Hello everyone. In the last lecture, we had started discussion about filters. So, let us start with quickly what we had discussed in the last lecture. So, we had started with the ideal filter response. Here is a response of ideal low pass filter which passes all the frequencies up to omega c and blocks all the other frequency. A high pass filter passes all the upper frequencies beyond omega c, a band pass filter passes all the frequencies between omega c 1 and omega c 2 and a band reject filter or band stop filter blocks all the frequencies between omega c 1 and omega c 2. Then we had seen a simple example of RC filter and I did mention that we do not use RC filter at microwave frequency because this R here gives additional losses. So, instead of using RC filter we in general use inductors and capacitors. So, one can start with a capacitor and then go to inductor or one can start with the inductor and then go to the capacitor. So, the objective is now to find out these G parameters G 1, G 2, G 3 and so on. Then we looked at 4 different types of realization. One was maximally flat or Butterworth filter, the response of that was given by this curve here. Then we looked into equi ripple or Chebyshev filter, the response of that has equi ripple in the pass band and then relatively sharper transition compared to the Butterworth filter. Then we had also looked at the Bessel filter, but we saw that the response is very very poor as far as the amplitude response is concerned. However, phase response is nearly perfect, but I just want to tell you very rarely people use Bessel filter ok because of this particular reason that the response is very very slow. Electric filters in general have equi ripple in the pass band as well as they have a equi ripple in the stop band also, but the advantage of electric filter is that the response transition from pass band to stop band is very very fast. So, suppose for the same fifth order, this is the response for maximally flat, this is the response for equi ripple, but for electric filter the response will be even sharper and that will be something like this and then there will be some ripples in this particular region here. And from here we actually defined another thing which is attenuation at frequency omega 1. So, if the cutoff frequency is omega c, so it is generally desired that at a given frequency omega 1, how much is the attenuation ok because there may be a some interfering signal over here which needs to be attenuated by maybe 20 dB or 30 dB or more. And the order of the filter can be obtained by using this particular equation which is obtained by taking log on both the sides and solving for n. Then we looked at the g parameters, so how to find out the g parameters for Butterworth. So, we saw that g 0 is equal to g n plus 1 equal to 1, these are nothing but corresponding to input and output source as well as load impedances. And g parameters can be found by using this simple expression and we had seen that these are the typical values for a fifth order filter. And instead of using this particular expression, one can use the table to find out what are the different g parameters. So, after that what we need to do? We need to do impedance scaling as well as frequency scaling. Why we have to do that? Because we had taken input and output impedances to be equal to 1, but in reality that will never be the case. And we had taken a normalized frequency which is omega equal to 1, but we need to design filter at the desired frequency. So, ultimately we combine impedance as well as frequency scaling. And what we had seen that the g parameters which are given by L k or C k, we will see the example in a short while. So, those g parameters have to be modified for inductor and capacitors slightly differently. For case of g parameters which realize inductor, we have to multiply by r 0 divide by omega c. Whereas for the g parameters which will represent capacitance, those things have to be divided by r 0 and omega c to realize the real capacitance. So, let us take now an example. So, we will start with an example that we need to design a low pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 400 megahertz. And we want attenuation of 20 dB at 1 gigahertz. And it is given that the source and load impedances are 50 ohm. So, the first thing what we need to do is we need to find out what is the order of the filter. So, we had seen the expression to find out the order of the filter n given by this particular expression. So, let us just substitute the various values. So, log 10 10 to the power a what is a 20 dB. So, you do not convert into numeric value that conversion is done by this particular expression here ok. So, 20 comes right over here then for omega 1. So, we want attenuation of 20 dB at 1 gigahertz. So, that is 1000 in terms of megahertz divided by omega c which is 400 megahertz. So, that comes over here. So, this comes out to be 2.51 of course, we cannot take real number for order of the filter we have to take the higher value compared to this one here. So, we choose n equal to 3. So, the next step would be is to find out the g parameters. So, we know that g 0 is equal to g n plus 1 here n is 3. So, input and the output source impedances are equal to 1. We will do the impedance scaling as well as frequency scaling in the next slide. The next step is now to find out g parameter. So, g 1, g 2, g 3 n here is equal to 3 we put the value we find out the corresponding g parameters which are 1, 2, 1. Now, let us do the impedance and frequency scaling. Here we have taken the first component as inductor, second capacitor, third inductor. We will also show you the design where we take first component as capacitor and then inductor and capacitor, but let us just look into this design now. So, l 1 is equal to l 3. So, there I had written r 0, but here r 0 is equal to z 0 which is given as 50 and we have seen that g 1 is equal to g 3. So, that is equal to 1 what is omega c 2 pi into f c. So, 2 pi into 400 megahertz. So, simplify this that comes out to be 19.9 nano Henry. For capacitance again for the g parameter g 2 if you recall g 2 was equal to 2 z 0 is 50 omega c is 2 pi f c which is 400 into 10 to the power 6. So, that comes out to be 15.9 pico ferrate. So, this is the actual circuit which will meet the requirement of the 400 megahertz cutoff frequency and at least 20 dB attenuation at 1 gigahertz. So, let us see the response of this particular filter. So, here is the response of S 2 1 which is a low pass filter and this is the reflection coefficient for this given low pass filter. So, let us first look at S 2 1. So, we had designed this particular filter with a cutoff frequency of 400 megahertz which is 0.4 gigahertz. So, if you look at from here 0.4 gigahertz we go up here. So, this is the crossover point and that corresponds to about minus 3 dB. I just want to mention here if S 2 1 is equal to minus 3 dB correspondingly S 1 1 also will be equal to minus 3 dB and remember the circuit consist of only inductors and capacitors. Hence, there is a no insertion loss in this particular filter. Of course, this is an ideal response practically inductors and capacitors will have some losses. So, the response will not be exactly 0 dB, but it may be a 0.1 dB or 0.2 dB depending upon the losses in the inductors or capacitors. Let us see what is the response at 1 gigahertz. So, at 1 gigahertz if you see this value that is about 24 dB. Now, you might wonder we had actually designed it for minus 20 dB, but this is giving us minus 24 dB. The reason for that is minus 20 dB was obtained for a filter order n equal to 2.5 ok, but you cannot have a 2.5. So, we took a higher value which means we took third order filter. So, for third order filter response will be little more steeper. Had we taken suppose fifth order then this response will be steeper ok. Here had we taken n equal to 2 then the response would be like this here we would not have got a 20 dB attenuation which was desired. So, if the attenuation desired is 20 and if you are getting 25 or 30 or 35 it is acceptable all the time ok. So, now let us just look at alternate way of realizing that means here first element has been taken as capacitor then inductor and then capacitor. Just recall previously we had taken first element as inductor then capacitor then inductor. So, in this case what happens now G 1 is equal to G 3 and we are now realizing capacitance. So, for capacitance what we do we start with the G parameter we divide that by Z 0 and omega c. So, G 1 is equal to G 3 equal to 1. So, Z 0 is 52 pi into f c. So, that comes out to be 7.95 picofarad. Similarly, we find the value of the inductor we start with the G 2 parameter multiply this with Z 0 or r 0 divided by omega c. So, 2 into 50 divided by omega that comes out to be 39.8 nano Henry ok. In fact, I would like you people to compare this particular circuit with the previous circuit and you will actually see that if you look at the equivalent inductance and equivalent capacitance they are coming out to be similar ok. So, I want you to check that let me just tell you for one case inductor we had seen that this was 19.9 and this was 19.9. So, 19.9 plus 19.9 is equal to 39.8 nano Henry you can verify the same thing for the capacitance value ok. So, let us see the response. So, you can see that the response is exactly same there is a no difference at all. Now, I just want to also mention. So, how do we get these responses ok? Of course, this particular thing has been done using ADS software, but in the beginning we had used a freely available software the name of the software is RFCM99.exe. You can download from the internet it is freely available and in fact, what you do in that particular software you can just give that analysis and then you could look at the design part you can do the simulation of filter. In fact, it would be very very easy you simply have to say which type of filter you want to design low pass high pass or band pass and then what you do you give the frequency what is the cutoff frequency of course, there you have to define what is the order of the filter that software will not calculate for you order of the filter and then it will give you the response which is very similar to this. It will also give you the inductors and capacitors value it will also give the circuit diagram and then you can actually go and edit those components also. I just to mention to you for example, if you go to the market you would not get any capacitor which has a value of 7.95 picofarad ok. You may get 8 picofarad or 7 picofarad or may be 9 picofarad or 10 picofarad. Similarly, you may not get 39.8 nano Henry you may get 40 nano Henry or may be 39 nano Henry and so on. So, what you need to do then these are the design values, but these are not the practical values. So, you go in that particular software you can click on that particular component double click on that and then you can change the value of the inductor or change the value of the capacitor and then simulate. You will know what is the response and then check those things and depending upon whether it meets your requirement or not you can keep on doing the modification and sometimes maybe you can add inductors in series or in parallel to realize the desired value of inductor. Same thing you can do for the capacitor, you can use two capacitors in series or parallel to realize the desired capacitance value. So, now, let us see the response for Chebyshev filter which is also known as equi ripple filter. Now, for Lopez filter the response of the Chebyshev filter looks something like this over here. Now, try to compare this with the previous configuration which was for Butterworth filter. So, for the Butterworth filter if you see this is a minus 1 by 2 this can be written as 1 divided by square root 2 ok. So, in the case of Butterworth this expression was 1 plus you can say omega by omega c to the power 2 n, but here we have a F 0 component as well as C n square component which is C n square of omega by omega c ok. So, this is not really coming as omega by omega c, but it is the function over here. Let us just look at what are these different things here. So, C n x is Chebyshev polynomial of order n and let me just tell you this Chebyshev polynomial actually is defined in two different limits. One limit is for omega less than omega c ok or if it is normalized then omega less than 1. So, in that particular region the variation is cosine ok and in the region of stopband which is for omega greater than omega c or you can say normalized case omega greater than 1 this Chebyshev polynomial is nothing, but cos hyperbolic function ok. So, n of course, is order of the filter as before omega c is cutoff frequency and what is F 0? F 0 is constant related to passband ripple.  So, generally speaking if you look at the low frequency component most of the time they actually define minus 3 dB as passband ripple, but I want to tell you please at microwave frequency never design a Chebyshev filter for minus 3 dB passband ok. The reason for that is minus 3 dB for S 2 1 will also correspond to minus 3 dB for S 1 1. So, that means, in the passband half the power will reflect back only half the power will transmit ok. So, majority of the time when we design microwave filter we never ever design a Chebyshev response for higher than 0.5 dB passband ripple. Why cut off a 0.5 dB? In fact, 0.5 dB passband ripple corresponds to S 1 1 approximately equal to minus 10 dB or approximately equal to V SWR equal to 2 ok. So, here is the expression for F 0 this is 10 L R by 10 L R is the ripple attenuation in passband. And as I mentioned please do not take L R as 3 dB which is generally done at lower frequency at microwave frequency please never ever do majority of the time we take this L R value to be may be from 0.1 dB to about 0.5 dB. So, how these Chebyshev polynomials are simplified in fact, this is the one of the simplified version of that which actually speaking does not even mention anything about cosine variation or cos hyperbolic variation. So, let us see what is this very very simple thing C 0 x is equal to 1. So, that is the C 0 value then what is C n 1 which is equal to 1 which is corresponding to a general term again the last term. And then let us see how are the other parameters here . So, C 1 x what is x here x is defined by this particular term over here. And this simplification is please remember it is for omega equal to omega c. So, when omega is equal to omega c this term will be equal to 1. So, you can say x is equal to 1. So, we know now what is C 0 which is 1 we can use C 1 x which is nothing, but equal to x and then all the other C n parameters can be obtained by using this particular expression. I will just make it simple for you people let us say we want to find for n equal to 2 let us say we want to find what is C 2. So, for n equal to 2 let us see what will be that this will be 2 into 2 minus 1 C 1. So, C 1 x what is C 1 x is equal to x. So, this term will become 2 x minus C n minus 2 will be 2 minus 2 is 0. So, that will be 1. So, we can say that C 2 x is nothing, but 2 x minus 1. Then when you want to find C 3 what you do now for C 3 this will be 2 and this will be 1. And I have just mentioned how to calculate C 2. So, this is the way you can find out all the C n parameters. Now, in this particular case again when you want to find out the G parameters it is now not as simple as finding G parameters for maximally flat. Here many more steps are required to find out the G parameters ok. So, let us see what are these steps here. So, G 1 expression is given by a 1 divided by f 2. So, what is a 1? You can see from here you can find the value of a 1 from here.  So, you have to calculate f 1. And in f 1 you can see that there are losses in the ripple ok or you can say attenuation in the ripple ok. And you can see that there is a cot hyperbolic function cot hyperbolic function is nothing, but cos hyperbolic divided by sin hyperbolic. So, you have to do these calculations in general to find out the G 1 parameter as well as other G parameters. So, you can see from here if you want to find G k it requires a k minus 1 into a k divided by b k minus 1 into G k minus 1. So, you can find the values of a k from here and b k from here ok. So, let us just look at a quick design of a third order Jb-Shap low pass filter. So, here the order is defined which may not be always given to you ok, but let us say we want to design a third order Jb-Shap low pass filter that has a ripple of 0.05 dB. You can see that it is a very very small ripple value the cutoff frequency is 1 gigahertz. So, the formulas which have been given on the previous slide you use that. So, first we calculate F 1, then we calculate F 2, then we calculate A 1, A 2, B 1, then G 1, G 3 which are equal and G 2. Once you find these G parameters then after that we can use frequency and impedance scaling. So, we know that for inductor L 1 equal to L 3 which will be corresponding to G 1 equal to G 3. So, here this value is 0.8794 and to find the value of inductor we have to multiply with the impedance which is 50 ohm here divide by the frequency which is 1 gigahertz. So, that will be 2 pi into 1 gigahertz this comes out to be 7 nano Henry. To find the value of the capacitance you use G 2 parameter. So, this is G 2 divided by R 0 or you can say Z 0 which is equal to 50 ohm multiplied by omega c which is 2 pi into 10 to the power 9. So, that comes out to be this value over here. So, this is the actual circuit simulation for third order Jb-Shap filter with the response of 0.05 dB ripple in the passband and cut off frequency of 1 gigahertz. So, let us see the response of this particular filter. You can see that here this is the frequency versus S parameter plot here. So, this is the plot for S 21. Now you can see here there is a very little blip over here actually speaking that blip here corresponds to 0.05 dB it may not be even visible over here and then this is the response. So, that is S 21 ok. Now this is the response for S 11 you can see that this response is slightly different than the maximally flat. In case of maximally flat S 11 actually looked like this here, but over here in fact, this value corresponds to which is minus 20 dB this minus 20 dB actually speaking corresponds to the ripple at this particular point over here ok. So, corresponding to this little dip over here S 11 is about minus 20 dB. Now just to tell you had we taken this as a minus 3 dB then S 11 will also would have been minus 3 dB, had this been 0.5 dB then S 11 would have gone up to about minus 10 dB ok. Now again I want to mention here that we had designed this filter at 1 gigahertz. Now do not look at the crossover point because the crossover point corresponds to about minus 3 dB ok. Remember this we had designed for 0.05 dB ripple ok. So, corresponding to this 1 gigahertz. So, this is where that 0.05 dB ripple would come into picture and that is how the response is there ok. Now of course, you can do the calculations by using the formulas given to you or alternatively you can use these tables. So, here is a table given for 0.5 dB ripple n parameters are given from n equal to 1 to 10 corresponding g parameters are given over here. So, you can actually do the checking. So, depending upon the order of the filter let us say you are designing for a fifth order filter you can calculate g parameters from here ok. G 6 is equal to 1 ok which is the terminating impedance. Now I just also want to mention that there is a book Methai, Young and Jones book which has given many of these tables for different values of ripple ok. And then either you can use that book to find out what are the g parameters or you can use the formulas given in the previous slides to find out what are the g parameters ok. Now we are going to look at a one comparison thing. So, for example, what is the order required for a low pass filter realized using Butterworth or Chebyshev configuration. So, here we are taking a little different problem in a sense that a larger attenuation is required at relatively closer frequency to the cutoff frequency. So, let us say the desired value is 30 dB attenuation at omega by omega c equal to 1.2. I just to mention in our earlier slides we have mentioned this as omega 1 ok. So, please do not get confused it is the same thing omega by omega c or you can say omega 1 by omega c. So, this is what is the frequency ratio equal to 1.2. You can think this way omega c may be 1 gigahertz then this will be 1.2 gigahertz. If it is 2 gigahertz that means, omega will be equal to 2.4 gigahertz ok. So, for now 30 dB attenuation we can now look at step by step. Earlier I had given you the formula for n, but now we will show you all the steps how that formula comes into picture and you need not remember the formula all the time. You can use this particular simple expression to do the derivation. So, let us say we want H j omega square to be equal to 30 dB which is in a reality minus. So, you calculate the value that comes out to be 0.001 and please note this is a square term. Now this term here is given by this particular expression over here. So, now substitute different values. So, this one here is 0.001 1 divided by omega by omega c is 1.2 to the power 2 n. Now what you do? You take log on both the sides, but before you take log you take this on this side this divided over here. So, 1 divided by 0.001 will be 1000 and then this one comes on this side which will become triple 9 then take a log ok. So, that will be 2 n log 1.2 and the right hand side that time would be 999 take that and now you simplify this n comes out to be 18.94. So, that means, to realize this particular thing you need a 19th order Butterworth filter. Let us see what happens if you want to realize using Chebyshev filter. Here in this particular example we have assumed 1 dB ripple in the pass band. So, L r is equal to 1 dB. So, now first calculate f 0 f 0 is given by this expression substitute the value of L r 1 you will get f 0 equal to this.  So, this is the expression for that. So, what we do now we write the same thing H j omega square is given by this particular expression we substitute the value 0.001 this is 1 divided by 1 plus f 0 just the expression of c n has been written over here which is right here. Now we try to simplify this particular thing over here right. So, substitute the value of f 0.2589 and this term is transferred over here with simplification you get over here and then what you do for this particular term next simplification is you take cos hyperbolic inverse of this particular term after taking a square root. So, this is what the term is that is on the left hand side simplify for n you will get n equal to 8. So, you can actually see that to realize this particular response if we use Butterworth concept we would need an order of filter which is 19 whereas, if we use a Chebyshev filter we would require an order of only 8. Of course, I just want to mention here we had assumed ripple to be equal to 1 dB. Now if it is 0.5 dB you will see that the number of elements required will be more ok. So, this is an exercise for you people please find out take this as 0.5 dB ripple and see what would be the value of n, but you can see the big difference. If we use n equal to 8 that means, total number of inductors and capacitors required will be only 8 here total number of components required will be 19. So, you can say that the cost of this particular thing will be much larger even the circuit realization will be larger. So, in the next lecture I will show you what is the response of these two filters ok. So, just to summarize today's lecture we started discussion about the Butterworth filter we use that concept which we had discussed in the previous lecture of frequency scaling as well as impedance scaling and then we designed a low pass filter using Butterworth and we saw that whether you take first element as inductor or capacitance response remains exactly same. Then we looked at the Chebyshev filter and for Chebyshev filter we saw that the finding g parameters required more steps, but however Chebyshev filter has an advantage that for this particular specification given here you would require only 8 number of elements compared to 19 element. So, in the next lecture we will see what is the response how the two responses compare with each other. So, till then thank you very much enjoy yourself work hard we will see you next time. Bye.


Mr. Speaker, after listening to the brief contributions from the member of the Henry North and the member for the U4 South, it is some trepidation that I want to use the word brief for my contribution. Mr. Speaker, it is no secret that governments have a significant deficiency when it comes to maintaining the public plants in St. Lucia, and we speak to not just schools but all other government buildings, and I think this is the time is right when a lot more focus should be placed on consistent maintenance of government buildings, government plants, Mr. Speaker. I say that because the motion before us is to transfer from the consolidation fund $5.4 million, particularly to deal with recovery efforts after tropical storm break. And I dare say that had more consistent maintenance be done on our plants, maybe we would not be scrambling to address many of the recovery efforts at some of our schools. I have always said in this House that Schubert-Sultebus has the most schools in the various constituencies, and obviously it's a significant or herculean task in terms of maintaining these school plants. Under the last administration, a significant amount of money was put in annually to maintaining some of these school plants because I remember when coming into office and visiting the schools, the roofs were plagued with termites, termites, droppings were falling on students, the toilets and washroom facilities were horrible. We have in our midst in the gallery a former principal to a politician, and I'm sure she would appreciate at a time as principal the amount of effort that was put into her school in Delsay in maintaining particularly the toilet facilities, and it was something throughout the constituency of Schubert-Sultebus, you know, the condition of these washroom facilities and the amount of money that the past administration put into the entire island education system in terms of maintaining the school system. In fact, I believe the administration before the last one had a budget of about a million dollars annually, and we increased that to tenfold, ten million dollars, and there were quite a significant amount of work done in the communities to ensure the comfort and the security of students, teachers and staff alike, Mr. Speaker. Mr. Speaker, the Minister of Education, Member for Dennery Staff, rightfully indicated that a premium should be placed on education. I agree with you, Mr. Speaker, there's no doubt that a lot more needs to be done when it comes to our children, because the education field and platform is changing rapidly, Mr. Speaker. I would appreciate it, you know, because he seemed to be visiting my constituency quite often, that he would at least invite me on some of these school visits, you know, Mr. Speaker. I could definitely point out to him some of the concerns that have been raised, Mr. Speaker. But all that being said, Mr. Speaker, I welcome the demotion and the move, but I think it's important that the maintenance, and not just the maintenance of existing structures, but one of the shortfalls of the politics in our localised area is when something is done by one administration, the next administration seems to just close their eyes on it and it becomes a white elephant, Mr. Speaker. These are some of the things that we need to move against, Mr. Speaker. You know, maintaining Mr. Speaker, the public buildings, because it's continuity all the way, Mr. Speaker. We must continue. And I'm sure you can think of what I'm speaking of, but we'll have a special conversation on that. Well, that was not even off the ground. But St. Jude's is another story altogether, but we'll deal with that. The Prime Minister has said that there's going to be a whole parliament just for St. Jude, so I'm waiting for that, Mr. Speaker. Mr. Speaker, that being said, of course, I welcome the motion in terms of the amount going to the school plants. I applaud, you know, the funds that have been allocated, but I would also make a plea to the Minister of Education recognizing, you know, the number of school units in the Schubert-Soldier bus area that, you know, further support be given to some still outstanding work to be done. Thank you. Thank you.


The President's press conference from the Cabinet Room of the White House, September 21, 1966. When all the bills are in Congress, you will know what the fiscal situation will be. You seem to be indicating that this may involve a tax increase. Is that so? No, I haven't indicated that. I have said that when the authorization bills are passed, the appropriations are made. We'll then see how much we can adjust to those measures and we'll carefully review them and arrive at the total it'll be spent. Then we'll calculate our revenues and we'll do our best to bring our revenues in line with our expenditures. Mr. President, one of the factors that has been mentioned in trying to arrive at these final figures is how much more the war in Vietnam is going to cost. Could you tell us how you're going to arrive at that and at what time you expect to be able to make that decision? We have appropriated enough funds to run us through June of 1967, assuming that the war would be over at that time. We are carefully reviewing that each day. We are determining what our expenditures are there in the way of the materials and planes and helicopters and men. We'll be making constant reviews of that every week, every month. I've been discussing it some this morning with Admiral Sharp, who's a commander in that area. I'll be asking Secretary McNamara and his people for figures through the fall. We can't tell now how much we're going to get from the Congress, because the Defense Department bill of the nature of some 60 billion has not been sent to us yet. After we get that, we'll see how much of it is for what purposes and making the adjustments we can. And then we hope to make the best estimates we can as to what additional monies we'll need and so inform the Congress. Mr. President, can you tell us how much the war has cost today? Mr. Bailey. Sir, when you signed the auto safety bill recently, you expressed the hope that the companies would absorb the cost of new safety devices. Ford came out yesterday with price increases and said that the new safety equipment was a substantial part of it. Can we get your comment on that? I am having a Council of Economic Advisers study, the statement that Ford released. They have not made a report to me yet. I naturally regret that it was necessary to have any increase in prices. I would have hoped that these businessmen could have foregone the necessity of increasing prices. I ask that they do that, but they are free to make their own prices and they did. And we're now analyzing what effect they'll have on the economy. Mr. President, the Republican House leadership issued a lengthy document which in effect says Vietnam War is Johnson's war. But you're not leveling with the American people on how far you intend to go. Could you comment on that report? I made a comment on that report and others like it to one of my recent press conferences. You're going to hear a good many political partisan statements from some of the House members between now and November. I don't think that you serve the nation or the world by debating statements of that kind with these particular individuals. Mr. President, there are reports now that North Vietnamese may be interested in pursuing Lutheran's proposal for peace.  We're very anxious to pursue any proposal that would interest the North Vietnamese. We have no indication that they are interested in sitting down and talking. But we welcome any opportunity to do that as we have all along. Mr. President, in that connection, Pope Paul VI has proclaimed October as the month of prayer for peace. You have reiterated again your desire for unconditional peace talks. Do you see any chance of these two proclamations coming together and leading to a bombing clause in October? I am very happy to see the Pope take the interest that he has. I want to do anything I can to encourage that interest and to support him in any moves that he may make. So far as the United States is concerned and our allies are concerned, we are very anxious to participate in any negotiations that the aggressors are willing to participate in. And I think it's the general feeling of all the nations of the world with the possible exception of two. And we will do anything we can to encourage the Pope to cooperate with him to support the negotiations. Mr. President, do you still hope to visit most of the 50 states before the November elections? I would, of course, like to be in all the states all the time. Your implication, your question is that I've stated that I plan to. I think I stated that at the rate that we had visited other states in the time left for us, it was possible to go into all of those states. We have no plans to. We want to visit every state that we can, whenever we can. But until we have schedule clear here, and I can be away from Washington, I'm not going to firm up any engagements. When I do, I will announce those engagements and go every place I can. Mr. President? Mr. President? Mr. President? Senator Dirksen said yesterday that you haven't really tried very hard to persuade him to drop his opposition in civil rights. Would you comment on that, sir? No. I haven't read Senator Dirksen's statement, and I think the President's position in connection to that measure is abundantly clear. I have tried to persuade the Congress to embrace my viewpoint. I'm very happy that a majority of both houses in a democracy where a majority rule should prevail have supported the measure that we recommended, and I believe in due time that measure will be again considered and favorably acted upon and will become the law of the land, and justice to all of our citizens will not only be guaranteed, but will prevail. Mr. President? Several times recently, you've talked about bringing expenditures in line with revenues. Are you planning on a balanced budget for 67? I think that we'll have to see what the Congress appropriates and what our review indicates. Of course, I can't tell at this time because I don't know whether there will be any add-ons to that budget or not. I don't know what the needs of Vietnam will be, and it will just be sheer speculation that I think would have little value. Mr. President? A long list of petitioners, including some fairly common people, have expressed the fear that West Germany might get a finger on the nuclear trigger as a result of your upcoming talks with Chancellor Erhardt. What are your responses? I don't have any such fear, and I will have a full discussion with Chancellor Erhardt on the problems of high-respected countries, but I don't anticipate any agreement of the nature they fear being contemplated. Mr. President, could you please give us your assessment of the war in Vietnam, how it compares with the situation a year ago and are there any chances of having it finished by June 67? I don't think that I can add much to what you already know, and whatever I said I think would probably be held against me if I didn't just hit it on the nose. I think that you can observe from the papers each day what's happening. Admiral Sharp and General Westmoreland think that we're going about as they had expected. They're very pleased with the successes that our men have achieved out there. They feel very good about the results that they've been able to obtain, and we have definite plans that we believe will be achieved, but just to precisely say what day these plans will be achieved is a very difficult thing in war, and I don't think any Commander-in-Chief has ever been able to do that. We seek peace. We'd like to see the shooting stop tomorrow. We'd like to talk this thing out instead of fight it out, but as I've said so many times, unless the aggressor is willing to give up his aggression and sit down and talk, we have no choice except to try to defend and to protect these liberty-loving free people. Now we're going to do that, and how long the aggressor will maintain his aggression will depend on his decision more than ours. Mr. President. The Latin American nations which originated the idea seem to be getting together on plans for the summit conference, which you expect to attend, I understand. I wonder if you could give us your idea of what the accomplishments of such a meeting might be. I think that we're now working on the plans and the proposals that are being formulated. They're not concrete yet. I think that when the heads of nations come together, it's always necessary to have an agenda and to have the matter pretty well planned out in advance. Our people are doing that now. We think that there are good many subjects that are deserving of the consideration of the heads of state. They will of course be explored by the foreign ministers in their meeting and later if we think desirable by the head of state, but we haven't reached the point yet where we could announce an agenda or could even outline for you what proposals will be made by individual countries. That's being worked upon by the staffs and the foreign ministers and state departments of the various nations. Mr. President. Mr. President, there's a little debate here about what you meant the other evening when you said you wanted to... Who is debating now? Let me see. I don't see which side to get on. You're from work up to work. The vice president reported up there that you had mentioned the labor leaders the other evening. As long as you were president, you wanted him by your side. There's been some debate in the newspapers about whether that meant...  Mr. President. Speaking today and yesterday about new recommendations in terms of the economy to Congress, did you have in mind the hope that you'd get something together before they go home for election to call them back after or next year? I didn't have any timetable, Max. Mr. President. I have in mind that as soon as we can get the authorization bill and as soon as the appropriation bills are available, they will be carefully reviewed. Then we'll make our judgment, then we'll immediately submit it to the Congress. Now, if you can tell me when those bills will be received and when the departments will be able to conclude their study of them, I can tell you it won't take me very long. Mr. President, are you going to submit a new civil rights bill to the next session of Congress, sir? And if so, will it contain an open housing provision? I will tell you in my state of the Union message our program for the next session of Congress. I think that you can be reasonably sure if no action is concluded between now and the state of the Union message that I will have recommendations in that field. But I don't really know that we ought to try to spell them out this morning because we'll be working on that from now until January. And we'll spell out all of our recommendations for the 90th Congress in the January message. Mr. President, will the administration seek to salvage any of the other titles like federal juries or anti-terrorism sections in this session of Congress? I don't know. I don't know what the action of the Congress will be. I haven't reviewed that with the Attorney General or the leadership on the Hill. All I know is the vote took place on cloture and whether the Congress would be disposed to again consider civil rights, I don't know. You can get the answer to your question about the possibility of further moves in that direction more from the Congress. Mr. President, sir, we really have not been told how much the war in Vietnam is costing and how much it's been costing from day to day. This question has been put to Mr. McNamara earlier in the year. He said it's almost impossible to tell. And lately US officials again said that they couldn't quite tell us. Don't you think the American people ought to be told? And I'm sure you know. I think that the Congress through the Appropriations Committee and Authorizations Committee have had very full details on our expenditures and men and money and materials in Vietnam. And I would commend to you some homework. Go read the hearings. Mr. President, Mr. President, you mentioned that there seemed to be an indication among all nations of desire to seek a negotiated settlement or to talk peace except for two. Have you noticed any change of attitude on the part of the Soviet Union to aid in this process? I haven't noticed any change in attitude. I have felt all along that they would like to see a negotiated negotiation and discussions rather than what's happening. There are a number of vacancies in the State Department. Can you give any indication of when those will be filled? Well, one became vacant yesterday, the undersecretary, Mr. Ball. And that will be filled right now. The Attorney General, Mr. Nicholas Katzenback, will resign and become the new undersecretary when confirmed by the Senate. Can you tell us when you're going to appoint the Attorney General? No, I haven't reached a decision on that yet. I'm talking about the number of vacancies that Mr. Child referred to. Mr. Ball wrote me on the 17th and I promptly responded and accepted his resignation. He's had a very outstanding career and he will be available to work with us from time to time. We have known for some time that he wanted to leave in the fall and he established the date in his letter. And I've asked the Attorney General to accept this post and he has agreed to do so. I've asked Mr. Eugene Rostow to also become undersecretary of State in the position formally occupied in this administration by Secretary Harriman and Secretary Mann. As you know, Mr. Eugene Rostow is former dean of Yale Law School and he and Mr. Katzenback are both very interested in the international field. Mr. Katzenback was a professor of international history for a period of years. He has written in that field and he and Mr. Rostow work very closely together as the undersecretaries of the department. Mr. Rostow only concluded his arrangements with the Yale University last evening. I'm asking Mr. Foy Kohler to return from Moscow to succeed Mr. Alex Johnson in the deputy undersecretaries place and these nominations will go to the Senate very shortly. Mr. Frenzen, do you regard this as a promotion for Mr. Katzenback? I hadn't spent much time on what it was, it's a great opportunity to serve the country and the world and Mr. Katzenback's one of the most competent and most selfless men I know and he said to me shortly after I became president that he would serve the president in any capacity where the president thought he could be useful and he's not concerned with title or with promotions or demotions. He's concerned with serving the interests of the nation. Do you have a replacement for Mr. Kohler in mind yet, sir? No, I'll have to talk to Mr. Childs and get this little State Department straightened out and then we'll go down and talk to him later. Mr. President, is the fact that Ramsay Park's father is on the Supreme Court rule him out as an attorney general? I wouldn't get into that. I haven't made any decision on that, as I said to you before. Sir, the prospects for a treaty on outer space, which appeared fairly bright a month ago, seem to be a little bit clouded by some recent Soviet U.S. exchanges on particular provisions that remain to be negotiated. Do you still feel hopeful that the treaty can be signed this fall? I do. President, can you tell us what happened to your hopes announced last year for a new maritime policy and what recommendations do we expect and when? Well, they kind of want to stray in the House representatives in connection with the new transportation department. We hope that we'll be able to get the Senate to act next week on a new transportation department. When we do, we'll reconcile the differences between the Senate and the House bill and I hope to be able to name a new secretary of transportation whose job it will be to develop such a policy. President, do you expect to get any more recommendations from your Labor Management Advisory Committee on guideposts and do you plan to expand its work on anyone? Yes, I think that we'll be conferring with labor management people frequently from time to time. This is a very difficult problem when we have full employment. We know that when most people have jobs at good wages that we have problems with pricing and the Labor Management people are studying it. They're working on it. The individuals are making suggestions to me from time to time and they have made some collectively. We will look to them for their cooperation and I have no doubt about what we'll get it. I just hope that all the leaders of industry in this country and the leaders of labor in this country will not increase prices or increase wages beyond the increased productivity because when they do this it makes problems for the rest of the nation. And we are trying to do our best to practice restraint. Will that certainly be part of your discussion with the meeting later tonight? Yes, we'll discuss that along with a number of other matters. President, Senator Kennedy of New York has suggested that the mistake for you is well so much on the accomplishments of your administration and the prosperity of the country. Instead of focusing more on the things that still need to be done. Did you comment? Yes, we're trying to do that every day. We have submitted a program on things that need to be done and we're doing them. We have passed about 70 measures this year on things that need to be done and we have some ten yet to be acted upon. And I agree that we ought to have a program and that we ought to try to get it passed if possible. And I'm rather pleased that the success that we've achieved so far and I'm very grateful to the cooperation of all the members of the Congress. Thank you, Mr. President.


Good evening aspirants, welcome to daily news analysis brought to you by Shankar Ayes Academy. Today's date is 27th December 2023. Displayed here are the rest of the topics we are going to see today. Now let us get into the discussion. Look at this science page article. It talks about a specialized cell which helps the animals to survive in its habitat. These specialized cells are called nematocyst and it is not present in all animals but in a certain class of animals called synendrians. And these types of animals live by injecting toxins into the body of the prey and then hunt it. For example jellyfish, corals, sea anemones and hydros have this nematocyst cells. So let us see how this nematocyst works. For example take a jellyfish. The nematocyst cell inside the jellyfish contains the toxins. So when jellyfish comes in contact with their prey, the nematocyst ejects the toxin and paralyzes the prey. So this is how jellyfish hunt and attack their prey. So nematocyst cells help in hunting the prey for jellyfish. So this is about nematocyst. In our analysis let us see about the cell and the important organelles of the cell from our prelims exam perspective. See cell is a basic structural and functional unit of any living organism and the cell can be divided into two types based on the cellular structure that is prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell. The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell is that the eukaryotic cell is like an advanced cell which is present in plants and animals. The prokaryotic cell is mostly seen in the unicellular organisms. Now let us see the components of the cell. The components of the cell are also called as cell organelles and there are two types of cell organelles. The membrane bound organelles and non-membrane bound organelles. The examples for membrane bound organelles are nucleus, mitochondria, lysosome and the examples for non-membrane bound organelles are cell wall, ribosomes, etc. Now let us see the important points about various organelles of cell. Firstly let us take up nucleus. See it is a large organelle that stores the cells DNA and it acts like a CPU of the cell. The chromosomes are present inside the nucleus. Secondly about endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of minor tubular structures which are disposed throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. So they act as a transport system of the cell and they are responsible for movement of various materials in and around the cell. Thirdly about lysosomes. Lysosomes are waste disposal system of the cell. It helps to keep the cell clean by digesting any foreign materials like bacteria or unwanted waste products. See when there is a disturbance inside the cell's metabolism for example when the cell got damaged the lysosomes release their enzymes and digest their own cell. So lysosomes act as a suicide backs of the cell. Now finally let us see about the cytoplasm. It is present in both plant and animal cells and it is like a jelly lake substance which is found between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It consists of water, organic substance and inorganic compounds. So this is about the important organelles of the cell. With this let us conclude the discussion and move to the next topic. Look at this article. The article here is about 2024 breakthrough prices. It specifically focuses on breakthrough prices provided to life sciences. So in our discussion we will see some facts about this price and we will also see the significance of discoveries in life sciences which were awarded in 2024. See this breakthrough price is a set of international awards established in 2012. In 2012 Yuri Milner and his wife Julia Milner established the breakthrough price. In 2013 other billionaires like Sergey Brin, the co-founder of Google, Mark Zuckerberg, the co-founder of Facebook and others joined the initiative and started funding this price. The main aim of breakthrough price is to honor those who have made transformative discoveries. The award is provided in the three categories the breakthrough price in mathematics and this is awarded to recognize outstanding achievements in the field of mathematics and the price in fundamental physics this is awarded for major achievements in the field of physics and the price for life sciences this is awarded to recognize significant contributions to understanding complex life process. An additional point here is that breakthrough price in life sciences is that one price per year which is designated for work contributing to the understanding of Parkinson's disease and neurodegenerative disorders. So this breakthrough price laureates receive three million in price money. Note that the noble laureates receive one million dollars so this makes breakthrough price more rewarding than noble price. The laureates for breakthrough price are selected by a committee of previous price winners in each respective field so these are some of the prelims related points about breakthrough price. Now moving forward let us see the contribution made by laureates for 2024 breakthrough price in life sciences Andrew Singleton and these three were awarded for their work related to Parkinson's disease. They discovered a mutation in a known gene called GBA1 and they also identified another risk gene called LRRK2. Now how is this significant? See once we identify the risk gene associated with the disease then we can reasonably predict the likelihood of a person developing the disease. The breakthrough prices on life sciences were awarded for discovery of multi-combination drug which is effective in treating cystic fibrosis. Here cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition and it primarily affects lungs and digestive system. It leads to the production of thick sticky mucus in various organs of the body. Finally the award was also given for Carl June and Michael Sadeline for their work in developing CAR T cell therapy. See we know that our immune system fights infections and diseases. CAR T therapy takes the immune cells called T cells from the person's blood and it is genetically modified to attack only the cancer cell. So this is how CAR T cell therapy works and it is used effectively for the treatment in blood cancers. So these are the contributions made by the winners of 2024 breakthrough price. So this is all regarding this discussion. Now let us move to the next topic. Look at the news article the government is working on production linked incentive scheme 2.0. This is to ensure adequate raw materials supply for the steel sector in 2024. So in this context let us understand about PLI scheme in our prelims perspective. See the PLI scheme was launched in March 2020. The scheme initially targeted three industries that is mobile and allied component manufacturing, electrical component manufacturing and medical devices. But currently the scheme covers nearly 14 sectors. The main objective of the scheme is to reduce India's import dependency and to scale up the domestic manufacturing capability. It also aims to increase import substitution and enable employment generation. The PLI scheme also invites foreign companies to set up their units in India and encourage domestic enterprises to expand their protection units. So these are the objectives of the scheme. Now let us see the futures. Firstly, output oriented rather than input based. The scheme rewards manufacturers for increasing their protection and scales rather than for investing in capital or infrastructure. So the scheme rewards the increase in outputs for manufacturers. Secondly it is a time bound and have sunset class. It means the scheme is valid only for a period of 5 to 6 years depending on the sector. Thirdly it is performance based and have graded incentive structure. The incentive rates varies according to the category of manufacturer, the level of value addition, the type of product and the year of operation. So the incentives are based on these factors. For example, the scheme will provide an incentive of 4% to 6% to eligible companies for a period of 5 years. Next the scheme is flexible. It means it allows manufacturers to choose their own base year, investment plan and production targets. Finally, the scheme is aligned with national priorities and strategic sectors. They aim to reduce import dependence, promote innovation and research and development and also creating employment opportunities. So these are the important futures of production linked incentive scheme. So that's all about the discussion. Now let us move to the next topic. Look at this editorial article. It talks about inclusive growth. As you all know, India is working to become 5 trillion dollar economy in the near future. But the main obstacle in this path is the mismatch between skills, jobs and incomes. Many are unemployed and even if they are employed, they get insufficient incomes due to skill mismatch. So we need an inclusive and sustainable economic growth. Only an inclusive growth will generate jobs and lead to sustainable growth for all. So this is what the article is trying to say. In this context, let us understand the significance of inclusive growth using our main answer writing approach. So look at the question. India has made significant strides towards achieving inclusive growth in its socio-economic landscape. In this context, critically evaluate the role of inclusive policies and their effectiveness in reducing socio-economic disparities. So this question can be asked in G.S. Pepper 3 under the syllabus, inclusive growth and issues arising from it. Now let us see how to approach this question. See, the only key word in the question is critically evaluate. When the word critically evaluate is given, you have to analyze both the pros and cons of a matter and make a fair judgment based on the analysis. So here we are going to critically evaluate the role of inclusive policies and their effectiveness in reducing socio-economic disparities. So this is how we are going to approach the question. Now let us look at the introduction. In the introduction, we can give a general definition about inclusive growth. Inclusive growth is a model that aims to achieve economic growth by ensuring equitable opportunities and benefits to all sections of society. It means having access to essential services in health and education for the poor. This way you can give the introduction for your answer. Now moving on, we can split the body part into two parts. Firstly, we are going to critically evaluate the role of inclusive policies. The inclusive policies ensure marginalized groups are part of development fabric. For example, inclusion of rural communities in economic development process through the schemes like MGNREGA. This scheme provides a legal guarantee for 100 days of employment for the rural poor. However, the scheme faces certain challenges like lack of transparency in identifying the beneficiaries, delay and insufficiency in the funds, etc. Inclusive policies like Atman Erbar, Bharat Rosgarh Yojana also plays an important role in creating new job opportunities. However, other employment schemes like Rosgarh Mela and Din Dayal Anthodhya Yojana, National Urban Livelihoods Mission lacks awareness among people. Inclusive health policies ensure affordable and accessible health care services for all despite their economic position. For example, Ayushman Bharat is a universal health insurance scheme that provides free health care services to over 40% of countries population. It offers a health cover of nearly 5 lakhs. You can write these points in the first part of the answer. Now moving on to the second part, here you have to critically evaluate the effectiveness of inclusive policies in reducing socioeconomic disparities. Firstly, the schemes like MGNREGA, apart from enhancing livelihood security of rural poor, it resonates the natural resource base of rural areas and it creates a durable and productive rural asset. It provides empowerment to socially disadvantaged, especially women, scheduled caste and scheduled tribes through the process of right-based legislation. Secondly, the schemes like Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana facilitate self-employment by providing collateral free loans up to 10 lakhs, but the success of such schemes requires the success of skill development schemes. If you take national rural health mission, it seeks to provide equitable and affordable health care to rural population. But according to National Family Health Survey, the stunting is higher among rural children than urban areas. So this reflect the lack of focus in nutritional levels of rural children. So you can write these points in the second part of the answer. Now finally we have arrived to the conclusion inclusive growth is necessary to achieve sustainable development which will make a society where economic prosperity is combined with social equity. We should emphasize inclusive growth model that pays way for more resilient, harmonious and progressive future by attaining the sustainable development goals. So in this way you can write the conclusion. This is all about the discussion. Now let us move to the next topic. Look at this news article. It talks about the recent pact signed between India and Russia. This pact is regarding the construction of future power generating units of Khudangulam nuclear power plant. So this is the crux of the news article. In our discussion, let us see India's nuclear program and various key facts regarding nuclear plants of India. See India has three stage nuclear program and this aims to utilize the vast thorium reserves of India. This is because India has around 25% of thorium reserves of the world. Know that first stage uses pressurized heavy water reactors based on natural uranium. Moreover the second stage uses fast breeder reactors and uses plutonium as fission material. The third stage has thermal breeder reactors which has uranium-233 and uses uranium-232 which are abandoned in India. So this is the three stage nuclear program of India. Now let us see the India's nuclear power plants from Prince's perspective. See India has 22 operating nuclear power reactors and the installed capacity is 6780 MW. Out of these 22 reactors 18 reactors are pressurized heavy water reactors and 4 reactors are light water reactors. Here the difference between pressurized heavy water reactors and the light water reactor is the pressurized reactor is fueled by natural uranium and the light water reactor is fueled by low-entriched uranium. So look at the map. This is the distribution of nuclear power plants throughout India. Firstly the oldest nuclear power reactor Tarapur nuclear reactor in Maharashtra. It was started in 1969 and it has two boiling water reactors and two pressure heavy water reactors. This is the second most powerful reactor in India. See the largest nuclear power plant in India is Kudangulam nuclear power plant and it is located in Tamil Nadu and it has installed capacity of 2000 MW. Then Karakpur atomic power station which is India's first indigenously developed nuclear reactor and it is situated in Gujarat and this reactor has 700 MW of pressurized heavy water reactor. So these are the important nuclear reactors of India. So this is all about the discussion. Now let us move to the next topic. Look at this news article. Indian Council of Medical Research has invited expression of interest from eligible organizations to manufacture non-invasive hemoglobinometers. Here the hemoglobinometers are devices that are used to check the hemoglobin in our blood. So this device is used to test and screen anemia. So this is the crux of the news article given here. Now in our analysis let us see about anemia from Prilim's perspective. Firstly what is anemia? See it is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin concentration is lower than the normal level. Know that hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in your body and gives the red color to the blood. So the decreased hemoglobin content will lead to decreased capacity of blood to carry oxygen to our body tissues. This will result in increased fatigue, weakness, dizziness and shortness of breath. So this is the basic of anemia. Now let us see the causes of anemia. The first and major causes iron deficiency. Know that iron is necessary for synthesis of hemoglobin. So when there is deficiency it leads to decreased synthesis of hemoglobin and leads to anemia. So the main reason for anemia is iron deficiency. But note that other nutritional deficiencies can also cause anemia. If there is deficiency in vitamin B in iron, vitamin A, vitamin B12 there can be chances of anemia. And note that pernicious anemia is caused due to the deficiency of vitamin B12. Some other causes of anemia are inherited conditions like thalassemia or sickle cell anemia, some viral infections, autoimmune conditions and various chronic diseases and cancer can also lead to anemia. See anemia is a social evil which is caused due to various poverty related issues. Firstly with respect to increased cereal centric diets. As this kind of diet is easily accessible to poor due to public distribution system, this will lead to relatively less conception of iron rich foods like meat, fish, eggs and dark green leafy vegetables. Secondly WHO data shows that anemia can be associated with conditions like poor water quality and lack of access to good sanitation conditions. Now let us see the data about India's anemic burden. According to national family health survey of 2021, India's anemic burden has increased in an alarming manner. Let us see the data regarding this. 57% of women in age group 15 to 49 and 67% of children are anemic according to national family health survey. Moreover 25% of men and 31% of adolescent boys are anemic. This shows increased prevalence of anemia among Indian men. Due to this worrying trends, health ministry has noted that anemia is a public health challenge and they are taking various steps like anemic mukt Bharat to overcome this challenge. So this is all about the discussion. We have seen basics about anemia, what are the causes of anemia and some data about anemia in our national family health survey. Now we have come to the problems practice question discussion. Look at the first question. It is about production linked incentive scheme. The PLI scheme is exclusively designed to promote manufacturing activities in the electronic sector. This statement is incorrect because it is not exclusively designed for electronic sector. It includes various sectors like electronics, automobile, pharmaceuticals and textiles. Look at the second statement. It proposes a financial incentive to boost domestic manufacturing and attract large investments in electronics value chain. This statement is correct. The incentives given are calculated on the basis of incremental sales. Yes, this statement is also correct. So the correct answer is option B, one lead two. Now look at the second question. It is about India's nuclear power plants. Kakarapur plant, first major plant developed as cooperation between India and France. Gudongalam plant, it is the largest heavy water reactor of India. Tharapur plant, it is the oldest nuclear reactor of India. So how many of the pairs are correctly matched? The first pair is incorrect because it is the indigenous reactor of India. The second pair is also incorrect. It is India's largest and light water reactor of India. The third pair is correct as it is the oldest reactor of India. So the correct answer is option A. Now look at the third question. Which of the following cell organelles does not contain DNA? Nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, all these three contains DNA. Only the lysosomes does not contain any DNA. So the correct answer is option B. With this, we have come to the end of the discussion. If you like the video, please share it with your friends and don't forget to subscribe to Shankara IS YouTube channel. Thank you.


Well, I'm glad for this chance to present on behalf of our analysis working group. Kim Rathmell is my co-chair. She's currently on sabbatical in Switzerland. Chromophobienosal carcinoma, or CHRCC, represents about 5% of cancers arising from the kidney nephrin. Due in part to its relative rarity, this disease has been understudied at the molecular level, but now it's been comprehensively profiled by TCJ as the first of its rare tumor projects. Shown here is the data summary for the project, and all we have 66 tumors that were subjected to the standard multi-platform analyses as part of TCGA, and while this may not represent as many cases as for some of the other projects, we were able to move in other dimensions through data integration. So for one thing, we have here 50 cases with whole genome sequencing, which is a lot for this type of project, and so we focus a great deal of effort on mining these data. We also have 61 cases with mitochondrial genome sequencing. This would not be part of the standard TCGA pipeline. Here we use long-range PCR to amplify the mitochondrial DNA component, and we found the results from this compared quite well with those from whole genome analysis. So we can start with somatic alterations by copy and whole exome analysis. And on the right of this slide, we have a heat map of DNA copy alterations for our 66 chromophobe cases, or CHRCC, and we find the patterns for CHRCC differ quite a bit from those associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma, or CCRCC, which is represented on the left. In CHRCC, there is whole chromosome loss for 1, 2, 6, 10, 13, and 17 in the majority of cases. However, we could find no significant focal regions of copy alteration in CHRCC by GISTIC analysis. We carried out whole exome sequencing in CHRCC to identify somatically mutated genes. TP53 was the most frequently mutated at 30%, followed by P10 at 9%. And then we had this long list of genes mutated in just one or two cases, which we understand to be relevant in terms of our biological knowledge. Now while the whole exome data is certainly an important component, it was also clear to us at this point in the project that there might be more to the story than what will be represented here. As we can move on to DNA methylation and RNA expression, and at the DNA methylation level, we observed widespread differences between CHRCC and CCRCC, involving tens of thousands of loci. And so clear cell and chromophobe are both kidney cancer, but they look very different at the molecular level. This is from the perspective of using various data platforms. Now we might simply note these differences as a finding and then move on, or we might press a bit further and ask just why are these two cancers so different. So in principle, some of these molecular differences can involve cancer-relevant pathways, but other differences may also reflect the cell of origin of the cancer, if in fact these two cancers do have different cells of origin. And this question as to cell of origin of kidney cancer is something that has received much debate in the research community, and the current theory held by some is as follows. Shown here is a diagram of the kidney nephrin. This is just part of the kidney, but it's a part of the process that's urine from the blood. And for this talk, we can think of there being two basic parts of this nephrin. We have the proximal end on the left and the distal end on the right. CHRCC has been postulated to arise from intercalated cells in the distal convoluted tubular of the kidney nephrin. While CCRCC could arise from cells in the proximal convoluted tubule. And this theory is based on previous work focused on specific markers by menohistochemistry, but we can also look at this question using a global analysis of gene expression. And so to examine this question, we needed an orthogonal data set, something outside of TCJ and even outside of cancer. We are very fortunate to have this gene expression atlas of the kidney nephrin in the public domain. This is a previously published mRNA profiling data set of micro dissected regions of the nephrin as indicated in this graphic. These are from both mouse and human specimens. And what we found with this data set is that CHRCC versus CCRCC expression differences reflect differences between distal versus proximal nephrin respectively. Here we formed a supervised analysis where each TCGA chromophobe or clear cell kidney tumor expression profile was compared via a global correlation analysis to that of each sample in the kidney nephrin atlas. And so the rows of this heat map represent kidney nephrin sections and the columns represent kidney cancers. Here we see that CHRCC clearly shows high mRNA expression correlations with the distal regions of the nephrin, while CCRCC was highly correlated with the patterns associated with the proximal nephrin. This is seen in both mouse and human data sets as a very striking pattern clearly distinguishes these two cancers as being distinct from each other. And this will be in line with the expectations of many as well as helping to put all these data into some meaningful context. Next, we will cover mitochondrial DNA alterations. Now, while we did not find many nuclear genes being frequently mutated other than TP53, mitochondrial DNA or MTDNA is typically more vulnerable to mutation in cancer and encodes for some important genes. And so we sequenced the mitochondrial genome for our CHRCC cases, represented here as a lollipop plot of somatic events with greater than 50% heteroplasmy. And so most MTDNA copies in the tumor cell would have the mutation. MTDNA is circular, about half the mutations detected were in the D-loop region, which is non-coding. But MTDNA encodes for 13 proteins involved in respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, many of which are found mutated in our data. Here are the MTDNA encoded genes in the context of their associated pathways. These genes, now highlighted, all involve the electron transport chain. And most of the mutations in yellow occur in complex one, in particular in the ND5 gene. And due to the type of mutations represented here, we think these are likely to result in a loss of complex one activity. Also represented on this slide are the expression patterns of the nuclear encoded genes, with red meaning high expression in CHRCC versus normal, and blue meaning low expression. And what we should take note of here is that there is a lot of red in this picture, with some blue at key entry points into Krebs. And so while many cancers, such as CCRCC, would seek to down-regulate Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, showing a type of Warburg effect, CHRCC, if anything, shows an anti-Warburg effect. This is a cancer that relies upon oxidative phosphorylation. And other pieces of data would support this as well. Now it's interesting in that some have hypothesized that the MTDNA mutations should lead to a Warburg effect by effectively knocking out complex one. However, this would not be reflected in our data on CHRCC. And all of this would seem to suggest alternative roles for MTDNA mutations in cancers, such as CHRCC, that rely on oxidative phosphorylation. So finally, we'll cover some key findings from whole genome analysis. From our whole genome sequencing data, cotidius could be observed in some of our CHRCC cases. Cotidius is this phenomenon involving highly localized substitution mutations, which has recently been observed in other cancer types. And consistent with previous observations, we found that the regions of cotidius and CHRCC were often found in the vicinity of genomic rearrangements. Now it's interesting in that this pattern shows up in only a fraction of our cases. And this would invite a comparison to be made using our other data platforms. And so we compare gene expression profiles between CHRCC cases with and without a strong cotidius pattern. And we identified 29 differentiated express genes with an FDR of 5%. What's interesting is that this list of genes included TERT at the very top, which had the highest level of expression in the cotidius cases. TERT gene itself showed a wide range of expression levels across the HRCC from undetectable to hundreds of units by RNA-seq. And this caused us to ask, just what might be driving the expression of this gene in some of our cases? And Caleb Davis examined DNA copy number within the genomic region surrounding TERT. And while we did find some copy variation from normal for some cases, it was not at levels that would account for the extent of deregulated expression. However, what Caleb noticed was that multiple cases show these abrupt changes in copy number at points that fell within the region 10 kb upstream of the TERT transcription start site. What this suggested was the existence of structural breakpoints resulting from genomic rearrangements. And so working with Peter Pars group, we were able to map out the coordinates of seven structural variants associated with TERT promoter region by WGS analysis involving six cases. Each of these entails two fragments of DNA from different regions of the genome becoming fused together. What's notable is that these TERT promoter-associated structural variants, or SVs, correlate with high TERT expression. The six cases having the highest levels of TERT were the same six cases for which we found a TERT promoter SV. In most of the other CHRCC cases, TERT levels were undetectable. Three cases did have the previously described CT2-AT activity and promoter mutation, these shown only moderate levels of expression. And so this would appear to represent a novel mechanism for deregulation of TERT whereby the promoter region is disrupted by genomic rearrangement, possibly by interfering with the activity of a key repressor. We carried out validation of these TERT promoter-associated SVs. Here's an example case of a structural rearrangement involving cancer KN8-435, where inversion is involved. For each breakpoint, we designed PCR primers to span each of the two genomic regions involved, as highlighted here. And by combining these two sets of primers, we could amplify the breakpoint region in the tumor sample but not in the corresponding normal sample. And then we subjected this PCR product to sequencing for a final confirmation. So of the seven rearrangements originally identified by WGS, we could independently confirm six, involving six cases, by PCR. And this would represent a major funding for our project. And it leads us to ask whether TERT may be similarly deregulated in other cancers. So in conclusion, we've carried out comprehensive molecular analysis of a rare cancer subtype as a platform for discovery. We find that global molecular patterns may provide clues as to a cancer cell of origin. MTDNA sequencing has been incorporated into multi-platform electric characterization of a cancer. And finally, we have this important discovery of recurrent genomic rearrangements involving TERT promoter region. That brings us to the end. I'd like to thank all of my colleagues who were involved in this project and made substantial contributions and without whom this work would not be possible. And also, I'd like to thank Kim Rathmill, my co-chair. And I thank you for your time. We'd be happy to take questions. We have time for a couple of questions. Hey, Chad, great talk. I had a couple of questions about the TERT rearrangements. First was how the expression levels compare to the expression levels in other tumor types with frequent promoter point mutations like gluoblastoma and melanoma in cases where you have those rearrangements. And second is what you actually see about telomere length in the samples that have undergone whole genome sequencing that have the promoter rearrangements. Those sounds like great questions. I think in terms of, well, we've looked at the TERT promoter mutations in our chromophobe cases. I don't know, that's generally not a standard thing that's checked into the other TCJ data sets, which have all been done on the same platform. So I think that's something we can look into. My understanding from literature is that the TERT promoter mutation should increase the expression by two to four-fold. I think what we saw with the six cases that we had with rearrangements, it was hundreds of units much higher than what we saw for the three cases that did have the promoter mutation. So I don't know if there's enough data in the TCJ to do a comparison, but I think that's something we need to look into. In terms of telomere length, I think that's also a good question. I guess I'd have to look into how we can get that information. Was there any overlap between the two, like clear cell and chromophobe in your data set? Any overlap between the two tumors? Because previously, from TCJ, there was some overlap when the batch effect occurred. It was Dr. Arkbrie's group at Anderson who did it. So I'm interested to know, was there any overlap between the two tumors at the molecular level? Yeah, that's a good question. I think in the clear cell project, I guess kind of a wrinkle is that some samples that got in that were supposed to be clear cell and turned out to be a chromophobe. And it comes out in the molecular analysis when we caught that.  Those were taken out of the clear cell paper. They are not featured in this study. And I think there's reasons for that. I think the samples that we analyzed here were dedicated samples that were known to be chromophobe. And I think we had the pathologist look things over. And that was consistent with the original diagnosis. Thanks. Yeah. Did you say 6 out of 7 validated of the SVs that you found? Did I hear that right? Yeah, there are seven structural rearrangements. One case had two structural variants in that 10KB region upstream. So that was a little more complicated case. So I think we could validate one of the two. We couldn't validate the other one. But we think it's real from the analysis. I think that this case is a little bit more missier. It's got more rearrangements going on. But it looks as if what we're seeing has kind of been confirmed. Yeah. Any more questions? Thanks a lot, Chad. OK. Our next speaker will be Bulent Axoy from Memorial Sloan Kettering. I probably just butchered your name, sorry. He'll be talking about prediction of individualized therapeutic vulnerabilities in cancer from genomic profiles. Thank you.


Namaste. While our continuing of our discussion on marginal costing, CVP, BEP, short term decision making, we have discussed various cases. Today, let us see how taking a real life scenario, we are able to compute breakeven point or we are able to make some decisions taking the real figures. So, I hope you have taken the printout of this case, let us try to solve it together. So, we have been given profit on loss account of JSW Ispath Steel, they are primarily operating in two product lines. So, these are the actual figures from PNL, net sales, other income, raw material, power fuel, employee cost, other manufacturing expenses, selling admin interest, then a break up is given about each of these costs because there are two product lines A and B. Cost structure has been estimated that what is a percentage of direct costs. So, raw material is 100 percent, power 80 percent, employee 70 percent and so on. Since the cost of selling and admin is given together, break up is given for selling 80 percent and admin 20 percent. All indirect costs are fixed. Admin overheads are common costs and cannot be linked to any product line. The break up of other costs is given. So, this particular break up is not applicable to admin overheads, but for other things, you can break them down as per the given percentage. Now, you are required to compute following, a few things have been asked like for example, total employee cost broken into product line A and B, variable admin expenses again broken, variable selling expenses, operating profit and PV ratio. And then we have to advise the management on certain short term decisions and compute the resultant operating profit based on those decisions. Now, which product line should be focused if total sales can be increased by 20 percent for any one of the product lines. So, assuming that you cannot go for both the lines, any one product line you can increase the sales. So, which one will you focus and for that you have to calculate contribution FC and revised operating profit. In second part, which product line should be focused if direct labor is in short supply. Now, company proposes to increase the sale of any one product line by 20 percent, but they do not have extra direct labor. So, using direct labor from the other line by cutting down its direct labor and calculate the incremental contribution etc for this decision.  First of all please do the basic calculation because we know the total information break it down into product line A and B. Simultaneously we have to also break down variable and fixed because we know that in marginal costing our emphasis is on segregating variable and fixed costs and we write in a particular format. So, take sales of each line, calculate the variable cost for that line and separated into A and B. First of all only variable cost you will get contribution from contribution reduce the fixed cost that will give you profit. So, please calculate along with me. Now, this is the given data. Do not worry I will not show you solution so that you can solve it yourself. I have just shown you the structure to begin with for current revenue and cost because total net sales are given percentages are given. Please apply the percentage and compute the relevant cost for A and B. Now, to do this you will have to first of all divide the variable component and then for variable charge it to A and B separately for fixed charge it to A and B separately. So, what is a variable component of sales? Obviously, it is 100 percent and then you will be easily able to charge the sales for A and B. Now, what is a variable component of raw material? Again it is 100 percent charge it in the relevant proportion getting it like that you will have to go ahead for sales and raw material it is simple, but what will you do with power and fuel? First of all you will have to look at the variable component which is 80 percent compute the total VC. So, total cost is 1193 no problem as far as sales and raw material is concerned because they were 100 percent variable, but for power 1993 only 80 percent is variable. So, we have calculated 1595 as a variable portion of power cost and then you can apply it to A and B. Are you getting me? The percentage of A and B is given in the problem for power for raw material it was 65 35 for power it was 80 20 and so on getting it. So, what we have done is first of all we have calculated the variable component and then 80 percent of that was the variable power cost remaining is fixed. So, in sales nothing is fixed raw material nothing is fixed, but for power and fuel 399 is fixed getting it. Now, let us do it for all the costs for employee 70 percent is variable. So, you can calculate the total variable and total fixed and then divide it as 119 and 64 for employee cost you know the ratio was 65 to 35. For other manufacturing 60 percent is variable. So, 95 64 that 95 is again broken into A and B as 67 and 29. Admin only 10 percent variable. So, 5 VC and 42 FC it can be broken as 3 and 2 for selling 60 percent is variable. So, 111 and 74 divided as 72 and 39. Now, at this stage you will be able to compute the total variable cost for the whole company segregated into A and B. Are you able to do it? You can cross check it for the whole company the total variable cost is 9632 and total fixed cost is 656 VC plus FC will match with the total. Now, using this data compute the contribution because for most of the decision making contribution calculation is anyway required. So, we will compute the contribution for A is 1268 for B204 total for the company is 1473 getting it. We have to take certain decisions on product mix which product to focus on and so on for that this is useful.  So, PVR is 0.16 and 0.06 for A and B and 0.13 average. Are you getting me? Now, you can also complete this table for whole of the company without breaking into fixed hand variable. This particular calculation will be useful when breakup is only product wise. So, they have given a particular breakup. So, based on that you can break it down into A and B and compute the operating profit from A and B. Please keep in mind that originally there were two more figures given that is other income and interest. Other income has nothing to do with operations. So, please do not include it in cost calculation. Interest is a finance cost. So, that is also not included in cost calculations. But the other cost calculations have been done. Have you got it? Any questions? So, we have separately done for total cost. We have also done it for variable cost. Now, there were few questions which were asked for current. They have asked what is the total employee cost for A and B and also total of the total. I think since now we have calculated all the costs. You can easily take these figures, go for showing the total employee cost getting it. Same way, you can record calculate the variable admin expenses, variable selling expenses, operating profit and so on. For variable, go to the lower table where we have separately shown the variable cost. So, admin, selling and total getting it. Operating profit broken into A and B. Here you can take the total operating profit. I hope you are able to do with me. And the last one was PV ratio. We have already calculated the PV ratios both for the company as a whole and as per the product line. So, you will be able to easily mention the answers for the first part if you do these two working notes carefully. Now, there is a decision making part. This was just the calculation. The decision making part says that which product line should be focused if total sales can be increased by 20 percent for any one of the products. So, out of A and B which product line will you choose? Will you go by operating profit or contribution or sales or PV ratio? Here you can see all the information. I think most of you know that we will emphasize on PV ratio. Because PV ratio in a scenario of limitation on sales will maximize your contribution. Since fixed costs are anyway going to remain constant, we will emphasize on PV ratio. And if you look at the PV ratio, product line A has a better PV ratio which is 0.16. So, to respond to this question which product line will be focused? The answer is A and now the question is what will be the resultant contribution? So, compute the total contribution and the revised operating profit. Keep in mind that fixed cost is anyway not going to change. So, what is going to change is only your operating, only your contribution which will change the operating profit. Now, this product line A currently has a contribution of 1, 2, 6, 8. Just increase the contribution by 20 percent. Are you getting it? There is no need to do any other calculation like new sales, new raw material cost etc. Because whenever there is an increase in sale of 20 percent in the same proportion you experience increase in the contribution. So, compute the revised total contribution. So, what I will do is we will take the current contribution. I think that will clarify it more. So, you are having total A and B current contributions. Now, the revised total contribution is very simple to calculate. We will continue the current contribution and to that add only 20 percent of A. So, revised total contribution becomes 1726. Your current fixed cost which is 656 is unchanged and the revised profit will be new contribution minus fixed cost. So, 1070. What was your old profit? The old profit was 816. Now, this 20 percent increase in sales of A has led to new profit of 1070. Are you getting me? So, answer was which product line to be focused? The answer is A should be focused and the revised profit is 1070.30. Now, in the second part what has been asked is which product line should be focused if labour is in short supply. So, what company wants to do is wanting to increase the sale of one product by cutting down the labour of other product. So, out of the two products A and B which product first of all will you prefer? Which product has a more rank if labour is in short supply? I hope you remember this is called as a decision making with limiting factor or a key factor. So, what will be your decision making factor? In question number 1 we had emphasized on PV ratio, but in scenario 2 since labour is in short supply contribution per direct labour will be your key decision making factor. So, let us calculate the contribution per direct labour cost. We know the contribution individually for A and B, you also know the employee cost. Now, this is the variable portion of employee cost. So, it is nothing but the direct labour cost. So, you can divide it and get the direct labour cost contribution for direct labour cost separately for A and B. You will realize that it is very high for A. So, A continues to be favorite. So, even in second part the question was company proposes to increase the sale of which product line. So, answer is A and it will increase the sale by 20 percent by cutting down the labour from B. So, now we have to calculate what will be the incremental contribution of A and what happens what will be the revised contribution. Now, in B portion what happens is first of all revise the sales of A, your current sales of A is 7773 it will increase by 20 percent. So, you can get new sales of A when sales increase the VC also increases in the same proportion. Now, this increase in sales comes to A which is 20 percent of sales it will require extra direct labour hour. So, we have worked out the original direct labour which is 118, revised direct labour will be 142 are you getting me. So, 118 was the original direct labour from our original calculation, revised direct labour is to accommodate extra 20 percent of sales. So, it will now require since it is variable it will require 20 percent more labour which is 142. Now proportionately since we want more direct labour to go to A we will cut down the labour for B in the same proportion in the by the same quantum. So, the original direct labour for B was 63 you can find the difference between the two which is 23. That means, we are going to give 23 more labour to A now the labour is in short supply it cannot come for free. So, we will reduce the labour from B. So, 63.9 is the original labour for B, we will reduce it by 23 making it only 40 that leads to changed sales for B. So, the original sale for B was 333 1.46 it will substantially come down to 2098 substantially means in the same proportion as we are cutting down the labour are you getting me quantum amount wise it would not be same, but proportionately it is same. So, whatever is a proportion of 40 to 63 same by the same proportion their sales comes down. That is why the revised sales of B will be 2094 and in the same proportion they would cut down their contribution. So, the original contribution from B which was if you remember our last calculation which was 208 now has come down only to 128. I will show some more calculations for clarity you can also note their PV ratios and the contribution. So, 1522 those of you want more clarification I have also this was done in a shortcut way if you want to see the full calculation that has also been shown. See this was the original scenario now product line B is facing a reduction in sales. So, from 333 1 it becomes 2094 in the same proportion all of their variable cost will also come down. So, you can see here there is a reduction in the labour available to them from 63 to 40 which is in the ratio of 0.62. So, their variable cost will also reduce in the same proportion contribution will come down to 128. You can either do it by PV ratio or by contribution to direct labour ratio. So, what happens is direct labour shifted is 24, but the incremental contribution is minus 76. For B there is a loss of 75.82, but for A there is a gain of 253.89. So, company as a whole gains by 177.87. So, the original operating profit which was 816 will increase by 177 and the revised operating profit is now 994.303. I hope you are getting it. Now, they had asked us to compute a few things as to what will be the revised operating profit. Keep in mind there is not going to be any change in the fixed cost, total fixed cost will be same and revised operating profit will be 993. We could do it in two ways. Here we had done it as a shortcut directly computing the revised contribution you get operating profit or do this full calculation, then also you get the revised operating profit as 994. I hope you are getting it. So, in this case which is like a little detailed case, we have seen how from the total you can break down the portion related to A and B, how separately applied for VC and FC and then a decision making scenario. One with a total change of sales, other with a limiting factor where labour is a limiting factor. I hope this would have been a good learning to you. With this we will stop here. Namaste. Thank you.


AHS 1984 is just days away, and if you know anything about American Horror Story, you know that the characters from the past seasons tend to come back for another round. So given that we assume 1984 takes place in the year of 1984, and we know that Camp Redwood is near the Los Angeles area, let's break down every American Horror Story character that would have been alive and near LA in the year of 1984 to potentially guess who may pop up this season. Side note, I won't be listing any of Evan's characters because we already know he will not be participating in this season. Number one, Constance Langdon. As you know, Constance was alive during the 80s and even killed her husband and Myra in the year 1983. We also know that she had already moved from Virginia to Los Angeles by this time, and it is assumed that she stayed in the LA area between her murders and the present-day events of Murder House. However, Constance has just returned in season 8, so I doubt she would be making any more appearances anytime soon. Number two, Lana Winters. As one of the few surviving characters of Asylum, Lana Winters is known to be alive in 1984. We know that after her expose of Briarcliff, she went on to have a successful journalism career. The last time we saw Lana in The Flesh was in 2016's Roanel, where she conducted a television interview with Lee Harris. To me, it's a little unclear about where she chose to reside in the years between Asylum and Roanoke. However, I think it's safe to assume that she would be all over the story of a group of teens being murdered at a summer camp. Number three, Thomas and Julia. Kit Walker's kids from Asylum have been rumored to be popping up for years now, however we have yet to see the grown children yet. In 1984, the kids should be around their 20s. While I do think these characters may be revisited in the future, I'm not sure if 1984 will be the right fit for their return. Number four, the residents of the Hotel Cortez. We know that the Hotel Cortez has been up and running in Los Angeles since 1926, so if any character from 1984 finds themselves checking in at the hotel, we could potentially see anyone from Iris to the Countess, Sally or Liz. However, once again Apocalypse just revisited this location last season, plus if any new character were to die here, it would potentially bring up some continuity errors, so I'm pretty confident that we won't be revisiting the hotel this season. Number five, Agnes Mary Winstead. The actress whose role as the butcher got the best of her sanity was likely still trying out for roles in the Los Angeles area in 1984. She would be an interesting character to revisit, however I'm not sure how much they could add to this character or how much this character could add to 1984, so I doubt we'll be seeing her. Number six, Miriam Mead. Another Kathy Bates character that was alive in the 80s and potentially could find herself in the LA area. I'm not quite sure where Mead lived at this time, however given that she appears at the front door of Timothy and Emily's home at the end of Apocalypse, I think it's safe to say that she hangs out around the Southern California area. To me Miriam was one of the best characters that was introduced in Apocalypse, and I wouldn't mind revisiting her in this season or any future season. Alright, so those are my picks of who was alive and around LA in the year 1984 that could potentially find themselves involved in the plot of season nine. Personally, I think the most likely to appear would be Lana Winters, or if we're doing a wild card, I'd say Miriam Mead would be cool to see. Let me know who you want to see reappear in this season, and be sure to subscribe for 1984 reviews, theories, and more coverage of the new season. Thank you for watching, see you later this week with my review of episode one of 1984 titled Camp Redwood.