I'll pray to Allah and we ask Him and we thank Him and we seek from Him and we are dependent on Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala and we show gratitude towards Him. We ask Him to send His infinite peace and blessings upon our teacher and our master and our prince, the Seal of the Prophet, Sayyidina Muhammad sallallahu alaihi wa sallam. We have entered like the middle of Ramadan and now we've let this month marinate and become a part of our lives and become habitual and we've gotten used to the routine of Ramadan that it brings towards us. And Ramadan comes as a guest, it comes as a guest and we are honored to host this guest that we call the month of Ramadan and Allah ta'ala when He explains Ramadan, He says He calls them a couple of days, a few days, a number of days, a yam and yawm in Arabic has a plethora of meanings. Generally, we talk about a day, but it's used in like the hadith mustalahat as multiple things like the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said, a shaharak al-yawm in the end of times, a month would be like a week. So yawm here means week. It also means phases, right? Remember the phases of Allah, the phases of God, Allah says in the Qur'an.  He says it could mean a thousand years when we're talking about the day of judgment or the or our eschatology at the end of times. But our guests in when we deal with each other, we talk about days and you have three days when you're a guest in somebody's home. Three days you're a guest and after that you're part of the household. But when Ramadan comes, it also only comes for three days. It comes for three phases. The beginning of it is mercy. The middle of it is forgiveness. And the end of it is freedom from the hellfire. It comes as a guest. So how do you treat your guests when it's when your guest is there? You give it karama. You give it takaluf. You give them generosity. You go over beyond even the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam. When the guests of Ramadan came, he would tighten his belt in prayer. He would wake up his wives, which he never did outside of Ramadan, right? He would wake up his wives to pray tahajjud with him. And the alul bayt al kiram, he would wake them up to pray, which he never did outside. But because the guest is coming, you have to feed the guest. You have to feed Ramadan. So when you welcome the guest, the sunnah of any guest, when they leave, is they leave a small gift for you. When you go to somebody's home, you say there, the sunnah of adab is that you bring a gift to them and you leave a gift with them before you leave. And Ramadan leaves as a gift. We don't know when that gift is, but we know there is a gift in Ramadan and that's lailat al qadr.  And lailat al qadr, khayru min alfi shahr. It's the month, it's a day that's better than a thousand months. It's better than a thousand months and it has parochial names. There are five things in the Quran that have what we call parochial names, like primary names that everything has, that Allah sends. Lailat al qadr has a primary name. He has al qadr. What does qadr mean? It means power. It means decree. It means degree. It also means to value something, the night of value. It also means to constrict. When Allah constricts their risk, they say, oh my lord has disgraced me. It means to give something a measure. They haven't given Allah his measure. That's lailat al qadr. That's the first name of lailat al qadr. It's also called lailat al-salam. That peace is upon them until the fadr time comes. It's also called lailat al-mubarak in Surat al-Dukhan. We have sent this Quran on a blessed night. Lailat al-mubarak. It's also called furqan, the night of differentiation. You furrqu qullu amrin. That it's a night where all things are differentiated. Good and evil, virtue and vice. They're differentiated on this night. And it's also called the night of mercy. Rahmatumi rabbikum. Innuhus samil aleem. That this is a mercy from your lord. He's all hearing and all seeing. These are the five names of lailat al qadr. And it was sent upon the one, sallallahu alayhi wassalam, who gave himself five parochial names. I'm Muhammad. He said, I'm Muhammad. What, Ahmad? And the most praiseworthy. Wa-l mahi, ana mahi, alladhi yumhi allahu bi kufrin. I'm the one that Allah gave revelation to. He calls himself al-hashir, the fourth name. The one that gathers, the great gathers, sallallahu alayhi wassalam. Wa-anahashir, alladhi hashir an nasa qadmi. I'm the one that gathers people and they follow me and lead people, sallallahu alayhi wassalam. And he's al-aqib. He's the seal of prophets. He's the ending, sallallahu alayhi wassalam. He's the end of prophecy. These are five names, which was revealed upon the city that Allah gives five names to in the Qur'an. Makkah, right? Wa-aitu indukum bi batin al-makkah. Allah calls it Makkah in the Qur'an. Then he calls it bakkah. Awul al-bayt, wada' al-nas. Alladhi bil-bakkah, right? Like the first place where people are given the place of establishment is bakkah. He calls it bayt al-haram. Allah calls it bayt al-ameen. Balad al-ameen, right? Balad al-ameen. He calls it umul qurrah. These are the five names that are in the Qur'an of Makkah. And that was revealed. What was revealed and what was being revealed is the Book of Allah that's given five parochial names. The Qur'an, al-kitab, right? Al-furqan, an-noor and a zikr. Five names that you find about that the Qur'an is named in the, Allah names the Qur'an. These five names. So these five things, the five names of laiblat al-qadr which was revealed in the city which has these five names which was revealed upon these, the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam the master of humanity that is given five parochial names and he was given the book that has five names and they're all realized when you and I pray our five daily prayers. They all come full circle. They all come full circle because all of that, that prayer is revealed in Makkah upon the Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam you recite the Qur'an which is revealed in laiblat al-qadr. All happens in these fives, right? And it brings for them in order to understand that it brings with it and its gifts through having sound iman. Having sound iman, having faith. The Prophet sallallahu alaihi wa sallam told us manqama Ramadan iman wa hatisabun wa firaluhum, ma taqaddumat bi dhanbihi wa ma taqarat Whosoever stands with faith, with iman and expecting a reward, God forgives them for what they've done and what they're going to do. What is iman in this regard? Iman is being a reciprocal of light. It's just being a reciprocal of light. If you want the treasures of Ramadan, if you want the treasures of laiblat al-qadr, you have to open your heart with sound faith and allow yourself to be a recipient of that light. One of the names for laiblat al-qadr is the night that which is constricted. Why is it called the night of constriction? It's one of the meanings of qadr. Because So many angels are on earth that night including the Ruh who is Sayyidina Jibreel himself that they have no place to move on this earth. They can't move with so many angels around that the angels themselves feel constricted on that night. Which is a night that Allah SWT brings forth the heavens onto us. You know, we are with the heavens on that night if you have iman, if you have iman, and that light enters your heart. One of the signs of laiblat al-qadr that you seek is that it's It's this medium night. It's not too hot, it's not too cold. And when the sun rises, what do you see? That it has al-hamra al-saghir. It's like a rayless, almost no rays around the light. Some of the muhadithin say, this is obviously haqiqi, you can see it, but the majazi meaning of it, the inward meaning, the symbolic meaning, is that the light of the sun is dwarfed in front of the light that enters the hearts of the believers on that night. The light of the sun is dwarfed in front of the light of the believers on that night. It's the power of laiblat al-qadr. This is the power of laiblat al-qadr. And you and me don't exactly know when laiblat al-qadr is. Abu Huraira said that the prophet, sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, said laiblat al-qadr is in the last night of Ramadan. And they prayed the last night. So they said, is this laiblat al-qadr, ya Rasulullah? Awal al-haadi laiblat al-qadr? He said, no, it's not laiblat al-qadr. And they said, but why did you say the last night? Doesn't the worker only get his wage due at the end of the month? Ya laiblat al-qadr, as you have Himasa enthusiasm for laiblat al-qadr in the last ten nights, you should give laiblat al-qadr its due in the beginning of Ramadan. In the beginning of Ramadan, and in the middle of Ramadan, and in the end of Ramadan, to bear its fruits for after Ramadan. To bear its fruits for after Ramadan. And when you become a recipient of that light, when you become a recipient of that light, Allah's iraadah, His want, what He wants will become what you want. And this is the million dollar question for myself and for you is, are you ready to receive Allah's light on that night, that if a mountain received that light, which is the Quran, it will crumble, and I'm ready to receive that. And submit to the reality of what Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala wants from their believers.  Does that light enter your heart and you recognize what God Himself wants from you and from me? What is your purpose when laiblat al-qadr comes? What are you asking from Allah? What are you asking from Allah? Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala says in the hadith qudsi, a hadith that's narrated by the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, I have a want, iraadah, and you have a want. I do whatever I want.  Asbaha ma'urit. You'll become whatever I want. But if you neglect what I want, you will ta'aba nafsika.  And this is a great secret of the iraadah of Allah. So we ask Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala that He makes what we want, what He wants what we want in these last days. And our iraadah with Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala is aligned. And we are open and generous with the month of Ramadan, such that this month gives us its colors. And our hearts are open to receiving the gifts of this month and the fruits of this month and the light that this month gives us. I pray, I urge myself, I advise myself, I advise all of you, I advise our community that as Ramadan comes, that we take on the colors of Allah. We take on the colors of the Prophet ﷺ. We take on the colors of this month, right? These months bring for it. When you enter Ramadan, the world is black and white. When you're in Ramadan, you start seeing the world in technicolor again. All the things that you appreciate, all the things you take for granted, all of the ni'mahs of Allah, all the blessings of Allah, they become more apparent to us. It becomes more technicolor for us to see and to see this thing as what it is. And this is to take on the akhlaq of Allah, subhanahu wa ta'ala. This is the hadith, khulliqul akhlaqullah, right? Imam Ghazali says, when you're not eating and not fasting, you take on what's called the station, called asamadiyah, of in exhaustion, right? Because we don't eat and we don't drink in Ramadan. And we don't procreate Ramadan. And this is the station of the angels. They don't do either of these things either, right? This is the station of the melaika. That we take on these beautiful colors that the prophet, sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, has presented for us. Sibgatullah wa ma ahsan min Allahi Sibgah, the painting of Allah, the colors of Allah, and what is more beautiful than the painting of Allah, than the colors of Allah? Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala has given us colors and he's given us an empty canvas and he's given us a brush and he's given us a paint.  We have to make something that is beautiful and that is to show this entire world and this dunya, the glad tidings of the garden. What is Allah's irada? Allah tells us smack in the middle of the verse of the fiqh of Ramadan, where he tells us how to fast. Allah has an irada for us. Yuridullahu bikum yusr wa la yuridu bikum usr. Allah wants ease for you. It doesn't want difficulty for you. Fakhardin al-razi, he said, yusr is paradise and usr is this dunya. That the difficulty is dunya that we were not made for this world. Allah is telling us in this month that you were not made for this world. Allah is telling us in Layla the Qadr you were not made for this world, you were made for the garden. So come to the garden. You were made for this garden. And if Allah wants that yusr for us, what do we want for the rest of humanity?  You know, we warn about, we give glad tidings about the basketball game. We give glad tidings about where the things that the new technology that's going to come. We give glad tidings about we're going energy this. We give warning about all of these different wars that are happening. We ask Allah for relief. We give warning about, you know, what's in the food and what's not in the food and these chemicals which are all important things. But ultimately we give the glad tidings of the garden and we warn about the fire. We give the glad tidings about the garden and we warn about the fire. Because this is what Allah wants from us. Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala wants the garden for you.  Allah wants ease for you. He wants facilitation for you. That you start to facilitate the garden for people. And I'll end with the hadith that we're familiar with perhaps that a man comes to the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam and he says yā rasūlillā halaktu, halaktu. O Messenger of Allah, I am ruined, I'm ruined.   And al-Habib sallallahu alayhi wa sallam in his most beautiful gentle way says ma halaktu, what? What has ruined you? He said wa qaatu imratī wa anasā'im. He said I was with my wife and I was in a state of fasting. So the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam said are you able to free emancipate a slave? Al-tasṭate al-antāṭiq al-ruqtā are you able to emancipate a slave? He said emancipate a slave, I can't afford that. I don't even know what. I can't do that. He said, no, I can't do that. And he said, okay, al-tasṭate al-tasūma al-tasūma al-tasūma al-tābī'ī'īn. Can you fast two consecutive months? This is a kafara. Can you fast two consecutive months? One of the ayahs says yār-usul, I couldn't even last a day, two months, I couldn't last one day. He said, can you fast two consecutive months? He said, no. He said, okay. He said, then can you feed the indigent? Can you feed the indigent? Can you feed 60 poor people? He said, yār-usul allāhu man afqud minni. He said, I'm poor. I'm poor, I can't feed 60 poor people. Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam could have easily said, I'm sorry, it's too bad. Look, it's in the Qur'an. It's tough, tough luck. You might have to, I don't know, the fire it might be a little, you know, say, make a lot of taubah, maybe you'll be forgiven? Allāhu alam? No, he said, he ordered fat'alaba atamr. He asked for a bag of dates. And he said, go feed people. Here, here's a gift, go feed people with this. And in one narration, sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, the man leaves for a little bit and he comes back and he says, O messengers of Allah, as I was taking these dates, I realized that my family is the poorest family in Medina. My family is the poorest family in the city.  Just go feed your family. This is facilitating the garden. He facilitated jannah for him. He facilitated the yusr of Allah. This is what the fuqah do. This is what our religion is all about. Facilitating jannah for each other. Facilitating the garden. Facilitating the grace of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. That being a means of facilitation, not the means of the fire. We're not the firewall between human beings and Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. We're not the firewall between people. If they ask about me, I am present. I am close. I am close, meaning I've never gone anywhere. I've never gone anywhere. Allah's saying, I've been here. I indeed I am close. I answer to one, let them just call me. This is the grace of Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. This is facilitating the garden for people. This is opening the door of jannah for people. We ask Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. And please bless it nice. Ya'arhum ar-rahimin. Ya'akram al-akramin. Ya'awil bilabida ya'aqir bilaniha ya'man lahu ism bilakunya. Farrrja anna wa anin jameel al-muslimu lahafi. Yanzal ania fi haithi haathihisa. Barakatika wa afwitika wa halwati al-makti. Al-Dakya, yada al-jalali wa al-iqram. Allahumma aghfala wa li walidaya wa al-mu'minina. Yawma yukhunu isab. Rabbana ja'alna mukheem al-sala wa min dhu riyad. Ya ayyuhaladin. Inna Allah wa malaikatahu yusalluhuna an-nabi. Ya ayyuhaladin. Aamunus sallu alayhi wa sallimun taslimin kathira. Yathkur Allah wa dhkurukum. Wa shkuruhu wa la tukafiruhu. Wa dhikr Allahi akbar. Wa la hawla wa la quta. Alla bil awliya ad-din. Wa qeem ussala.


I said I said A lot of fly stuff That's why I said I said tell be king get back in them sandals since he got that pretty nice young girl. We ain't heard no hits Get back with Tasha Can't say that man bad. That thing was Why because you want about it saying about you and your personal life that motivates me Yeah, yeah, I got a tweet right now when I was in jail 2013 boogie be king put out Lol have anybody heard for rainwater? No without my keys. He know that cuz when I got out that thank you for He was there like a shout out to me. Thank you. We even be you don't need it even brought my name up Do you hear this? This is wild up there y'all wild but still though there wasn't no there wasn't no no no this Yeah, yeah, what no diss uh-uh So, okay, so so you think What can Dallas do to collectively get this circle, right? How can we unify bro? Like I said, we are unified I want to see the I want to see everybody, you know make hits and I ain't saying come together But at least when it's time to do the music come together. That's the part right there Hmm when it's time to do the music we need to come together What you mean though? Meaning it don't it don't matter. It don't matter. It really really just don't matter Like right now the really the hardest collab you just said bump. It was number two Okay, big X number one. Why there are no tracks on big X and bump. No, no, I'm working on it I'm working on that because at the end of the day, uh uh Yeah, I'm working on that situation, you know, but you see what I'm saying. No, no, no, no, but this is problem No, no, no, no, no, I'm saying like this They got they got other songs for other people too Dallas is more because it's together than we have never seen I don't agree with that. What's why what other people they got songs with uh Uh, you got big X and Kevin got Benz It's big X niggas know I ripped it bro, but I done so so much work around the city in these shows Okay, switcheroo man switcheroo you got other things but see at the end of the day before people start doing songs with you They got to find a sales I get it man. I'm saying though. You got to find a sales first Bro, you don't think that we from Texas remix with everybody on it. There's I just Texas unify it. We'd be hard I think we from Texas remix need to be D baby miskin ot And D baby miskin ot. No, you can't just see that bumpy. Yeah, the Mexican Mexican ot and D baby is the kings of Texas D baby miskin ot big X the kings of Texas right now Yeah, but then you still need you got bumpy and whoever. I understand that but outside outside of big X right now Ain't nobody even putting the work in to be a Superstore. They not Even bumpy. He not Big X is out big X out after hours in old clip on let them On count wills them Got the guy got more history got him a hiss right now He's out in the club and he went to the club since the club took three months straight to little be to let everybody know He's still outside. He's still working Taking pictures with everybody Now they not you can't pay some of these rappers right now to go outside and promote their music constantly They scared they are not scared.  Yeah, so to get to his body and he worked for that. Yeah. Yeah, you know something saying No, I get it. Yeah. So at the end of the day, ain't nobody deserved to even be on the track with him right now because he worked for that He did I like to see little rossama get with you know, yeah That's right. Yeah, but now that's who I think he said that's who told him to rap Yeah, yeah, but now now niggas begin to work for that Put that on my kids. He worked for it.  He should have These rappers now to got got guidelines Nigga ain't no guidelines. I want to be a rapper.   Niggas will get fly with you.  What about san Antonio?  I gotta ask you that. Do san Antonio ever have any artists?   You got to watch that austin get called it because it's so close to houston and san Antonio They still stuck in it.  Let's talk about how important Hold on. Hold on. Since you said that how important is it for an artist to rep his city to rep The sound from his city and not to try to sound like any other city.  No You need a you need a foundation. I know niggas run here. I can't even pay I tell them go to the club.  You need that is You need that is you need that is Every every rapper that's last longer unless you just like a tiktok rapper every last every rapper last long in the game Uh They need a city. Yeah, because when you say that I'm talking about houston That's what houston do houston have their sound houston reps houston I told bumpers is because bumpers not from dallas or houston. Mm-hmm. So I told bumpers to redo a houston song Who would he do he did one slanging on? Slanging on over five million streams in two three months And so I told him to redo a houston song What's his next move the houston culture bumpy got his I can I listen I can come get I can come catch anybody in the rap game in in dallas, texas even texas with the sound he got Because it's something about that sound that they like that soulful sound So I can come get anybody I'm coming to get it everybody with bumping. Yeah bumping and key A of key More money from forward right before you say he's my old clip, but he's staying for where I keep telling you from for work He's saying he moved from old clip and he's 1112 and we're staying forward since you for you from for work with my my young waters with more money, but right now Uh, my front line. I'm coming to get it. I'm coming to take over the game and the next three months with bumping I gotta ask you about the the light um Big big poke past on that stage And that that was a tough one. I I know esg the one that hit me up and you know at three o'clock and was like Poke died. I said what? Like what did you think about that because I'm gonna be honest with you It messed me up because I never go wrong. You know, I'd already texted many I've been texting trying to get him on the show. I'd hit everybody up. I talked to renette. I talked to Aldi I talked to all of them man. I need to talk to big poke. I got him phone I don't even think I got his number. I'm texting the niggas man. I wanted to interview him and then this happened. I was so upset, bro Die, baby. I definitely didn't want to see him leave. He was eating man.  It was sad Because he had just lost weight. He was losing weight. He wasn't as big as he used to be.  I noticed that too. I'll be seeing that Because they do you think because they be trying to lose it too quick and they're not losing it the way it's supposed to I don't know. Heavy D done that when he had lost that weight. He died. They got that blood clot on that plane I'm starting to realize that No, that's that's real Uh, C Strug got counsel when he started losing weight Damn Fat out fast.  You try to lose weight. Try to lose weight But you don't know if this would have happened even if they wasn't trying to lose weight and I think your body be content Where it's at, where it's at


Welcome to Data Doctor's video, Suggestion 510, Unique Name Without Gender. Suggestion 510 is caused when a profile has no gender indicated for a unique name. Either the first name is misspelled, the manager missed setting the correct gender, or the gender isn't known. The gender suggested is based on statistics of the first name. If the name is unique in the database, no guess can be made. For example, here is the Suggestion report for Anna Leiden Hagen, showing 510, Unique Name Without Gender. In the name column, click on Anna Leiden. The next screen gives a name analysis for every Anna Leiden on WikiTree. There is only one, with no gender specified. Below that, Anna's are usually female, and below that, Leiden's are usually male. Here is the public view of Anna Leiden's profile. It has a unisex silhouette in the top left, and the data section refers to the child, not the son or daughter, of Thomas Hagen and Mary Leiden. There are no sources. We need to find a source that indicates gender. On the bottom right of the profile, click on the root search link. Root search offers several sites to choose from. Let's start with Family Search. Family Search shows a birth record for Anna Leiden and list parents Thomas and Mary. The birth date agrees with the profile. On the far right, click on the icon. The birth record tells that Anna Leiden was a female. Leave this page open. Return to her profile and click on Edit. In the biography section, place the cursor after the birth information and click the citation button above. Return to the Family Search birth record. On the bottom right, click on Document Information. Copy the citation that appears. Return to her profile and paste the citation between the ref tags. Delete the unsourced template. Click on Preview to check your work. Make sure that the inline citations are properly showing in the biography and sources sections. Move to the gender field and click on the green tab. At the box it opens, click on Female. Below the gender field, explain your changes. This is strongly recommended for all WikiTree users and is required for data doctors. For me, I identify myself as a data doctor. Copy the suggestion number and name and explain what I changed. Save your work. Return to the suggestions report and on the far right, click on Status. On the Suggestion Status page, make sure your WikiTree ID is showing. Of the five status options, choose one. In this case, correct it. Leave a comment from the comment tense or make one of your own. Click the Update Status button. The last screen shows the status history has recorded your changes and you're done. You are invited to like this video and even leave a comment if you wish. Also, keep up to date with new videos by subscribing to our WikiTree YouTube channel. On behalf of the Data Doctors Project, thank you for watching.


We welcome to the 8th meeting of the 2021 session 6 of the Equalities, Human Rights and Civil Justice Committee, with no apologies for this morning's meeting. First, the agenda item is to agree to take item 6, which is consideration of correspondence received from the minority ethnic carers of People Project MECOP in private, are we agreed? Our second item is consideration of an affirmative instrument, the draft legal aid and advice and assistance, miscellaneous amendment Scotland number 2, Regulations 2023. I welcome to the meeting Elena Whithom, MSP, Minister for Community Safety and Supporting Officials, Shona Arkart, legal aid policy lead, Denise Swanson, deputy director, civil law and legal systems and Emma Thompson, solicitor and the Scottish Government's legal directorate. I refer members to paper 1 and invite the minister to speak to the draft in suspense. Good morning, convener and members. Thank you for the opportunity to speak to the committee about the legal aid and advice and assistance miscellaneous amendment Scotland number 2, Regulations 2023. This instrument has been brought forward to deliver changes to legal aid regulations, primarily to ensure continuing access to justice in Scotland. The instrument provides for an overall 10.25 uplift in legal aid fees, distributed via a combination of targeted free reforms and uplifts and overall increases. The solemn and summary criminal free reforms have been revised to ensure that the reforms themselves, augmented by increases in specific fees, delivers an overall increase in fees payable for those cases of 10.3 per cent. All other criminal fees not affected by free reforms will be uplifted by 10.2 per cent. All civil and children's fees will be uplifted by 10.2 per cent. Restoring the criminal justice system in light of the impact of the Covid pandemic is an issue that is critical to all involved in the justice system. The instrument implements a long-standing commitment to reform both solemn and summary fees to deliver simplification and to better recognise preparatory work undertaken before a trial. They are a vital part of the Scottish Government's wider strategic reform objectives. The amendments to legal aid fees will also support recovery with new transform programme through an enhanced remuneration where it is appropriate for there to be an early resolution in cases. By supporting this early resolution, those reforms will reduce the number of cases for which trial diets are fixed, assisting with the courts recovery programme in tackling a backlog of cases due to the Covid lockdown and providing a more timely conclusion for victims and witnesses of crime. That gives a brief overview of the regulations and their context and I'm happy to answer any questions. Thank you very much. Maggie Chapman, please. Thank you very much. Good morning, minister. Thank you for being here. You will be aware, I'm sure, of correspondence from the Law Society and their anxieties around, I suppose, the timescales of the fee review that will come, that is planned for a few years' time and the relationship of that review with benchmarking. I know that you said something about the reforms in the space in answer to questions last week but I was wondering if you could give a little bit more information about why the connection between benchmarking and the fee review is so important and how can we, given that, address some of the concerns of the urgency for review that the Law Society and others have asked for? Thanks for the question, Maggie Chapman. It's probably helpful right at the outset if I say that my predecessor minister had supplied a letter to the criminal justice committee last December and there's really helpful annexes from that letter that I think might be helpful for us to share with this committee going forward in terms of the work that you will be undertaking to look at how we reform legal aid in the future. From the outset, I think that that might be something helpful to set out. If we think about Martin Evans's report back in 2018 with regards to the independent strategic review of legal aid, he himself at that point stated that he was unable to recommend anything concrete in terms of legal aid reforms because of the complexity of the system. If we think about the use of public money and if we think about the necessity to benchmark that, I think that I'm clear from my position on it that we need to gather in all the data that's going to be very important so that we can set out concretely from the beginning what those reforms need to look like. As I said, it is a very complex state of affairs and I think that it would be helpful if we can provide that information to the committee to help yourselves to understand as we go forward in reform. I think that we need to make sure that we do take the time to get it right and that there's no rushing that. I know that others probably want to come in on the same point, but I'll leave it there. Okay, thank you. Richard Hamilton, please. Minister, is it sustainable to hold the fees or freeze the fees until 2026 until the outcome of that benchmarking that you talk about feeds into the budget processing, because it's something that, again, the law society highlighted? I think that if we think about what we're going to do, if the regulations today are agreed, once implemented, that's going to give an £11 million increase from April, which is going to be of benefit. I think that in order to understand how we need to increase the fees going forward, we have to have that benchmarking information and we have to have that data. It might be helpful if I bring in Shona at this point just maybe to speak a little bit more directly to the question that Rachel Hamilton has asked as well. Yeah, I think that the question about 2026 came from a meeting in the initial meeting of the new research advisory group that we're setting up. That's not a set in stone. There's a lot of work that we need to do to get that benchmarking. What was shown in the review and in the payment panel was that, at the moment, what we're doing is simply adding a percentage on to the fees as they are now. We don't know whether the starting point of those fees was correct in the first place. It's set in what is now what you'll see from the paper that was applied to the criminal justice committee is that it's a fairly arbitrary level. It doesn't take into account the costs of providing legal aid advice, what it costs to run an office, to have staff. We don't have any of that data that doesn't exist from the public sector side. It doesn't take into account private client fees, things like that. That's the data that we need to get from the profession. We've got to a point where they're willing to get on board with us and engage with it. We've started that process. We've had meetings with the research advisory group and we're looking at tendering for a contractor to provide the research that was recommended by the panel. I take the point that's being raised about the amount of information that's required to set the starting point. My understanding was that that review was a number of years ago. I wonder why we're still where we are now. Is the minister in a position to say that there will be any review of the fees in the interim period? If not, will you at least review the impact of the regulations in the next 12 months? I'm very happy to look at the impact of the regulations as we go forward. As Shona has set out, I don't think that that is going to be set in stone in terms of that 2026 date. We're going to work as fast as we can to try and implement what we can. It's helpful to understand that, as Shona Arquett has already said, we now have the profession on board with the process. That's really important. We also had a pandemic after Martin Evans's report was out. There have been issues that have held us back a little bit. We're now in a position, collectively, where we're going to try and work as quickly as we can on that measure. Since I've come into post, I've had many conversations with the Law Society, the Faculty of Advocates and setting up a working group that's going to be co-taired by all of us to look at the future of the legal profession. Amongst all of that, there will be issues around reform, diversity and how we retain people who are entering into the profession. There's a jigsaw amount of things that actually all have to come together. Although I understand some of the issues that have been raised within the letter itself, I think that the letter doesn't represent the full state of play that we're at at the moment and the goodwill that has been given by everybody around the table to try and get to a situation in which we have a sustainable legal aid system for all of Scotland. My point relates to the retention of staff. Can I move on to that next? Or do you have others who have questions on fees? If it's a noisian to the sentiment, then I'll go ahead, yeah. I thank the minister for that answer. I think that the minister's retention brought that up. That's a really key point. We've heard in the session that we held with a number of organisations looking at access to justice that the availability of legal aid solicitors is a huge problem. To get the figures right, they've said specifically that there are huge inequalities in the availability of solicitors. In the 139 poorest areas, there are only 29, but it might have been 22, legal aid firms, either 29 or 22. I'll check in a second and come back. Nonetheless, out of 139 of our poorest areas, there are a handful in comparison of legal aid firms. That set against the fact that the fees don't appear to be in any way commensurate with the sort of costs that are involved. You add to that the fact that our solicitors working in legal aid are now moving into other areas of law because of that structure. Can I ask the minister to set out what this instrument is going to do to change any of that? If that instrument isn't going to do it, what will it do? If we think about the instrument in front of us today, the instrument is there to do some of the reform in terms of the section 76 fees, which will help to look at resolving cases before they get to trial where that's appropriate. There will be the uplifting fees across the board for the different sectors in the justice system. We need to look wider to think about those diversity issues. I think that that's why there's the group that's been set up to look at that in detail. We also have to recognise that. Those figures, as quoted in the letter, are concerning. They're concerning to myself as well, but I think that what we have to think about is that in some of those areas we have really fantastic law centres that are being supported by the Scottish Legal Aid Board and the Scottish Government as well. They're going to see a 10 per cent increase in funding to them, too. Yesterday, I announced that a lot of the organisations that are funded for access to justice projects through the Scottish Government and the Scottish Legal Aid Board have had their funding agreed for this year ahead. Some of those are in some of those most deprived areas. While there is concern there, I have some level of comfort that I know that the law centres do a fantastic job in those areas that we're going to help to support them as well. I think that it might be helpful to bring Denise in here at this, Denise Swanson, as well. I have a couple of points. I think that if we look at Martin Evans' review again and the kind of direction that legal aid has been going, it's about connecting the advice services with the legal advice and representation services so that we get a bit of a continuum. That's one of the reasons that the Scottish Legal Aid Board manages a lot of grant funding programmes for the Scottish Government, which go to very local third sector organisations to provide advice. Those are the programmes that the minister has confirmed the continuation of funding for. They will be partnerships between citizens advice bureaus with local authority advice providers, so it is quite a good partnership approach. Alongside that are the law centres, which provide a lot of the social justice type support, advice and assistance and representation. The opportunities that the reforms provide us is to look at different fee mechanisms and payment mechanisms, which are not available to us at the moment under the current statutory framework, work very closely with the law centres. I myself meet with the Scottish Association of Law centres very frequently. In fact, I am meeting with them again next week. It's a key issue that's in the forefront of ministers' minds in developing the reform programme. I would say something about the statistics about the providers. I don't know if you're referring to the law society report. I'm not sure that that is as representative as it might be. I would say that some of the availability of solicitors quite often are corralled around courts and where courts sit, which isn't necessarily terribly far away from where people are living to get those advice services. For instance, one area in Edinburgh was considered to be without any solicitors in its local area, but if you walk 15 minutes along the road to Leith Walk, then there is a plethora of solicitors. We need to work with the data quite carefully, but that's not to undermine or detract from the fact that we have an inequality of provision across Scotland. I think that the law society said that it was something in the region of tens of thousands of people who were missing out on access to justice as a result. I'm not sure that being able to go 15-20 minutes down the road is exactly what people are looking for, if I'm honest. The fact that people in our poorest areas are sharing a very small number of legal aid firms between them probably suggests that there is a bigger problem there. I hope that there will be something that can be done through the reviews. There are a number of issues around thresholds for legal aid, and I consider that there might be quite a bit of unmet need as many don't qualify for it. Is the Government collecting figures on that? I think that it's definitely something that I have thought about myself in terms of the thresholds and what that means for people who may not be getting access to it. It's definitely something that I'm keen to understand the figures of. I don't know exactly if those figures are fit for the moment. Sorry to interrupt, but we have asked the Scottish Legal Aid Board—we are working with the Scottish Legal Aid Board to try and to put together a picture of where the levels of entitlement perhaps are affecting people's ability, the eligibility rates are affecting people's ability to get legal aid, particularly within a cost of living crisis. There are some things around the expenditure that we need to look at. I'm also very interested in some work around merits and where the merits test may well be a bit of a challenge in terms of accessing legal aid. That's a piece of work that's on-going, and the legal aid board is collating some data for us on that. That's very helpful to set out, because during a cost of living crisis, when we think about those thresholds and people's expenditures, it's a very different picture than it perhaps was a couple of years ago, so those are absolutely something that we need to be cognisant of. Okay, thank you. If there's no further questions or contributions, we'll then move on to agenda item 3, which is consideration of the motion for approval of the affirmative instrument. So I invite the minister to move the motion S6M-08058. Thank you. Do any members have any final comments? Okay, and if not, then are we all agreed? That is agreed, so I therefore invite the committee to agree to delegate to me the publication of a short factual report on our deliberations on the affirmative SSI that we have considered today. Is that also agreed? Okay, that concludes consideration of the affirmative instrument, and I thank the minister and your officials for attending. We'll pause briefly before moving on to the next item. Just let the minister leave. Thank you. So we now move on to agenda item 4, which is consideration of three negative Scottish statutory instruments, SSI 202340, the first-year tribunals for Scotland's local taxation chamber, and a per tribunal for Scotland rules of procedure miscellaneous amendments, Regulations 2023, SSI 202353, the marriage and marriage registration prescription of forms, Scotland amendment Regulations 2023, and SSI 202355, the marriage between civil partners, procedure for change and fees, Scotland amendments Regulations 2023, and I refer members to paper 2. Do any members have any comments to make on these instruments? Okay, that being the case, there is no further business relating to those instruments, so that concludes our formal business this morning, and we now move into private to consider the remaining items on our agenda. Thank you.


Now we can look at a type of motion called projectile motion. In projectile motion, this is motion where the acceleration is due to gravity. Just like we saw in freefall motion, that means that I have an acceleration of 9.8 meters per second squared downward. But now I've got both my x and my y components of that vector that I wanted to take into consideration. So the y component is my negative 9.8 meters per second squared, and my x component is zero. Gravity only pulls downward, so I only have an acceleration in the y component, no acceleration in the x component. So it's like freefall, but now we're doing our calculations in two-dimensional motion. When does it apply? Just like freefall, there have to be no strings attached or hands or rockets or anything else that's giving a push or pull directly on the object. If we have a vacuum or air, if we can neglect air resistance, and if the object is fairly compact, that's the in some cases. The main point here is that we don't want air resistance to significantly attribute to the motion, and that would happen if I have a large surface area on my object causing air to have a greater effect. If we look at our formulas, we've got constant acceleration equations for y. Just like we had for freefall, we've got the specific acceleration of minus 9.8 meters per second squared. In our displacement equation, it was one-half the acceleration, so that's why we've got minus 4.9 meters per second squared. And again, these are our two-dimensional equations of motion, so I'm tracking just the y components here. If I look at the x direction, I've got zero acceleration. So if I look at my displacement and velocity equations, they simplify down a lot. My velocity doesn't change. Whatever velocity I start with for the x component is the final velocity for the x component as well. And my displacement in x is related directly to my initial velocity in the x and how much time has gone by. Graphically, if I were to plot out the x and y positions of an object going through projectile motion, it's going to look something like this. It's always going to be a part of a parabola. For my first little chunk of time here, I can use these arrows to show me what my horizontal displacement and what my vertical displacement is. And because these are at set time intervals, this kind of gives us an indication of what our velocity is as well. So I've moved to the right and upwards over that time period. Well, if I chart that out for each and every one of my dots on my motion, I see that I've got a bunch of arrows that always moves towards the right and my x component isn't changing. So my velocity in the x direction staying the same means that in each second interval, I've moved sideways the same amount. But if I look at my y components that finish out those triangles of motion for each of my one second interviews, I see something very different. Let's clear out the x components just to make it a little clearer. I've started by moving upwards, but as I move up, I get slower and slower until finally I reach a highest point and then it starts moving downwards faster and faster, just like we had in free fall. So there's a connection to free fall. The y motion is just like we had it in free fall. Same equations and everything. But my x motion is constant speed. As a matter of fact, free fall is a special case of projectile motion where specifically I have no velocity in the x direction and therefore no displacement in the x direction. But projectile motion doesn't have to have that. That's free fall when I'm only moving vertical. In projectile motion in general, I'll have some sideways motion as well. So that's our brief introduction to projectile motion. We're still going to have to come back and solve some problems so we can understand it a little better.


Hello and welcome everyone. I'm David and in this talk I will be presenting joint work with T-Boyager and Rafa Akurig about constructing efficient, adaptive-lead, secure IBEs and VRS from near-collision resistant hash functions. When we construct identity-based encryption schemes and very far random functions, we want the constructions to be efficient and to have at least adaptive CPA security. Furthermore, we ideally want the construction to be in the standard model and to have a small and no significant tightness loss. In this paper we show how we can use near-collision resistance, a natural assumption for hash functions, instead of the random oracle model, in order to achieve adaptive security. We do that by showing how to construct a more efficient IBE came from LWE and from the bilinear divi-hayman assumption. Furthermore, we also show how the technique can be used to construct an efficient, very far random function from the Q-Decisioner bilinear divi-hayman inversion assumption. Finally, we also show how the technique can be used to prove the IBE came by my two co-authors from Asia Crypt 2018, this very short ciphertext secure with significantly less security loss. However, we won't have the time to discuss all construction details. Therefore, I will focus on introducing near-collision resistance as a natural assumption for hash functions to efficiently replace the random oracle and on showcasing our techniques by using them to construct an IBE came from the decisional bilinear divi-hayman assumption. Our construction is mostly a variant of the Waters IBE, but with much shorter publicities. So, for an overview of the presentation, I will first compare the efficiency of our constructions to previous constructions for an overview and to showcase what can be achieved with our techniques. Since we want to discuss our variant of the Waters IBE in more detail, I will quickly recap identity-based key encapsulation mechanisms and what they are, what their properties are and in which scenario and how they are used. Afterwards, I will quickly introduce near-collision resistance and how it can be used to achieve adaptive security. That is, I will introduce our hash function assumption for near-collision resistance and then give an intuition on how we can leverage this assumption for hash functions to achieve adaptive security without random oracles. Finally, I will then present our efficient version of the Waters IBE and how a near-collision resistance is used in our construction. Now, let us begin by a more detailed overview of our constructions. First, let us look at IBEs from standard assumptions of the discrete logarithm type. That is, for example, the Decisional B-Linear Diffie-Helman assumption which underlies our construction and also the Waters IBE. If we now compare these constructions, what sticks out is that except for the Bonnet Franklin IBE which is in the random oracle model, only the Waters IBE and ours achieve user secret keys and ciphertexts of only two group elements each. However, Waters IBE has the large downside of having a master public key of linearly many group elements which is compared to many of the other constructions very large. However, with our techniques, we are able to boil this down to only logarithmically many and as we will look into the scheme later on, we will also see that this number is not only asymptotically small but also concretely. Next, let us look at IBEs from Q-Tag assumptions. In particular, at the IBE came from my two co-authors from AsiaCrypt 2018 which is based on the Bonniboyen IBE from EuroCrypt 2004 which was only selectively secure. The construction at AsiaCrypt 2018 has one big downside and that is its very large tightness loss. However, we are able to address this tightness loss with a more efficient reduction technique by Yamada from EuroCrypt 2017 in conjunction with near collision resistance. That allows us to make the reduction much more tight and now let's look at the numbers. We see that the security loss of the AsiaCrypt 2018 scheme is the runtime of the adversary to the 7 over its advantage to the 4 and we are able to reduce this to its runtime to the cubed over its advantage squared which is still large but much better and much smaller. And if we now look at the other parameters of these schemes, we see that only the ones from AsiaCrypt and ours which technically the same with a different security proof achieve ciphertext of only one group element compared to the one of Bonniboyen from EuroCrypt 2004 and the one from Gentry at EuroCrypt. Next, we look into IB cams from LWE which have post-puntum security and in particular its IB cam from Yamada from Crypto 2017 which we adapt to near collision resistance and by that are able to make a lot more efficient. So, if we now look at numbers of the parameters of previous IB cams or IBEs we see that most of them are very efficient in terms of number of vectors for the user secret keys and ciphertexts which is at least asymptotically all constant for most of the constructions. However, the parameter that is still very large is the size of the master public key. This is different for different constructions but most constructions have parameter sizes of log squared security parameter or log cubed security parameter and we are able to boil this down to only logarithmic number of matrices in the master public key. What is notable is that asymptotically speaking also the scheme from Crypto 2016 achieves the same if we assume Q is the number of user secret key queries by the adversary to be polynomial. However, we point out that this number is in concrete terms much larger than the number of matrices in our scheme. Next we also want to look into VRFs or verifiable random functions and in particular we want to look into our adaptation of Yamada's VRF from Crypto 2017 with near collision resistance. Near collision resistance here allows us to prove adaptive security but achieve very efficient parameters. As asymptotically speaking we achieve public key and proof sizes of only logarithmic number of group elements but this is not only asymptotically very efficient but also concretely. We achieve public keys that contain only 10 group elements and proofs of correctness that only consist of 9 group elements or security parameter of 128. So if we now look at an overview of all the schemes of most VRFs from before we see that there are many of them but we also see that most of them have log squared, log cubed, security parameter or similar number of group elements in the public keys and in particular in the proofs of correctness which is really important for communication efficiency because the proofs of correctness will probably be sent much more often than the public keys. One construction that stands out here is run by Elin Lisa Kohl from PKC 2019 which achieves almost a constant number of group elements in the proof of correctness However, as I stated, our construction also achieves concretely very small number of group elements in the proof of correctness however being asymptotically less efficient than Kohl's VRF. Summing up, our constructions can improve over previous constructions and many different aspects while at the same time avoiding the random algorithm model and only making, as we will see, very natural assumption for hash functions. Since we want to look into our variant of Waters IBE in more detail I will now quickly recall the security properties and syntax of IB cams and that is what our construction syntactically will be. Identity-based key encapsulation mechanisms we usually consider a scenario with three parties trusted authority and Alice and Bob where Alice and Bob want to exchange messages confidentially In the beginning the trusted authority generates a master secret key and a master public key and then publishes the master public key, while keeping the master secret key to itself. Now that all have the master public key, they need user secret keys in order to decrypt messages later on so they can ask the trusted authority to get a user secret key, in this case we will show this for Bob and after Bob authenticated himself to the trusted authority in some mean the trusted authority generates a user secret key for Bob and then sends the user secret key to Bob Now that Bob can decrypt messages to him, or better said decapsulate messages to him Alice can encapsulate a secret key to Bob, that is she runs the encapsulation algorithm which results in a ciphertext and a symmetric secret key and then sends ciphertext to Bob Bob now using his user secret key can decapsulate the ciphertext to the same symmetric key Now both Alice and Bob can use standard symmetric encryption primitives like AEDs for example to exchange messages confidentially without any public key encryption and so from this point on It's common for key encapsulation mechanisms in IB chem can be used to generically construct a fully-fledged IBE when it is used in conjunction with the data encapsulation mechanism or short DEM This data encapsulation mechanism could for example be instantiated with some symmetric encryption scheme In terms of properties we want correctness, that is if Alice encapsulates a secret key to Bob and Bob always gets back the same secret key by decapsulating Of course only if he has a correct secret key from the trust and authority and both share the master public key So for security we consider the following security experiment between a challenger and a distinguisher First the challenger generates a master public key and a master secret key and sends a master public key to the distinguisher The distinguisher then may make several user secret key queries So it can query the challenger for user secret keys for identities of his choice and get these At some point the distinguisher has to state a challenge identity ID star for which he gets back the encapsulation under that identity So the ciphertext and either the correct symmetric key that is encapsulated in that ciphertext or a random element from the key space Then the distinguisher may make further queries but not for the challenge identity and again gets back user secret keys for the identities that he's queried Finally at some point he has to state its guess whether he was given the correct symmetric key or if he got a random key that does not match the ciphertext that he was given for the challenge As usual with such security experiments we say that the abchem is secure If every distinguisher that has a polynomial runtime only has a success probability of one-half plus something negligible in guessing the correct bit B Now that we recall to the properties of the entity-based key encapsulation mechanisms and how they are used we will now look into adaptive security from near-collision resistance that is we will informally introduce near-collision resistance as a natural assumption for hash functions and then show how it can be used to achieve adaptive security without using the random oracle model Informally when we assume that a hash function is near-collision resistant we assume that the birthday attack is the fastest algorithm in finding a collision on any given subset of output bits of the hash function To illustrate this let us look at the following example In the trivial case for collision of the whole hash function we just assume that the success probability of the birthday attack is optimal for every potential runtime of an adversary that is for example for this for this hash function with 16 output bits we roughly assume that every algorithm that runs in time t has a probability of finding a collision of at most t squared over 2 to the 16 However for near-collision resistance we now want to look at the subset of the output bits so for example if we now consider a prefix of length 6 then for near-collision resistance we assume that there is also no faster algorithm than the birthday attack to find the collision on the prefix meaning we assume that the prefix is as secure as a shorter collision resistant hash function meaning specifically for any algorithm that has a runtime of t we assume that on this prefix that algorithm can only find a collision with the probability of t squared over 2 to the 6 However for near-collision resistance we also want this to hold for permutations that is it doesn't matter where we put these 6 positions the probability of finding a collision keeps bounded by t squared over 2 to the 6 Next let us look into how we can leverage near-collision resistance to prove adaptive security without the random algorithm model Our approach is to use the runtime ta and the advantage epsilon a of the adversary in the reduction to choose a subset of output bits We want to choose i such that based on the adversary's advantage it can find a collision on i with probability larger than epsilon half and that at the same time there are only polynomially many possibilities for the hash function value on the subset i These two goals seem difficult to achieve at the same time but obviously any sufficiently small set i will allow for a collision with a non-digital probability However this is no issue because in the reduction we can assume that epsilon is non-digital therefore the bound of epsilon over 2 for a collision on the subset i is still achievable even if there are only polynomially many possibilities for hash function outputs on the subset i Then the idea is to guess the hash of the challenge identity on the subset of output bits in i The trick then is that if both goals are achieved then this guess will be correct with a non-digital probability and at the same time the adversary will not query a user-secret key for an identity that also matches the guess because that would imply a collision Of course these two goals are still conflicting with each other because we have to make i large enough to make a collision sufficiently unlikely and at the same time small enough Thus there is an ideal choice such that it is just large enough to guarantee a sufficient collision resistance but not any larger Choosing it of exactly the size will allow us to make the probability to guess correctly as large as possible by that to achieve a better tiredness of the reduction Concretely what previous similar constructions did was to choose i as the prefix of the length of the smallest power of 2 that is larger than the ideal size In this example if the ideal size of i would be 5 they would use the prefix of length 8 Then they would use several IBE schemes in parallel One for each potential prefix length with an identity space of all possible prefixes of that length Since they only consider prefixes of lengths of power of 2 they are only logarithmic in the schemes in parallel Furthermore they can use in some cases aggregation techniques in order to make the constructions more efficient In the reduction they would then just produce the security of the IBE with the fitting identity space This makes the approach rather straightforward but comes with the cost of a large security loss in the reduction Because in a not ideal size a set i is used and as in this case the set that is used in the worst case has a size that is quadratically larger than what would be ideal Our trick now is to first present the ideal size of the set as a sum of powers of 2 For example for 5 we can just represent that as 2 to the 0 plus 2 to the 0 2 meaning 1 plus 4 Then we split the hash function into consecutive blocks of powers of 2 Meaning the first block h0 would be just the first bit, the second block h1 would be the second bit and the third bit and so on and so forth So this looks like this We would then choose the set i as the block that together has the ideal size For simplicity we will keep this notion of h2, h0 and so on throughout the presentation and view them as hash functions on their own However this is only on a syntactical level of course this is still one hash function The downside of this approach is that it requires us to make the reduction more complicated Because there is not a single, if we would just use several IBE schemes in parallel There wouldn't be a single IBE scheme that we could reduce the security to For this example with the block 0 and 2 we would have to reduce the security of the first IBE scheme and the third IBE scheme And this doesn't work out that well anymore However we can indeed do this without sacrificing any efficiency And that is what we look into next when discussing our variant of Rotas IBE that uses exactly this approach of near collision resistance And this partitioning of the hash function into logarithmic many blocks And many blocks as usual for the Rotas IBE we have two generators g and h And we have that p elements x, u prime and we have one ui element for each block of the hash function Meaning we say that the hash function has l plus one many blocks As you can see there are only logarithmically many of these ui values And then we have that our master secret key is just h to the x And the master public key consists of g and then g to the prime and g to the ui for all i from 0 up to l And the pairing between hx and g Meaning that we in some way also put h to the x in the master public key and z by z bound to the master secret key What is now important for our construction is this function ui, u of id This function is just the sum of u prime plus the product between all ui and hi Meaning we interpret hi of an identity as in that p element and multiply it with ui This function is so important because it's very crucial for our reduction in which we use it in the following way In the reduction we will be doing the following We will draw a uniformly random element a from that p and further uniformly random elements also from that p Namely r prime and r0 up to rl where as you might have guessed the r prime corresponds to u prime And the r i values correspond to the ui values Furthermore for all the blocks for which which are in the index set i We also draw a uniformly random guess for them named ki Now we define u such that it contains this a component if and only if i is in the index set i Otherwise which is just r i Furthermore we set u prime as r prime minus a times the sum over all r i times ki For all the i in the index set i Now what we ask ourselves is Under which condition is if we set ui and u prime this way is the a component of u of id 0 And for that we look at the following function or the following terms We ask ourselves when does her told that 0 times a is minus a times the sum of over all r i times ki For all indices in the index set plus a times the sum over all indices in the index set For r i times h i of id And if we now slightly move things around we see that this holds if and only if The sum of over all indices in the index set over r i times ki minus h of id if that is 0 In particular this is the case if we have that all ki are identical to h i of our identity For all i in the index set Of course there is also another way other ways in which this could be 0 But in those cases we can reduce to the discrete logarithm Meaning any adversaries that finds another index i id Another identity id for which this holds can also solve the discrete logarithm problem And therefore this is very unlikely So over all this a component is 0 if and only if our guess is indeed correct And then in the reduction we can embed this such that we can extract a solution to the underlying decision Be linear if you have an assumption if and only if we have that this a component is 0 And that we can answer the adversaries queries if and only if this a component is not 0 Now let us look into the concrete key size of the master public key of our variant of the Waters IBE Since this is the aspect in which our construction or proof improves over the previous construction We require a hash function with 2 times lambda or lambda as security parameter plus 3 output bits That means we will have the logarithm of that plus 1 many blocks And for the security parameter 128 this means that we will all have only 9 blocks in the hash function You can now instantiate that on baritoneerich curves that means that the master public key will consist of 11 group elements From the G1 group and from one group element of the target group On these curves the G1 elements will have 256 bits and the target group elements will have 3072 bits Now summing up that overall we achieve only 736 bytes in the complete master public key which is quite small And that without using the random logarithm methodology The takeaway message of our work is that near collision resistance as a mild hash function assumption Can be used to replace the random logarithm methodology without sacrificing a lot of efficiency We have shown that it can be used to construct highly efficient IBEs and VRFs And maybe there are more potential constructions maybe some by you If you have any questions feel free to drop us an email or refer to the paper and laugh at McLeese Thank you for your attention and have a nice day


Okay, guys, this is what we got going on in the bathroom sink So I'm gonna show you how to drain your hot water tank stay tuned First thing you want to do is of course make sure your hot water tank is off This one is electric so I went over to the panel It's turned off because if you don't while this thing is is is Drain down here's a There's a heating element up here One down to bottom.  Also if you have a gas Hot water heater Just turn it down to where it says pilot or Vacation and that'll be fine that just keeps it from kicking on it won't kick on if you turn it down That if shut it all the way off you have to relight the pilot light We all know those can be a pain in the ass, right? So just turn it down a pilot or vacation make sure this one's off now. I'm not sure which one it was So I shut off all the 220 breakers. So Nothing on 220 which this is 220 nothing on 220 is going to work. So What you're going to do is? I got a hose ran clear outside a garden hose here. We're going to hook this up We got a screwed on there somewhat But the threads on this end is stripped so I had screwed on with a pair of pliers and you're not supposed to have to do that All right, so we're ready. Let's go ahead and drain this tank If it'll drain and maybe plug that so much. It's not going to want to drain. Yeah, I see a little bit of leakage down there So all right It's gonna take a few minutes. So we'll let it drain. I'll be back with you Also, you're going to want to at least open a valve Like a valve in the house on your hot water side like your hot water sink You know the hot water in your sink or whatever because you have to let air into it or you can use this That's your emergency valve make sure When you get a fill that up To turn that back off. So All right. Yeah, we got some water coming through it now. So I'll be right back with you Okay, guys, this is what I had to do it stop flowing I got some water here because I actually had to take this off shove this wire up in there To get this to get water to come out of here So what I'm doing now is flushing at this like my fifth time. So I'm gonna leave I'm gonna leave that open I'm gonna turn this water on and what that does is It gets a sediments down in the bottom of that floating around and coming out the hose So let's go out here to the hose and see what we've got The brown that is I'm just gonna keep doing it until Till comes out clear that's coming out of our hot water. Hey guys I'll be back with you Okay guys, let's see what we got here Let's go out here and check the kitchen. I've got two glasses of water here first You turn the hot water on I don't have this tank turned on yet. That's the hot water Here's the cold water.  And there we go guys Crystal clear once again All right, so that's how you do it What I wanted to tell you guys earlier was if you're worried about the hot water getting burnt what I did I forgot to I was gonna do it.  I flushed it out.  So anyway guys, that's how you clean the That's how you flush your hot water tank, so All right guys remember she bears the myth the man of legend. I'm gone for now. Bye. Bye guys


demonstration of the anterior compartment of the leg. This is the supine cadaver right leg. I'm speaking from the right side The camera person is also on the right side. This is the anterior compartment It is bounded by the anterior border of the TBR here, which is subcutaneous and it is bounded by the anterior intermuscular septum, which we can see here. The first muscle that we have picked up here This is the TBRL's anterior It's a very powerful and a very strong muscle and the tendon gets inserted onto the medial aspect of the medial Cuniform and the base of the first metatarsal. This is a powerful dorsiflexor and Inverter of the foot. If there is paralysis of this muscle, then there is foot drop, which is a very serious disability The next muscle that we can see in the anterior compartment is this one here This is the extensor halosus longus, which is right next to the TBRL's anterior And we can see the tendon goes all the way to the tip of the distal phallus of the great toe This extensor halosus longus, as it implies, is responsible for extension of the great toe till the terminal phallus Then we have this muscle here, which we have picked up. This is the extensor Digitorum. The tendon fans out and gets inserted onto the distal phallus of the second, third, fourth and fifth toes And just lateral to that with the muscle However, there is a distinct separate muscle and that is this one here. This is the fibularis tercius We can recognize the fibularis tercius by its unique insertion onto the base of the fifth metatarsal It has got a split out insertion. This is an inverter of the foot However, it is an anterior compartment and it is supplied by the nerves of the anterior compartment So these are the muscles that we can see in the anterior compartment. Now, let me mention something about the retina column here Part of that we have retained here. Stretching across the ankle, we have two tough facial structures Which are extensions of the fascia cruris This one, this is the superior extensor retina column, which extends across rectangular and there is a lower one here, which is in the shape of a Y. The medial portion splits into a Y The superior one is the tougher one and we can see part of that here It's almost as tough as a cartilage And this is the one which holds these tendons and prevent them from both stringing when the foot is dorsiflexed And as it stretches across these tendons, which are incidentally covered by salivary We have cut them. There are septic, fibrous septic which go into the tarsal bones and therefore convert each passage into a small tunnel through which these tendons pass Now let's come to the neurovascular structures. The neurovascular structures are visible between the tibialis entry and the extensor Halus is long as here and we have picked them up here. More specifically It is the anterior tibial artery and the deep fibular nerve The anterior tibial artery is one of the terminal divisions of the bubletial fossa And this supplies all the structures here in the anterior compartment And it also gives branches to the lateral compartment. The deep fibular nerve is a larger branch of the common fibular Which starts from the lateral aspect of the neck of the fibula And it divides into a deep and superficial and this is the deep fibular branch This is the one which supplies all the muscles of the anterior compartment. The tibialis anterior Extensor Halus is long as, Extensor Digitorum and Fibular Astertius Injury to this nerve can lead to paralysis of all the muscles here And as I mentioned, the paralysis of the tibialis anterior will produce the most serious disability Namely foot trauma. The patient will not be able to torsiflex the foot against gravity Injury to this nerve is not very common because it is located deep However, the common fibular nerve that is running around the neck of the fibula Can be injured in fracture of the neck of the fibula or any surgery or any injury to the battle side of the knee In which case the result will be the same paralysis of the deep fibular nerve These two structures the deep fibular nerve and the anterior tibial artery Then they continue on to the dorsal of the foot This neurovascular structure that we see here in this particular case We are noticing that it is entering the foot between the tibialis anterior and the Extensor Halus is long as In the textbook the typical description is like this The anterior tibial artery continues just lateral to the Extensor Halus is long as So this is what we noticed in this particular section At this juncture, let me mention some few clinical correlations This deep fibular nerve can get entrapped under the Extensor etnicular Which as we can see is a very tough structure here And that condition especially occurs in the skiers who wear tight boots and they tie the shoelace tightly across the dorsal of the foot In which case that compounds the compression of the deep fibular nerve and that is known as ski boots in Rome As we can see this tibia This is the anterior border of the tibia This is the medial border of the tibia the medial surface of the tibia is the butaneous The junction between the lower one third and the upper two thirds of the tibia is the weakest point And therefore that is the site of most common which is fractured Fracture of the tibia is quite often compound that is it pierces through the skate because this portion is subcutaneous Second point to be remembered is fracture of the tibia is quite often accompanied by fracture of the fibular There is a special type of fracture which is referred to as a boot top fracture Which usually occurs at the upper margin of a calf-length boot This is a plain x-ray to show a boot top fracture with overriding of fragments and shortening of the leg The tibia can also be subject to what is known as stress fracture Which also usually occurs in the lower one third of the tibia those people who are marching like for example soldiers However, stress fracture can also occur in the upper part of the tibia Stress fractures sometimes are not visible on plain x-ray in which case a special investigation like MRI may be required Then we have something called shin split The anterior aspect of the leg is the shin And there is if there is continuous or repetitive or trauma that these muscles can swell up These muscles were enclosed in a tight fascia and that part of it that we have retained here That is known as the blue fascia Which is attached to the tibia So if these muscles expand swell up within the tight osteo-facial compartment And if it is untreated it can progress to what is known as anterior compartment syndrome Where the compression of the muscles will jeopardize the blood supply Anti-tibial artery in such situations What we have to do is we have to cut open the deep fascia and that is known as fasciotomy Only then we can relieve the pressure. These are some of the points which I wanted to mention About the anterior compartment of the leg. Thank you very much for watching. If you have any questions or comments Please put them in the comment section below. Dr. Sanjay Sanyal signing off. Have a nice day


Welcome to Toffey TV, it is the Ever news daily. Call of Anciolotty is revealed today that Andrzej Gomez is a doubt for Saturday's visit of Manchester United to Godderson Park. He's got a slight knee injury. He forced them off in Sunday's 2-1 defeat at Newcastle. I think it was done when he gave the penalty away. Call of Anciolotty said it's not a big injury and he'll be continually monitored in time for Saturday's game, but at this moment he is a doubt for Saturday. Call of Anciolotty has also said that Shenc Towson will be used over the coming games. He said we need Shenc for some games. He is a good striker in the box, really efficient. It's good to have him back. Of course he has to improve his condition but it's important to have him back. Towson, who returned to Premier League in eight and a half months after a crucial knee ligament sustained while on loan at Crystal Palace. We'll see whether Towson will be using surely well as the games come thick and fast particularly in December and Everton don't have a lot of striking options. Dominic Calvert-Lewin has admitted that Everton have fallen below their own standards in the last two games, which is so the Blues lose at Southampton and Newcastle. Calvert-Lewin, who scored his eighth goal of the season against Newcastle on Sunday's eighth Premier League goal of the season, said that the Everton revival begins on Saturday. Let's hope he's right. Let's hope Everton do get back up to the standards of the early season form. Blues boss Carlo Anciolotty has compared Hammers Rodríguez to former Brazilian striker Ronaldo. Anciolotty, who told France Football, When I signed Hammers this summer everybody was really worried about his physical state and how he'd cope with the intensity of the Premier League. During the first four games, do you know how many sprints Hammers did? Seven. He has more goals and assists than he has sprints so far. When I was at Milan we brought him Ronaldo. On his arrival he weighed 100kg.  Ronaldo replied, what do you want me to do on the pitch? Score goals or run? If it's to run put me on the bench. If it's to score goals then play me. I played him, he didn't run but he scored two goals. For Hammers it's the same thing, it's all about the quality that he brings to the game. That was one of the major worries wasn't it that people mentioned when Hammers Rodríguez was signing for Everton. Could he do it in the intensity of the Premier League? And he's been absolutely fabulous so far in it. It just proves if you get players with that real quality they can do it whether they have to run or not. And hopefully he's back on Saturday for the game against Manchester United. And finally John Everill has been named as head coach of academy coaching. He'll continue to be the assistant under 23 manager but will now be in charge of all of the academy level coaches. Obviously this is part of David Unsworth's restructuring and his new role as well. Marcel Brand said John Everill shares David's vision and we look forward to him and seeing how he develops in this new role. I don't know, I think Evan had just brought Chris Perkins in from Derby as well so it'd be interesting if Evan could just do a nice little diagram of who sits where and what job he'd done. Congratulations to John Everill, former Everton midfielder there who has become the head of academy coaching today. That is it, make sure you subscribe and give the video a thumbs up. And if you want more videos including live videos every day, join us on Patreon. See you later.


Item number SCP-329 Object Class Euclid Special Containment Procedures The building in which SCP-329 is located has been purchased by a Foundation Front Company and designated Site B- Access to the site is restricted to level 3 personnel. Facility personnel to undergo full body scans at least every 48 hours. Since it is unknown how many adherents the Church of the Gardener possessed, Site B should be considered at risk of recapture and appropriate measures taken. Description SCP-329 is a room in a derelict building at level 3. Room is in the building's cellar, 6 meters by 5 meters, with a steel fire door. Room contains 6 folding beds. Beds are fitted with IV stands and leather restraints. Five beds are occupied. Occupants are of both standard sexes and several races, with ages 16 through 64. Occupants have been designated SCP-329-1 through SCP-329-5 and have been identified as 1. No fixed address 2. No fixed address 3. More medical student at university 4. No fixed address 5. D-Class personnel who was subjected to event 329A. Occupants of beds all have cancer. Type of cancer varies from occupant to occupant, but all cases have at least three tumors of grade T3N1MO or higher. Although cancers are advanced, they do not follow normal progression. Two of the cases, with a prognosis of weeks at best under normal conditions, have remained alive since at least one. Occupants are alert, but in great pain and unable to speak. Every 24 hours, at approximately 4 am, SCP-329 undergoes event 329A. The door closes with great force and cannot be reopened for the duration of the event. Anything obstructing the doorway is pulled into the room. And 329A lasts for approximately 20 minutes, after which it is possible to open the door again. Equipment for remote observation and recording is rendered inert during 329A in a manner consistent with a non-standard space-time event. The only sounds heard from outside during 329A are screaming from the room's occupants. After the event, occupants are apparently unharmed, bearing no incisions or external trauma. Their tumors, however, have been altered, in some cases radically. They have been reshaped, and their direction of growth has been altered. Three of the occupants have tumors of more than 20 feet in length, twining around and through bones and organs. SCP-3295, who was cancer-free before he was exposed to event 329A, was found after the event to have developed a T1NOMO lung cancer, which in the three weeks since has grown to T3. Only people inside the room were affected by 329A. And those who have been removed from the room, their cancer progresses normally, resulting in death. Discovery SCP-329 was discovered by a group of university medical students who noticed abnormal cancers in the bodies of indigents supplied for dissection. They traced the source to SCP-329, which was being used as a squat. They came to the Foundation's attention through material they circulated on the Internet, under the name of the Church of the Gardener. When a mobile task force secured SCP-329, the Church had been operating for 11 months, lowering indigents to the building with promises of drugs and shelter, and subjecting them to event 329A. Seven members of the Church were present, and offered armed resistance. They were eliminated by the MTF, and the other two held out long enough to subject themselves to event 329A. One was subsequently vivisected by the research team, and the other designated SCP-329-3. The Church's records were retrieved. They begin as relatively straightforward medical case notes, but degenerate over time into a religious screed.  Your bodies are like your gray, lifeless cities. Every cell marching in lockstep, any deviation punished. Any growth, anything alive and green, met with cut it out, burn it out, poison it.  It brings down your body, like Samson does the Temple of Dagon. Now it has come to cure us. Each day it plants, it prunes, and it trains. It makes the gray city a garden again, and it will take root. It will bear fruit, and it will spread across the world.


So, what is small and big is always people's perception. But there is something called as visual impact. To get the geometry perfect in a small size is extremely difficult. So we needed a certain amount of size to get the geometry easily in place. We wanted this to exude three aspects.  Sadhguru, so you have built such a huge Adiyogi statue at your ashram and whoever visits that place are in awe of that particular statue. So, do you think nowadays in the current scenario, things has to be done in a, you know, mass scale to get noticed? Yes. See, what is big and small is according to people's perceptions. All the people in the yoga center, they say, Sadhguru, we should have made it a little bigger, it's looking so small compared to the mountain behind. So, what is small and big is always people's perception. But there is something called as visual impact. Of all the five sensory organs that you have of seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting and touching, tell me if I tell you, suppose I'm going to take four of these away from you right now, which one would you like to keep? Just the nose or just the tongue? What would you like to keep? This is an option. Four you have to lose, one you can keep, which one will you keep? Eyes of course, because of the five sensory impacts that you have upon you, visual impact is the largest impact for you right now. But let us say you were a dog, I'm not saying. I don't think dog is anything derogatory, I think it's a great animal. If you were a dog, if I asked you this question, you would say nose, because his food, his survival happens because of his nose. But for a human being, the visual impact is the largest impact. So, in that sense, it is not about the size of the adiogi, it is about the geometry. To get the geometry perfect in a small size is extremely difficult, extremely difficult. So, we needed a certain amount of size to get the geometry easily in place. The geometry of adiogi, now that you asked this question, is to exude. See, when I say geometry of adiogi, we'll exude something. Is it true, you went home today and your father was sitting in a certain way. Just by looking at his posture, you know whether he is angry or happy, unhappy, disturbed. Do you know or no? So, the geometry of adiogies, we wanted this to exude three aspects.  I worked for two-and-a-half years to get this face right. Many, many, many faces were made. Then we decided we need a certain size and that size became over eighty feet. When it became over eighty feet, then we thought the number also has to have some significance. So, we went for hundred-and-twelve feet because adiogi, when he propounded the ways, the different ways in which a human being can attain to their highest possibility, he gave one-hundred-and-twelve ways. So, we made it one-hundred-and-twelve feet. It would have been eighty-seven feet. But I thought if you're going eighty-seven, what is the problem? We'll get it to a place, a number that he likes. So, it became hundred-and-twelve feet. But we wouldn't have been able to achieve the geometry of what we wanted. In less than eighty-eight to eighty to ninety feet, it wouldn't be possible. That's why it's hundred-and-twelve feet.


I know I've done wrong Lord please forgive me for my sins I know I could be better Just show me the way I can see the sun in the rain I pray to God to wash away all my pain I see the sun in the rain I pray to God to Yeah, it's like I see but I don't Like I'm doing things nowadays I normally won't Have it been inside a church Since I've been writing these verses Now I feel that I'm gonna fight the universe Imagine what it's like to live this life You imagine just to watch it all Action so I stand tall While I sweat every second That I'm still above the sun That's why I live with a frown I hope you see the light inside me That I have Yeah, just take a walk in my shoes You wanna walk with this nation Just another... Always told me that the world Is such a beautiful place Guess I'm beautiful Can you say that God's always there Every night I wanna talk You never ask I'm screaming down on both of my knees All I need is you God So can you answer me please I'm hoping that this letter Floats away with the breeze Hope it gets to you in time Before I fall with the leaves That's silly yours I can see this life ain't mine Lord, I really need your help I can see the sun don't shine Unless you find the light yourself I'll be falling under When I step outside the dark I can feel the thunder