a precious study time. We know how important that is. We just want to say a few words and welcome you guys all to the powwow this weekend. And this is some of the music that you're going to be hearing. This drum is a sacred element to our people. It is the heartbeat of our nation. So we're going to share two more songs with you. And then we invite everybody to come to the powwow. It's free. It's here on campus at the fieldhouse. And it starts tomorrow at six. And then we have another grand entry on Saturday at one and at six. And then there's a feed as well. So come be a part of the celebration. Don't feel like you can't come because you're not native because that's what this is about. It's a celebration of life. A making of relative ceremony. So come and enjoy the music and see the dancing. You can even participate in the other tribes dancing. Because you know we all come from the same creator. So I don't feel like you're different. Lilo, I straighter. We're going to sing some more. That's no one all over them. They're from Saddle Lake, Alberta and Obima. They've been singing for quite a few years and they're really good. So they're going to be our hosts this weekend. And they're going to be bringing in all our dancers and singing all of our specialty songs. So I encourage you guys to come and listen to a lot of the good music. We're going to have a lot of good drum groups coming from all over the United States that are going to come and showcase their talents. The songs all have their origins with their own people. But we're all going to come together and they call it a powwow. So the original word comes from a tribe on the eastern side of the country and they call it powwow. And this is now a contemporary thing, a gathering to celebrate life. To celebrate everybody and all of our cultural diversity. And we can all be together and eat, share music and dance. So tell everybody, tell your friends to come. It starts tomorrow at 6. Thanks guys.


They had known me as happy, go lucky, positive AJ, the coach, the entrepreneur. And it seems like everything's going well for AJ. I wasn't at that medium disclosure level and I certainly wasn't at heavy. I thought I could rush the process. I thought with these acquaintances, I could just say, oh man, work is really stressing me out. I'm struggling. And one of them actually had a ton of success. So he was moving the opposite direction. His business was skyrocketing with COVID and mine was taking a fall in a tumble. And I shared, I saw his reaction. He didn't know how to handle it. He didn't really know how to respond. It was outside of what I'd normally shared. Now he wasn't negative. He didn't make fun of me. He didn't poke anything at my vulnerability, but it took him a little while to warm up. We hung out again, same thing. Things are going well in his business fast forward a year and a half. And he invites me out to sushi and we're sharing things that are to charm have gotten back on track. I'm excited about some military work that we're doing and we have some corporate contracts and we're now launching new programs that we're really excited about. So I'm back to being passionate, excited AJ. And he sits down and after a few bites of sushi, he admits to me that he had a huge lawsuit in his business and he got really vulnerable. And at the end of that sushi dinner, he said, to be honest, I hadn't shared that with anyone, but I really appreciated you about a year and a half ago sharing with me the struggle that you were having in your business. And that let him get to a level of vulnerability and comfort with me to finally open up. So I point this out because I didn't write him off. I didn't say I could no longer be friends or acquaintances with you because you didn't respond with a jelly bean when I got vulnerable. And it took about a year and a half for him to feel comfortable getting that vulnerable with me. So it is totally normal for you to be putting in a lot of effort and energy, wanting to move things to the next level, wanting to deepen the relationship and the other person not quite there yet. Not quite ready to get that vulnerable. And as I said to start the show, it takes hours and hours of shared experiences and vulnerability before we can move from a acquaintance to a friend, let alone a close friend. Everybody is on different comfort levels with their communication and their vulnerability. This is why I discussed earlier about meeting people where they are and leading them.


There's a link for the results in chat Thanks again everybody and good luck We go then blanket ship missed a game winner to Craziness man Craziness looks like everyone's in a close game except except Patriots today On the jets the jets with the other team that were not in those games today Yeah, man big one Thanks again for joining Got a let's our Martinez refractor for inter 13 to go on pristine you guys breaking next we've got a green Antoine Griezmann for at let's go 146 of 150 as well refractor Kurdish Jones Liverpool See like a super factor haven't seen one yet out of this real-time Raheem Sterling for Man City Fractor Trent Alexander Arnold for Liverpool TAA Wouldn't it be just poetic if you missed this? Yeah, I Want the game to end at the time now nobody deserves to win a real-time messy for PSG Got a rookie refractor auto Barcelona Nico Gonzalez very nice hit for Barcelona Yeah, we could be friends, but I'll always hurt against the Steelers Unless it's against the Browns I just I don't know what to do you made it you missed Timothy away pink and a rat electric charge for leal they should all be fired Yeah, and the game now and the game now real-time Phil Ford in Man City Let's go with them dolphin six And the game now nobody deserves a win Joey to 222 to go as Geo Rayna Aqua wave for Borussia Dortmunds One oh two oh two or two. Yeah, 250 you go Dortmunds and end the game I Hope the bangles don't win now didn't earn it the Pat's didn't get a win. I don't want that nobody to get a win Look cockoo contributions for Chelsea Dude that thing was a knuckleball. It was at the mercy of the wind. Yeah I Pagerie Barcelona glimpses a gold Dude Kenzie is probably losing her mind Maybe he's gonna come earlier Dude special teams man special teams is important you guys Sometimes more important than offense or defense That's right JJ this game is drunk nobody deserves a win everybody go home got a refractor Kevin De Bruyne Man City nice little messy green yellow electric charge PSG 119 of 125 Grads PSG on that one nice messy Good pack there. Yeah, you'll have to tell her that JJ the orange nails with the bangles juju Man She'll never have orange nails again dude challenging contributions Vinnie jr. For Real Madrid Fractor Sebastian Halla for Iax we've got a black-and-white Karim Benzema for Real Madrid 131 of 299 glimpses of gold rookie for PSG new no Mendez Real-time rookie for Lille on Hill Gomez It's everyone's favorite game so far today. I mean this bangles to those ones pretty great pretty wacky game though championship contributions Malin for Dortmunds their real-time son a for Bayern Sean's favorite game was probably the Dolphins game Look like a bi-week for them Too well, it's good though Got a job Felix Otto for I'd like to go none number on the refractor I kept saying all offseason man the Patriots just actively got worse the as it went along They didn't replace anybody good that they lost nice Benjamin sesco Aqua green shock The Salisbury rookie numbered 172 of 199 ice one Salisbury Another good few boxes man. These breaks have been pretty good nice color Numbered messy in this one messy basher factor now for PSG. That's pretty good Go to football Justin Jefferson Got a real-time Ronaldo for man United AJ Brown went off As quick pink red shock Michael Laudgeup from Barcelona Yeah, I think she's speaking Cardinals the Cardinals are just to I mean D hop suspended Rondale Moore is out Birds was like questionable. I don't know man Chiefs just gonna do this you do cheap stuff today probably win by a couple scores See what kind I can do though. They're just depleted right now. They're gonna they're gonna be hurting I think until D hop comes back Helps their offense Got pink red shock Nicola Borella or Borella for inter What do you mean today? Blooms is a gold Gabby Barcelona Refractor cantona man United Real-time Philpote in Man City All right pristine up next 13 to go everybody breaking next 13 to go Let's get it filled up random team style pristine baseball just a four box break 28 spots to combo spots 67.99 Let's get that filled up everybody breaks right after this break Daniel Mallon champions of contributions Dortmunds an aqua green shock Real Madrid, Korean Benzema Number 35 of 199 Serabi a refractor for sporting refractor Trent Alexander Arnold Liverpool a Rookie green yellow shock Tyler Morton for Liverpool 53 of 125 Yep, sescos numbered sesco in this break numbered sesco auto last break Got a championship contributions Levin Dowsky for Brian Munich Got a Lacroix Wolfsburg refractor auto non-numbered Real-time little messy PSG refractor of a run a per menu of a run a run I've always said a verano A night vision prism Benjamin sesco The Grants against Salzburg this one is 164 of 175 Two numbered Sesco rookies for Salzburg in four and three boxes actually I didn't do the fourth one yet last one Salzburg crush it in both breaks today. All right guys pristine up next 13 to go guys. Come on. Let's get it filled up Let's get it filled up swimming key movement tonight 13 to go pristine baseball four box up next Uh timothy way leal a pink red electric shock One per box on those A aqua green electric shock PSG geluigi donnaruma 88 of 199 Nice donnaruma glimpses of gold new nomened as PSG That's what I'm saying six We're not we're gonna miss the entire first quarter of the four o'clock game just because of this Curtis Jones refractor for Liverpool This is gonna end in a tie too, isn't it? Yeah got real time Vasquez for uh real Madrid I've no one has time out so I think he's getting that tie What up carl? I'm just through a pick right there.  Gavin birch glimpses of gold IX I didn't see who they wrote just do it to Rogers Pass in the basket Sloppy Lucas to church ricky real time first Salisbury Yeah, carl. I'm glad the Patriots game is over I don't have to watch that offense anymore That offense is offensive Nice a david alaba blue wave auto for real madrid Number 40 of 75 You go madrid Uh green refractor jude bellingham borosha dortmans green refractor is 76 of 150 And I have a chance at a long field where it looks like You gotta snap this real quick ansu fahti refractor from barcelona Memphis to pie barcelona championship contributions And real time fahti barcelona And base give me one sec. We'll do a really quick recap of that break Other good break man. Okay, so we had a blue wave real madrid auto david alaba 40 of 75 a night vision rookie prism Salisbury benjamin sesco 164 of 175 Love the night visions Got a loquat auto for volsberg not numbered A nalatico auto is yaw felix not numbered and rookie auto for barcelona was nico gonzalez Nice hit barcelona. There's also another numbered um Sesco in there. Thanks again everybody for joining. We've got pristine baseball up next


Good morning, evening everyone. Thank you so much for joining in. And my name is Payal. I'll be your session coordinator for this particular session. And so welcome me in joining Pooja Jagani and Manoj Kumar. And these guys will be having a very interesting fireside chat session on the topic. How can I become a committed. We are very glad that you people joined us today. Thanks Payal. Hello everyone. So happy to be here along with Pooja Jagani. So happy to have you here on an exclusive fireside chat session with you on. I think the title is how do I become a committer but it's more about how Pooja become a committer and I'm hope there are a couple of things that we can learn from her experiences on how she became a committer and how you if you are listening to this. However, you'd be interested very much in knowing about how can I become a committer or contribute to open source in general, you know, irrespective of any other projects, or in particularly in Selenium. Since the Selenium account will be very focused on keeping what is Selenium and how someone can contribute and specially learn many things about how Pooja has become a committer. Pooja, warm welcome to you. And I think I was actually preparing how should I introduce you. I mean, there's no actual any script or anything but I think one thing for sure I can say to folks listening is Pooja is the wonder woman of the Selenium project. She's the one and only active woman committer that we have. And so yeah, we are so happy to have you Pooja. Over to you. I would like you to introduce yourself to the attendees and also talk a bit about how Selenium came into your life. Thank you so much Manoj. First I would like to thank Pire for the quick introduction really appreciated. Thank you Manoj for such a generous description. And you'll be actually very kind and it's actually, you're also a little modest. You've been here for over a decade, you're a part of the PLC the planning committee and your contribution to the Selenium project in every aspect is commendable, and I'm more than happy to share this stage with you. And also as a part of the Selenium Confidence Light event. So, hello everyone, this is Pooja Jagari I think now you know that's who I am. I am a team lead at Browser Stack. I'll talk a little bit about my journey so everyone has an idea a little bit about my background so everyone knows how this fits right in. I, after doing my undergrad in computer science I did my master's from UCLA, after which I joined as a new grad at Adobe headquarters in San Jose. There I was primarily working on microservices and developing tools for internal teams. My goals were related to observability, building observability related SDKs observability related tools that are internal system sister teams could use about two and a half years later, I moved back to India to be with my family. As a part of transition, I was working in a small startup for a bit, but eventually I was looking at something that was a little more long term. And that's where Browser Stack came in. I found Browser Stack, I pumped it to Browser Stack, liked what they were doing, applied for a job. It turns out they were starting open source program office led by the very capable David Burns who's my manager and also one of the integral part of the Selenium community. And things went right and I landed a job in Browser Stack to work at the open source project and the first project they were working on was Selenium and I was more than glad, that's what it happened. Quite an interesting journey Pooja, thanks for sharing that. Welcome back to the last bit of introduction that you gave but before we pick it up on that, my first question to you is Pooja, according to you, what does open source mean and what do you think about contributing to open source in general. So like the, so I'll go to the first question, what does open source mean. I think the word itself says open, but when I say open it doesn't mean it definitely means that the code is open. It definitely means the code is available for everyone to use it and develop into but one thing I think a lot of people, maybe not necessarily look at from that perspective I think open source also means it's open to everyone in the sense it's inclusive to everyone. It doesn't matter what your background is. You could potentially be a doctor and want to write code as long as you want to do good for the project you could just come in. No one holds that against you and that's something I really really like about open source. Anyone who wants to contribute, it's very very welcoming. So that's that's one side of what does open source mean. And when you ask me the second part. So I think contributing to open source has a lot of a lot of scope for growth in multiple facets right like you can have. There's a lot of scope for personal growth. There's a lot of scope that you're actually working with the smartest people getting your code reviewed with the smartest people. So there are great learning opportunities and go and as you the more you collaborate with them. You also network with them so that comes in your net professional network that just happens right it just fits right in. At the same time you also become a part of this very big community. In which you're giving your learning from them you're giving back to them it's an endless cycle. And at the end, not necessarily at the end of the journey through this journey. It's immensely rewarding experience to know that you're contributing to a greater good that's helping a lot of developers out there. Nice, nice. Thanks, Pooja. So picking up from your introduction which is actually interesting to know because you said you've been interviewed at the role specifically for open source right. So my question is, I don't know how others feel but sometimes I've felt this and in my early days and I'm sure still a lot of people feel so is how do you feel about contributing code publicly. Because I know you have been a developer and you have been, you know, coding for your living, but that's totally very different from contributing to open source, right. So what was your, like let's take a before and after view around how it was earlier to now contributing code in public. Definitely, so I think to summarize in one statement, it's a joyful ride with the very shaky start. When I say shaky start, it's on me in the sense the before part of when I realized I was going to be part of the open source team I was very thrilled that I'm getting a chance to do this that we have this special opportunity to be able to do this. But at the same time, there was a lot of bouts of self doubt. A lot of thinking that what if I'm like, what if my code doesn't work. What if I mess up the code. What if it doesn't be the code quality standards like there was so many questions in my head. What if I don't understand the code code sources so big how I'd have to navigate my way through. So these were the kind of questions that came to me before I started. And the after part or maybe the during part is when I slightly gain confidence and I'll tell you how I think Selenium committers are the contributors have an important role to play in it. I remember when my first comment went in, it was related to absurdity because that's what I had worked in and that's what just fit writing as a transition just to getting started for me. First comment went in, there's always when your code is much there's a thank you that says thank you for the journey at the end that really helps is a big confidence booster. I got my first comment in I know my notes you reached out to me. I did not have active Twitter account you ask hey let's have a Twitter account we want to share your contributions showcaser to the world. And it was really really fulfilling to be able to do that. And slowly that's how I built up in terms of getting help from the committee whenever I wanted suggesting ideas. And always helping me review the code and you know give suggestions as needed. So the after part is now it's it's it's a beautiful joy. Wonderful, wonderful. I think my next question was around. Do you remember your first comment you already answered that it was around observability. So what I'm going to ask you next is, do you remember who merged it. I don't remember who merged it I have a feeling it's most likely Simon, but I unfortunately don't remember exactly who that got it got it has to be Simon Diego. This is fine folks right yeah it's a wonderful team we have got wonderful Pooja. Next thing that I want to ask is you've been around Selenium for quite some time now, like if you were to change something the way it is right now. Maybe you might be thinking, you know why the heck Simon has done, you know this way or you know why Diego has done it some way. You've been seeing the code that we've written over a year so over a decade and a half maybe what that would be. So, so I think when it comes to code wise I think they have a lot more expertise. And they're the ones I look up to, like I want to code like Diego I want to go like Simon, it's become like a role model sort of a situation, but I've often seen Simon leave these to do comments in Java. And if you go through it like if you just were going to get up so it's a little bit like slash, like comment to do, stop being lazy, comment to do Simon to enable this test to do this too much for the users, you know we need to rework on this. So there are a lot of to do items that he's left behind, which I always wonder why do we not get to it. I always wonder that either me Diego or anyone why do we not get to the tech that's that has been listed but I think it's also on us, there's just too much on our plate. So that's that's one thing I noticed. Another one thing is, there is, like, if you talk the selenium contributors they've been here for so long they have so much immense and implicit knowledge around browsers, the way they work before the way they work after the web driver spec. There's a lot of context in their minds in their heads, which always is not out and about and I don't blame them it's not something easy to just offload there's just so much out there which comes in maybe as conferences. But there's this one section on selenium website. There's newsings about how I think that I'm not trying to take that. But yeah, I think the further there are two tidbits in there and the first one is how atoms became atoms, how selenium atoms became atoms and it was just so good to know the context. So I just wish there was maybe an easier way to need to pick that context or to pick everyone's brain to get that. I think it's interesting how you picked up all the nook and corners of selenium in a short while. I mean Simon talked about atoms and why it was named it in a keynote earlier earlier this evening right.  Now you see what I explain about atom right so that's, that's, that's about it in selenium. Now, I'm slightly moving on to how you organize your day Pooja like I know right now you have a full time contributor like full time role as an open source contributor. So how do you plan your day is there is there a roadmap that you follow or do you pick, you know, issues that you want to work on. So how does your day looks like and also tell us a bit more about how do you coordinate with the whole selenium contributors team. So pretty much the thing is I think one thing to keep in mind is selenium developers are everywhere. It's pretty much like everyone's working around the clock following the sun, whatever one may like to call it. So I'm from an India time zone so when I usually start my day in the morning. That's when either the American folks I think Titus is there around late sometimes so that coincides. But I think first thing I do is obviously check my email go through companies like the standard routine, or then I have dedicated time allocated to check selenium slack, because the selenium TNC channel commit bitten friends dedicated channel there's a selenium channel just for help or any other conversations pertaining to it. And that's what I go through and try to answer. If I have any concerns or things that need my reply. If it's usually I think in the morning it begins with Titus being around because people in the European continent are still sleeping. So I think that conversation gets wrapped up. He doesn't sleep isn't it Titus. No I don't think so he does. Yeah I mean I remember like we have a like whenever someone applies to join Slack channel we get an invitation to accept or not. And I used to do that quite often because we are in the Indian time zone and I remember still I used to do a lot and these days, you know for past couple of months I'd see it's already been approved like then I say it will be like approved by Titus partner I was like oh this guy doesn't sleep at all. Exactly what we have felt too so yeah I mean that's the team. Yeah, and I think once any of those conversations have gone through it's trying to either or typically I'll be trying to fix a bug, complete a feature or work on documentation that needs to be done. If like he said if I'm done with whatever I have on my plate or my mind the best place to go is the issue tracker. Have a look if there are any issues or pull requests that need to be merged in any way. There are some concerns that need to be looped back to the Selenium folks. We might have some internal like office commitments in general. And then comes the afternoon late afternoon time, which is when it's morning in the European continent and then you have David coming in and this day Diego around. So there's more chatter more conversations any questions concerns doubts that we may have that we carry on at that point of time. And I think additionally every two weeks is when the Selenium DLC needs. We have it on the Selenium DLC channel whether other folks as well, or helping for the betterment of Selenium and that's that's one thing I really enjoy because that's where people come together to discuss Selenium in all its technical strengths to plan for the next release to see what progress we have made in terms of pull requests the features we want in issues closed, what we want for the major release, but there's a lot of technical discussion that goes through. And one beautiful part about that is people come from different time zones, people come from different backgrounds, people come from different companies could be potential competitor companies. But in when you're in Selenium Slack, everyone is one of the male goal is Selenium and betterment of Selenium. And I really like how those conversations go. That's wonderful right I mean that's something related, you know the same thought process that I have as well I think it resonates well with the opinion that you shared I mean the inclusive around the Selenium project I mean we didn't it was not that good back in the days but at least slightly getting better in terms of what all we do. I think every person is very different and I think it is all has an influence based on where they come from, like what I mean, do they have English as their, you know, native speaking language or whatever it is. I think, I think the same rule applies in terms of coding as well so when we think through a problem, it all depends on the contextualization of, you know localization of where we are right now. The beautiful part that you touched about Selenium is the project where we have people from all over the world. Well, we should still increase the diversity Diego Diego wouldn't agree to it I know, but while we still we improve need to improve the inclusive of the project. I think so far that I've seen in the decade of even of being associated with the project. I think that is one thing that I've truly learned as well. It is very true like approaching a problem with a particular thought process it could be the other way around, and it is so, you know, welcoming and it is so inviting to see how people think through that problems and approach I think that totally agree with you that that's the best part about that's the after part that you mentioned I like you feel super fulfilled about. Yeah, that's great. You, I mean that's when it doesn't stop only from after you contributing code it also about when you're reviewing a code. That's, that's more important because that's when, you know, we, we have to improve a lot as well so given I talk about reviewing the code process push up. You've been a committer and have you what does you look for when you review a code when someone contributed in public. How do you go about commenting it or how do you encourage someone if, say I've contributed an API which, which absolutely looks bad, or it doesn't have to be the way that it designed, right. So how would you go about encouraging the developer or what will be your thought process. Have you come across any situations like that. I'm not exactly come across situations things like that but it's maybe a little sometimes like the intention is right, it's just that we want to approach the problem might not be aligning with the way Selenium things and it's nothing to take away from developer developers contributors time and effort we definitely appreciate that, but it just could be that there was some context that they might not have had, right, but typically when a pull request comes in I think the number one thing you see if it's correctness. If it goes with what Selenium project is intending to, if it's a, it's a legit bug or maybe it's a bug but then it. There's a different use case where it doesn't fit in or there's a feature that we were looking for first identify that fits in, if it does. If I let the typical code quality checks that one does any suggestions there are sometimes very healthy conversations that go through that hey maybe in Java this how we do it, or what do you think if we rename it this way. And then they share their opinion and you're pretty open to that and they're also pretty receiving about the comments we give. We try to ensure if there are sufficient tests of just to validate what we have like yes I think Selenium is very big on test driven so that is that is one loop like that's one feedback that we loop into it. And if there are more conversations, detailed conversations we welcome them to the Selenium Slack to discuss things at length and see how we can help them, how they can help us so that we can get their code landed in. Got it, got it amazing. My next question would be, Pooja, imagine me as a as an automation tester, right, I'm working in automation testing using Selenium for quite some time. But I wanted to contribute to Selenium. So, what are the places to look for how should I start contributing to Selenium. I think anyone who's new to contributing to Selenium. One thing I would like them to at least consider is every contribution has impact. It's not measured by how big or small it is or where it is a simple example. If one is starting off with the usually a documentation is a quick start. In the documentation, you might be missing some translations. We might be missing some features that you've not added, or they might be a code example which is not working correctly that could be any sort of a use case. And if they help us in that, imagine what is called with our documentation. It's impact, right. Similarly, if someone thinks that in a Selenium repo, anything that is that we want people's help from that they can help us and we have a needs help tag. We can filter by that there are issues there of they are more than welcome to ask questions and we'll reply discuss it further on slack as needed, but without if we didn't have their help, how will we progress further. So, it's, it's, it's important for everyone to understand the contribution, every contributions impactful, and that they're more than welcome in the Selenium community, and whatever they do that sense of belonging is going to be that. That is that is what everyone should keep in mind because then the fear of it being scary will slowly start. Absolutely. I mean, I agree more with it. I think that wordings I can totally agree with it like no contribution is small it's it's pretty impact. And I know we got like another six minutes more for a change I'll pick a question from the Q&A panel. From anonymous attendee. The question is who defines and manages the backlog for Selenium. I think that we don't have a single person who defines and manages a backlog for Selenium. It's not how we typically have in closed source project. And more of like I said we have Selenium TLC meetings where we identify the major action items that need to go in for the next release. What is missing, how can you bridge the gap, who can help take charge of it. That's one thing and I think one big part of open source is also it's, it's free flowing. It's also self driven. So it could be in the sense you look at a you look at the issue list and see there's a bug that's high priority that needs to go in. There's also a way if you think about it typically as developers, we have this sometimes you have a itch we can't scratch would be a technical debt changing library redoing code, but you get to scratch the edge in open source you can pick a priority you can go like hey, I think I want to read it because it'll be maintainable later. I want to rewrite the same way make it readable for a user as you can do that. So the backlog, it depends on where you're coming from or what do you think is more aligned with the Selenium at that point of time. Got it, got it wonderful Pooja. More questions coming in that's great. No question is silly please folks ask more questions. I think Pooja will also hang around in the hangout channel hangout table. Next question is from the man himself Naresh chain. This very wonderful question can easily so what was the hardest part of contributing to Selenium project. I mean we've talked about all nice things, but I know you're, you earned the commit bid yourself it's it doesn't come easily I know because I've been there. But what do you think is the most hardest part. The hardest part I would say is not getting scared of the more low repo we have. I think Simon has very gracefully covered the poorly got people we have and what why we have it. So that stays intact right in the previous self session today, but as it like when you're starting off, it's very easy to get started by all the I work privately with Java that's where I started you open Java earlier we used to have a client package and a server package now it's all one. So navigating your way through might seem hard at first, but the more one does it one realizes the logical grouping of it it takes some time, but I've also realized if anything seems hard, you ask the Selenium contributors, you'll be sorted. Absolutely. There you go. Any questions, I mean come to Slack channel, then we'll be there to help you out. Yeah, Arish agrees to it quite intimidating. Yeah, totally agree. Thanks for that question. Yeah, there's more questions coming and interesting. I'll hold on to my questions. But these are all very interesting. What is from Magesh Nagamani what is an interesting feature that you're currently working on with Selenium. Interesting new feature I wouldn't say it's exactly new it's a work in progress. What we're working on is what we call by die. I know not a lot of people are aware of by die so make it a little clear. It's a it's a bidirectional API. It's very similar to what Chrome DevTools protocol does but this is a more standardized protocol where all browser vendors are coming in together. And they have this, just like the web driver spec, they have a web bidirectional web driver spec, where when you're talking as a client to the browser you open a WebSocket connection, and then you can talk through it. And the reason why this is being done is a lot of things that happen on the browser as a vendor and because in a WebSocket it's a two way communication so you can subscribe to a web and browser can let you know if something of interest is happening. That was the code reason why this exists. So the by die spec is in progress browser vendors are working towards implementing those APIs. We already have a one flavor of it in the form of CDP and some user friendly API is like network interception, geolocation simulation, dog mutation identification, those kind of things, but by die is going to be a very standardized spec that we're willing to wanting to implement. We've installed slowly as browser vendors implemented. We're trying to keep up with the same. Wonderful. Wonderful. I think there's more questions coming in. We have two minutes more. I think slightly for a change that is a suggestion from Dinesh on when there is a new version. Why don't you guys do a video on the latest version? Can we have something similar for Selenium? Or are we already doing it? What do you think about it, Pooja? I think that's a valid suggestion or a concern. When we have a new major version, we usually have videos on it. I think last when we did Selenium 4, it was like a bang on entry sort of a thing. There was a blog about it. There have been videos about what's new in Selenium 4, even when it started till today. There's a lot of information out and about as to what's new in Selenium 4. I think the Selenium 4 new feature Simon wrote a blog. He has done videos on it and there's a lot of content that's gone along. So I think anything which has major changes coming in, we already covered ground and in case if you're missing something, more than happy to take suggestions or platforms where you'll have a better lead. Cool. Cool. All right. We'll take a last question, Pooja. It's been a wonderful conversation. I think the last question is around what would be a piece of wisdom that you would like to share to people who are looking forward to contribute to open source or probably stepping into the world of open source. Or who are just an automation tester now, or probably they are thinking about contributing. Tell us a bit, like tell us your thoughts around how they should overcome the thoughts and as well as, where is there any stereotype? Like given there are a lot of stereotypes around, did you experience any discrimination while contributing to the project? If you combine these both, I think we can summarize completely around what's the wisdom that you want to share to the people who are listening and hopefully next time we will have more committers on the Selenium from India specifically. Definitely. So I think earlier when I said that when what open source means, it means inclusive is what I've learned from Selenium. My interaction for open source journey so far has been Selenium. So all the experiences that primarily draw are from Selenium. So like I say, open source, it does not matter what your background is as long as you're willing to learn and take that effort and time to contribute for the good of the project. Trust me, there's no one who's going to go and see, oh, what are you on LinkedIn? Oh, what are you? No one's going to do that. There is no judgment. This is a very judgment free space. There are no sort of biases as long as you're doing good. People are willing to help you, people are willing to guide you, even mentor you to an extent to guide you in the right direction. So I don't think there's any sort of biases remotely that I have faced. You've always spoken in a very respectful manner. The thank you at the end of every comment is wonderful. The same thank yous and appreciations goes on in Selenium Slack, if you see, it's out for everyone to see, they can go see it. They can see it on a Twitter. It's all public. There is, there's nothing that we got to hide in the front. And also when it comes to piece of wisdom, I think I would again reiterate back to the thing that every contribution is impactful. The one is getting started. They can get started in any space. They want to get started. They want to help change a typo. It'll be wonderful. They want to add comments. It'll be great. They want to add example docs. It'll be great. Even if they want to come to Selenium Slack, where people asking for help and help reply questions, that is also equally beneficial. So any step they want to take a little closer towards the journey, it's helping Selenium community as a whole. So I would just suggest don't try and be scared. I know it was scary for me as well, but we have wonderful, wonderful folks to guide you through the process. Wonderful. Can summarize better. Thank you so much, Pooja and Manoj for being with us. I am very sure like all of the participants are very much influenced by Ukuja. And I'm sure there might be many more contributions on the way just by sharing like the awesome examples that you shared and your quote. I like very much liked your quote. Like no, every contribution is a significant one. So thank you so much guys. Thank you Pail for hosting us and Pooja, thank you for joining. And hopefully, you know, I've asked the right questions and it has been super helpful for all of you attended. And I think this is entirely a spotlight to bring the Indian community, especially our own open source. The first edition we had Shri Harsha, this edition it's a Pooja and I'm hoping next year we have a new editor, a new committer, you know, from our Indian community to the project. And we'll host them so looking forward to the next one and if I'm sure you're inspired by this so go join the Selenium Slack channel fire up your ideas and fire your questions to us. And I'm sure you'll become a committer too. Thank you so much. I will not lie. I was a little nervous, but this has gone. Like, it was smooth. Thanks to you. Thank you so much.


I'm not one of those people that has a mindset of this is exactly what I want to do. I decided for my master's degree I'll just head straight into computer science even though I was studying biochemistry.  I was thinking, why are you playing such a simple game? It turned out he was building that game for his course. One of my favorite books is Alice in Wonderland and that's because she does these crazy things and in a way I think that's quite similar to the project I'm working on right now. I'm exploring time reversal waves and ultramagnetic waves and I want to make that wave go backwards so hopefully eventually we can use it as a cancer treatment. Basically the advice in general is don't restrict yourself just one step at a time. I'm Crystal and I am a PhD student studying computer science.


in this segment what we're going to do is we're going to take a look at the question why study heat transfer and if you recall what we said is that heat transfer is basically energy in transit due to a temperature difference. So all the processes that we're going to be looking at will involve a temperature difference and we'll be able to hopefully illustrate how heat transfers taking place in each of those. Now what we're going to do we're going to take a look at a number of different systems and I'm just going to list them out and then we're going to go through and take a look at them and describe them. Okay so those are the things we're going to look at and what I hope to be able to show you is that heat transfer exists all around us and consequently it has a significant application into our modern lives. So what we're going to be doing we're going to be looking at heat transfer within residential buildings. We're going to look at heat transfer within residential electrical systems. We'll take a look at what I call everyday living places where heat transfer has an impact in our everyday lives. We'll take a look at refrigeration systems that we have in our homes. Lots of heat transfer there. Laptop computers, they generate a lot of heat, they dissipate a lot of heat. Anybody who has a laptop in their lap obviously knows that they generate heat so we're going to take a look at that and then finally we'll conclude by looking at transportation systems. So this is a bit of a G-Wiz lecture. The purpose of it is to provide you with a little bit of motivation and background for why we're studying heat transfer. So let's begin. So we're beginning with residential buildings and here we have a hot water boiler in a house and we're going to zoom in on the area where the energy is being added. So here what we're looking at these are planes where burning natural gas and the heat that is generated is used to heat a boiler. Water is circulated using a circulation pump and then that goes through a manifold system and through pipes that extend throughout the house. Here you can see one of the pipes going through one of the floorboards and it goes up and then it goes into hot water radiators and so through natural convection which we'll study in this course that is how the heat is transferred from the liquid through fins into the room and that's what heats it. Now where does that heat go? Well eventually it goes out into the atmosphere and here you can see some homes and a lot of the heat loss obviously is coming through the windows that's one of the areas where we have the lowest resistance to heat flow and consequently that is heat transfer in residential buildings. Another one we're going to take a look at let's now look at residential electrical systems and so this begins with the power that is coming to our homes from power plants that could be very very far away but what happens is that power is at a high voltage it needs to be reduced and there you can see a transformer on a pole. If you have underground lines that's another transformer again the transformer has got hot. It comes into our homes into a distribution panel there you can see the ground fault circuit interrupts are a little hotter. We have a stove clock, a telephone, they're all generating heat, a cable splitter, a power bar, a cable box with your TV, a photo frame they generate a lot of heat as you can see on the right. A ground fault circuit interrupt plug on the left and a dimmer switch on the right and then these are interior wall plugs and exterior wall plugs you can see on the exterior we lose heat to the outside so that's a quick look at electrical systems. Now a lot of those systems are being cooled naturally and consequently there is no forced convection providing the cooling but cooling of electronic systems is very very important and we will be looking at that throughout this course. The next segment that we're going to look at is what I call everyday living so let's take a look at that. Now everyday living we're going to begin with the biological a professor that is in shape is a happy professor this is me on a stair stepper and you're going to see a 45 minute workout compacted into a number short number of seconds. You can see as I go into the workout you're looking at it every five minutes so watch what happens to my body I'm getting pretty hot you can see that I'm sweating a lot so my body is regulating the temperature by perspiring and then that provides cooling to my body and as I go on and on you can see that my head is getting hotter as are my hands there I'm done I'm stretching a little bit and there you can see the byproduct of exercise so I'm very happy we have hot water systems in our home so there you can see hot water coming out of the tap you change it to cold all of a sudden the water goes black so actually it's just cold and with the infrared camera you can see this is something that I like to do every day I do like coffee I have to admit so here is an automatic espresso maker and you can see the hot espresso coming into the cup lots of heat transferring these things if you've ever taken one apart a number of different boilers and you take that hot coffee and here we're pouring hot coffee into cold milk so the milk is on the bottom and there you can see the beautiful natural convection cells that are forming we will study those in this course they're not as perfect as Rayleigh Bernard convection cells that we will look at but nonetheless they are convection cells and eventually the coffee and milk comes to a uniform temperature and there is the coffee cup ready to be consumed so that is heat transfer in everyday living the next thing that we're going to take a look at are refrigeration systems household refrigeration used to be done by bringing in a block of ice and you put it in what they called the ice box and then through the development of the refrigeration cycle using different types of working fluids which I cover in my thermodynamics course and we have the convenience of having refrigeration in our home so this is something that happened long long ago but anyways let's take a look at those refrigeration systems we're going to look at two different types we'll look at what I call a free convection refrigerator and a forced convection refrigerator so let's begin with the free convection and so there you can see the compressor at the bottom and the heat rejection in this cycle is through coils that are on the back of the refrigerator and those coils are connected to wires that are essentially acting as fins and then you have natural convective heat transfer so those coils are hot and there when you look on the IR camera you can see the compressor is very hot you have the hot refrigerant going up and then coming through the coils and that's where it rejects heat to the room now more modern refrigerators they've compacted everything into the bottom and we use forced convection so there is a fan in these systems so there you can see the IR on the left the compressor is hot and then the coils are on the right and there you can see the fan right in the middle and what it does is it forces air to go over the coils where we're rejecting the heat from the refrigerant which then becomes part of this cycle for refrigeration so lots of heat transfer in your refrigerator the next thing we're going to look at electronics a lot of cooling is required in electronics and and so we're going to take a little bit of a history review of laptop computers so let's take a look at the IR signature of laptops this is from 1998 a micron transport xke you can see the thermal signature sony with a p3 processor from 99 another sony another p3 from 2001 another sony this one with a pentium m from 2005 here's another sony this one always operates hot for some reason with an i7 and then here's another sony that does not operate as hot so those are sonys here are some apples apple manages the heat in a very different way it brings it out behind the keyboard as you can see in these images so that's a macbook pro and then a macbook pro 15 with a retina display and and you can see where the heat is dissipated and this is an older del but i like this one 2002 for the reason that i have a motherboard and so we can take a look at what's going on on the inside and there i zoom in on the processor and if you look at the processor it is attached to a heat dissipation system there's a heat pipe which then moves over to some fins and then there is fans on the other side of the fins that result in force convective heat transferred to remove the heat from the processor and so that was a heat pipe that you're looking at and we will be looking at at the basis of heat pipes when we study boiling and condensation in this course and we'll also be looking at fins so all of those things we're going to be looking at in this course and cooling of laptops as we put more and more transistors onto the processors becomes more and more of an issue and consequently there's tons and tons of heat transfer in any kind of electronic systems as we could see with the laptops the final thing we're going to look at is transportation so transportation we're going to begin this is a Chevy pickup truck you can see the engine is hot the exhaust pipe is hot this is looking at the engine on the inside of the engine with the engine running that's the radiator hose going to the engine block and a lot of heat the only thing that's cool in there is the air conditioning compressor which is on the top in the middle as well as the inlet air duct you can see that that's a little cooler but everything else is very very hot including the alternator looking where does that energy go while it propels the car and it also goes out through the exhaust and so there you can see the exhaust pipe products of combustion or heat co2 and water vapors we could see there these are vehicles in transit and so here we can see there are different thermal signatures for many different types of vehicles there you have a big semi trailer and it has its exhaust pipes when you look at the exhaust from the back sometimes you see dual exhaust manifold sometimes you see just a single exhaust manifold with the hot spot on the back of the car and then these are cars in traffic so on the left we have stop and go traffic on the right we have free flow and you can see in stop and go that the cars are getting hot because they don't have as as good of a convective heat transfer as they've been designed for and that's why they're operating very hot as they drive by and stop and go now this is an aircraft this is a dash eight landing in Calgary and you can see the turboprop engine a lot of heat there and then on the left we can see the blade and touchdown and then finally this is another aircraft with a gas turbine engines coming in and you can see the gas turbine engines are very very hot a lot of thermal systems are in there thermodynamics fluid mechanics heat transfer and consequently that is a very very important area of keeping the gas turbine blades cool as we'll see here this is the blade from a gas turbine engine and what you're looking at here this is the leading edge of the gas turbine blade looking at it from the end you can see the cross section and so it's a very curved shape the other thing to notice there is a bit of a bluish white coating and that would be a coating to protect it from the high temperatures that would be encountered within the exhaust gas stream of the gas turbine engine and the other thing to notice is that there are a number of ports on the bottom of the blade where it would go in to the engine itself and compressed air from the compressor would be used and imported through that ducting system and then it would come out through these small ports there's some on the leading edge there's some up on the tip of the blade some towards the trailing edge and then even on the tip you can see there are more ports there those are used for cooling the blade due to the hot combustion gases and and that is the gas turbine blade so there we go you can see a lot of heat transfer exists in systems that we have in our everyday lives be it transportation be it things within residential be it everyday living so hopefully that provides you with motivation to focus and study on heat transfer throughout this course under the realization that it is very very important to our lives everyday living we have enormous amounts of heat transfer in it and I only focused on some of the things that we encounter daily there are also industrial processes with enormous amounts of heat transfer and and consequently but the principles are all the same and any of the principles that we develop for these systems would apply to industrial systems as well so I hope you enjoy that you can come back and watch it if you need motivation while you're studying for exams or something like that


Palestine doesn't seem to know it, it's not existing No, it's existed for a long time, like over 1,000 years Assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. Hello, I'm Daud Kim Today I throw this So I will show this to people who live in Palestine Let's see What is this?  I'm from Korea Why it f**king kills everyone? You just have to f**king...  I'm from Israel Please don't tell me you hate Jews or something I think you're one of those people who post like free Palestine Am I right? Oh yeah, this What happened? What happened? You know, we are soldiers And it feels so bad that people don't know the truth I'm not brainwashed or something They started it and they're paying for it I mean, I don't really know how to explain What happened? You like Israel or Palestine?   Israel Only Israel You know Palestine? No, Palestine There is Palestine There is Palestine No, no, Palestine is bad There is Palestine I tell you what In 1948, there was a... But Palestine lived in there No And Jews come and kick them out No, no, no, no It's Gaza You know what Gaza?   Yeah, I'm Muslim Alhamdulillah, I'm Muslim You know, we have Allah We have a... Yes, we have Allah Subhanallah to Allah Very good, very good Where are you from? I'm from Korea I love Palestine Free Palestine Thank you Love you Yes You, you, Allah Akbar It's only? Allah Akbar, yes, Allah Akbar Five Yes, five times Yes, five times Yeah? Yes Good, good, very good You have a bite Assalamu alaikum You listen, I have a question for you Okay, ask me You love Israel or Palestine? I love Palestine No, no, no Hello, hello, bro Where are you from? Where are you from? I'm from Palestine Palestine Palestine Alhamdulillah Alhamdulillah Yeah, Alhamdulillah May Allah protect and save all of us Palestine, my brothers and sisters Thank you, thank you, I pushed it up Insha'Allah, thank you so much Thank you so much Alhamdulillah I love Palestine I love Palestine Thank you, thank you, thank you Yeah, assalamu alaikum Assalamu alaikum Yes He's from Jin So good Free Palestine Free Palestine Man Free Palestine And I'm not Jin, Changchong I'm South Korean And Free Palestine What the fuck, man?  Why do you know all about this?  I'm from Palestine Palestine Oh Yeah You are my brother Alhamdulillah Alhamdulillah Alhamdulillah May Allah save you, all of you guys I love you Walikumussalam I'm colocante Where are you from? Israel What do you think about Palestine? They are fine Very nice I love you, my son It's like you Spurs, spurs.net I'm her player Yes Alhamdulillah Alhamdulillah So, no, thank you Alhamdulillah Thank you Thank you I love you Jackie Chan How are you? Jackie Chan Where are you from? Palestine No Alhamdulillah Alhamdulillah I love my brothers and sisters I'm Muslim, Alhamdulillah I support Palestine I love you, Palestine I'm Muslim, Alhamdulillah Alhamdulillah Konnichiwa What do you think about Palestine? Where is Palestine? Gaza is Palestine And the whole area is Palestine You can show me I don't know what is Palestine You don't have a Palestine? No No, my friend There is Israel And Gaza There is Palestine Israel No Gaza is not Israel Gaza is Palestine Go to Wikipedia And read Palestine And show me I don't trust Wikipedia So What do you trust?  Wow Wow Control Wait Do you understand English? I can understand English I can understand English Tell me why you support Palestine Wait Are you Arab or something? No, no, no I'm Korean I'm Korean Okay At first reason I'm Muslim So I support my brother And Palestine lives in there For a long time For a long time Very long time That's not true No, it's true And they came Historically, that's not true They just came and attacked Palestine So many people Including so many children Just by this You don't know nothing I think if Palestine Will be Will be a country If we will not be a country And Palestine Move Move to the land of Israel Like why Palestine you have to move Palestine doesn't have to move to nowhere It's not Palestine lived in there No, it's not existing No, it existed It existed for a long time Like what Over 1000 years It's not And Israel came and attacked them Wow I know Where are you from? I'm from Israel What do you think about the Israel and Palestinian conflict? I support Palestine Okay, man Sure You're all right I'm not going to judge you But I hope the peace Of course What do you think about this?  My name is Dawood I've seen a lot of reactions To be honest I think I'm Muslim And we have the same umla And we sold Allah at the same time With the same heart I really, really hope May Allah save And protect my brothers and sisters Thank you for watching my video And be safe Alhamdulillah Peace be upon you I've been waiting I've been hurting Because I've been falling I need your help My heart is breaking So tight of


This algebraic geometry video will be about Duval singularities, which are sort of surface singularities. They've been rediscovered several times. They've got numerous other names. They're also called simple surface singularities. Well, they're also called client singularities for rational double points or canonical singularities in dimension two, which as the large number of names suggested, these have been rediscovered many times by lots of different people. So we'll introduce them by Klein's method of introducing them. What you do is you take a group G acting on C squared. So this is going to be a finite group G. And you take the quotient of C squared by G and for reasonable groups G, this gives you a variety which has a singular point at the origin. As you remember from our discussion of quotients, or maybe you don't remember, I don't know, the coordinate ring of C squared over G is given by taking the coordinate ring of C squared and just taking its invariance under the group G. For example, suppose we have a cyclic group of order n, generated by an element sigma such that sigma of X is equal to zeta of X and sigma of Y is equal to zeta to minus one of Y, where zeta to the n equals one is an nth root of unity. Then invariance of this action are given by X, which is equal to X to the n, Y, which is equal to Y to the n, and z, which is equal to X, Y. So the coordinate ring of G is generated by these three elements, X, Y and z. However, there are some relations between them because it's fairly obvious that z to the n equals X, Y. And we can also write this as X plus Y squared over four minus X minus Y. So that should be capital X squared over four. So this gives us one sort of Duval singularity. I'll now list them all. So the Duval singularities are as follows. There's a cyclic ones, which are denoted by a n, which look like X squared plus Y squared plus z to the n plus one equals zero. Then there are the dihedral ones, which correspond to X squared plus z, Y squared plus z to the n minus one equals naught. There's a tetrahedral one, which is given by X squared plus Y cubed plus c to the four equals naught. Octahedral given by X squared plus Y cubed plus Yz cubed equals naught. And icosahedral given by X squared plus Y cubed plus c to the five equals naught. So the alt icosahedral group, the icosahedral one, which we're going to talk about, is not given by acting on the icosahedral group of order 60 on c squared because the icosahedral group of order 60 doesn't act on c squared. However, there is a binary icosahedral group, which is order 120 and is a double cover of the icosahedral group that does act on c squared. And Klein showed that the invariance generated by three elements X, Y and Z satisfying this relation. So for all of these, we're going to work in characteristic zero. And for all of these varieties, the only singular point is the point naught, naught, naught. So what I want to do is to show how to resolve one of these singularities using blow-ups. And I'm going to do this singularity here, if you can do this one, then you can do all of them. So the idea is we're going to blow up the singular point here. And we find that when we blow it up, we produce another singular point. And then we blow up that singular point and that produces more singular points and so on. And we're going to keep going until we run out of singular points. So let's see what happens. So let's start with X squared plus Y cubed equals plus Z to the five equals zero. And we're going to blow up at the origin. This means we introduce coordinates. Here we've got A3 and we have to introduce coordinates for the projective space P squared. And we're going to call these coordinates X1, Y1, Z1. And in order to get the blow-up, we need to add the usual relation. So X, Y1 equals Y, X1, X, Z1 equals Z, X1 and so on. And what we do is P squared is covered by three copies of A squared. So the three copies are given by X1 equals one, Y1 equals one and Z1 equals one. And on each of these three copies, we have to check and see if we get any singular points on the blow-up. So for X1 equals one, what we do is we're really changing, making the change of variables, Y equals Y1, X, Z equals Z1, X. So we get the equation X squared plus Y1 cubed X cubed plus Z1 to the five, X to the five equals zero. So that's just coming from this equation making this substitution. So this is one of the pieces of the blow-up of this. And we can take out the factor of X squared and we get one plus Y1 cubed X plus Z1 to the five X cubed equals naught. And you can easily check this is non-singular. And for Y1 equals one, we get something similar. We get X1 squared Y squared plus Y cubed plus Z1 to the five, Y to the five equals zero. And we can take out the factor of Y squared. And again, this has no singularities. So there are no singularities there. No singularities there. Finally, we have to look at Z1 equals one. So here we put X equals X1 Z, Y equals Y1 Z. And we find the equation becomes X1 squared Z squared plus Y1 cubed Z cubed plus Z to the five equals naught. We take out the factor of Z squared, X1 squared plus Y1 cubed Z plus Z cubed equals zero. And again, we can search for singularities. The singularities are given by taking the derivatives of this. So we get two X1 equals zero, three Y1 Z equals zero. Sorry, three Y1 Z plus Y cubed equals zero and three Z squared equals zero. And this time we have a singular point given by X1 equals Y1 equals Z equals zero. So we've got just one singular point and the singularity is the singular point of this variety here. So what we've done is you've gone from X squared plus Y cubed plus Z to the five to a slightly simpler curve here. So now we do the same thing with this new curve. So we take the curve X1 squared plus Y1 cubed Z plus Z cubed equals naught. And again, this is embedded in A3. So we take it multiplied by a copy of P squared. And this time we're going to call the coordinates X2, Y2, Z2. And as before, we cover P2 with three copies of A2. And the three copies are going to be X2 equals one, Y2 equals one, and Z2 equals one. And for X2 equals one, there are no singularities. I won't write this out in detail because it's much like the previous case. Here again, there are no singularities. For Y2 equals one, we make the substitution Z equals Z2, Y1, X1 equals X2, Y1.  So now we can take out the factor of Y1 squared and we get the equation X2 squared plus Y1 squared Z2 plus Y1 Z2 cubed equals naught. And again, there is now a singularity at naught, naught, naught. And you can check this is the only singularity. And you may sort of look at this and think, you know, what have we actually gained? Because we've gone from this equation here to this equation here. And frankly, this equation doesn't look any simpler than that one here. Here we've got a sum of monomers of degree two, four, three. Here we've got a sum of monomers of degree two, three, four. So we don't seem to make any progress. In fact, we have made some progress, although it's really quite subtle. In fact, it shows that measuring the complexity of a singularity is rather tricky because this singularity really is slightly simpler than this, but it's not entirely obvious what invariant you can use to detect this simplification. Anyway, let's carry on. So again, we're going to blow up this point at a cubed times p squared. So we're going to introduce three more variables X3, Y3, Z3 for this copy of p2. And just as before, we cover this p2 with three copies of affine space. So we get X3 equals one, Y3 equals one and Z3 equals one. I'll start getting a bit fast because writing out every detail of these calculations gets a bit tedious. So here we have no singularities. Here we have a singularity at... Here the equation we get is X3 squared Y1 squared plus Y1 cubed Z3 plus Y1 to the four Z3 equals naught. And we can take out the factor of Y1 squared and we find the only singularity is at X3 equals Y1 equals Z3 equals naught. This one, the equation we get is X3 squared plus Y3 squared Z2 plus Y3 Z2 squared equals zero. And again, we find there's now a singularity at X3 equals Y3 equals Z2 equals zero. So we've actually got two different singularities appearing. We've got one here and one here. So one at this point corresponding to this equation with the... Okay, this one I should have taken out the factor of Y1 squared. So now we've got two singularities to look at. And let's first look at the singularity X3 squared plus Y1 Z3 plus Y1 squared Z3 cubed equals naught. And again, we block introducing variables X4, Y4, Z4.  We have no singularities and Y4 equals 1. We have no singularities and Z4 equals 1. We have no singularities. So blowing up this just once, we actually finally get rid of all singularities. Well, that got rid of one of these singularities here, but now we've got to look at the other one. So the other one, we have a singularity of shape X3 squared plus Y3 cubed Z2 plus Y3 Z2 squared equals naught. And here for the blow up, we're going to introduce variables X5, Y5, Z5. And we find for X5 equals 1, it's non-singular for Y5 equals 1. We find two singularities at X5 equals 0, Y3 equals 0 and Z5 equals 0 or minus 1. At Z5 equals 1, we again get two singularities at X5 equals 0, Z2 equals 0 and Y5 equals 0 or minus 1. So we seem to get four singularities. In fact, one of the singularities here is really the same as the singularity here. So we've got three singularities to resolve. And as the audience, if there's anybody left at this point is probably getting a bit bored of me blowing up singularities. I'll just tell you what happens. If you take each of these three singularities here and blow them up once, you get rid of, you get something that's non-singular. So there are three more blow-ups and I'm not going to write them out. So let's summarize what happened. We had eight blow-ups and we finally ended up with something non-singular. And what you can do is each blow-up introduces an exceptional curve which looks like P1. And you can sort of draw a picture of what these P1s look like and how they intersect. And if you do it, they sort of intersect like this. And one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, two. They intersect in a configuration looking like that. And if you draw a point for each of these lines and connect two points by a line, if the corresponding line is joined, if you see what I mean. So I'm sort of taking the dual of this diagram. You get the E8 Dinkin diagram, which is partly why this is called an E8 singularity. You notice the problem with all this blow-up is, first of all, blow-up involves a tremendous amount of bookkeeping. These blow-ups, we had to bring three new variables. So together with the three variables we started with, we have 27 variables to keep track of, which is a bit of a pain. The other thing you notice is that each blow-up doesn't do very much. A blow-up can be a very mild operation, which is just sort of making a tiny little improvement to your singularity. This example is also a bit misleading because each time we did a blow-up, the singularities only formed a single point. In general, if you do a blow-up, if you blow up a point, you can suddenly find that the singularities form a subset of dimension greater than one. So we'll see an example of that in the next lecture.