Hello and welcome once again to this episode on NewsClick, the series that we are running on the Delhi master plan 2041 and today we have Mukta Naik who is a fellow with the Center for Policy Research and also part of the Mabhi Delhi campaign actually the organization I would say not just an organization but you know a group of many organizations and individuals that is spearheading this campaign for a more participatory kind of role for the master plan. So welcome Mukta and just for our viewers I mean just to recapitulate what we've been doing we have actually tried to traverse the history of the master plans right from 1961 even prior to that and then we've touched upon the social exclusion part we've also touched upon mobility and also the general trajectory of the master plan especially post 90s where you know the earlier master plans used to speak about here we decided this but we couldn't achieve okay so let's again try to do something but this we are told is more of a framework and Mukta we are going to discuss I think something which is very essential in fact quintessential for the habitat I mean I mean for the people to live in the cities and we've seen how in just 24 hours when the lockdown was announced people couldn't stay I mean they just started moving back one of the reasons apart from the livelihoods that they lost was actually the habitat they didn't have places to stay. So Mukta I think you're the best person to talk to us on you know what does the master plan offer does it offer at all and what are what are the fault lines and you know what are the gaps that should have been so straight I think over to you Mukta please. So thank you so much Tikhanda ji and news click for the opportunity to talk about perhaps one of my favorite subjects on earth not because I've done research and I want to sort of blow my own horn but because I think shelter and habitat issues have been pressing issues the world over and the fault lines have appeared the world over during the pandemic especially if you think about the kind of agitation that's been happening around rent you know where tenants are being evicted tenants are not being able to pay because they've lost their jobs and those those conversations global conversations are reflected in the Indian context in interesting ways because we have such a high level of both work informality as well as housing informality because there are a lot of people who work in the unorganized sector and they live in unplanted areas so their livelihood issues combine and the problem increases more so that's the kind of situation context that we are sort of entering in with a very top down instrument like the master plan it's talked down by design it so that's the that's sort of the tension that we are working with here so yeah go ahead Mukta I mean fantastic I mean you brought in I mean I'm glad that for the first time hearing this housing informality also I've been also talking about informality in the the workplaces so please go ahead I mean I mean I mean what is it that the 2041 offer but I mean maybe later I would like to ask you this question once you finish finished off your presentation that you know this working informality has actually also given a kind of mirror to the to the top down planning process that hey you couldn't construct but we have done it for ourselves okay so I mean how do you take it but later maybe absolutely I think I can bring that comment of yours into the conversation so this is so like I said in the master plan I'm trained as an urban planner so urban planners are trained in a very technocratic way they are to I mean they're trained to see the map of a city and sort of block areas of the city into various zones that's what a master plan a traditional land use plan does and that's what's been the trajectory as has been explained in earlier episodes you know in in Delhi especially where the Delhi Development Authority basically assigns land use zones to various parts of the city unfortunately the the government has been sort of responsible for the supply of affordable housing for many many decades and it kept falling back on the targets that it set for itself so over decades we've had a situation where people who working class people who either come into the city or have been living in the city for very very long have had to make their own housing just echoing what you just said so they have made occupied land it could be public land in the case of Delhi it's a complex you know sort of landscape of land ownership itself because there are many many public agencies owning land it's not just the DDA it's the Delhi government it's the railways it's PSUs it's many different army you know the Contourment for instance so forest land so many different kind of public agencies own the land into which slums have come up also unauthorized colonies which is a big big part of Delhi's housing landscape and this is these have come up not so much because they have illegally occupied government land but because they have built housing in a place which was not designated for housing so at the time that they came up the land was agricultural and somebody plotted it and built housing on it so there are many and then there is a third type of sort of unplanned area which is the Lal Dora area where which are urban villages the city developed and the Abadi areas of the villages remained in a sort of neglected state as the agricultural land urbanized acquired and sort of converted into the Delhi that we know today so you see the Munir guys and the shampoo charts of the world coming up in 21st century Delhi these areas the Juggijopi clusters the unauthorized colonies the Abadi areas in the Lal Dora areas actually supply the majority of affordable housing whether ownership or rental in the city and that's the reality that the plan is now coming into so they have this situation where you're making a plan for a city where much of the land is already developed whether planned unplanned legal illegal people are already living in those places and now you have the not enviable job of making a plan so it's not empty land it's occupied land so that's what the master plan is dealing with so there are two parts when we come to the housing issue the master plan one is the use of new housing so the use of what is imagined as vacant land for housing and this demand is largely envisaged to be supplied from what the plan is terming land pooling areas so these are areas to the north and west of the city if you look at the land use plan you will see sort of a belt to the north and west of the city which is envisaged as being to be land pooled in a policy via a policy that was already developed before the master plan came into being so the master plan is like riding on this land pooling policy now this policy ke tahit imagination ye hai ki log apni land go all developers or other type of on owners ke saath milke consortium banayenge aur fir consortium us land ko develop karega so this consortium is supposed to develop the land and how and what the norms would be for development that has been specified in the master plan now so the master plan envisage is about half of the demand for housing to come from these land pooling areas so they've said that about 34.5 lakhs is what they've estimated as housing demand in the city i'd like to point out that this estimate is based on 2011 census numbers so unlike previous master plans they are not projecting to say that 2041 me ye population okay so they're not projecting a 2041 population they've said that we have done it for 2011 and we will revise as we go on so as of now these 34.5 lakh units are to be built of which roughly half are going to come from land pooling areas yeah in fact this is one of the most tom-tom scheme by I remember the DDA why she a person sometime back actually claiming that look this is this is going to be kind of an alternative yeah please please go ahead yeah I mean land pooling as in I think as an idea has now come it's a really fascinating policy makers because the land acquisition has been such a road block for any form of infrastructure development in this country so the idea that landowners will voluntarily partner you know with this with infrastructure development is a very seductive idea but the practical realities is a totally different thing the scheme so what are the practical realities you know because Mukta why I'm so so concerned about this I mean or rather eager to know because I've spoken to many of these people who are going to pool their land and they are really fascinated with the idea some of them they say okay appreciate land appreciation but then another contradiction that gets proved is with the houses that are going to come up on this land would that cater to you know the working people who are flooding the city yeah I mean how do you look at that so it's both aspects yeah and that's I think there's a little bit of a clue in the master plan there because 15 percent of the additional FAR has been given for EWS housing in new areas where housing is coming up the plan itself flags that the Delhi economic survey says 85 percent of the housing demand is for affordable housing so if we assume that affordable housing is low-income and EWS segments of housing is EWS and low-income and you are only giving 15 percent of the FAR as mandatory for EWS you have a huge gap right there so you know I'm I think the master plan needs to break this 34.5 lakhs down and say he is 34.5 lakh me how many are going to be for EWS LIG MIG HIG segments some indication of this would be really useful going forward I won't get into the complications with the land pooling policy per se we know these are very complex areas I'll just say this much that you know there are many kinds of players there where the so-called rural villages have kinship networks with urban villages who have already experienced development over these many decades so they understand how these processes work they don't trust the stage to give them the fairest deal they may not have the power of the ability to negotiate with large developers there is a lot of inequality within these urban villages in terms of you know larger land owning and smaller land owning so there's all of these fragmented kind of complexities which a policy like land pooling doesn't really address so insecurity, uncertainty, a promise but the other thing is the land pooling policy itself has gone through multiple regions. So I think there's a very interesting thing that you pointed out that the contradiction or you know kind of different layers that exist in this whole process of land pooling well all that said and done but I think what is also important is that earlier what the DDA used to do like for example they used to you know do this process of constructing houses you know I mean and then handing it over to the EWS sections but don't you think that that activity has been obligated and that responsibility kind of stuff has been completely obligated now left to I mean it's here market forces don't you think so something to that and if that is so what should be the alternative and what is it that we are looking at? Right so I think yes it's sort of related to the other side and we know that from the experience and this is not new in India I mean we have been seeing that the housing the national housing policy moved into this role of facilitator instead of provider of housing decades ago I mean in the 2000s and we've seen how it's played out through India where the gap between the supply and demand for the affordable housing sector and when I say affordable I'm not talking about 30 lakhs per unit when I say affordable I'm talking about people the poor who need homes the gap between the demand and supply there in the formal sector in terms of formal supply has only increased over time so yes I think I mean to say that the DDA should be building homes for the poor is also something that I'm wary of because it wasn't very successful in doing so when it was supposed to be doing it so where are we right now you know so I think there is some mid-path that we need to follow in the case of Delhi there is actually a lot of public land that is held by a host of different kinds of public agencies so I think there is an opportunity there to take a mid-path where yes you have your reservations maybe you can increase the 15% reservation that private developers are making to a 20 or 25 if you have if you can push that a little bit but also complement by making public lands available and incentivizing public agencies to use that land towards housing that's something that you know there's been a lot of hesitation around doing that which which which the maybe the Lee campaign and and I'd say that this is not an opinion of mine but because the campaign has spent three years sort of talking to groups working working class groups unions collectives Basti dwellers associations across the city this is something we can say with some confidence that that sort of land reservation and commitment is required to give you an example there is a mandatory reservation of 10% land required for green areas in the master plan and the master plan says you need to reserve it you need to and you need to hand this over to the DDA so something similar needs to be done because without that so there has to be a basically a collaboration where if whoever is developing it actually dig your max land and either it hands it over to a public agency to develop or there are norms for a public private you know form of development other other thing is that public land is actually brought into utilization and then the actual project can be developed through multiple modes so I think the idea that there will be private sector investment is here to stay to say that everything will be done by the government just means that it will never happen so we need to find something which is workable but where the government definitely put something of value on the table I don't think it's tenable for the government to be sitting on land in a city where it's very clear that poor people do not have adequate shelter it's the capital city that's the least that we can do for you know like you said earlier people who built the city and were running it on a day-to-day basis I think probably the last question I mean so concretely as you pointed out the master plan offers more of a facilitated role I mean you know land pooling and all and we don't but the master plan also speaks about TOD you know transit oriented development and TOD is not just mobility it is also housing you know the kind of housing that it has elaborated and of course it's brought in some of the international experiences which are not like really very vibrant so the point is that I mean what is it that we are heading for I mean even if it is a TOD how successful that's a question that's another part but the point is then again it is for the middle class or it doesn't include as you pointed out 85% of the housing demand comes for the weaker sections and and and another one I mean the last one you know many of the many of the migrants especially who come to the cities do not even want houses they want some rent some either rental housing or labour hostels so how does the 2041 master plan deal with this subject because we have two successful examples we have an example of Kerala and also of Simla you know where labour hostels are are pretty good I mean and then Simla is I mean dates back to more than 100 years yeah so I mean how do you look at both these aspects? Yeah I'll actually take the second question first the the plan actually does make a departure from previous plans in giving rental housing adequate sort of importance it's not very clear on how and what and how much but there is definitely a tilt towards providing more rentals so there's a lot of land there's land reservation in industrial areas planned industrial areas for worker housing there's also sort of language in terms of working women's hostels labour hostels so these things have been mentioned in the plan and that's something that we should appreciate in terms of rentals there's been I just want to bring in one other major shift that the plan has made it has brought in this word regeneration across the board note that they are not seeing redevelopment they're not seeing renewal which are loaded terms because historically they've been used in India in particular ways they're using this new term called regeneration and they are imagining that parts of the city that are dense crowded have multiple problems can now be regenerated either through amalgamating plots or through you know RWA is demarcating their areas and coming up with new plans so again there is a role here for investment for private sector to come in for all of that to happen and there's also an as is mode where regeneration means just improvement of but it is not kind of you know neighborhood neighborhood committee is developing that plan it's not like that it is I mean the the neighborhood committees are very much at the forefront of course the processes have not been outlined in the plan but if we see how the trajectory has been that's the imagination and you know the unauthorized colonies conversation in Delhi is very interesting because it's a very political conversation it's been an electoral issue for decades in the city and in 2019 there's a regularization act that the government has central government has brought in which they've been trying to push with not the best uptake for the last couple of years so the master plan actually comes in endorsing that sort of sort of pathway of development but to come to your point on rentals they're also saying that these are areas where a lot of rental housing can be created when the regeneration happens so the imagination is just regeneration hoga top rental housing create hoga or fear you know so there's and also then there is the affordable rental housing complexes scheme the public rental housing route which is also mentioned in the plan so two avenues of rental creation have been mentioned there's a third sort of new typology of housing called small format housing which is 60 square square meters and below it's not very clear whether this is affordable or whether it's 60 square meters 60 meter square using 60 meter square is not small under or below we've been offering 25 meter square houses to that's true I think they were they've been a lot of pushback on 25 square meters also so I think that's but there's no clarity that this is affordable housing but there is a push to to sort of urge everyone to make housing that is more accessible to a larger protection of people and I think we should also acknowledge that middle income housing is also a problem in the city so you know students who are getting into first jobs even Bastille dwellers who are trying to upgrade in they move to unauthorized colonies when they can afford it so there's a housing trajectory that we also need to think of intergenerational housing trajectory in Delhi and also say that you know as somebody who studies cities and migration Delhi contrary to what we think is not a city which is overrun by migrants anymore the rates of migration into Delhi have actually been falling yes we have a lot of floating labor like you mentioned before lot of construction workers daily wage labor who come work in the city and then may go and work elsewhere in a few months they're not looking to make cities their home so they need a different kind of housing and here I'd like to also bring in the idea of shelters where also I think the plan can do a little bit more to recognize shelters as actually a legitimate form of housing for the working poor who are only in the city for a few months yeah I remember I mean I because I was a guide to you know the final year SPS students and one of the projects that I was guiding on was homeless shelters and I was amazed that 95% of the people who were staying in these home in one of the homeless shelters were actually working class people they were not beggars so they were working either here or there so I mean they couldn't afford housing that's why they were so yeah what you're saying is absolutely correct so what is the ladder I mean if I if I will come here and I work and one of my colleagues who's done a lot of research on homelessness in Delhi actually found that many of them had been in Delhi for years together while others were passing through you know there were there were a lot who came to Delhi then they went to Saaranpur for three months worked there then they came back to Delhi for three months so there is this mobility that we have to factor in and recognize that some forms of housing we will have to cater for this segment but other forms of housing we will have to imagine that people who are thinking that their children and their grandchildren are also going to stay in Delhi require to be able to own homes over a period of time where is that avenue for ownership which is legal and planned so I'm bringing the question of tenure into play here because the master plan doesn't really engage with the question it sticks to its mandate of land use allocations but it needs to at some point of time I know that it's not its mandate but unless these two mandates of tenure and space allocation come together we can't solve this problem of housing for the people who need you know affordable housing in the city ownership affordable housing just last one because that actually really provoked me to another another question you know because we can understand I mean most of the of the jargon that we find in the 2041 master plan is you know new industries have to come and then through that through I mean with the engagement like you know then we can we can expect some rental housing also I mean part being mandatoryly discussed or decided but I mean we've seen I mean industries are hardly coming I mean you know in the city in the city centers or even in some of the so we don't expect apart from some of the hospitality or maybe maybe some but we do not have the time frame and when is that going to happen so I mean does the master plan not think about I mean or what is your take on it you know there's some some kind of figure maybe it is too utopian to decide this number we should have rental housing and if not I mean we have so many buildings I mean that have been constructed by private builders take them over and then you know some kind of dialogue you go to Noida and you find them huge blocks that are lying empty they're no buyers for that so don't you think that kind of dialogue should also be perhaps not part of the master plan but kind of engagement there are houses there already been constructed but they're no buyers yeah I think that the role for the master plan to correct sort of historic wrongs in terms of decisions is limited and that falls into other sort of jurisdictional spaces like the RERA etc like I said the master plan sticks to it mandate doesn't really try to engage with and perhaps can't engage with these other things and that's a failure a governance a larger governance failure that we need to talk about like how does the master plan actually dovetail with everything else that's regulation and that makes us its city or what it is but coming back to the point of industry it's the master plan actually very clearly in its vision seems to want to move away from industry as manufacturing to industry as high tech and knowledge and hospital I mean services basically so this itself I think if we look at it from the perspective of the working class is something that needs to be talked about a little bit more because we've had moves in the past to move industrial areas pollution has constantly been used as a I mean it's always been a conversation but why is it that removing manufacturing from the city is the utopian dream and I'm bringing this you know to the front because this is not we're not talking Singapore we're not talking Dubai we're not talking a city in the global north we're talking about cities in the global south which require to create opportunities for people who are working class who are less educated who have different set of skills and cannot aspire for white collar work immediately I mean maybe three generations down the line second what about the linkages with trade Delhi is a trading city people in Delhi what is it that they do for a living they run wholesale businesses they run retail businesses they're retailing you know hardware and lights and machine components how do you divorce this from the reality of I mean how do you have a vision of the city of the future that is diverse from this everyday reality of the city so these are questions that have been perturbing me about the master plan that in 20 years what has been historically built over hundreds of years how do you imagine that in 20 years it will turn into this clean tech knowledge so that's a question and if we just keep raising that question consistently and make space for the realities of the city and say let's plan let's fix the problems that exist whatever is going to happen in the future will happen as things move on but so that's a big sort of question mark that I would like to put I agree and they you know just to give a reference to that I mean if you go by the first urban commission I mean it the gist of the urban commission is that cities have to be manufacturing hubs so you know that's how the city the whole idea of city development comes we seem very uncomfortable with that idea today we seem to imagine that everything will become this knowledge you know very clean sanitized smart city space nothing against smart nothing against clean but you know you have to imagine that your workers are going to live in a clean well organized environment in addition to knowledge workers who will come I mean you can't imagine a city where there are only going to be tech you know folks who's going to you know clean their cars who's going to work their dogs I mean this is a question we've all been you know put so yeah so absolute last thing I mean you know I think one month extension is is what what the DDA is allowed to raise on and I mean not one of the first episodes pointed out that in 1961 there used to be a monadi you know the drama you used to go beat the drum and say so and here since you are part of the campaign so what do you think should be done because you know there were many people who said why don't you create an alternative kind of master plan I mean but you know you require I mean this is this is a four years exercise and so difficult I mean to come up with an alternative kind of stuff but you think there should be some kind of white paper or or maybe what do you propose as part of civil society group for engaging people so that more and more people come up at least oh boy our our role okay you given me you have given me a very good plug because we have got this window that we have got which DDA I think was very gracious in recognizing that there is a short shortcoming in terms of engagement is actually being used by the campaign to do busty meetings online offline in busties you know 10 people 12 people at a time and you can imagine in covid because we can't have a large public meeting it's that many more meetings that we need to do but that's being done where you know they their cons and thing is that the campaign is engaged with these busties for the last three years and they're already the members of the campaign are already organizations who are embedded in these locations so they know what the problems are so they're going back saying your problems this is what the plan is saying about those issues what do you think and then you know some of us have done work in terms of sort of putting together a dump of a large number of objections suggestions directions but depending on what those communities think somebody helps them articulate it in simple terms and then they are sitting and filing it and somebody's helping to sit and file it so this is what the campaign is doing it would have been ideal if DDA had been doing this that's really I think and and even now I mean I would use this forum to invite the DDA and the NIUA come be part of our community meetings I think people need to see that the makers of the plan are interested in the issues that the people face in the city it's a it's a question of trust it's a question of feeling that this is not a top-down plan that we are involved so that's an opportunity that you that they have and they should take it public meetings that the DDA organized were great but as we all know there is a digital divide public meetings are not online oh webinars yeah webinars are not enough they're not even public meetings we have been assured that you know once the objections and suggestions are filed there will be more sort of meetings to discuss once you know once they organize what comes in through this process but a lot more engagement can happen I'm appalled that in this city even even middle-class people they don't know what the plan is and how it is going to impact their lives going forward and that's not okay especially in a capital city which has so much to offer I mean from your background has Jamma Masjid on it you know it has you know heritage it has you know this this this this huge expanse of long history of different kinds of cities being built here and people don't seem to have that sense of the city so I mean there was so much opportunity to engage which which the plan could have taken up I think people in Delhi feel for their city there is a lot of feeling for Delhi which was untapped in terms of participatory processes. Thank you Upta speaking to us and yeah I think that's very very important I mean as far as engagement with the people is concerned all the best for maybe the league campaign. Thank you so much.


Thank you, you know, haven't been in technology my entire career Technology and data has really evolved from being the province of a few in an organization to frankly being critical to everyone's business outcomes Now every business leader really needs to embrace data analytics and technology We've been talking about digital transformation probably the last five seven years We've all talked about disrupt or be disrupted at the core of that digital transformation is the use of data data and analytics that we derive insights from and actually improve our decision-making by driving a differentiated experience and capability into market So data has involved as being I would say almost tactical in some sense over my Technology career to really being a strategic asset of what we leverage personally in our own careers But also what we must leverage as companies to drive a differentiated capability Experience and remain relative in the market today. Yeah, I agree with Lisa It has definitely become a the lifeblood of every business, right? It used to be that there were a few companies in the business of technology Every business is now a technology business every business is a data business It is the way that they go to market shape the market and serve their clients Whether you're in construction whether you're in retail whether you're in healthcare It doesn't matter right data is necessary for every business to survive and thrive And I remember at the beginning of my career. It was you know data was always important But it was about storing data. It was about giving people individual reports It was about Supplying that data to one person or one business unit in silence And it then evolved right over the course of time into integrating data and to saying alright How does one piece of data correlate to the other and how can I get insights out of that data? Now it's gone to the point of how do I use that data to predict the future? How do I use that data to automate the future? How do I use that data not just for humans to make decisions but for other machines to make decisions, right? Which is a big leap and a big change in how we use data How we analyze data and how we use it for insights and evolving our businesses Yeah, well since I'm on the snowflake board I'll talk a little bit about the snowflake data cloud You know, we're getting your company's data out of the silos that exist all over your organization We're bringing third-party data in to combine with your own data And we're wrapping a governance structure around it and feeding it out to your employees so they can get their jobs done And it's as simple as that. I think we've all seen the pandemic Accelerate the digitization of our work and if you ever doubted that the future of work is here It is here and companies are scrambling to catch up by providing the right amount of data Collaboration tools workflow tools for their workers to get their jobs done You know it used to be as prior people have mentioned that in order to work with data you had to be a data scientist, but You know, I was an auditor back in the day and we used to work on 16 column spreadsheets And now if you're in a county major coming out of college joining an auditing firm You have to be tech and data savvy because you're going to be extracting manipulating Analyzing and auditing data that massive amounts of data that sit in your client's IT systems I'm on the board of warby parker and you might think that their most valuable asset is their amazing frame collection But it's actually their data. There are 360 degree view of the customer And so if you're a merchant or you're in strategy or marketing or talent or the co-CEO You're using data every day in your work And so I think it's going to become a ubiquitous skill that any anyone who's a knowledge worker Has to be able to work with data Yeah, absolutely. You know most enterprises today are I would say hybrid multicloud enterprises What does that mean? That means that we have data sitting on prem We have data sitting in public clouds through software as a service applications We have a data everywhere most enterprises have data everywhere Certainly those that have owned infrastructure or weren't born on the web One of the areas that I love that data cloud is addressing is the area around data portability and mobility Because I have data sitting in various locations through my enterprise How do I aggregate that data to really drive meaningful insights out of that data to drive better business outcomes? And uh at blue shield of california one of our key initiatives is what we call An experience cube. What does that mean? It means how do I drive transparency of data between providers members and payers? So that not only do I reduce overhead on providers and provide them a better experience our hospital systems our doctors But ultimately, how do we have the member? Have at their power of their fingertips the value of their data Holistically so that we're making better decisions about their health care You know one of the things trisa was talking about Was the use of this data and I would drive to data democratization We got to put the power of data into the hands of everyone not just data scientists Yes, we need those data scientists to help us build ai models to really drive and tackle these tougher Challenges and business problems that we may have in our environments But everybody in the company both on the it side both on the business side Really need to understand of how do we become a data insights driven enterprise? Put the power of the data into everyone's hand so that we can accelerate capabilities Right and leverage that data to ultimately drive better business results So as a leader as a technology leader part of our responsibility our leadership is to help our companies do that And that's really one of the exciting things that i'm doing in my role now at blue shield of california Great question, and I am so passionate about this for a lot of reasons. Not the least of which is I have two daughters of my own And I know how important it is for Women and young girls to actually start early in their love for technology and data and and all things digital Right, so I think it's one very important to start early start an early education building confidence Of young girls that they can do this Showing them role models, you know We at deloitte just partnered with l of the engineer to actually make comic books centered around young girls and boys In the early elementary age to talk about how heroes and tech solve everyday problems And so really helping to get people's minds around Tech is not just in the back office coding on a computer tech is about solving problems together that help us as citizens As customers right and as humanity So I think that's important. I also think we have to expand that definition of tech as we just said It's not just about right database design. It's not just about You know java and python coding. It's about design. It's about the human machine interfaces It's about how do you use it to solve real problems and getting people to think in that kind of mindset Makes it more attractive and exciting And lastly, I'd say look, we have a absolute imperative to get a diverse population of people not just women but minorities You know those with other types of backgrounds disabilities, etc involved because this data is being used to drive decision making And if we're all involved right and how that data makes decisions It can lead to unnatural biases that no one intended but can happen just because we haven't involved a diverse enough group of people around it Absolutely, lisa curious about your thoughts on this. Oh, I agree with everything. Nishita said I've been passionate about this area. I think it it starts with first. We need more role models We we need more role models as women In these leadership roles throughout various sectors And it really is it starts with us and helping to pull other women forward. So I I think certainly It's part of my responsibility I think all of us as female executives that if you have a seat at the table to leverage that seat at the table to drive change To bring more women forward more diversity forward into the boardroom and into our executive suites I also want to touch on a point Nishita made about Women we're the largest consumer group in the company Yet we're consumers, but we're not builders This is why it's so important that we start changing that perception of what tech is And I agree that it starts with our young girls We know the data shows that we lose our young girls by middle school very heavy peer pressure It's not so cool to be smart or do robotics or be good in math and science We start losing our girls in middle school So they're not prepared when they go to high school and they're not taking those classes In order to major in these STEM fields in college. So we have to start the pipeline early With our girls and then I also think it's a measure of what your boards are doing What is the executive leadership and your goals around diversity and inclusion? How do we invite more diverse population to the decision-making table? So it's really a combination of efforts One of the things that certainly is concerning to me is during this pandemic I think we're losing one in four women in the workforce now because of all the demands That our families are having to navigate through Through this pandemic the last statistic I saw in the last four months is we've lost 850,000 women in the workforce This pipeline is critical to making that change in these leadership positions I'd encourage each of you to become an active sponsor Research shows that women and minorities are less likely to be sponsored than white men Sponsorship is a much more active form than mentorship Sponsorship involves helping someone identify career opportunities and actively advocating for them in those roles Opening your network giving very candid feedback And we need men to participate too. There are not enough women in tech To pull forward and sponsor the high potential women that are in our pipelines And so we need you to be part of the solution Let's say look around your teams See who's on them and make deliberate decisions about diversifying those teams as positions open up Make sure that you have a diverse set of candidates. Make sure that there are women that are part of that team And make sure that you are actually hiring and putting people into positions based on potential not just experience Wow, it's hard to Witnessita and with Trisha shared. I think we're very powerful actions. I think it starts with us Take an action at our own table making sure you're driving diverse panels and hiring Setting goals for the company having your board engaged and holding us accountable and driving to those goals Will help us all see a better outcome with more women at the executive table and diverse populations


Showing off the new office in three, two, one. So what do you guys think? This is pretty cool. I'm really excited. I'm gonna share with you guys just a little bit of what I've been doing over the last couple weeks, since I haven't posted a video. I've got a really, really, really awesome blonding technique that I wanna share with you guys today, but first, I wanna show you guys the office, the new digs that we got going on here at FSE. So this is the editing part of the studio. This is my office. It's all the same that you've been seeing, but it's just, we built a wall right here. I got all the live streaming stuff over here, and then what's really cool is what's behind this wall. So let me show you guys what that looks like. Okay, so seriously, isn't this awesome? It's very, very exciting. We're now doing tons and tons of shoots for all kinds of different hair companies in the beauty industry. So that's the really exciting part. We built this studio. We bring the artists here. We film all the content for all of these companies. So a lot of the free salon education that you're seeing from different hair companies, we're creating it. So it's pretty cool. It's very exciting. And also we're creating your free content for FSE channels as well right here in the studio. So that's the new studio. That's all the new stuff that's going on. It's very, very exciting. Hope you guys are excited about it as well. A lot of things are gonna be created in this space. And I'm also, I'm gonna do a whole video showcasing everything about this studio. If you'd like to see that, post in the comments below and I'll make sure that I make that video soon. But I wanna know that you guys obviously wanna see those things as well. So today what we're gonna focus on is bonding. We're gonna bond up a model. So I got a live model for you guys. And then I'm gonna tone her using the brand new Paul Mitchell VG series. It's a violet gold. I think you're really gonna like this. And the cool thing about a violet gold is that it adds a little bit of that brightness to it. So a lot of times when we try to neutralize hair color what happens is it gets a little bit muddy. It gets a little bit muted. When you have that gold in there, it brightens it up. So you're gonna see a beautiful, beautiful blonde tone at the end of this video. So can't wait to show you guys my process. Let's get started. Here we go. All right guys, so we're gonna start off. This is our model and she's got four to five inches of roots. So she hasn't had her hair colored in quite a while. She got some previous color on the end. So we're gonna be working through to create an even canvas first. We're gonna use Paul Mitchell Synchro Lift 20 volume. It's an on and off the scalp powder lightener. So I'm gonna start working in the nape. Now notice that her hair is a little bit damp and the reason it's damp is because I took her to the shampoo bowl. I did a clarifying shampoo first, a little bit of conditioner and now I bring her back and I start applying the lightener on her wet hair. I learned this from my pal, hair like a boss. So if you wanna check him out on Instagram after I saw him do it this way in person I haven't done it differently than this since because I just feel like the way that the lightener goes on the wet hair is so much easier to apply. You get much better saturation. You don't get those holidays and honestly I feel like all my clients that I've done this on end up with healthier hair at the end. I don't know if that has anything to do with the wet hair but just that saturation. I love working with it this way. Now the key things here, you're gonna notice I'm using saran wrap. I like using saran wrap because I feel like it just incubates the hair but you can also see the hair lifting through it. So it's so much easier for me than foils. So I worked that from a little bit about half an inch off the scalp all the way through the ends and I heavily saturate the hair. Now this is another thing. You're gonna use a lot of lightener when you do this process but you really wanna soak the hair in lightener and then you can see I fold that saran wrap up, keeps it nice and tight. Keeping the lightener off the scalp, I try to do that as much as possible. The scalp will lighten faster using the heat from the scalp as well. So I'm not worried about that not lifting. It also has no previous color on it. So I don't have to worry about that either. So I do the same process on the opposite side going half an inch off the scalp, working my way through about half inch sections. You should be able to see through the section when you paint that lightener on so that you don't, you wanna make sure you have no missed spots or inconsistencies in your lightening process. So we're gonna work our way through up the head the same way all the way across. As I just do up to the occipital bone at that point, I like to section off the back end too. I don't need to work all the way up and I really separate those because they're really, I'm working with different panels and I think the more you break up your sections, the easier it is to control it. So then I work the rest of the way from the occipital bone up to the crown of the head. Now I'm gonna start working at the temple area. Nothing's really gonna change here, still half an inch off of the scalp. The biggest difference is I wanna protect your ear so I'm gonna slide a piece of saran wrap underneath after I paint the section. So I paint that lightener on first, work it through with my hands, then I put the saran wrap up underneath just like that. Now I'll continue working up the head to get both sides to match exactly the same. All right, so now I've got everything from an inch off the scalp down to the ends, completely saturated. You can see the lift happening. Now I slide the saran wrap off and I start painting the base. Now this won't have to be on too long and you can see the ends are already lifting really nice, really consistent throughout. So I just go through, take those small, still half inch sections throughout the head and paint the lightener on the scalp, still using 20 volume as I work through. The other good thing about separating these sections in the half inch sections and working through is that if there are any spots that are a little inconsistent throughout, you can change those, you can paint on those, add a little extra lightener to them as you work through. Now you can see the lift that we got and I'm gonna play off of those yellow tones in our hair but we're gonna use the 9VG, so it's a violet gold. Really excited, I'm gonna add a little bit of clear because I wanna cut that nine a little bit, go a little more level 10 and then also 10 volume because I'm not looking to lift the hair at all, just deposit. So the 9VG, the violet is gonna help tone out a little bit of that really gold tone but then also we're gonna keep a little bit of the gold as well to keep the brightness in the hair. So a lot of times we'll just put violet in and we'll mute everything but you wanna have a little bit of that golden tone to keep the brightness in the color and you'll see that in the end result. So thing I loved about this color, obviously it was my first time using it, it's a brand new hair color, they just sent me. I loved the violet tone that came through real quick so felt like I had a lot of control on that yellow but then at the end, what you'll see is that it really just keeps that brightness it's a beautiful natural looking blonde. So I paint this through all the way in. I go pretty much scalp to mid shaft first then I paint the ends right after it just really getting that heavy saturation throughout. So no big rhyme or reason, just four quadrants get the color on as fast as you can and then I let that process for the entire 25, 30 minutes. You can see that violet tone pulling through. So here's our end result. You can see it's a nice neutral blonde but natural. So that's one of my favorite things about this whole thing. I wanted to show it to you a little bit straight so you can get that feel for it and we're gonna wave it up a little bit with a palm of your wand so you can see that but see those natural golden tones coming through. It doesn't look muted, it looks bright, it looks natural. So just loving this tone, glad that they came out with a VG series so hope you guys like it as well. Let me know if you have any questions in the comments below, love to answer those for you. Thank you so much for watching.


If I showed up to a costume party as a half-man, half-horse, would I be the centaur of attention? Here. It's not an easy task I'm setting before you here. This is a six-minute video with lots of information and few breaks, and it's embedded in a website that's absolutely designed for your eyes to wander to something that looks interesting and click on it instead of paying attention. And you are paying. They don't call it the attention economy for nothing.  Attention is an extraordinarily important part of cognition, on par with thought.  But, as with most things neurological, it turns out to be extraordinarily complex. All sorts of different mental processes contribute to attention, from fundamental survival instincts to motivation to fatigue to mood. Like, do you remember from back in episode 41 how anger actually enhances logical thinking? Well, it turns out that being angry or afraid actually allows you to pay more attention than you usually would, to certain things. Also, attention has both an intensity and a direction, and it's easy to mistake one for the other. You've heard it called attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder, but there's a lot of research that shows that the deficit might not be in attention, per se. It's in the ability to consciously direct it. Some people with ADHD don't just space out and not focus on anything. They actually focus very intensely on one thing after another because they don't have conscious control of it the way that other people do. It's kind of like an untethered fire hose. But, given something with some sort of instantaneous feedback, like video games or training for an Olympic swim meet, some people with ADHD can focus intently for hours upon hours, way past the point that the rest of us would get bored and check Facebook. So, attention in psychological processes is seriously important, but really complicated. It's perhaps unsurprising that this relationship to productivity is similarly complicated. That sometimes the problem isn't too little attention, but too much. If you read XKCD, and you should, you're probably familiar with the term nerd sniping. It's a familiar problem for many of us. Give us an interesting and challenging problem and our brains sort of lose track of the rest of the world. Sometimes those problems are important and need good answers. But sometimes, like after typing up a report at work, instead of just saving it and sending it, I might start playing around with the formatting a little bit to try and make it look nicer, maybe adjusting the font or the paragraph spacing. Two hours later, when I wake up, I've got about 20 tabs of Wikipedia open in my browser about typesetting and a couple of pages of hand calculations on my desk while I'm wondering just how many decimal points the line spacing dialogue box and Microsoft Word can handle. Nerd sniping probably happens due to different psychological processes than ADHD, but it's still fundamentally a problem of attention and it can have serious impact. Losing track of the scope and context of some part of a problem can be just as bad as not working on it at all. On the other hand, Professor Mihai, or Mike, Chikset Mihai, has done a lot of really interesting research about the productive side of that sort of hyper-focused phenomenon. What he's termed flow. Now, flow is frequently appropriated by new-agey self-help book authors, people Mike refers to as the happy-face people, as a sort of justification for all sorts of crazy stuff that's not supported by research. But, as presented by Mike, flow is an empirically compelling framework for thinking about the psychology of being in the zone, a sort of intersection between intense focus and productivity. According to Chikset Mihai, there's a special state of human consciousness called flow where the world sort of drops away and the execution of a particular task becomes the sole focus of a person's entire attention, very much like a nerd sniping trance. Some of the indicators of flow include a loss of self-awareness, a loss of time-awareness, and a sensation that the task is somehow performing itself. A person who's in the zone might feel as though they've become a conduit for the activity, whether it's writing poetry or sinking free throws. Chikset Mihai has also suggested that finding an activity with which one can achieve flow is a powerful force for personal growth and happiness. He's advocated for businesses and educational institutions to foster environments that are conducive to being in the zone, to get the absolute best work out of people instead of just generic productivity. I can only assume that Google, Pixar, and IDEO continue to snicker quietly to themselves while doing precisely that. Flow sounds great, and the people who experience it say that it's a fantastic, rapturous feeling, but Mike has acknowledged that there is a potential dark side to losing yourself in your work. If you've ever read Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, you probably understand the severity of what it means to be in the zone if you don't know where you're going. Flow can be great for feeling good and getting stuff done, but exactly what you're getting done, that's another thing entirely. I mean, some of the scientists who were very excited to be working on the Manhattan Project got a rude awakening at the Trinity test of the first atomic bomb. Solving the riddle of atomic energy was exciting, challenging, and rewarding work, but the reality of that mushroom cloud? Not so fun for everybody. The common thread through all these problems with attention is a lack of mindfulness, the awareness of where you're choosing, or not choosing, to focus. Whether you're single-mindedly trying to infuse an inanimate corpse with life, or browsing your way through Wikipedia instead of writing a thunk script, being conscious of where your attention is can at least give you the opportunity to decide if that's really what you want. And, although meditation has proven benefits for attention, you don't have to become some sort of Tibetan monk to practice mindfulness. Nerdsniping is a real problem for me, so I have a 20-minute timer set up on my work computer so that I don't obsess over something insignificant. Also, practicing directing your attention in everyday life, whether it's in conversations or on the internet, can make it easier to get into the zone when you find something that really is worthy of your full consciousness. There's a lot of research that shows the more you exercise control over your attention, the stronger it gets, and trust me, some people love to have your undivided attention. Have you ever been caught by nerdsniping? What sort of activities do you lose yourself in? Did you get through the entire video without checking Facebook? Please leave a comment and let me know what you think. Thank you very much for watching. Don't forget to blah, blah, subscribe, blah, share, and don't stop thunking.


In our last lecture, we have considered Eigen values of some special matrices, like if matrix is self adjoint, then we saw that Eigen values are real. If a is q self adjoint, that means the conjugate transpose is equal to minus of the matrix a, then the Eigen values are purely imaginary or they are 0. Then for normal matrix, that means if a star a is equal to a a star, we saw that if lambda is an Eigen value of a, then lambda bar the complex conjugate is Eigen value of a star, whereas Eigen vector it remains the same. Now, using this result, we are going to show that for a normal matrix, Eigen vectors corresponding to distinct Eigen values, they are going to be perpendicular to each other. If we are looking at a general matrix, then Eigen values corresponding to distinct Eigen values, they are linearly independent. For normal matrices, we have got something more. So, we are going to look at this and then we will consider Eigen values of unitary matrices. So, our notation is a is n by n, either real or complex matrix, a u is equal to lambda u, where lambda is a complex number and u is a non-zero vector in C n. So, this is a star, a star is equal to a bar transpose, that is the conjugate transpose.  For a normal matrix, a star a is equal to a star and using this, one shows that norm of a x to norm, Euclidean norm is going to be equal to norm of a star x, it is to norm. And as a consequence of this result, a u is equal to lambda u, if and only if a star u is equal to lambda bar u.  So, we have in particular unitary matrix is a normal matrix. So, a u is equal to lambda u, apply a star.  So, it is going to be equal to lambda, lambda bar u and thus we get u is equal to modulus of lambda square u. Since u is a non zero vector, it implies that mod lambda is equal to 1. So, thus for a unitary matrix, all the eigenvalues they are going to lie on unit circle. So, now, we look at the case of distinct eigenvalues for normal matrices. So, a star a is equal to a star, let a u be equal to lambda u, a v is equal to mu times v. So, we look at two distinct eigenvalues lambda and mu and u and v are associated eigenvector. So, we want to show that inner product of u with v is going to be equal to 0. So, u is going to be perpendicular to v.  So, let us look at. So, consider lambda times inner product of u with v, this will be lambda u comma v using linearity of inner product in the first variable. So, this lambda goes inside as lambda u. Now, a u is equal to lambda u. So, this will be inner product of a u with v, we have seen that a will go to the second variable as a star. So, it will be u a star v. Now, since a v is equal to mu times v, a star v will be equal to mu bar v. So, this will be equal to u mu bar v. And now, the inner product is conjugate linear in the second variable. So, this mu bar will come out as mu. So, this will be mu times inner product of u with v. Since lambda is not equal to mu, we get inner product of u with v to be equal to 0.  So, this is property of normal matrices. In general, it will not be true. Now, what we want to do is we want to consider similar matrices. We want to show that similar matrices, they have the same set of eigenvalues and algebraic multiplicity as well as geometric multiplicity that is going to be preserved. So, let us first define what is a similar matrix. So, we have a and b two matrices. They will be similar if there exists an invertible matrix P such that P inverse A P is equal to b. So, this is definition of similar matrices. We are going to show that they have they are going to have the same eigenvalues. So, when you want to find eigenvalues of A, if you want to simplify your matrix, then what is allowed is similarity transformation. Elementary row transformations which we used in Gauss elimination method, they will change the eigenvalues. So, they are not allowed, but similarity transformations, they will be they will preserve eigenvalues with algebraic multiplicity as well as geometric multiplicity. So, this is two matrices A and B of the same size are said to be similar if there exists an invertible matrix P such that b is equal to P inverse A P. Now, this is our claim that similar matrices, they have the same set of eigenvalues. So, what we are going to do is we are going to look at the characteristic polynomial. We will show that the characteristic polynomial of matrix B is same as the characteristic polynomial for matrix A. The eigenvalues are nothing but roots of the characteristic polynomial. So, if we show that they have the same characteristic polynomial, it will mean that they will have the same eigenvalues. Then the algebraic multiplicity is defined as you factorize. So, you have got characteristic polynomial in that suppose lambda 1 is one of the eigenvalue, then you look at lambda 1 minus lambda raise to m 1 you factorize. So, whatever is the power that is the algebraic multiplicity. So, once we show that matrix B and matrix A, they have the same characteristic polynomial, it will also follow that the algebraic multiplicities they are preserved and showing the characteristic polynomial they are the same is by using properties of determinant. So, we have to look at say we have got our B is equal to P inverse A P, then we look at determinant of B minus lambda i that is the characteristic polynomial. This is going to be equal to determinant of P inverse A P minus lambda i substituting for B.  For the identity I write P inverse P, this is determinant P inverse A minus lambda i P. Now, using the property of determinant this is going to be equal to determinant P inverse determinant A minus lambda i and determinant P. Now, let me combine these two. So, that is going to be determinant P inverse P determinant A minus lambda i and determinant of identity matrix is 1. So, we get determinant of A minus lambda i. So, thus both B and A they have the same characteristic polynomial and hence the same set of eigenvalues with preservation of algebraic multiplicity. Now, let us look at geometric multiplicity. The definition of geometric multiplicity is number of linearly independent eigenvectors associated with the eigenvalue. So, now, we want to show that matrix B which is P inverse A P and matrix A they have eigenvalues with the same geometric multiplicities. B is equal to P inverse A P minus lambda i.  So, we have got P inverse A P U is equal to lambda U. So, that implies A of P U is equal to lambda times P U. I am pre-multiplying by P to get this. Now, U not equal to 0 vector, it is an eigenvector. P invertible it implies that P of U also not equal to 0 vector. Because, if it were equal to 0, you can multiply by P inverse and get U to be equal to 0. So, that means, U eigenvector of B implies P U eigenvector of A and converse also is true. So, this is going to be if and only if. So, this is going to be if and only if. So, let us look at the number of linearly independent eigenvectors associated with B and lambda.  These are linearly independent associated B and lambda. That means, B of U j is equal to lambda times U j, j is equal to 1 2 up to k.  Our B was P inverse A P.  These will be eigenvectors associated with A and lambda. So, I am assuming that lambda is eigenvalue of B with geometric multiplicity k. Then I got k eigenvectors associated with A and lambda. If I can show that these are linearly independent, then that will mean that geometric multiplicity of lambda as an eigenvalue of A also is going to be k. So, see there is a 1 to 1 correspondence between eigenvectors of B and eigenvectors of A. U is eigenvector of B. That will mean that P into U is eigenvector associated with A and conversely. So, now, we are assuming that lambda is eigenvalue of B with geometric multiplicity say k. Now, we are assuming that then you look at k linearly independent eigenvectors associated with B and lambda.   Now, they will be linearly independent because P is invertible matrix. If P is not invertible, then such a result is not true. So, let me show quickly the linear independence.  This is given.   If this implies that alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha k they all have to be 0, then that will mean that these are linearly independent.  So, multiply by P inverse. So, we will have alpha 1, P inverse.  You are multiplying by P inverse, P inverse into 0 vector is 0 vector.  And by using the fact that this is linearly independent, it follows that alpha 1 is equal to alpha k is equal to 0. So, this proves our claim. Similar matrices, they have got the same Eigen values with preservation of algebraic multiplicity and geometric multiplicity. So, if we have got matrices which are upper triangular matrices or diagonal matrices, we can calculate their Eigen values. In these two cases, the Eigen values, they are nothing but the diagonal entries. So, it will be good if I can find a invertible matrix P such that P inverse A P is either a diagonal matrix or an upper triangular matrix. Now, P inverse A P is equal to D. Such matrices, they are known as diagonalizable matrices. Now, P inverse A P is equal to D. Such matrices, they are known as diagonalizable matrices. That given a matrix A, if you can find a invertible matrix P such that P inverse A P is equal to D, then the matrix is called diagonalizable. All matrices, they are not diagonalizable. So, what we are going to do is, we are going to prove a characterization for the diagonalizable matrices and then using that characterization, one can give a counter example to show that not all matrices, they are diagonalizable. So, a matrix A is said to be diagonalizable if there exists an invertible matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that P inverse A P is equal to D. So, this is the definition. Now, what is P inverse A P is equal to D diagonal matrix D 1 1 D 2 2 D n n. So, this will mean that A into P is equal to P into D. Let me write columns of P as P 1 P 2 P n. So, we have got A times P 1 P 2 P n is equal to P times D. So, when you consider A and then P 1 P 2 up to P n is equal to P into D.  It will be P 1 P 2 up to P n multiplied by diagonal matrix D 1 1 D 2 2 D n n. So, when you post multiply by a diagonal matrix the first column will be D 1 1 P 1. The first column will get multiplied by D 1 1, second one will be D 2 2 P 2 and D n n P n. So, this is first column, second column, nth column. Here, you have got first column, second column, nth column and hence what we have is A P j is equal to D j j P j. P is invertible matrix P j is its j th column because it is invertible P j will not be a 0 vector. If you have got a 1 column to be 0 then that matrix is not invertible. So, this will mean that D j j they are eigenvalues of A and P j these are eigenvectors. P j is j th column of P and again since P is invertible P 1 P 2 up to P n this set is linearly independent so thus our matrix A will be diagonalizable if and only if you have got n eigenvectors linearly independent associated with A. We have seen example of a 2 by 2 matrix for 2 by 2 matrix. For that matrix it was upper triangular matrix with all entries to be equal to 1. So, the only eigenvalue is 1 and there was only 1 eigenvector associated. So, this one eigenvalue 1 had algebraic multiplicity 2 geometric multiplicity 1. So, only 1 linearly independent eigenvector. So, it is a 2 by 2 matrix and you have got only 1 linearly independent eigenvector. So, now we have seen that a matrix is diagonalizable if and only if you are looking at a matrix of size n then it should have n linearly independent eigenvectors. So, thus not all matrices they are going to be diagonalizable, but we will see there is a big class of matrices which is going to be diagonalizable. So, we have A is diagonalizable if and only if there are n linearly independent eigenvectors of A and that will mean that eigenvectors of A they will form a basis of C n because the dimension of C n is n it is a finite dimensional space. So, if there are n independent eigenvectors they will also form a basis. So, here is that example A is equal to 1 1 0 1 1 is the only eigenvalue 1 0 or any non 0 multiple of it is going to be an eigenvector. So, such a matrix is not diagonalizable. So, now not all matrices are diagonalizable, but when we are looking we are interested in eigenvalues of matrix. So, even if I cannot reduce it to a diagonal form if by using elementary not a single elementary row transformations by using similarity transformations if I can reduce it to upper triangular form then that will suffice because then I have got p inverse A p is equal to upper triangular matrix. The eigenvalues of A they are same as eigenvalues of upper triangular matrix and eigenvalues of upper triangular matrix they are the diagonal entries. So, whether all matrices they can be equivalent similarly or whether they can be similar to a upper triangular matrix. So, the answer is yes and that is Schur's theorem. So, we have got suppose A is n by n real or complex matrix then there exists a unitary matrix U.  Now, look at the statement of Schur's theorem it is very important that it says then there exists. So, the statement which we are making is existential that we are saying that there exists some U which is unitary such that U star A U is equal to T A and T they are going to have the same eigenvalues. There cannot be a constructive proof for this theorem because if you have got constructive proof it will mean that you can find its eigenvalues given any matrix A you can find its eigenvalues. Eigenvalues they are related to finding the roots of the polynomial. Now, as soon as your polynomial is of degree bigger than or equal to 5 there cannot exist a formula like if you have got a quadratic polynomial and then we know how to write down its roots. So, such a thing is not possible, but still it is an important theorem and the proof is by induction, but I am going to skip the proof.  So, what happens if your matrix is self adjoint or if it is Q self adjoint. So, let us see what one can deduce for this special matrices. So, we have got by Schur's theorem U star A U is equal to T where T is upper triangular. So, what will be T star?  Now, this will be A B star is B star A star.  So, it is going to be equal to U star A star U.  So, if A star is equal to A this will imply that T star is equal to T T upper triangular then T star is going to be lower triangular. So, you have got a lower triangular matrix is equal to upper triangular matrix and that will imply that T star is equal to U star A star U. So, this will imply that T is going to be a diagonal matrix D because left hand side is lower triangular right hand side is upper triangular. So, it has to be diagonal and because you have got D star is equal to D you are taking here conjugate transpose. So, that will mean that D is going to be real diagonal. Now, it fits in our whatever we have been saying the Eigen values of A are same as the Eigen values of T. Now, we showed that T is going to be a diagonal matrix and the Eigen values of A are the diagonal entries. It is going to be a real diagonal matrix. So, for self-adjoint matrix the Eigen values which are going to be the diagonal entries they are going to be real. This part we have seen earlier that T is going to be a diagonal matrix and self-adjoint matrices they have got real Eigen values. Now, the same idea or the same proof it tells us that if A is skew self-adjoint then you are again T will be a diagonal matrix, but now the entries diagonal entries they will be either 0 or purely imaginary.  So, it has to be equal to a diagonal matrix D and D star will be equal to minus D. So, diagonal entries will be 0 or purely imaginary. Now, let us look at normal matrix. So, for the normal matrix it is not immediate to see that in this case also T is in fact a diagonal matrix. So, that we are going to do as a tutorial problem. So, that means the self-adjoint matrices then skew self-adjoint matrices and more generally normal matrices they are going to be diagonalizable. For diagonalizability what we wanted was existence of an invertible matrix such that P inverse D is equal to D. Now, we have got something more we have got a unitary matrix where u star is equal to u inverse. So, we have got u star A u is equal to D for normal matrices and this is known as spectral theorem.     And this implies T to be a diagonal matrix that is going to be a tutorial problem. So, normal matrices they are going to be diagonalizable. So, not all matrices are diagonalizable, but at least we have got a big class of matrices which is the class of normal matrices they are going to be all diagonalizable. Now, there is another class of matrix that is if your matrix has n distinct eigenvalues in that case the corresponding eigenvectors they are going to be linearly independent. So, in C n we will have n linearly independent vectors they will form a basis and we saw that diagonalizability it means existence of a basis of eigenvectors. So, if you have got a matrix with distinct eigenvalues then you are going to have p inverse A p is equal to D. In this case we will have matrix p will be only invertible it need not be unitary. The unitary matrix that is for normal matrices.  So, once again I want you to notice that there exists we are not giving a recipe if you we could have done that would have been ideal but that is just not possible. So, we are going to have u star A u is equal to D. Now, using spectral theorem I want to calculate or I want to get an expression for Euclidean norm of matrix A we had defined matrix norms induced matrix norm.  So, these two norms you can compute we have got a formula in terms of the elements of the matrix whereas, for norm A 2 we had only an upper bound upper bound is that Frobenius norm. We are going to show that if A is a normal matrix then norm A 2 will be modulus of the biggest eigen value.   So, when I look at u star u this is going to be this multiplied by this.   So, this u 1 u 2 u n which are columns of u. So, we are going to have columns of u are orthonormal. So, if you have got a invertible matrix then its columns they are linearly independent. If you have got a unitary matrix that means the inverse of u is nothing but its conjugate transpose. Then the columns of u they are orthonormal that means any two distinct columns they will be mutually perpendicular and the Euclidean length of each column vector is going to be equal to 1. Similar result is true for row vectors. So, for the row vectors we have to use the fact that u u star is equal to identity.  So, the entries on the diagonal of d those are our Eigen values and columns of u those are our Eigen vectors. So, that means for normal matrix we have got Eigen vectors to be orthonormal. We already saw this for distinct Eigen values. If you have got a to be a normal matrix lambda and mu to be distinct Eigen values corresponding Eigen vectors they are mutually perpendicular. What we are saying now is if a is a normal matrix there is a basis of there is an orthonormal basis which consists of Eigen vectors. So, we have u star u is equal to identity that means inner product of u j with u i is 1 if i is equal to j and 0 if i not equal to j.  So, the columns of u are nothing but Eigen vectors. So, we can state spectral theorem as if a is normal then a has n orthonormal Eigen vectors not just vectors, but Eigen vectors. So, you have got a u j is equal to lambda j u j j is equal to lambda j u j j is equal to lambda j is equal to 1 2 up to n. These lambda j's they need not be distinct those are the Eigen values which may be repeated. Now, consider any z belonging to c n a vector in c n u 1 u 2 u n is going to form a basis. So, I can express z as a linear combination of u 1 u 2 u n. So, z is summation j goes from 1 to n alpha j u j. If you take inner product of z with u k this is going to be equal to summation j goes from 1 to n alpha j u j u k. Using linearity of inner product in the first variable this will be summation j goes from 1 to n alpha j u j comma u k. This is going to be 1 only when j is equal to k. So, this is equal to alpha k. So, any vector z can be written as summation j goes from 1 to n z comma u j u j. So, we have for normal matrix a u j is equal to lambda j u j norm u j to be equal to 1. Let me arrange Eigen values lambda 1 in the descending order of modulus mod lambda 1 bigger than or equal to mod lambda 2 bigger than or equal to mod lambda n. Then just now we saw that z can be written like this combination. So, a z will be take a inside a u j is equal to lambda j u j. So, this is going to be for a z and now norm z square is going to be nothing but summation j goes from 1 to n modulus of z comma u j square. So, we are going to look at the what I am trying to show is Euclidean norm of a or norm a 2 is going to be equal to modulus of lambda 1. So, for that we make use of the fact that if a is normal there are n orthonormal Eigen vectors. Write any vector z as a linear combination consider a z because for norm a 2 we have to look at maximum of norm a z by norm z. So, this proof I will complete in the next lecture and then we are going to look at the some localization results for Eigen values and then a proxy method methods for calculating Eigen values. Thank you.


Kia ora koutou everyone, thank you for bearing with us, hello my name is Lucy, thank you Jane for the lovely introduction, I'm very happy to be here at NDF today, so I'm going to be taking you down the rabbit hole and beyond, taking you through all the work that we've been doing on the Wonderland Exhibition at ACME and also talking further into our current redevelopment that we're going through at the moment to extend our visitors time with us so beyond the four walls of the museum. So a little bit about me, before I was at ACME, I've been there three and a half years now, I was working on the ambitious digital transformation project at Southbank Centre in London, and before that I was here at Te Papa at National Services Te Paerangi, so coming back here always feels like being home. ACME is the Australian Centre for the Moving Image, we are the National Museum of Film, TV, Video Games, Digital Culture and Art. We are located on Federation Square in the heart of Melbourne, and we've actually been closed for almost six months now and we reopen in May-ish next year with our $40 million building redevelopment. ACME is a place for players, watchers and makers of the Moving Image, and a little bit about our audience, we see about one and a half million visitors each year and 82,000 students and teachers come through our doors each year and consistently very high visitor satisfaction. And just for context as well, we have about 50% of our visitors that haven't intended to come to ACME, so they just come in off Federation Square, so we really have to consider that onboarding experience for them. We have exhibitions, so we have a permanent exhibition space, which tells the history of the Moving Image and with a focus on Australia, and that's been completely redeveloped with the renewal. And we have two temporary gallery spaces as well, are soon to become three when we reopen. We have two large cinemas being a film museum, where we run our own film program and we're also a host to 21 film festivals each year. We care for our collection containing over 200,000 Moving Image works. This includes film, tape, disc material, time-based media art, games, television, digital culture and the associated ephemera. We have a 60 seat co-working space for the screen industries and we run accelerator programs every year for the creative and screen industries for them to develop their products. As I said earlier, we have exhibitions. We make our own and we also buy in exhibitions. This is Game Masters that toured internationally and is now on in Canberra, so coming home. And oddly enough, the Dreamworks Animation exhibition is also in Canberra after being in Asia, South America and North America. So now we're done with a preamble on with the show. So for the last three and a half years I've been working with my team and with Seb Chan, our Chief Experience Officer, on ways to create a deeper and more enduring visitor engagement, working in a new way to broaden audience engagement at ACMI. We have made strides in this important work and I'm very pleased to be able to talk to you about it today. At ACMI we work to empower our community to become creative and critical consumers and producers of the Moving Image. We do this by developing the screen, media and digital literacies of our visitors when they are with us in the building. But when they leave us, our museum visitors are on the tram, they're at home, they're all over the place consuming media, watching Stan and Netflix, playing games on Steam. So how do we have an impact and influence over their choices from afar? One way is through a post-visit experience. A place where visitors can go after their time at the museum to go deeper and reinforce some of what they saw and learnt. So why does a post-visit matter? Seb Chan says museum visit should be more than a day out. More than self-care, post-visit offers extension, recall, persistence. It is scaffolding. In preparing for the museum redevelopment we started to use every exhibition as an opportunity to pilot and test new approaches to design, technology and visitor experience, particularly with the post-visit in mind. We started to open up access to content so that our visitors could decide when and how they wanted to engage. And the exhibition is the beginning of the visitors' journey of discovery and curiosity is not linear. So we want our visitors to trust us, to give them different ways to engage with the content and not be bound by the physical walls of the museum. For this Scorsese Exhibition in 2016 we had the opportunity to use some fantastic audio material from Martin Scorsese and his editor Thelma Schoonmaker. And because all of our visitors carried around their own mobile phones, instead of hiring out audio guides we built a web app that visitors could access on their own phone over our free Wi-Fi. Being a web app it meant that this content was also available outside of the museum, giving our content much more reach. Now internationally we did some research and 20% take up of audio guides is considered pretty good. In the first month 58% of the visitors to this exhibition used the audio guide. We were extremely happy with this, it was a huge success and the product has also been adopted by other institutions in South America, the UK and here in New Zealand. So from that experiment we had a hunch that there was definitely a desire from our visitors to have more in depth content and that they could I guess consume in their own time so not necessarily with us. So we tested it by putting the whole Nightingale in the Rose exhibition by Catherine Del Barton on a long form article. 10% of users made it to the bottom of the page and this really proved to us that there is a significant amount of people who are wanting this kind of experience. So all of this work was getting us further towards Wonderland and we used Wonderland as the real test bed for the new visitor experience at Acme. Wonderland is an immersive and theatrical exhibition and it celebrates Lewis Carroll's timeless tale and all of Alice's adventures on film. The more curious you are, the more you will discover. From what we had learnt through experiments visitors had this appetite for the content outside the museum and we looked at how others were achieving this. Seb's work with the pen in Kuba Hewitt, sound and vision in the Netherlands and Disneyland. And museums closer to home, the Australian Music Vault in Melbourne and also Auckland Museum. NFC stands for Near Field Communication and it's the same technology that your hop and snapper cards and also f-post cards use. So we did some experiments around this internally and it seemed like a really cost effective way to deliver this experience to our visitors. So we moved on with that. So introducing the Lost Map of Wonderland. This is an integral part of the experience. The Lost Map of Wonderland is a physical and digital device that unlocks surprising experiences during the exhibition journey and beyond. It was jointly conceived by Acme and Sandpit. They are an experience development team and they were actually in our co-working space with us. There are four map characters, the Queen of Hearts, the Cheshire Cat, the Mad Hatter and the White Rabbit. And each map character reveals animations using NFC and Raspberry Pi technology and saves these experiences later in your post visit. At home visitors can then explore the post visit, a whole world of content and behind the scenes materials by entering their unique code found on their map. There is even a riddle to be solved. And the map does four things. Inside the exhibition it reveals hidden content specific to your character. It saves and triggers and saves experiences. And in the Queen Croquet's Ground you can make your own paper creation on your map, watch it turn digital on the screen behind and then save it for later. This activity was developed by us with creative technologist company Mosta. And last but definitely not least the map is also your access to the post visit. We wanted the post visit to go even deeper into the content, the stories of the exhibition, the makers and raise awareness that Alice is everywhere in the world. We commissioned video essays and a making of Wonderland video so that the visitors could see into the process of actually creating an exhibition. Another pilot for us was the hidden and unpromoted alternate reality game known internally as the riddle. The map holds the first clue and then after that, well, that would be telling. This was a huge success and I completely underestimated our audience. I thought that one person would figure it out and it would take months. With the first weekend we had letters coming in, 174 characters, characters, visitors cracked the code and 46 came back into the museum again to complete the riddle. Look at these faces. It's very satisfying. We did prototyping and usability testing to make sure that people knew what the map was for and how to use it. And this also helped inform the onboarding. The map is a very unique and different experience for visitors and also for visitor services staff to deliver. It replaces a traditional room sheet and there's a lot to communicate because it does a lot of things. So we had workshops with our visitor experience team to script and role play the onboarding of the map. And after a lot of work and some quite theatrical responses to how it could be delivered, we came up with these three key messages. Find the scanning stations, look out for the symbol and there's an online experience afterwards. In the gallery we also had call to actions in the activity room and also at the end of the exhibition on the escalators. And a post visit email reminding people that had booked online that there was something more. As part of the maps, Sandpit created a basic analytics backend for us so that we could see what maps were tapping what stations with timestamps. This helped us to determine the dwell time and engagement. We put a research plan together to kind of covering pre, during and post visit so that we could understand what motivates a post visit experience and test things and make adjustments. The Wonderland exhibition was a huge success for us. We got 172,000 visitors through. The average dwell time was just under an hour and 94% of people used a map and often families chose to share between themselves. 87% used more than one scan point so high engagement with the map and 10% so over 16,000 people went to the post visit experience. Over half of those people scrolled right to the end spending more than eight and a half minutes on the website. And to compare with the transaction on the sort of what's on section it's about a minute 30 so this was really fantastic. Since packing up at Acme, Wonderland is on the road and it's been to the Arts Science Museum in Singapore and audiences have been loving it there just as much. We've been working with the team there to gather the same statistics so we've got a higher number of visitors went in Singapore. It was on for longer and they extended their opening hours so 203,000 less dwell time in the show. 81% of visitors used a map and that was due to like we at Acme had complete control over how the map was delivered but it has a life of its own when we go on tour so we give it to the different venues and they sort of operate it differently. High engagement higher than at Acme so 93% at more than one scan point and 13,000 or over 13,000 went on to the post visit website and half of those people went right to the end. So what did we learn for the redevelopment with all this experimenting? Definitely that you need to integrate the post visit from the very start of the exhibition development process rather than it being an add-on. It needs to be considered the whole way through during design. It makes it much easier for the visitor experience team if you design the onboarding into the exhibition. It was very laborious every single visitor having to be handed a map explained what it was and then sent into the exhibition. Delivering to visitors expectations plus giving them elements of surprise and the offer of depth was definitely a really big learning for us. And through this work we're really changing our audience's expectations of what they get at Acme and also changing their behaviours. Since Wonderland happened people have actually come to exhibitions afterwards saying is there something like the map? So they are kind of starting to think differently about what we do. And changing the visit to be a much more intentional visit so taking something around and actually doing something was it rather than just wandering and not reading labels and then leaving. Visitors are most interested to retrieve things in post visit that they have made themselves or that they feature in. And I know that Auckland Museum had the same experience so that's definitely something that we've thought about for renewal. All of the interactives you can save and continue to edit at home afterwards. And keeping the post visit prompt front and centre is really important and putting those prompts in relevant places where it makes sense for the visitor. So that when they're taking their object or the device around and they're doing things in the museum they're constantly reminded that there's something for them to do later. So what are we working on now at Acme? Since Wonderland we have been focused on the museum redevelopment and not unlike the map there will be a portable technology to transform the impact of a visit to Acme. But this time it will be across the entire museum not just one exhibition so much more to collect. An object like this you'll have and you'll take around the museum with you inspired by magic lantern slides and view master slides. You'll collect objects, media and things that you make throughout the exhibition and the rest of the building via the labels. You'll then be able to explore the connections of the things that you have found or made with other media from other collections in the world and even more broadly outside of institutions. And then you'll be able to log into your post visit and continue the journey of discovery. So now for a sneak peek at the new Acme. We're connecting the floors with a large living staircase so that visitors can see the whole offer at Acme rather than just coming to one floor. All new permanent gallery exploring the makers and the production processes of the moving image. More dwell time and lounge space, a media preservation lab, learning labs, interactives and embedding first nation stories throughout the exhibition including a dedicated area on Australia. Games are in some way to explore all of the connections of the things you've saved at the end. That's all we have got time for today. But I would really encourage you to come back on the 7th of December and have a look at Wonderland for real. And yeah, thank you very much.