do we send the nukes? You know, that's, you don't want to make that difference in transmission there. That's a big difference there. So we encode our message into an n bit binary message, for which we can identify those n bit messages with vectors in z2n. And so an nm block code called c consists of a couple things. We have an encoding map. The encoding map is a function from z2m to z2n, for which we are going to add extra information, in which case there's also a decoding map, which the decoding map is a map from z2n to z2m, right? For which the composition, if you encode it, then you decode it.  It's the identity on that situation. Okay. Now, of course, when it comes to transmission, there's often this symmetric binary channel that sits in the middle, for which t is a random function. It's going to chain some of the bits randomly based upon chaos and noise, in which case we would love it when this composition is the identity. We can't have that in general, but if there's not too many errors, we can error correct it so that it is the identity when the number of errors is one or two or whatever. But then there are situations which, even if we can't correct it, we can still detect and request a retransmission. In particular, the set C, the code itself, is the image of z2m under this encoding process. So we previously showed that the efficacy of decoding, excuse me, the efficacy of detecting and correcting codes happens, it has to do with how sparse the code words are from each other. Because if we have these two code words, one, one, zero, one, and this code word, one, one, zero, zero, right, notice that the difference between these code words, the hamming difference that is, is going to be one. If you change that last bit from a zero to the one, you go from one code word to another code word. So the distance, we'll call this one u, this one v right here, the hamming distance between these two words is going to be one. We measure how many differences are there in bits. There's only one difference of bit. And so because of that, if there was, if you wanted to send the message u, but because of noise, the last bit translated to zero, you then receive the code word v, and you wouldn't know that's an error because v is a legitimate code word. But if you make the distance between the words a lot bigger, so let's say you had something like zero, one, zero, zero, one, this is u, right? And then v, we take something to be like zero, one, one, zero. In this situation, notice the distance between these words is now four, okay? And so now if there's an error in transmission, you change that last bit. So we actually receive one, zero, zero, zero, right? You're not going to think that word was v because it's like, oh, that's too far away from v. It's probably u was the original message because that's the closest code word to that one. So a sparsity between code words gave us the efficacy of error detection and error correction. We wanted our words to be far apart. And this then depended upon what this quantity we called the minimum distance. What was the shortest distance between two code words with respect to the Hamid metric? The Hamid metric, which like we did a moment ago, measures how many different bits are there between the two code words, okay? And so what we proved previously when we first talked about algebraic coding theory is that if the minimum distance in a block code was equal to n, that means we can correctly detect up to n minus one errors. And the reason was for that is that every time there's a bit error, you have your code word, you change it a bit. You change it a bit. You change it a bit. You change it a bit. You change it a bit. If the two closest words are n bits apart, if you have only n minus one errors, you could not have gone from u to v. So you're not equal to v, so you don't think that's the code word. You're not equal to u, but you're also not equal to any other code word because there's no other code words that are close enough to u. Therefore, you know you don't have a code word so there was an error. An error was detected. Now, you might not be able to know what the correct word was because in this case, since there are so many errors, it's potentially closer to a wrong word than it was closer to the right word. That's a possibility, but you can detect errors. On the other hand, if you have, we'll put u and v back here, there's n difference between them. If you only go half of the way, n minus one over two, and you have to round that thing down because n minus one might be odd. But if you only go half, if you don't go more than half the distance in errors, then the idea is you can correct it by rounding to the closest code words. If there's not too many errors, I can then change that to the closest code word and that was then how you correct it. The minimum distance was a big deal. It told us exactly how good our level of detection was, how our level of correction was. Let's get back to the idea of a group code because we can identify c with a subset of z2m. In particular, if that set c is a subspace of z2m, we get what we call a group code because the subspace has an additive group structure to it. There is scalar multiplication, but when you're working mod two, the only scalars are zero and one. Scalar multiplication is not doing anything, really, it's not. So you're going to be a subspace of z2m if you're closed under addition and you're not empty. So that gives you a subgroup of the additive structure. We discovered that for a group code, the minimum distance was equivalent to the minimum length of a non-zero word. So we replaced minimum distance, in fact, with minimum weight. Although we typically still call it dmin in that situation. All you had to do was look at the minimum length of any word, which is, of course, the hamming norm in that situation. How many ones are in that binary sequence? We do exclude zero in that situation. So that fundamentally empowered our codes that it was so much easier to work with a code when there was an algebraic structure to it. So then we quickly shifted from group codes to the idea of a linear code. A linear code was defined to be the null space of a matrix. So your code c is equal to the null space of some matrix h. Which, remember, by definition, this is the set of all vectors, x, that belong to z2n, such that hx is equal to the zero vector, like so. So a linear code was then the null space of a matrix. So if you give me the matrix, then you have the code. One matrix encodes all of the code words, which was pretty nice in that regard. Now, how do you compute the null space? Well, you can solve the homogeneous linear system hx equals zero. That's not so bad from an algorithmic point of view. But if you have a generator matrix, that is some matrix which, when multiplied by h on the left gives you zero, then it turns out that your generator matrix g will have the formula. You have some vectors w1, w2, all the way up to like wk, something like this. And then we're gonna see that because hg equals zero, if we take the span of these vectors, w1, w2, all the way up to wn, excuse me, wk, this will then give you the null space of h. That is the columns of g form a spanning set for your linear code. So every code that can be produced as a linear combination of these columns. And if you choose h and g well, then you can actually guarantee that g's columns form a basis for the null space of h. And we can also compute efficacy very, very quickly. So our main tool was to use the so-called canonical parity check matrix where a, excuse me, the matrix a was formed in the appropriate, in the following way. You have some matrix a, you augment that with the appropriately sized identity matrix. And then g was then defined to be the appropriately sized identity matrix augmented with a. Now these identities are not necessarily the same size. They can be different for h and g, but we do have now that h times g is going to equal a times i plus i times a. This is gonna give you a plus a. And as you're working mod two, this will give you the zero matrix. And therefore that gives us exactly one. So that was a really nice scheme we had here. And then we could infer the efficacy of the code by looking at the matrix a. If there were no columns of zero inside of a, you could detect an error. If you had no repeated columns in a, plus no zero columns, then you could correct an error. Which means you could detect two errors. Because in those cases, the minimum distance would be two and three respectively for those two situations. So that was the basic scheme that we had developed beforehand. We also had the decoding process. So let's say that there was, let's say that there's a message w that needs to be transmitted. So this is something that belongs into z to m. So what we do is we transform w into gw. That then gives you the code word. And that's then the encoding process. We then send that through the binary channel, the binary symmetric channel. Some noise might have been created. And let's say that the message x is then received. X could be gw or it could be something a little bit else. So then the thing is if this does have the form gw, then of course h gw is equal to zero. So we then compute what is the so-called syndrome here. So we compute h x. Like so we compute this so-called syndrome. Okay. If the syndrome turned out to be zero, then that means we had transmitted the message correctly. And then we can peel away the check bits. We just have the information bits. And so then we can decode this. We can decode this and get back the original message w. For this matrix a here, it usually had to do with the shaving off some of the bits. And then you have that. If your syndrome, of course, was not zero, then there were some efforts we could make to correct it. This idea of coset correction. But we'll get to, we'll get to more of that in the future. But I want to review all of this idea of our linear code that we had developed in math 4220. And so in the next video for our lecture series, particularly in lecture 31, we're going to dive deep into this idea of a polynomial code starting with the idea of a cyclic code. And so I wanted to take the end of lecture 30 as an opportunity for the student here to review the details of linear codes if they think is necessary. This video hopefully is enough so that when you're ready to get started with cyclic codes in lecture 31, in which case I would invite you just to go start working on lecture 31 right now. If you start 31 and feel that this video was insufficient, you feel a little bit overwhelmed, then please go back to those references you saw in the links to this video to get a more in-depth coverage of those linear codes we had talked about in math 4220.


Community action and the Brainerd Lakes Queens are giving Santa a helping hand by wrapping gifts for busy shoppers in the Westgate Mall. Our Logan Gaye has more on that in this week's Golden Apple from Brainerd. We have tissue paper, we have paper, we have bowls, we have tape, we have tags. If you're looking to ease some of the holiday stress community action has you covered. The Brainerd royalty recently volunteered their time to help community action and wrap some gifts for the holiday shoppers. I don't care how small, how big, how young, how old you are, we'll help you out and make sure that your Christmas is as merry as we can make it. Community action has been wrapping gifts in the Westgate Mall for 15 years and they have wrapped their fair share of diverse presents. I've wrapped everything. I've even wrapped a six-foot bookshelf that was assembled. So when it came time to teach the Queens the art of the trade they imparted a few tips. I learned tight paper is always good. Using ribbon as rulers is pretty good too. Although the gifts may be for the Christmas holiday the money that is raised for wrapping the gifts go toward a much warmer celebration. 100% of this money goes to the Fourth of July to our fireworks. Brainerd has one of the greatest celebrations of the Fourth of July. I've grown up being excited for the fireworks and the parades so it's really awesome to get involved by actually raising money for that cause and it's super awesome to see that it starts out here just doing something as simple as this to get something as great as it is on the Fourth of July. And while they were wrapping the Brainerd High School Encore Choir serenaded the Mall with sweet Christmas carols. And the choir was absolutely amazing something that we didn't really expect but it was amazing hearing them sing and bringing more holiday spirit. We just want to share the Christmas cheer and just share what we do. Community action will be wrapping gifts all the way up until Christmas Eve.  And on Christmas Eve community action plans to wrap gifts all day until shoppers are finished shopping. If you've enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News please consider making a tax deductible contribution to Lakeland Public Television.


Okay, welcome to my presentation. Today I will talk about delivering security fixes continuously into your embedded Linux. Main target audience would be embedded product developers but not limited to them. So I hope this talk will be helpful for you. First of all, let me introduce myself. My name is Hirak Toyoka. I live in Yokohama and I'm a senior manager in EM Linux development team at Cybercrush Japan. EM Linux is a Yocto-based Linux environment for embedded or IoT systems. We have been developing and maintaining EM Linux since 2019. I'm also a maintainer of meta EM Linux and MetaDebian extended layer. These are parts of EM Linux. And I'm also contributing to CIP testing and MetaDebian a little. CIP is a collaborative open source project for industrial grade software. Cybercrush Japan is a member of the CIP project. And I have some experiences of contribution to React tunnel. Today's agenda is here. I'd like to start with background of this talk. Next, I'd like to talk about some considerations to get prepared for security updates. After that, I'd like to introduce how EM Linux provides continuous security updates. Okay, let's start. Nowadays, security updates are becoming recognized as essential even in embedded systems. Because lots of cyber attacks on embedded or IoT devices have already been observed. These attacks are against from familiar items such as home appliances and cars to infrastructures such as buildings, factories and plants. In addition, cybersecurity related standards, guidelines, regulations require security update processes. These standards are established by each country or each industry. For example, IoT device in general, automotive, medical or industrial control systems. And procurement requirements may include such standards. So you may be involved even if those standards are not legally enforced yet. On the other hand, how is vulnerability handling in Linux community? For example, in Linux kernel, 150 to 350 vulnerabilities are reported annually. Greg's presentation says average fixed date is minus 100 days and bugs are fixed before you realize it. So this means, certainly Linux community release security fixes quickly in most cases. But what about your embedded Linux? It is often observed that product developers are unable to leverage those fixes for their own products. So you may not able to leverage those fixes for your product when you don't have an appropriate maintenance plan or processes or your embedded Linux is inconsistent with open source upstream ecosystem. From the next part, we will see some points to be checked with how such situations happen and what we should do to change such situations. Next part is considerations to get prepared for security updates. First point to be checked is do you have any maintenance plan or maintenance process? It's too late to think about them after shipment or just before shipment. So if you don't have any plan or process, then you cannot respond quickly to sudden incidents or in addition, your embedded Linux will become difficult to maintain. It is described later. So you'd better to consider the appropriate maintenance plan and processes from the beginning of development. Such plan or process may include maintenance period cycle update model, how to check vulnerabilities, how to prepare the fix, how to verify the update, how to deploy the update and so on. And next point to be checked is does your update process work? Now you have maintenance process prepared five years ago, but is the process itself still maintained after shipment? If the update is assumed as only on demand or once in a decade, then nobody may have experienced the actual update or developer who created the process may no longer be employed or software update feature or infrastructure may be broken. So we need some kind of measures. I think the most reliable way is to practice or check the maintenance process continuously. Periodical practice will prevent these problems. Next point to be checked is where do you get the security fix from? Linux kernel in embedded product is typically based on LTS long-term stable version and customized for your hardware. LTS version has a limited maintenance period. For example, recent Linux kernel LTS trees have been maintained for six years. So once the maintenance period of the upstream LTS version ends, it will be difficult to get security fixes that match your tree. So you should always use the actively maintained version or you need to backport the fixes to your tree by yourself, but it's costly. Next point to be checked is how do you cover the long-term lifecycle of your product? The maintenance period of LTS version is limited. So you will need some kind of update model one possible way is long-term support model that keep using one LTS version as long as possible. If the lifecycle of your product is longer than maintenance period or the maintenance period of the LTS kernel, major version upgrade is necessary. There are pros and cons in long-term support model. Pros is less opportunities to modify product-specific software. Product-specific software means drivers and applications. Cons is a large migration cost at version app and possible delay in security fixes in later phase. Rolling update model always use the latest LTS or stable version. Pros is a quick response to security bugs and new feature utilization. Cons is more opportunities to modify product-specific software. Update model is not limited to these ones. Anyway, it should be considered according to your product. Next point to be checked is how do you take the security fix into your product tree? Cherry picking only the fixed patch from the LTS tree is not recommended for the LTS kernel because LTS trees merge many changes at the first phase. So, prerequisite code is, so prerequisite code to apply the fix may be missing in your tree. If you cherry pick, you need more time to confirm, to confirm if the bug is really fixed. In addition, other non-security bugs will remain in your product. So, you should take all LTS updates into your product tree. And also, you should sync your tree with the latest date of the LTS tree continuously. It is useful to keep your product, it is useful to keep your product ready for the next security updates. Now, I cherry picked some things from other presentations. So, Greg says, small fractional kernel fixes get CVEs and cherry picking CVEs result in insecure system. And Kato-san's slide says, we are using LTS is not enough. It doesn't make sense if you don't keep incrementing x of 4.19 point x. In this way, taking all updates are recommended. Next point to be checked is, how much out of tree code do you have? Out of tree code is the code not merged to main line. Product kernel tree is often based on the BSP or the SOC evaluation board. Most BSPs contain out of tree code or quick evaluation of hardware functions. And additional out of tree code is added when supporting product hardware. But massive amount of out of tree code causes lots of conflicts when you take LTS fixes into your product tree. Then your embedded Linux will become difficult to maintain. On the other hand, some hardware vendors are doing upstream mainlining activities in the Linux kernel community to have their own hardware support code integrated into the mainline tree. You can avoid huge maintenance codes by selecting hardware whose support code is well integrated into the mainline. So software ecosystem is also important when selecting hardware. Next point to be checked is, is your QA system ready for continuous updates? So QA process will be required before the update in the field. So more QA opportunities lead to more cost, especially if it is most, especially if it is mostly done manually. And lead time is also an issue. So test automation, test automation or CI-CD is required for continuous and quick updates at a feasible cost. Next, I will explain how EM Linux provides continuous security updates, as an example of continuous security updates. EM Linux is a Yokuto-based embedded Linux environment. It is developed and maintained by CyberTrust Japan and it is used by various embedded product vendors. Its purpose is to deliver security fixes and bug fixes to users continuously. This is a brief overview of maintenance plan and maintenance processes for EM Linux. Please note that EM Linux is supposed to be customized. So it is not directly deployed in the final product. So maintenance period is 10 years, a major version, standard five years plus rate phase five years. And maintenance updates are provided monthly. Update model is based on LTS model plus major version upgrade will be provided every four years on the current plan. But we may shorten this to two years in the future. For checking vulnerability, Yokuto-CV check feature extended for EM Linux is used. And we have in-house CVE review process. For preparing the fix, we take all upstream fixes from CIP super long-term stable kernel and Debian packages. For verification of the update, we verify changes continuously with in-house EM Linux CI system. For deployment of update, it depends on users. So I don't explain here. So the reason why we choose LTS model is this. LTS model is easier for most users to start the security maintenance process, including CI CD processes. And in LTS model, there are less changes in features or interfaces compared to loading update model. That leads less impacts on product specific code and test cases are reusable for a long time. That said, we will also provide major version updates for strict security requirements. To realize EM Linux maintenance period and cycle, we leveraged super long-term stable kernel maintained for 10 plus years by CIP project. Cyber Trust Japan is a member of CIP. So we are making some contributions to these activities. SLTS kernel has upstream fast policy and all LTS bug fixes are merged. SLTS kernel team is making twice a month release for 4.19 and 5.10 kernel currently. So we use CIP kernel sec to check kernel vulnerabilities. CIP kernel sec is CIP's Linux kernel CVE tracker. This is maintained by Masami Ichikawa from Cyber Trust Japan every few days. This is integrated to EM Linux to have the Yoctos CVE check feature output accurate CVE status for SLTS kernel. This is an example of CVE issue file. So introduced or fixed revisions are included. EM Linux is leveraging also Debian user land packages via MetaDebian layer. MetaDebian is a Yocto project extension for using Debian source packages. It is created by Toshiba people. As a feature of Debian packages, stable version typically accepts only bug fixes. And it has three plus two years maintenance period and extended LTS as a few years. And some packages will be maintained as CIP core packages for 10 years. By using MetaDebian, we can update package version to Debian's latest version. And Debian security trackers data is integrated to Yocto CVE check. In addition, Cyber Trust Japan made MetaDebian extended layer. This includes additional packages for MetaDebian. And EM Linux is continuously verified with in-house EM Linux CI to support monthly updates and daily development. And found bugs and issues are feedback to each upstream projects. EM Linux depends on many open source projects related to test automation. We are making lots of contributions to build a better test automation ecosystem. It is also helpful to stabilize EM Linux. Projects related to test automation include kernel CI, CIP testing, Buildbot, and Lava. Especially in kernel CI, Alice from Cyber Trust Japan is a TSC member and maintainer for some sub-projects. So sub-projects includes Lava Docker. And when we find issues or make bug fixes, we try to give feedback to upstream projects as much as possible. It is also helpful to reduce self-maintenance over the long term. Projects we have provided feedback on include Linux kernel, Linux LTS kernel, Debian Yocto project, OpenVendate, UTL Linux, and so on. Okay, let me recap my talk. I talked about how to deliver in security fixes continuously. To deliver security fixes to your embedded Linux, we need to consider a maintenance plan and processes from the beginning of development. And we need to keep your embedded Linux constant consistent with open source ecosystem. And we need to make whole maintenance system ready for continuous updates. Yeah, so yeah, that's all of my slide. Thank you very much for listening. Do you have any questions? Yeah, sure. Hello, thank you for the good talk. So you said that people shouldn't cherry pick LTS fixes, you should take whole LTSs and integrate them as one thing. I wonder if there's downsides to that as well because we've seen that regressions have been picked into the LTS branches automatically, then they've got merged into people's trees and no one's noticed that actually they've not merged security fixes, they've merged regression by mistake. Is there like, I think just merging LTSs is enough, people need to do some sort of due diligence on what they're merging to make sure they aren't also merging regressions with security fixes. Do you think there's like some process that has to be added on to just not just get merged but some post merge process that has to happen for people to properly use LTSs? Sorry, I couldn't catch the point. Could you just talk one more slowly?  But we've seen in the past that because the LTS process is automatic, like it's mostly just like a script, we've seen that inside of patches you want inside the LTSs, there are also regressions for things. And so I'm saying is you can't just get merged everything, I think there has to be some like post process after that. Maybe basically, do you think it's safe to merge LTSs like in one big go? So, I couldn't catch it. So, you mean, so, so, so taking all updates, make some programs you can think. I don't know. I got it, yeah. I got it. Yeah. Yeah, I got it. Thank you very much. Yes, so, yeah, verifying each patch is maybe necessarily depends on, depending on use cases. Yeah, so, yeah, it depends on, so it depends on quality level required to the final product. Yeah, any, so anyone else? Thank you for your presentation. So I have one question. So sometimes it is difficult to define your test case for the security fixes. But when we merge the security fix, we need some regulation test. So how do you do, what test case did you do to ensure that after merging security fix? Yeah, so it depends on cases, but so we, so we can test some interfaces such as CISC or API or other APIs. So, so for checking, degrade, so, yeah, checking if degrade has happened or has happened or not. Yeah, so, and so in, so in, in, in the NACCI system, we test build, boot, package test, small test, network or graphic test. Yeah, but so it depends on use case. So if it is enough or not. Okay, thank you. Anyone else? Thank you for your presentation. I have a question or the one in page 22. You said, yeah, some major version upgrade also will be provided for street security requirements. That doesn't mean you may provide a major version upgrade for specific packages for the, any, many kind of packages at the same time. I just want to know, yeah, some, some impact. Have you ever observed some impact of this change of the, yeah, major version upgrade because you were based on LTS, no, no, LTS style update? Yeah, so this major version upgrade means whole, whole, whole system upgrade. So, yeah, so both kernel and user-land packages, all of user-land packages. But major version upgrade of specific packages is also pass-passable. Okay, yeah, thank you. Anyone else? Okay, so yeah, that's all my presentation. Thank you for attending.


That's dope. That's the phrase you've probably heard or even used yourself.  That's dope. Stands for dopamine. One of the happy hormones. It's the one that's in charge of the pleasure reward system in your body. It's what gives you that feeling of, oh yeah, when you accomplish something. It feels good. We like to feel good. Because when we're feeling good, things get done and we get more rewards. This kicks off the feel-good cycle of motivation. Would you like a sweet ride of your own? Let's look at a few habits to get the dopamine revving. Number one, get some tunes going. Music is a medium that transcends the spoken word. It's emotion and sound, and the right beats can bump up your mood.  And that's the dopamine at work. It feels so good that even anticipating listening to it can start the dopamine release. So give yourself a music moment or two during the day to keep up the joy. Number two, move what your parents gave you. Some might call it exercise, but that can sound like work. Truthfully, that dopamine boost will happen with whatever kind of movement you like. Be it playing a pickup game of basketball or dancing to those aforementioned beats. Just 10 minutes of really moving it can serve a noticeable boost. Number three, get your sleep. Sleep is restorative, as you probably realized after not getting enough, leaving you yearning to crawl back under the covers. Getting that regular good sleep also helps to maintain natural dopamine rhythms, keeping you steady and solid throughout the day. Number four, spend some time in nature. Yeah, there is a reason. Things like camping, hiking and mountain biking are popular activities. Exposure to sunlight and a change from the concrete cubicle just seem to increase the good feels. Sunlight gives you that sweet vitamin D. Maybe that's deep for dopamine. It does trigger dopamine production after all. Number five, socially connect and give free hugs. Ever seen the media representation of the stereotypical prude? You know, the one who is firmly against contact with anyone or anything for any reason? Even chatting with others is restricted. They never look happy, do they? Turns out humans benefit from contact. You don't need to pay for an expensive spa day or a massage. Get and give hugs, play with your pets, and talk about stuff with friends and family. Do a bit of this touchy social thing every day to keep the dopamine cruise smooth. Number six, appreciate all the good things. We're talking about gratitude. Even if life isn't so hot at the moment, there are still good things other than what's happening. Consciously thinking about and being grateful for those things bring pleasant memories to mind. It'll remind you of how you're supported and loved. That will naturally tap into the dopamine production line. Number seven, try something new. You know you wanted to do that thing. Just thinking about doing it scares you a little, but in a good way. Doing something like that for the first time can trigger a dopamine release. The release is because our brains stop finding familiar things challenging or interesting so no reward is given. You certainly might feel comfortable, but that spike of interest is gone. Learning new things though, that's exciting. It's the novelty of the thing that gives the dopamine reward and that rush. Attempt to try something new every day and little things count so try that recipe you've been staring at or finally play the intro to that game you haven't unwrapped yet. It's new and it adds to your brain's knowledge stores. Number eight, set up little wins. The sweet satisfaction of getting something done or the smile you feel when you check off something on the to-do list. That's a little win. Small or big, achievements make us feel just that much better.  If there's a list, your brain might associate that list as one candy opportunity after another. This could be the start of something beautiful and productive. Number nine, cold showers. Surprised? Yeah, we know what some of you associate taking a cold shower with. We're not talking about a date that ended in a less than stellar way and also don't give yourself hypothermic shock in a polar best one. You can start off with a warm shower and slowly decrease the temperature so that you finish the shower cold. That coldness jolts your system so you feel more alert, you think clear and have happy hormones including dopamine given the green light to be released. Everything you need for get up and go to deal with the shock. And number 10, protein rich food. That saying you are what you eat makes so much sense if you think about it. Food goes in, gets digested, and what's in it feeds your cells, becoming, well, you. So why not feed yourself things that encourage dopamine production? There's this amino acid called L triazine that's key to that blissful process and it's found in protein rich foods like chicken, almonds, and bananas. Bonus tip, saturated fats, junk foods, and over oily eats actually throw a wrench in the dopamine production. So even more reason to chuck the chips. Whoever thought there'd be ways to hack into happiness? Well, thanks dopamine. Don't stress over these things though. They're here for you to try and starting off small is still starting. So go ahead and get happy. Which of these have you tried before? Or are interested in trying? And how'd you feel? Comment, discuss, and share. Hey, that's social interaction. We're sure tapping that like button will help too. We know it makes us happy. Thanks for watching and we'll see you soon.


I think a beneficial way that I've been demonstrated trauma-informed practice was when my Aboriginal youth worker knew that I was struggling at home and knew that I wasn't sure when my next meal was coming. So he decided, hey, what's your next class? It's PE. Okay, well, do you want to come back and hang out for a little bit? And I was really stressed as I remember this day like it happened yesterday. He's like, come back to the Aboriginal support room and we'll talk and I'll feed you.  So we go back and he's like, okay, starts making bannock with me.   So what he was trying to do is teach me how to make my own food so that I could feed my family when I go home. It's something as simple as food, right? It's its own therapy and I was able to come and talk to him about things that I'd never shared with other people and it opened me up so much more to trusting him too. I mean, there was a lot going on a lot of the time and to be able to slow down and just there and talk to me and treat me like a human being was huge.


The battle of Muqtah, the Muslims went, they were 3,000 of them, they were fighting the Byzantine Empire, they were fighting like 100,000. It was such an intense battle. SubhanAllah, this is right after Khadim Ali, radiallahu anh, becomes Muslim, they engineer this way to like safely retreat, they run back to Medina, and they're on the outskirts of Medina, and the women of Medina come out to them, because this is the first time in Islamic history that the Muslims have left a battle.  And the prophet, Sayyidin, comes out and intervenes, and he says, balhumul kurar, balhumul kurar, there'll be another round, I promise, please let them home. And the Sahama said, we were far more afraid of the women of Medina than we were of the Byzantine Empire, that we were like fighting the day before. This, our strength is believing women. This is what made Medina. This is what made the community that took in the prophet, Sayyidina.


This strategy for many people is eat a high protein diet, don't drop your calories too low, build muscle. If you do those things right there, then you're on the right track. If your strategy is, I'm just gonna eat a lot less, I'm just gonna move as much as possible, then you're probably gonna lose muscle and put yourself in an unsustainable position.


there welcome back. Here we are again ready to go into the field. In our last module we discussed access. By access we meant gaining permission and consent from people to participate in our research. We also spoke of access in terms of the availability of time and whether we will be able to enter the context and observe the phenomena we wish to learn about. Now that we are in the field the term takes on a whole new meaning. Now access means to be accepted by the participants in a way that they are comfortable with us being around them and that they feel like sharing their thoughts with us without feeling like we are there to take something away from them. What does this kind of access look like? Let me share with you an incident from my field work in Rajasthan while I was working with the covered storytellers. Let us watch this short clip of my interaction with storyteller Kojana. Let us pause here and reflect on the brief interaction we saw in this clip. What does this interaction tell us about the relationship between the participant and the researcher? I would also like you to consider how this interaction could have gone badly and what ensured that it did not. Some of you might have noticed the element of fun in this engagement. Some others might have guessed that the conversation reflected a spirit of sharing between the storyteller Kojana and me the researcher. Both of these answers reflect that the relationship between us was a comfortable one. He did not feel compelled to answer my curiosity. These qualities made the conversation interesting for both of us. But this same conversation could have easily gone wrong. If I had not known Kojana to well, I might have felt compelled to simply accept the answer that he first gave. Or Kojana could have taken offense to my rebuttal of his answer. Instead the conversation became an interesting and engaging one for both of us. This is because the interaction was supported by a relationship of trust and equality. But such a relationship does not just come about on its own. It takes time and hard work to build, gaining access to our participants is equivalent to gaining their trust. In asking for their time and their trust, we are asking for something enormous. Let's look at ourselves. We don't invite everyone home. We take our time getting to know people, meeting first in public places such as offices, cafes and so on. Getting to know them better over time. We have to trust them before we can let them in. The same is true for our participants. This particular moment in the research occurred at a stage in the research where we had spent a considerable amount of time getting comfortable with each other. The beginning of our relationship had not been as warm. When I first visited the coward makers in Basi, I was viewed with suspicion. The artists and their families wanted to know why I was there. With all these questions I was asking about how the coward is made, they wondered whether I was going to start my own coward factory. Even the simplest questions I asked, which I thought were non-threatening, were perceived very differently by them and the situation got no better when I told them I was doing a PhD.  They asked. At one point, I showed them my ID card to prove the validity of my research. They rejected that too, saying anyone can print an ID. This is not a proof of anything. So, when we begin our practice in ethnography, we may think it is only we who are facing these problems and we may even doubt our own abilities to engage with people. But let me say, it is not uncommon to face such challenges. It happens to researchers all the time. Experience ethnographers too, when starting work with a new community, may face difficulty in gaining access. Why do you think this is so? Let us discuss this in our next section.


My name is Sam Baknin, and I am the author of Malignan Self-Lover, Narcissism Revision. According to Sigmund Freud and his followers, our psyche is a battlefield between instinctual urges and drives, the id, the constraints imposed by reality on the gratification of his impulses, the ego, and the norms of society, the superego. This constant infighting generates what Freud called neurotic anxiety, the fear of losing control, and moral anxiety, guilt, and shame. But these two are not the only types of anxiety. There's also reality anxiety, and this is the fear of genuine threats. Reality anxiety combines with neurotic anxiety and moral anxiety to yield a morbid and surrealistic inner landscape. These multiple, recurrent, mini-panics are potentially intolerable, overwhelming, and destructive. Hence the need to defend against them. There are dozens of defense mechanisms.  The narcissist defends against the pain and hurts, against abuse and trauma, by inventing a false self. The false self is omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient, almost divine. Everything the narcissist is not.  But narcissists have a monopoly of other defense mechanisms, and we will describe them now. Start with acting out. When an inner conflict, most often frustration, translates into aggression. It involves acting with little or no insight or reflection, and in order to attract attention and disrupt other people's cozy lives. Then there is denial. They have some most primitive and best known defense mechanism. People simply ignore unpleasant facts. They filter out data and content that contravene their self-image, prejudices, and preconceived notions of others and of the world. Then there is devaluation, attributing negative or inferior traits or qualities to others or to self. This is done in order to punish the person devalued and to mitigate his or her impact on and importance to the devaluer. Narcissism is often devalued. When the self is devalued, it is a self-defeating and self-destructive act. There is displacement. Displacement is when we cannot confront the resources of our frustration, pain and envy, and then we tend to pick a fight with someone weaker or irrelevant and thus less menacing. Children often do it because they perceive conflicts with parents and caregivers as life-threatening. Instead, they go out and torment the cat or bully someone at school or lash out at their siblings. They displace.  Our mental existence is continuous. We maintain a seamless flow of memories, consciousness, perceptions, and representation of both inner and external worlds. When we face horrors and unbearable truths, we sometimes disengage, detach, vanish for a minute. We lose track of space, time, and the continuum of our identity. We become someone else with minimal awareness of our surroundings, of incoming information, and of circumstances. In extreme cases, some people develop a permanently rent personality and this is known as dissociative identity disorder, DID, before it was called multiple personality disorder. Then there is fantasy. Everyone fantasizes now and then. It helps to fend off the dreariness and drabness of everyday life and to plan for an uncertain future. But when fantasy becomes a central feature of grappling with conflict, it is pathological. Seeking gratification, the satisfaction of drive or desires, mainly by fantasizing is an unhealthy defense. Narcissists, for instance, often indulge in grandiose fantasies which are incommensurate with their accomplishments and abilities. Such fantasy life retards personal growth and development because it is substituted for true coping. Idealization. Another defense mechanism in the arsenal of the narcissist that to a lesser degree the borderline of histrionic is the attribution of positive glowing and superior traits both to self or more commonly to other people. Again, what differentiates the healthy from the pathological is the reality test. Imputing positive characteristics to self or others is not a bad thing but only if the attributive qualities are real and grounded in a firm grasp of what's true and what's not. A lesser known defense mechanism is isolation of affect. Isolation of affect, cognition, thoughts, concepts, ideas. There, a cognition is never divorced from emotion. Conflict can be avoided by separating the cognitive content, for instance a disturbing or depressing idea, from its emotional correlate. The subject is fully aware of the facts of the intellectual or of the intellectual dimensions of a problematic situation but feels numb. Casting away, threatening and discomforting feelings is a potent way of coping with conflict in the short term. It is only when it becomes habitual that it is rendered self-defeating and pathological. So, separating one's thinking from one's emotions is isolation of affect. And then there is omnipotence, when one has a pervading sense and image of oneself as incredibly powerful, superior, irresistible, intelligent and influential. This is not an adopted affectation but an ingrained, ineradicable inner conviction which borders on magical thinking. It is intended to fend off expected hurt in having to acknowledge one's shortcomings, inadequacies or limitations. A very famous defense mechanism is projection. We all have an image of how we shouldn't be. Freud called it the ego ideal. But sometimes we experience emotions and drives or have personal qualities which don't sit well with this idealized construct about us. Projection is when we attribute to others these unacceptable, disconfiting and ill-fitting feelings and traits that we ourselves possess. This way we disown these discordant features and secure the right to criticize and chastise others for having or displaying them. When entire collectives, nations, groups, organizations, clubs, firms project, Freud calls it the narcissism of small differences. Another is projective identification. Projection is unconscious. People are rarely aware that they are projecting onto others their own ego-dystonic and unpleasant characteristics and feelings. But sometimes the projected content is retained in the subject's awareness. This creates a conflict. On the one hand, the patient cannot admit that the emotions, traits, reactions and behaviors that he saw condense in others are really his own. On the other hand, he can't help but being self-aware of this. He fails to erase from his consciousness the painful realization that he is merely projecting, that he is actually what he condenses in others. So instead of denying it, the subject explains unpleasant emotions and unacceptable conduct as reactions to the recipient's behavior. Such people say, she made me do it, and that is the battle cry of projective identification, of abuses. We all have expectations regarding the world and its denizens. Some people expect to be loved and appreciated. Others expect to be feared and abused. The latter type behave obnoxiously and thus force their nearest and dearest to hate, fear and abuse them exactly as they had expected. Thus vindicated their expectations for film, they calm down. The world is rendered once more familiar by making other people behave the way that they expect them to. I know you would cheat on me, they say. It was clear I couldn't trust you, and having said it often enough, surely this powers would cheat. Rationalization or intellectualization is one of the first defense mechanisms to have been described. To cast one's behavior after the fact in a favorable light is what rationalization or intellectualization is all about. To justify, to explain one's conduct, or more often misconduct, by resorting to rational, logical, socially acceptable explanations and excuses. Rationalization is also used to re-establish egocentrary inner peace and self-acceptance. Though not strictly a defense mechanism, cognitive dissonance may be considered a variant of rationalization. It involves speech acts which amount to the devaluation of things and people very much desired and frustratingly out of one's reach and control. In a famous favor, a fox unable to snag the luscious graves he covets says, these graves are probably sour anyhow, and this is an example of cognitive dissonance in action. We devalue that which we cannot attain. Reaction formation, adopting a position in mode of conduct that defies personally acceptable thoughts or impulses by expressing diametrically opposed sentiments and convictions.  So what does he do? He resorts to homophobia. He publicly berates taunts and baits homosexuals. Additionally, he may flaunt his heterosexuality by emphasizing his sexual prowess by prowling Sylvain's bar for easy pickups and conquests. This way, he contains and avoids his own unwelcome homosexuality. Repression is the removal from consciousness of forbidden thoughts and wishes. The removed content does not vanish. It remains as potent as ever, fermenting in one's unconscious. It is liable to create inner conflicts and anxiety and provoke other defense mechanisms to cope with these. A very, very famous defense mechanism, which is often used by narcissists and other people with other personality disorders, for instance, borderline, is splitting.  In other words, it begins to operate in very early infancy. It involves the inability to integrate contradictory qualities of the same object into a coherent picture. Mother has good qualities and bad. Sometimes she is attentive and caring. Sometimes she is distracted and calm. The baby is unable to grasp the complexities of her personality. Instead, what the infant does, he invents two constructs, two entities. There is a bad mother and a good mother.  And contrasts good mother with bad mother, the repository of everything he dislikes about her. This means that whenever mother acts nicely, the baby relates to the idealized good mother. And whenever mother fails the test, whenever she disappoints the baby, the baby devalues her by interacting in its mind with bad mother. These cycles of idealization, followed by devaluation, are common in some personality disorders, notably narcissistic personality disorder. Splitting can also apply to one's self. Patients with personality disorders often idealize themselves fantastically and grandiosely, only to harshly devalue hate and even harm themselves when they fail or otherwise frustrated. Sublimation is the conversion and channeling of unacceptable emotions into socially-contained behavior. Freud described how sexual desires and urges are transformed into creative pursuits or into politics. And finally, undoing. Undoing is trying to rid oneself of knowing feelings of guilt by compensating the injured party, either symbolically or actually. All these defense mechanisms operate within the narcissist. What a battle film his psyche is.


My name is Nes Odoiaki Tere, I'm a graduate of accounting and a student of the financial modeling boot camp, I've been organized by the Brown Consulting. First, I'd like to say thank you so much to the Brown Consulting for this lifetime opportunity because really, there's been a whole lot of opportunities that have come across just in this boot camp, the distributors of this boot camp. Initially, before I started, yeah, I know how to use Exil, but oh my god, in fact, when I started this boot camp, it was like, I didn't even know jack shit about zinniq, so I had to learn a whole lot of things on how to, you know, use a whole lot of short cards, navigate quite a number of functions, it has really been helpful. And this boot camp has really helped me a whole lot because this is my career path and I really like to try it on this part. In fact, when I saw this advert concerning the boot camp, in fact, I could even think twice, like I just have to wrap it up and the experience has been so wonderful and I keep learning and learning and learning that I even want to learn more. And, you know, I would like to just continue on this part of financial modeling and see myself becoming an expert, yes, in this book, in this financial modeling course especially. Thank you so much to the Brown Consulting once again, the experience has been a life changing one. Thank you.


Question 4. Do you think you are being treated the same as everyone else during the COVID-19 outbreak?


Hey everyone! My name is Thaddea. I am an Improvisor from Oslo, Norway, and I'm super excited about coming to Spain, not just because I've never been before. But also because I get to teach a workshop called Time to Start Proving People Right, which is all about how can we define the stuff that we do, the services we provide in a way that will make people go, I can do that. Instead of the most common thing, which is improv, I could never do that, which we all know to be wrong. But as good improvisers, it's time to start to prove people right. So yeah, I'm super excited because I don't have all the answers, but we as a group, we might have several. So yeah, see you guys there. That's it! Bye!


Luke, this team is now one five and a row of seven of your last eight, despite the fact that you've just been decimated by injuries to start this season. What does that say about the group that you have on the field? We got a bunch of grinders, man. I'm so like proud of these guys and what they're achieving.  Tyrell gets his first hit and then gets another hit. I mean, it's pretty impressive.  So it's it's fun because everyone doubts against this. And we got a five game win tree. Is there a ton of excitement when guys like Ford gets his first home run and Tyrell with his first hit of his career? Oh, 100 percent. I mean, the dugouts was going nuts.  And then his first start in the big leagues and he gets two knocks. So it's pretty cool.   Not, you know, don't try to hit it at my trout. He's pretty good. But yeah, it's pretty cool. Anytime a guy, you know, can hit his first home run and get his first hit. And, you know, same game. You don't see that very often. So it's pretty cool. It was a two home run kind of night for you. Were you taken aback at all by the amount of Yankees fans here, chanting Luke as we just heard back here? I know, even like when I ran out for pregame and, you know, when I came up my first about last night, it's awesome. And it just shows us how awesome our fan base is. And they travel and they're here to support us. And, you know, I wouldn't want anything other way in the world. Before I let you go, what did you think of Herman? Disgusting. I mean, he's probably been one of the best bidders in baseball so far. He's just punching guys left and right. And, you know, we need that with all the injuries. So happy for him. And we know he's got the stuff. And, you know, just keep going with it. Luke, thanks for the time.