Y'all know this offseason, I've been wanting Ravens to get guys who are like that, especially when it comes to the wide receiver position. I've been wanting them to add somebody who's established, not old, but established, still in their prime and approving guy to go along to all the guys that we already have. But the Ravens, this offseason, they've continued to go the opposite direction when it's come to that, because they traded away their most proven guy in Hollywood, Brown, and the Ravens seem to be this season banking on potential when it comes to the wide receiver position. We'll see if that continues, if it does cool, if it doesn't cool, we just gotta wait and see. But a name that has been buzzing, buzzing like crazy throughout OTAs and throughout Minicamp, has not been somebody who's like that, but somebody who's likely. And that will be tight end Isaiah, Isaiah likely. We have continued to hear his name go crazy, coming from the Ravens, and even coming from different players on the squad. You heard it from Tony Jefferson. You heard it from Lamar Jackson himself. And see, that's the thing with Lamar Jackson. He is a very team guy. He's a very big camaraderie guy. Hey, big ups to everybody, but he doesn't always call out people specifically. Now he was asked a question about a reporter, but he gave high praise to Isaiah likely. Tony Jefferson did too. John Harbaugh did as well. And that was in OTAs and that continued through Minicamp. And let's hope it continues through training camp. And then of course in the regular season as well. But with Isaiah likely, he's a tricky one.  Could they already have that on a team? Could they actually have Isaiah likely be that guy? See, and that's, it's exciting to think about. It's really exciting to think about.  He's not just your average tight end, lining up next to the offensive line, just sitting there blocking, no, nope, that's not him. He's somebody that you have to move around. You have to get involved because he can stretch the field. And as a tight end, that's a beautiful thing. But as a wide receiver, it's a beautiful thing as well. And with his frame, could he be that other outside receiver that the Ravens are looking for? It seems likely that he could be a lot of weight to put on the shoulder, he's a rookie now. But there's one thing, one thing that I've been thinking about because I've been seeing everybody hyped about Isaiah likely and I love it, I love it. I will never tell you to get off the hype train for a player because again, the way I look at it, because I know there'll be some people like, oh man, they're just running around in shorts. They ain't even got on pads and that's true. But at the same time, that's where things start. If he was in shorts and it wasn't looking good, then he'd be like, oh, okay. Okay, man, imagine when they put the pads on. But the fact that he is looking good in shorts, it's like, oh, okay, good, that's a good start. And I liken it to when daddy's players in college and they play against these small schools and people are like, oh man, that guy, he ain't really that good. He was just going up against small schools. He ain't really gonna be like that. But then I think, okay, well, let's see what he does. But at the same time, if he was struggling and doing bad against the small schools, then that would be a problem. But the fact that he was doing good against them, that bodes well for him in the future. And that should set him up and put him in a better place and position for success moving forward. But anyway, would I say it likely, he is a very exciting player to think about. But the one thing that is my biggest concern when it comes to him, it's not if he can stretch the field. It's not that he couldn't be a receiver. It's not that he can't catch. It's not that he doesn't have a good amount of speed. It's none of those things. My biggest concern isn't even Isaiah likely himself, but it's how will he be used in Raven's offense. Because we've continued to see it time and time again to where we see, Draven's will draft somebody and we'll be like, oh, oh, that's what they did in college. Ooh, I like it. Oh, James Pro Shae, oh, he was snatching the ball out of the air like that. A lot of jump balls. And he's so short, but he go up and get it. Wow, look at James Pro Shae, aggressive. Devon Duvenay, oh, you saw him in Texas, catching all them little screen passes and stuff. Oh, then he took it to the distance. Oh, wow. Oh, they gave him passes in open space and then he did the work. Oh, okay. Oh, nice. Let's go, dude. But then they get to the pros and you just don't see that. Oh, Miles Boykin, big six, four, six, five receiver. They throw him a lot of jump balls. Wow, they gave him the one-on-one situations and they took advantage of it. Oh, let's go. What happened to it? What happened to it? So that's a big concern for me. How will they use Isaiah likely? Because we've seen it. Time and time again, we've seen it. Now I know that's where some people may say, but in Graven, hey, this is why it's no point in the Ravens getting an established prime wide receiver that you keep talking about. That's the reason that why they shouldn't get one because they weren't using the right way. But now my counter to that, the Ravens would actually be forced to because if they're getting somebody in their prime, they're getting a significant wide receiver. That means they gave up significant funds to acquire him. Whether that be salary cap, whether that be draft picks. So if they're not using him, ooh, somebody's gonna get it. Somebody's gonna get it. But anyway, when it comes to Isaiah likely, that's a big fear that I have. Now, something that helps that fear when it comes to him, something that helps that fear when it comes to the other guys too, like a Rashad Bateman, like a Tylen Wallace, James Proshay, a Devon Duvenay, something that really provides a lot of comfort, not only for me, but for a lot of us are T and K. And that's T Martin and Keith Williams. Because that was a move that I remember when the Ravens made it, I loved it. I loved it because it had been exactly what I had been asking for for a long time. And the Ravens had finally made that move because I had been saying it over and over. I just, I wanted the Ravens to get some young, offensive-minded coaches in the building, some coaches that can relate to the players on another level because when you can relate to somebody on another level, then that just makes the relationship that much deeper and y'all can understand each other that much more. They went and they did that and they got T Martin and Keith Williams. And these guys, their resumes spoke for themselves. And when you watched the impact last year that they had on this room, it was a beautiful thing. We didn't get to see it in full because injuries derailed a lot with last season. We didn't get to see it completely, but we certainly saw a lot of it. We saw a rookie Ravens, and that was the one of the craziest parts about last year with Rashad Bateman. One of the craziest parts about him last year was the fact that this guy, he's in OTAs, mini camp, all that good stuff, but he's in training camp. That's when everybody started getting hurt and whatnot, but so he missed the first, what, five, six games. But then when he came back, instant chemistry with his quarterback. Instantly, like that, immediately. And I will never forget that first game. And I had told y'all, I'm like, man, Rashad Bateman, his first NFL game. Yeah, he'll probably play like limited amount of snaps. If we got to put a percentage on it, maybe like 50, 60, something like that. No, he was out there that whole game. He was out there that whole game and Lamar was getting him that ball and he was getting them first downs. Immediately, immediate impact right away. We saw and improved Hollywood Brown. Hollywood Brown just had stepped up in his route running. He was open a lot of last year. He was open so much. There was some over those, there was some under those and there was everything in between. Of course, they were the drops as well. So that didn't help, but Hollywood Brown was open a lot. I felt like we saw him take another step forward as a wide receiver. Now there was some missed opportunities, but his season could have been even better than it was last year, but he took a step forward too. So when we watch stuff like that, it gives us hope for these guys that are coming up. And my thing with Isaiah likely, it's exciting just again, thinking about all the possibilities with an Isaiah likely is super exciting. But my thing is I just hope that, and this was from John, we said this from John. I just hope that T Martin and Keith Williams, their voice, I hope that their voice is really heard by the Ravens coaching staff. Like it's really heard. Of course, Greg Roman is the offensive coordinator. John Hardball is the head coach. John Hardball is the, he's the big ball of shot caller. He is the one that's running it, that's calling all the shots. We of course know he lets his offensive coordinator coordinate. He lets his defensive coordinators do their thing too. He don't really step in too much, but he is the one that makes the final decisions. He is the one that gives the okay, he'll override something, whatever it may be. So I just really hope, cause we know that those guys are certainly respected. They are definitely respected. But I just hope that the Ravens give those guys the respect and really give them the voice and give them some power too. It seems as if it's trending that way. Like they begin more and more power. Of course, because this will be, what, their second year with the team. So they'll be more familiar with Greg Roman and all the other coaches and stuff. Greg Roman and all the other coaches will be more familiar with them. So that should bold well for them moving forward. Now they have a year under their belt too. So they can see how the Ravens work, how the Ravens operate, how the Ravens move, and the Ravens have a year under the belt. So they can see how T. Martin and Keith Williams operate, how they move. So it's just another year to get familiar with each other about to provide and promote more opportunities for those two guys. So with Isaiah likely, I just hope that with him, when it comes to him and not just him, but really everybody. I just hope that they use his strengths. They play him to his strengths. They put him in positions to where his strengths are used. And again, this is not just for Isaiah likely. This is for a Rashal Bateman. This is for a Tylenwiler. This is for a Devon Duvenley. This is for a James Proce. Then this is for whatever other receivers, tight ends, pass catchers, the Ravens use. We know, we know when Mark Andrews, we ain't even gotta worry about it. He ain't gotta worry about nothing. We don't. Cause we know that they're gonna play him to his strengths. I mean, his strengths is just really all over the field. You can line him up anywhere. And you know Lamar, Lamar gonna look for him first. Over everybody, Lamar gonna look for him first. And he gonna get his opportunities for sure. And again, it's not all on coaching either. It's on Lamar too. It's on Lamar too. It's on him to get those guys, to give different guys opportunity. Of course, he's been building that rapport with Bateman and Proce, Benjamin Victor too. And then of course, he came through for the mini camp. So the rapport with all the other guys too, that will continue to be built as well. So that's a beautiful thing. And then come training camp. That's when y'all really go in. Because all the stuff before mini camp at OTA, he's like, ah, okay, cool, whatever. But training camp is when it really starts. That's when it really, really starts. And then Lamar did mention, John Hobba also mentioned, I think even James Urban talked about it too, but they did say Lamar and the receivers, they gonna be coming down here to Florida to get together. And I mean, what better place for all the receivers to get together?  I could, maybe they give me a little trial. Maybe they slip a little note to John Hobba. Hey, let them try out. So I could be a Raven Luke fullback. I could be, I could maybe be offensive line. I'm too short to be offensive line. I could do something though. Ravens need me to do something. I got you, I got you. But anyway, so with Lamar coming down to Florida with all the rest of the guys, that should be good. And just another way to just build chemistry and get better. Use every day to get better. Of course, they gotta enjoy their vacation now too. Cause they got some time off. They gotta enjoy themselves. Take a break from all the football stuff. Cause don't nobody wanna be on football 24-7. Don't nobody wanna be thinking about football 24-7. They don't. So we all, all need breaks from football. It's okay. And they deserve breaks from football. It's okay. If you see them on social media, like Lamar, like last night, he was riding around in the city, in the middle of the ocean. He was on a boat that had a swimming pool in it. They were chilling to record a revival, relaxing. And that's what they deserve to do. All of them, every single play on every single roster, they deserve that relaxation time. They deserve time off from the game so they can take a breather, chill. And unwind. Cause that's the best, cause everybody needs that.  It is okay. It's all right. So anyway, Team Keep It Clean, I love y'all. I appreciate y'all. I hope that all this excitement that we have for Isaiah likely, that it turns into something real. The promise is there. The potential is there, but it's a matter of the Ravens really tapping that potential. So hopefully they bring it out of them. I love y'all. Appreciate y'all and we out.


Well, let me thank our two discussants and open up the floor for more questions that can come in. Meanwhile, I'll think some more about the answer to your question, Mahmood. Yes, Jim? Are there any long-term consequences for other nutrients when you start removing two and three times the grain that you were before? In other words, you know, phosphorus, potassium, are there replacement issues there? Let me take a number of questions. We'll just kind of integrate those and then discuss them so I can respond to them. Yes? I mean, you know, who did the trials for the trees in the mill field? Over what period of time are they quantified to that? In the back? Yeah. The maize yields raised quite dramatically, but the other yields didn't. They went down, and so I had, what about rotations? What does that mean for that? Good point. Yes. If all the crop stover is used for either animal production or biofuel production in Iowa, what does that do to the soil structure in the field? Well, let's listen. You didn't have a question. That's very... You're waiting for the powerful one, I'm sure. Well, let me address a few of the questions you referred to, Keisha's, and then ask my colleagues to for me. The issue of maize yields versus yields of other crops. Yes, indeed, the real positive effects, sustained positive effects that we're talking about are very well noted for maize, millet, sorghum, and other cereal crops. For the lake, humanist crops like soybeans and cow peas, generally the response is just about zero. It's neutral, which may be expected because they are nitrogen-fixing themselves. So statistically, there are ups and downs, but basically the long-term yields show about a zero response. With cotton, it's zero to a slight reduction, and that's due to greater vegetative growth in the plants, less mold from forming under the canopy of the trees. So that's the general response. And I think a couple of people have asked about the issue of crop rotations and their importance in Zambia, so I'll ask Colard to address that one. On the question of soil fertility, indeed, the soil fertility in association with the canopy of the trees in these systems is generally much improved. Double or triple the nutrient contents of NPK, calcium, magnesium, micronutrients is generally seen in those conditions. However, and I think it's an important point that you're probably alluding to, Jim, is that we're not looking at this as a replacement for the use of fertilizer. This is basically a means of jacking up the potential of the system and making it more attractive to use the appropriate rates of fertilizer like nitrogen, phosphorus, and lime so that one can sustain those yields over long periods of time. So although you're producing tons of nutrient-rich biomass, you're not going to be keeping that system going indefinitely without the use of other supplemental fertilizer, particularly top-dressing nitrogen and phosphorus for bee-efficient soils. So it's not an organic agriculture system, per se. It's a means of attracting farmers. And I mentioned 80% of farmers in Africa use no fertilizer. So getting them engaged in the use of fertilizer means increasing fertilizer efficiency, which is what the system does. You were asking about the nature of how long the... In over a long period of time. Yes, and the research on this particular species started in 1952 and Oxford Forestry Institute published a monograph a few years ago with 700 published references on this topic. So it is quite surprising how little is known about this. I suppose perhaps the majority of people in this room have never heard of these systems. But it is the case that the science is there, but the actual bridge or crossing the bridge to large-scale upscaling has been a problem. The competition between biofuels, livestock and soil conservation. I think you should answer that one, Carlos. Answer not, but just acknowledge that it's a serious trade-off. And I think that's one of the reasons, for example, why conservation agriculture frequently is not adopted by small holders when they have animals. And I think the whole research and how much of that biome has to be left on the ground versus fed through the room. And obviously how you handle manure and bring that back. I think it's still a big empirical question, but we'll have to deal with that more and more. Particularly if so, second-generation biofuels really takes off. I agree. Let's do it up around. Since this is known, you say since 1952, why did it take off? I often ask that question. I think there are two fundamental issues. What is the mindset of Western agriculture? I mean, this is so dramatically alien to Western agriculture. And of course these systems cannot be used in the United States, for example, because your growing season is too short. You don't have a year-round growing season where you can't actually have the principle of reverse phenology successful. So, agriculturists in Africa, for example, have been trained in western science. That's all the bachelor's and PhD programs are all western oriented. And these systems were actively discouraged for the last 50 years. I mean, not just neutral, they've been discouraged. Farmers have been told to clear their fields. Projects have been based on the imperative of clearing fields of trees to grow crops. And although the African farmer recognized these systems and nurtured these trees over the generations, it has not been achieved. It has not crossed the line into recognition via western agriculture. That's number one. Number two is propagation systems. What you saw in most of these pictures were natural regenerated populations of these trees. The tree seed was present in the fields due to livestock spreading through the agricultural landscape. And when it came out, farmers nurtured the trees, protected them, and produced these agroforests. But in large parts of Africa, you don't have the trees, and therefore there are no trees in the system. And propagation has always been a problem because there's a unique constraint set of constraints to producing seedlings and planting them out in the field. That has been linked now over the last 10, 15 years by a whole series of research. And now we can confidently, as they're doing in Zambia, propagate with hundreds of thousands of farmers at the simple growing of the seeds and establishing them in the crop. Next question. Yes. I have a question. I have a comment. I work at the Pacific Islands, and agroforestry systems have been in use for close to 3,000 years as an integrated system that incorporate the livestock. And I think they can be an extra model for other parts of the world, particularly these French-based agroforestry systems. I think that we don't need to reinvent the wheel. I think we need to look at parts of the world where the systems work and are still functioning. That's under higher rainfall area, significantly higher rainfall than what we've seen here. Absolutely true. And some of you may know the famous book by Russell Smith, a professor at Pennsylvania State University who wrote a book in 1929 about perennial tree crops, the future of American agriculture. Well, it never went that way so far, but maybe in the next century we'll be seeing a revisit of that vision. Yes. Other questions? I hope that's a better question. Okay. Let's have this gentleman here. You mentioned the presentation on Zambia, the 25 to 40 percent of the maize planted by small movers was abandoned. Can you elaborate on why that was and what the factors that were looking at? Great. Also on Zambia, the question on cover crops, how important they were, and also if I understand from FAO colleagues, especially on the mechanization front, that a key factor was an improvement of implements to, let's say, facilitate conservation agriculture that took time to develop. But I'd like to get your take on that also. Okay. Yeah, thank you very much. Maybe I start with the why 40 percent of our planted areas abandoned. The most driver for that has been the weed infestation. In the quest to try and produce more, when the production efficiencies and your capacity is limited, so we've got people trying to plant more than two to three hectares and they are overwhelmed by weeds because they have just a short window to plant weed and everything and then you realize by half the way down the line they can only do maybe one and a half hectares and then they don't have fertilizer also to boost the rest of the crop. So mostly it's because they waited for the rains to come and want to do all operations within a short window and they got overwhelmed with weeds. This is why I think the uptake of appropriate use of herbicides has just shot. Last year we recorded up to about 500 percent increase to a point where we read a shot of herbicides and this summer has now attracted a lot of private companies and also has gone dealership for netweeds. Coming around wherever we are promoting conservation farming to see how they can promote judicious use of herbicides. The other reason was purely the livestock crop interaction which with communal grazing they couldn't handle if you don't have fencing and the like, so there was that conflict. The cover crops, yes. Now, like I said, in Zambia we're trying to promote food legends. We did other policies but due to the poor marketing they are not picking up. So what we've done is to bring in food legends, cowpeas, groundnuts and that we have seen it is very popular because one, it is helping to cover the hunger period. We have a unique scenario among small hoarders in Zambia where during their peak level periods that's when they have low food stocks. So cowpea for instance comes in handy within the first month of the red season by the end of January and February they are able to reap from there so it has become very popular and they can do quite a lot of it and that is what actually waits well as the cover crop. We have seen in some areas like for instance I think I saw a Manawan colleague here and in Zambia trying to shift some cover crop or some dry stovar to take to the farm. Probably that could wait for a hectare but if you're talking about a slightly bigger area like our oxen farmers that the economics I think couldn't wait. So the uptake and also the uptake of crop rotations really has been driven much as the utility of the type of cover crops you are making and also how the market is developing around those cover crops. So that's what we are trying to do and I also wanted to attempt quickly why the slow takeoff. I think you are talking of poverty stricken small scale farmers whose immediate need is to put food on table. Now talking of someone to plant a tree whose benefit will start showing in 10 years to come sometimes may seem very obscure but what we've seen is over time people have started seeing the benefit instead of actually shifting to try and open new marginal lands they've seen the benefit of doing all these things simultaneously so that they are able to start getting a bit of food down and over time they are building on the soil fertility and there is a bit of permanency in their fields.


The CMV-22 Osprey, a variant of the MV-22, is the Navy's long-range medium-lift aircraft and replaces the C-2 Greyhound for carrier onboard delivery or COD. Its mission is to fulfill the time-critical logistics requirements by transporting personnel, mail, and priority cargo from advanced bases to sea bases. The aviation operating procedures resemble those of normal commercial airlines, with a few differences unique to the carrier environment. This video will clarify tasks and procedures that will be expected from you by your crew. Prior to boarding the aircraft, either on the ship or on shore, you will need to don special equipment, which is required to be worn during your flight. The first item is your flotation device. In the event of a water landing, the LPU-32, or horse collar, is simple to use.  If the strap is too short, inform the aircrew and an extension strap will be provided. To inflate the LPU, simply pull the beaded handles away from your body. 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obesity has been linked to an increased risk of developing breast cancer and poorer outcomes in breast cancer patients. However, the effects of obesity on breast cancer biology have not been extensively studied in humans. In this study, researchers examined the biological differences between obese and non-obese breast cancer patients. They found that obese patients had higher rates of certain gene mutations and experienced faster aging at the molecular level. Additionally, they observed that obese patients had a greater inflammatory response in their tumours than non-obese patients. The findings suggest that obesity could contribute to the development of breast cancer and its progression. This article was authored by Harlin Nguyen, Totchona Gukins, Marion Matens, and others.


Throughout Jane Eyre, we find that the characters of Jane herself, but also other characters like Mr. Rochester, really struggle with the earthly urges and following the moral duties, okay? So we find that Jane primarily has a lot of an internal struggle between her earthly duties, as well as her moral duties, okay? But we also see this struggle played out also in Mr. Rochester's choices. And by extension, we could also say this is the case for St. John Rivers. The only person who seems to have somewhat reconciled this struggle, but they never live long enough, is Helen Burns. And this is the person that really frames Jane's moral framework and her moral compass, Ailean, in the story, okay? But even if she meets Helen Burns really early on at Lowood School and she learns lots of moral lessons and also how to be forgiving as a person later on, we'll still find that, especially when she meets Mr. Rochester and Jane falls in love with him, she really, really struggles between her earthly desires and her moral duties, okay? So there are lots of notions related to religion shown throughout the story and especially through the character of Jane Eyre. But of course, we also see notions of religion explored in St. John Rivers' character, okay? So we can see that John Rivers, his religion actually is shown as somewhat hypocritical, okay? So his religion is really powered by what appears gradually to seem like his own personal ambition. He's not necessarily doing his religious duty out of caring for the morality of his actions and caring for how this impacts other people. It's more driven by ambition, okay? Which Jane Eyre also ultimately rejects. And this is obviously in contrast to Jane Eyre, who follows her religious duty, however she is portrayed as somebody that does so because of the greater good and also because of following God's principles, okay? So as you can see behind me, I've prepared the most relevant quotations that I would suggest considering if you're writing about the theme of religion in Jane Eyre because this is a really important theme within their story. So let's go over these quotes as well as the word love analysis you can do. Now the first quotation which illustrates how Jane Eyre really found this struggle between her earthly desires, especially her earthly desires for Mr. Rochester on the one hand versus her moral duty towards God on the other. This is illustrated when you find that she really falls in love with Mr. Rochester and she feels like she has made him an idol, something that she worships as opposed to God, which is a sin in religion. She states, he stood between me and every thought of religion as an eclipse intervenes between man and the broad sun, okay? So she's basically saying that Mr. Rochester and her love for Mr. Rochester, kind of she felt like it stood between her and God, her and her focus on God, okay? Now here again, what we can see is there's a clear struggle between Jane's internal urges and her desires, okay? Her earthly desires for Mr. Rochester versus her loyalty to God and her loyalty to religion. And this is illustrated in terms of word love analysis in the hyperbole every thought, okay? This shows that she's like super obsessed with Mr. Rochester when really she feels that she should be more obsessed with God and following God's commandments. And also of course, there's similarly how Mr. Rochester is described as an eclipse, okay? So here of course, there's similarly illustrates how Mr. Rochester has come in and really kind of overshadowed everything that she kind of focused on beforehand, which was her religion and living out Christian values, okay? So here we can see a real struggle within Jane Eyre and within her own internal persona between following her earthly desires. This is her love for Mr. Rochester versus following her moral duty. This is following God and of course, we find that she does decide to follow her moral duty, especially when she finds out that Mr. Rochester is already married to Bertha Mason and she's still alive. This is when Jane Eyre makes the very difficult decision to follow what she sees as more godly, which is to leave her relationship with Mr. Rochester so that they don't commit sin. The second quotation which is tied into the theme of religion is when Jane Eyre, so she feels like Mr. Rochester is almost worshiping her, he sees her almost as redemptive and of course, this is before she finds out that he sees her in this way because he's hiding this terrible secret.  However, Jane Eyre feels like he should not worship her. He's looking too much to her rather than actually looking inwards and trying to go on his own moral journey with God. Okay. So she states, I am not an angel ellipsis. I will not be one till I die. Okay. So here she's basically saying, no, no, no, no, don't worship me, Mr. Rochester. Don't think I'm like this first fit specimen. You shouldn't worship me. You should try to get closer to God independently of me. Okay. Now the word I'm nice to want to focus on is the assonance of A and M and an angel as well as a repetition of I. Okay.  You need to follow your moral duties to God, not to me. Okay. So the third quotation, now this is tied into St. John Rivers. Okay. So Jane Eyre at one stage finds herself in the very difficult position. This is after she's left Mr. Rochester and she's run away and she meets St. John Rivers and his family and he basically proposes to her. He basically makes it clear to her that it's almost her moral duty to be a missionary's wife because she's supposed to be very chaste and so on. However, she feels like this is going against her nature. Okay. She feels like whilst she wants to serve God, being married to Mr. Rochester isn't part of that service and she states, marrying St. John ellipsis angels beckoned God commanded. So here she's basically thinking about how St. John Rivers, his whole life is focused on working in the church and of course also becoming a missionary and traveling to India. However, she feels like even if on the surface is ticking all the boxes is doing everything that God expects him to do, she still feels as if this is not the right choice for her. And of course it's also because she feels like his religion isn't necessarily genuine. It's still powered by this selfish ambition that he has to somehow distinguish himself as a religious man. Okay. Hence she ultimately decides not to marry him. Now the word no one else is you want to focus on is firstly the verb marrying. Okay. Of course here what Jane Eyre is thinking about is, you know, as a woman, it's her duty to marry according to Victorian principles, however she goes against this and she's able to think independently for herself. Okay. Also the semantic, the words angels and God belong to the semantic field of religion. Again here what she's showing is that even if Mr. St. John Rivers is a man of God, she is not obliged to marry him. Okay. And actually if she married him just because he was a man of God, she wouldn't necessarily be doing her moral duty of being honest to her feelings. Okay. Because she doesn't love St. John Rivers. Now the next quotation, which ties into the theme of religion is the description of St. John Rivers's type of religion. Okay. This is something that Jane Eyre in some ways disparages. She looks down on because she realizes that his religion isn't necessarily one that's focused on serving others is still focused on serving his own ambitious aims. And we learned this in the following quote, zealous in his ministerial labors, blameless in his life and habits. He yet did not appear to enjoy that mental serenity. So she's basically saying, okay, I looked at St. John Rivers. I've seen that he's, you know, he works really hard for the church. He's overzealous. He is super energetic. Yet there's still an element within him that doesn't exude this peacefulness that religion is supposed to give you. Okay. This because she realizes that it's not genuine. His feeling of religion is powered by his own personal ambition. He's being religious for his own personal aims. And this, of course, isn't being authentically close to God. This is not an honest representation of what religion should be. Okay. So the word of analysis here, and of course, this is illustrating the kind of religious faith and religious principles that Jane Eyre rejects. Okay. One which is still very much based on how people see you rather than actually genuinely do you care about serving God and do you care about serving others? Right. So because St. John Rivers cares more about his reputation and his ambition. Okay. And this is illustrated through firstly, the adjectives zealous as well as blameless. Okay. So on the surface, Mr St John Rivers looks perfect. He ticks all of these boxes. Right. And this is in contrast to Mr Rochester, who doesn't, you know, look obviously religious. Okay. Also, you want to focus on the alliteration of L in labors and life. Okay. So he works really hard. He tries to use his life as an example of being very religious. However, Jane isn't very convinced how genuine this is. Okay. And finally, the other word of analysis you want to focus on is the assonance of E in he yet appear and joy, mental and serenity. Okay. So here again, what this is illustrating is there are some people who say that they're religious, but it's very performative. It's about how other people see them. It's about filling their own personal ambitions rather than actually them doing the religious deed and following the moral duty because of how good they're treating other people or because of internally they're doing this genuinely out of the goodness of the heart. Okay. So here we can see that St John Rivers, basically his religion is powered by personal ambition. Okay. Still coming from a selfish place. And Jane isn't entirely convinced about his actions. The next quotation tying into the theme of religion. This is when St John Rivers tries to force in many ways, Jane to marry him because he states, God and nature intended you for a missionary's wife. Okay. So he's basically telling her, you have to marry me. And this is what we call an imperative sentence. In other words, an imperative sentence is a sentence that issues the command. He's basically saying, it's your duty as a woman to marry me. Okay. And again, here he's forcing Jane air to follow a certain idea of religion, which is based on ticking boxes and having and assuming a certain appearance to the outside world when actually within yourself, you're not necessarily genuinely following God's principles. Okay. And this is hypocrisy from Jane's perspective. Now, the one level answers you want to do for this imperative sentence is the hyperbole God and nature. Okay. So St John Rivers is trying to justify her marrying him. Or in other words, he's trying to justify Jane and marrying him by saying, Oh, this is written in the rules of nature. Okay. And Jane refuses still. Also another quote which ties into the theme of religion. And this is now tying into Mr. Rochester and his struggles with honesty, his struggles with being pure. And he chooses initially earthly pleasures and then God punishes him for it. Okay. He punishes them by losing everything at Thornfield Hall and getting blind. However, this is early on when Mr. Rochester basically sees marrying Jane, who he sees as very pure, almost has his way to be saved in God's eyes because he states that once she agrees to marry him, he states it will atone it will atone. Okay. And this is repetition. Okay. So it will atone is repeated. Now here, the notion of atonement is this idea that God forgives you. Okay. You commit a sin and then God forgives and forgets that sin that you have committed. Now here it's interesting that Mr. Rochester says this he's unclear at first, but of course later on we learned that he is foreshadowing the fact that he's hiding this terrible secret. Basically he's married to this other woman who doesn't love Bertha Mason. However, he sees somehow him marrying Jane and being with Jane because she's very pure. This is almost going to bring forgiveness on him in God's eyes. Of course we learned that that's not the case. Okay. Now the other quotation which you want to focus on and this is still tied to Mr. Rochester. So this is now how religion is used to illustrate how God basically seeks justice and punishes him for his wrongdoing for following earthly pleasures rather than his moral duty is once he becomes blind, he's lost his sight and then he realizes if Mr. Rochester becomes very sad about all the bad things that he did and also how he misled Jane Eyre. So Jane Eyre comes finds him and then he admits, I did you wrong, ellipsis. Divine justice pursued its course. Disasters came think upon me. Okay. So here what he's basically saying is basically, you know, I lied to you. I lived a double life. I followed my earthly pleasures. I followed all of my desires and basically God has punished me and I deserve this punishment. Okay. So again, here religion is shown as basically being very powerful in, you know, restoring a certain order in God's eyes. And of course, if you don't follow what God wants for your life, according to Christians, you are going to have to experience some kind of pain and punishment. And here we can see that Mr. Rochester is experiencing pain and punishment as a result of following his earthly desires and following earthly pleasures rather than following his moral duty to first make sure he's honest about his marriage to Beth Amason, not getting involved in different affairs and so on. Okay. And now here we can see that Mr. Rochester, he's brought back to religion through accepting God's will upon his life and God's punishment on him by, you know, making him lose his money, his house, as well as losing his sight. Now, the word that one has this you want to fix on is a letter of D in divine and disasters. And of course, the hyperbole disasters, which is showing how God's wrath and God's anger rained upon him once, you know, he did too much with pursuing his earthly pleasures. Finally, the final quotation, this is now tying into the ideal of religion, which is shown through Helen Burns. So this is early on in the story when a young Jane is at Lowood and Helen Burns is showing her how to live good Christian principles. She tells her to be forgiving and to be a good person and not to follow always her own earthly impulses. She needs to follow her moral duty and she states, you're too impulsive to vehement the sovereign hand that created your frame ellipsis has provided you with other resources. In other words, what she's telling Jane air here, because Jane is like very angry. She can't forgive how Mrs. Reed treated her. She's, you know, she believes in an eye for an eye tooth for a tooth revenge and so on. However, Helen Burns says, no, no, no, no, you're being too harsh, you're being too severe in how you see the world and you need to change that. Okay. Now the one level that is you want to focus on here is the repetition of the intensifier to so too impulsive to vehement. So here, Helen Burns is teaching her the religious way of living. Okay. Also, the other one level answers you want to focus on is this idea that God has taught her better. Okay. God has created her to do more than just be someone that's really angry. Now the sovereign hand, this is cynic. Okay. Because remember, cynic is just a word that's used to represent, which is a representative of one part representing the whole. Okay. So the sovereign hand here represents God himself. And what Helen Burns is basically saying is that God has, has made you to be a better person than just someone who's really vengeful, really negative and so on. Okay. And so Helen Burns really sets the framework for Jane air in terms of a Christian values and her Christian beliefs of forgiveness and so on. Okay. Because that's really it. When it comes to the main quotations, you should consider if you're writing about the theme of religion in Jane air. Thank you so much for listening.


Mitocondria are rod-like, double-membrane structures. This inner membrane is folded into projections called Christae. This is the site of ATP synthesis and is the powerhouse of the cell. The number of mitocondria in a cell varies depending on the cell type. Red blood cells have no mitocondria and liver cells can have more than 2,000. Mitocondria are the powerhouse of the cell.


People train in the martial arts for a variety of reasons, but quite often self-defense is a primary goal. We learn to protect ourselves if we're ever in a dangerous situation, but it's very easy to overlook the price tag. Now I'm not talking about school tuition or equipment, but rather consequences. Let's talk about the real cost of self-defense. If you like our channel and want to show your support, you can join us on Patreon or YouTube memberships and get access to member content such as extra interviews, behind-the-scenes, and additional bonus episodes. We appreciate you all keeping this project growing. I have a feeling that we're going to have quite a variety of opinions on this topic, and that's okay because this is not a simple topic and I'm actually looking forward to the feedback on this one. It's important to establish that this episode is not trying to discourage you to take action or use yourself to fence if you need it. Everyone has the right to protect themselves or their loved ones, and I sincerely hope that if you are ever faced with a situation that you have the tools, both literally and figuratively, to do that. But there's still something else that comes with that that I feel is often under taught, and that's consequence. We are accountable for our actions, and we are fully responsible for the decisions we make. If we are faced with a threat, then that decision may involve a certain level of judgment. We have to decide not only when it's appropriate to defend ourselves violently, but also how. Respond in kind. See, this is a phrase I hear often, and many people use this to set the context of what they feel they are allowed to do to an opponent. Now, I don't quite agree with this, but we're going to come back to that in a few minutes. Deciding how far to go with an opponent is another topic altogether, and we actually already covered that in a previous episode. Today, however, we're going to look at three main consequences you are likely to encounter in the wake of a self-defense situation. Let's start with cost in the literal sense. Defending yourself may end up actually costing you money in several different ways. The first one is liability. The laws and legal system of defending yourself are going to vary greatly between country to country and even state to state. It's a very good idea to research and learn the self-defense laws in your jurisdiction. There can be exceptions, of course, loopholes, conditions, or even compounded effects of laws that you might not even be aware of. Some people feel that they won't be arrested to charge if it's a clear case of self-defense. Well, this may not always be true, and the functional word here is clear case. I want to credit Tidwell Law Group for a blurb that they have on their website that addresses this, and I thought it was a great quote to share. It might seem odd, but no one is actually arrested for acting out on self-defense since no one can be charged with self-defense as a crime. Police officers have a duty to arrest anyone suspected of committing a criminal violation. When responding to a call involving violence and self-defense, all the officers will see is two people in a fight. At that point, both of them could be theoretically be committing assault and battery, even if one person is solely acting in self-defense. The police officer needs to arrest both of them unless there is immediate and clear evidence that self-defense was a factor in one party's actions. Be careful in pleading your case. Any testimony that you give may be used against you, so the better decision may be to obtain counsel. The severity of the costs can also heavily depend on how badly you may have hurt the other person, or how instrumental the law feels you were instigating the situation to begin with. If you did injure the other person, you may have significant medical fees to cover as well, and we all know just how cheap healthcare is in this country. And speaking of healthcare, this is all assuming that you came out of the situation unscathed. Even if you successfully defended yourself, you could still have injuries, blood loss, broken bones, concussions, cuts, or worse, could still land you with some serious medical bills. And as of legal fees and medical bills weren't enough, depending on the situation, there could be property damage as well. While many businesses have insurance, that does not mean that you won't be stuck with the bill. In a violent encounter, people can get hurt, and sometimes this physical cost can be irreversible. Cuts and scrapes are one thing, but broken bones, dislocated joints, concussions, torn tissue, and other internal injuries can be something else altogether. Not everything heals completely. Torn roadhater cuffs, injured knees, backs, can bring lifelong frustrations and limitations. Do you have any injuries that you're still dealing with today? Now imagine being the source of that for someone else. And it might not be avoidable. Sometimes in order to defend yourself, you have to injure someone else, but that's where the judgment has to come in.  Bottily harm to either them or you can sometimes be a very hefty toll. This one can really run on the wide spectrum. When it comes to fighting, whether it be for self-defense or combat, there is a major psychological effect in play. Entry in another human being doesn't feel good, or at least it shouldn't. There can often be guilt for hurting someone else, even more so if you had to take their life. There can be lingering trauma from the encounter if it was particularly violent or scary. You may be angry, depressed, or you may find yourself highly suspicious of people going forward. Some people are able to cope with this better than others. Military and law enforcement, for example, often have to make this choice out of necessity. It's not always a matter of trying to mitigate injury, sometimes it's simply a matter of survival and choices have to be made. If a person has been trained and is not as strange as the violence, then they can usually make a pragmatic call in the moment and still sleep at night, though I would still argue that there is still a psychological effect here. Being able to handle situations like that usually requires training and conditioning. So are we clear to respond in kind? Are we justified in using whatever force is used against us? I think it's a tough call and it can't be answered with a simple yes or no. I can think of several situations where it might not be appropriate to respond in kind.   It's not always such a clear call. Context is everything and it can be a real challenge to find that balance between doing what you have to in order to be safe and going too far. I came across a quote online that I liked and it said, a situation should be resolved as peacefully as possible but as forcibly as necessary. We all have the right to defend ourselves from threats we truly feel are a danger to us. But I think it's worth putting out there an awareness that most situations don't end at the end of the situation. And there's a lot of realistic elements that you don't typically encounter inside of dojo training. Most of us don't know what it feels like to break another person's bones in our hands or to have a gun go off next to our ear or to go through a plate glass window while struggling with someone. There are real consequences and real costs to a physical confrontation. Sometimes choosing not to fight can be the better defense if the situation allows it. Now I expect a wide range of comments and that's okay. I think this is an open topic we should be talking about. I welcome any shared experience in the comments or any other considerations that we didn't mention in this video. So train hard and stay safe. Learn to utilize the force that may be necessary but practice the ways of any confrontations peacefully.


Hey, what's up guys? My name's Dylan and I'm a cycling coach at Carmichael Training Systems in Brevard, North Carolina. Today, we're going to be talking about antioxidants and whether or not they'll hurt or improve your cycling performance. For those of you who don't know, antioxidants are found in food and supplements and help fight free radicals that cause cell damage. The most common antioxidant you probably know about is vitamin C, but could vitamin C supplements be hurting your performance? In this video, I'll go into the science behind antioxidants and sports performance and talk about food versus supplements when it comes to antioxidant intake. I'll also give my advice on how to consume antioxidants to maximize your recovery and fitness gains. Antioxidants are nutrients in food and supplements that reduce oxidation, which causes the production of free radicals. Free radicals cause damage to the cells, so antioxidant intake is usually seen as a healthy thing. Common antioxidants are vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta carotene. When it comes to antioxidants and sports performance, there are two trains of thought. One is that antioxidants will reduce inflammation and help boost recovery, and the other is that the body needs these free radicals in order to adapt to the training stimulus, so antioxidants would reduce this adaption and therefore lead to less fitness gains. It's important to remember that exercise itself doesn't make you fitter. It's actually the recovery after exercise where you gain fitness. Free radicals build up in the body after exercise, and your body reacts to these free radicals and grows stronger. So could antioxidant intake be undermining your fitness by reducing these free radicals? Antioxidants fight free radicals, which is great for health and overall well-being, but could you be undermining your fitness gains by not letting your body fully adapt to these free radicals that are produced during exercise? Is there cause for alarm here? Should you stop eating fruits and vegetables and taking vitamin supplements in the pursuit of getting faster? Let's jump into the science and find out. A review article on exercise-induced oxidative stress started off by saying that there is sufficient evidence that exercise is accompanied by an increased generation of free radicals, which is normally a cause for concern, potentially leading to negative health outcomes. They go on to explain that some may see this as a paradox. Is an exercise supposed to be healthy? Well it's not actually exercise that's healthy, but the recovery after exercise. The review concludes that it may be time to shift our thinking of exercise-induced oxidative stress from a negative to a positive effect. Another review on free radicals in skin and muscles reiterated this, stating that there is increasing evidence that free radicals act as signals for cell adaption. So free radicals, once seen as bad, are actually looking to be necessary after exercise to signal adaptions to what we've just put our body through, making us stronger. This is where the concern over antioxidants comes into play. Antioxidants fight free radicals by stopping the reaction before the damage occurs, but do we need this damage in order to make adaptions and grow stronger? Could antioxidants be undermining our fitness gains? Let's start with supplemental antioxidants like supplemental vitamin C and E. In a review on vitamin C supplements' effects on performance, the authors found that vitamin C supplements actually impair performance in three human studies. The authors went on to say that large doses of vitamin C appear to reduce training-induced adaptation, which is exactly the concern that people have with antioxidants. They also stated that vitamin C from five servings of daily fruit and vegetables would be sufficient to supply vitamin C needs without undermining training adaptation. This is pretty scary. I definitely used to take vitamin C supplements and I know a lot of athletes who do. For most of us, it's just an insurance, as our diet probably provides all the vitamin C we need. However, the thought that vitamin C supplements could actually be hurting our performance is definitely cause for concern. However, most studies on antioxidant supplementation are more mixed. A review on the impact of dietary antioxidants on sports performance found that vitamin E may improve altitude performance, but impair sea level performance. The review concluded that acute antioxidant intake is probably beneficial, while chronic intake likely impairs performance. Most studies on antioxidants and performance aren't as scary, however, and they usually come to the conclusion that antioxidants don't influence performance either way good or bad. A review on vitamin supplementation and athletic performance stated that deficiency will impair performance and correcting the deficiency will show benefits, but in athletes that are already meeting their antioxidant needs, there doesn't seem to be any improvements with supplementation. This conclusion is echoed in multiple reviews, all coming to the conclusion that vitamin and antioxidant supplementation will not improve performance and is unnecessary. The science for antioxidant supplementation is pretty clear. There is no benefit of supplements to performance. Some studies even show that they could be negative, leading to the conclusion that we've all heard before, which is eat a well-balanced diet to meet your nutrient needs. Speaking of diet, though, will antioxidants from real food have the same effect or lack of effect as supplements? A study looking at the effect of tomato juice on oxidative stress took 50 male track athletes and divided them into two groups, a control group and an experimental group that drank tomato juice after their workouts. They tested both groups in a 12-minute time trial before and after and found that those drinking tomato juice ran significantly farther than they previously had while the control group saw no improvement. The tomato juice drinkers also showed a reduction in markers of oxidative stress, leading to the conclusion that the antioxidant lycopene in tomatoes reduced oxidative stress and improved performance. These sorts of findings are all over the scientific literature. A study on lemon juice and exercise-induced oxidative stress found the same thing concluding that lemons did not block the cellular adaptive response, but also reduced cellular oxidative damage. So in a way it's the best of both worlds. You're getting a reduction in oxidative stress, which is increasing your recovery and you're getting the maximum fitness gains from that recovery period. And this isn't just for lemons and tomatoes. Any fruit or vegetable hind in antioxidants shows the same effect. Cherry juice has been shown to increase antioxidant capacity after a marathon leading to aided recovery and in another study reduced symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage. That study showed that strength loss after eccentric exercise was 22% with a placebo, but only 4% when subjects consume cherry juice. Blueberries are another rich source of antioxidants and have been shown to reduce inflammation after two and a half hours of running. Alright, let's sum up the research on antioxidants and then I'll talk about what I do and what I recommend to maximize recovery using antioxidants. First, there's some research to suggest that antioxidant supplementation in large doses, like with vitamin C, may impair performance by reducing the adaptation after exercise. Many multivitamins will have the normal RDA for most vitamins. However, some will go way overboard, especially with vitamin C. It's not uncommon to find vitamin supplements with 10 to 20 times the RDA of vitamin C in them. Overall, the research on antioxidant supplementation leads to the conclusion that they have no effect on performance. The research on antioxidants from actual food, like fruits and vegetables however, is the exact opposite. Antioxidants from food will reduce oxidative stress leading to enhanced recovery without undermining adaptation. For these reasons, I don't take supplemental antioxidants and I rely on fruits, vegetables, and other whole food plants for my antioxidant needs. My post-ride recovery meal usually includes a high antioxidant fruit like berries in order to maximize the antioxidants that I'm getting after a workout. This is also why I rely on actual food after a workout instead of a recovery drink or supplement. I could go on about what the perfect post-workout recovery meal is, but I'll save that for another video. Thanks for watching and if you liked this video and found the information helpful, be sure to give it a like, share it with a friend, and subscribe for more. If you want to see more coaching content and cycling fitness tips, follow me on Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook. If you're looking for a coach, shoot me an email at djohnsonatrainright.com.


Hello and welcome to the mail myself to you program video. If we haven't met yet I'm Miss Lisa and I work at the Boysville Public Library. Have you ever wanted to mail yourself to someone you care about? In this past year we haven't been able to see some of the people we really care about as much as we would have liked. Sometimes I wanted to send myself to friends and family. It will be really dangerous however to actually mail yourself so please never climb in a mailbox. Today I'm going to share something with you so that you can share part of you with someone you care about. So let's read this book. What's it called? Mail Myself to You. Written by a singer songwriter Woody Guthrie illustrated by Vera Rosenberry and this book's owned by Mrs. Brown. This book started out as a song that Woody Guthrie wrote for his own kids back in 1962. That was 59 years ago. So let's read this book. I'm going to wrap myself in paper. I'm gonna dab myself with glue. Stick some stamps on top of my head. I'm gonna mail myself to you. I'm going to tie me up in red string. I'm gonna tie blue ribbons too. Look at all those ribbons. Wow. I'm gonna climb up into my mailbox. I'm going to mail myself to you. So now you know what it's about. I'll sing you the tune that goes with the words and then the rest of the verses too. We can add motions if you like. Okay. I'm gonna sing it. All right. There are lots of versions of this on YouTube. You want to watch it. Listen to it. I'm gonna wrap myself in paper. I'm gonna dab myself in glue. Stick some stamps on top of my head. I'm gonna mail myself to you. I'm gonna tie me up in a red string. I'm gonna tie blue ribbons too. I'm gonna climb up into my mailbox. I'm gonna mail myself to you. Here's the rest. When you find me in your mailbox, cut the string and let me out. Wash the glue off of my fingers. Stick some bubble gum in my mouth. Take me out of my wrapping paper. Wash the stamps off my head. Oops, not the hand.  Tuck me into a nice warm bed. I'm gonna wrap myself in paper. I'm gonna dab myself with glue. I'm gonna stick some stamps on top of my head. I'm gonna mail myself to you. All right. So now the part that you've been waiting for. How you can mail yourself to someone you care about. As you see here, I've colored and decorated the paper, the paper person to look a bit like me. What do you think? Here I added some long brown hair because I have long brown hair. I also added glasses because I wear glasses. I've colored a purple shirt and dark pink pants and blue shoes. And then we have glasses, which I already mentioned, some earrings and a necklace. You can add things like a belt, a scar, a bracelet, special shoes, glitter, yarn for hair, whatever you want. Okay. So when you're all done. Oh, I forgot to add this part. Remember the words stick some stamps on top of my head. So that's what this is. And you get a stamp that you can decorate to. Now that I'm making your paper person look like you, please ask me grown up to take a picture of you with the paper you that you made and send it to us at the library because we'd love to see it. And next, you can either do two things. You can fold up the paper into two times from the top and the bottom so that it's in three parts. Then it'll fit nicely in the bag like this. Or you can leave it because it pretty much fits, which is good. So over the words of the song, wrap myself in paper, dab myself in glue. Okay, we have some paper. So I'm going to fold it up again. And then fold the paper around me. Okay, what's next? I'm going to wrap it up in red string. We get red and white today. So I'm going to tie it in a bow. I'll show you. I'm going to tie blue ribbons to the song goes. I'm going to mail myself to you. Then comes to me, the most the best and most important part, deciding who gets to find you this you in their mailbox. Inside the envelope, of course, it could be someone lives far away or someone lives down the street. You get to decide where this you get mailed. And whomever gets to find your paper you in their mailbox will be so happy to see you and will feel great that you were kind enough to think about them too. They might even send you a picture of themselves with the paper you. Wouldn't that be fine?  And then you'll write their name and address here. And your name and address is the return address. And then the stamp will go up here in the corner or two stamps. We'll give you some stamps. Okay. And then depending on how much stuff you put on this paper you, it'd be a good idea to make sure you have enough stamps on it. So take it to the post office and get it weighed just to make sure there's enough postage, the stamps on it to send it through the mail and not get sent back to you. Okay. So have you thought about who you might send yourself to? I think I will mail myself to my mom. Because she lives a few hours away from here and I don't see her very much. I think she'd like that. This has been fun to share with you. For those who registered with program, you can pick up your take and make bag starting on May 24 and ending on May 29 at the side door of the library during the hours that were open. Enjoy mailing yourself to someone you care about. Goodbye.


Welcome to our open source summit, uh, EU. Uh, we, uh, or should I say, do we have to say Europe now, instead of EU? I'm sorry, I couldn't resist. I couldn't, listen, America has a lot of problems too, okay? Uh, so, uh, welcome. How many people here is it, it's your first time at the event? Oh wow, so quite a lot of, oh excellent. Welcome, welcome, very, very good. How many here people are from France? Many of you from France here? All right, quite a few, quite a few. What a wonderful country. Uh, I got the, uh, chance to sample some of your wines, uh, yesterday. Very, very good. Uh, my daughter actually, she's 11 years old and she goes to a French school in, uh, the United States. And the reason we send her to the French school is because she's going to be my translator when we come here to enjoy your wine. So it's very nice. We have an amazing event this week, three, uh, great days planned for everyone. Uh, before we get started, I want to take a little bit of time to thank our sponsors, uh, in particular, uh, Intel, uh, for making this event possible. Intel has been a long-term friend of the Linux Foundation and is a terrific sponsor. Uh, in addition to Intel, our Platinum sponsors, uh, CNCF, Google, uh, IBM, ST, uh, all want to thank you for, couldn't be possible. Let's give them a round of applause. Uh, I also want to thank our program chairs, uh, who did an amazing job putting together all the content. The hardest part about being a program chair is you have to turn down a lot of good talks. So what you're seeing, uh, at this event is really the, the cream of the crop of, of an amazing set of talks. Uh, a few brief housekeeping notes before we get started, uh, the sponsor showcase is at, uh, the forum level in forum four and five. So go check it out. We've got, uh, great sponsors who are showing off all their, uh, interesting tech and services today. Uh, there are also coffee breaks, which are located, uh, there as well and, and also plenty of meeting and hackspace. So please take advantage of all of that. Uh, Wi-Fi is on the back of your conference schedule. So if you need the, the Wi-Fi, go ahead and check it out there. Uh, I also want to call out, uh, that we have a schedule on the go on sketch.com. So if you want to get that, go ahead and download it please. That would be great. Uh, in addition, I'd like to highlight our diversity and inclusion, uh, initiative. Uh, so we have two, uh, events tomorrow. There's a woman in open source lunch at 1255. Uh, we, every event we do, uh, we try and do something like this and we get great feedback. So if, uh, you would like, please go check it out. You have to pre-register though. Uh, and then we have a speed mentoring event at 225 tomorrow as well in St. Clair three. So go check all those things out. Uh, and then, uh, final reminder, we have a code of conduct. It's, uh, prominently displayed all over. Uh, please adhere. We want to make this a friendly and welcoming, uh, space to everyone. And, uh, we every year kind of look at how this event grows and grows and grows. And I think what's interesting is how much this event grows with the growth of, uh, open source. Uh, open source now has become sort of a fundamental building block for almost every, uh, technology product and service. And, uh, today I wanted to talk a little bit about, uh, where the Linux foundation as a part of the open source movement has been and where the Linux foundation is going. And, uh, for anyone who's been around, uh, the Linux foundation for a while, we very rarely talk about the Linux foundation itself. I love talking about Linux. Uh, we love talking about Kubernetes and Node.js and all of the wonderful projects at the foundation. But rarely do I kind of talk about what is the overall, uh, Linux foundation doing and what things are we seeing, uh, on our radar. And I thought today I would spend a little bit, uh, of time breaking, uh, the first rule of the Linux foundation, which is don't talk about the Linux foundation. Uh, but before we do that, one of the things that I wanted to show you to sort of set, uh, what I'm talking about is to think about how open source has not only transformed all of the tech industry, but is now moving beyond traditional technology companies and really is, uh, the, the method of open source is being used in industries that you wouldn't have necessarily expected. And the first one I want to highlight is an effort we launched recently with the motion picture and film industry. And, uh, when you see a movie today, uh, all of these movies are created with, uh, software and digital effects. Uh, and it's really amazing to see how we were able to work with a whole new industry to show them how to use open source, uh, to improve, uh, the work that they were doing. Let's check out this video and see, uh, how that's being done. Every single part of the filmmaking process is touched by software. And a lot of that software is open source software. The Academy Software Foundation exists to provide a great home for open source projects that we as an industry use every day. Whether you are a user of open source software or an engineer or a company that relies on open source software, we want to create the right ecosystem for you to get the most out of the open source software that you need to use. Find us at aswf.io and join the mailing list and see how you can get involved. Pretty amazing, isn't it? So the gentleman in that video is the chairman of the Academy Software Foundation. His name is Rob Brito. He's the president of Industrial Light and Magic. Uh, he was nominated for an Oscar this year for his work on the solo film. Uh, and it's just an amazing person. And in talking with him, what he has told me is we are looking for new people to come into our industry through this open source project. And, you know, in California in particular, getting into the movie industry, particularly at that level, working on films like Star Wars and The Avengers is really tough. And he has said, if you go in and start working on these projects, you know, open VDB, open EXR, that's your foot in the door, that they're actively looking to hire people. And I think it's an important statement from the president of a major, major part of the film industry to say, you know, code is the new resume. And we're really looking to recruit people from the open source world. I also think what's fascinating about the Academy Software Foundation is that we're partnering with the Oscars, which is super cool. And, you know, name another open source project that has such a cool promotional video, right? Spider-Man, Star Wars, The Avengers, I mean, Linux, you know, all Linux has is this penguin. You know, that's cute. Although I should be fair, the Cloud Native Computing Foundation has Fippy and Friends, so equally good. And our net, I was sort of telling all of the different Linux Foundation projects, you know, be more like the Academy Software Foundation. They have these great promotional videos and logos, and it's really compelling. And so our networking group also came up with what they thought would be a good way to promote and explain their project. Here it is right there. They're really those networking people. But certainly open source has become one of the most successful enablers of global innovation in the world. Just the raw amount of code and innovation that's coming out of all of these projects every year continues to go up and to the left. Now we're just seeing it center around these huge ecosystems, whether it's the JavaScript ecosystem, embedded systems, operating system software, the film industry, cloud computing. It's just the automotive sector. I was just at a meeting last week for our auto project, Automotive Grid Linux. It's really everywhere. And, you know, the Linux Foundation has been a part of that. And I thought it would be interesting to look at where we've been and where we're headed. Because at the Foundation, our communities are really pushing us to take that open source innovation model and move it beyond just software itself. And I thought it would be interesting for all of you to see what the future looks like for a lot of new and up-and-coming projects at the Foundation. You know, we kind of all got our start at the Foundation with Linux, providing a home for Linus Torvalds, the legal and intellectual property support infrastructure around that, events like this. And soon we started working adjacent to Linux on open source projects, whether it's embedded systems with Yachto, which Yachto, I think, I don't know where Kate Stewart is, is now the majority share of kind of the embedded build tool for any kind of custom Linux distribution. KeraGrid Linux was an important effort to get open source software into the telecommunications industry early on. But very soon, beyond just things related to Linux, the Foundation began working on software plumbing up the stack or down the stack, in the case of networking, and many other things that started transforming the way that software is impacting the telecommunications and networking sector. And about three to four years ago, things started to really explode, where we started working in the auto sector. Our automotive grade Linux initiative is in 20 million or more production vehicles today from companies like Toyota and Daimler Chrysler and Hyundai and many others. The cloud native computing foundation home to Kubernetes has created the de facto standard for how people create, deploy and manage their cloud computing infrastructure. The one Linux foundation project you may not know of is our Let's Encrypt project. How many people here know Let's Encrypt? All right, good. A lot of you. It's a good audience. It's the Linux Foundation and Let's Encrypt is the world's largest certificate authority. What Let's Encrypt has really done is created so many more websites that HTTPS is the default for, and that has improved the privacy and security of all of our lives. But beyond software, about two years ago, we started really working on the concept of both software development and open standards development. It's funny that people in the open source community are often critical of standards bodies and so forth, but both standards and software are actually critical for the adoption of much of the technology that the industry and all of us require so that things work properly together. Whether that's through a de facto standard like Kubernetes or a Azure standard where something like OCI or GraphQL, these are really important. We started working through efforts underneath the Linux Foundation umbrella like the Joint Development Foundation, GraphQL Foundation and OCI to create standards in a rapid way that are compatible with the intellectual property frameworks of open source. We think it's important that if you're going to do standards development, that it be done in an open way and that it be compatible with the way that open source software gets developed. From Linux to a broad array of open source software projects to open standards, that's been the path we've been charting. But this year, we've started to also enter into a couple of new areas. The first new area is around open hardware. More and more what we're seeing are open hardware initiatives that can help people work on either specifications or actual implementations around some of the physical assets that are needed. Things like open power, risk five and our chips alliance. These are open hardware designs. And the idea here is we think this open model can accelerate innovation in a whole new way around a field that's primarily been done in a proprietary fashion. If you are not familiar with these projects, these are the ones that you should watch. Just the risk five foundation alone has hundreds of members and is one of the fastest growing projects at the Linux Foundation today. But it's not just open hardware where we're seeing a lot of growth. Another area where we're seeing a tremendous amount of growth is in open data. And this is an area where I think in 2020 we're going to start seeing a huge amount of growth in data sharing and in efforts to improve the state of open data. As data becomes more critical to a lot of modern computing that's needed for machine learning applications and artificial intelligence, we've started working on ways to make the sharing of that data easier. The first thing that we did was worked on an open data license. So one of the things that we heard from everyone is, you know, even if I want to share my data, I have to go create an agreement with every single other counterparty that I need to share that data with. And our thought was, hey, what if we could take the concepts around software and open source software licensing and apply those similar concepts to a data sharing agreement that everyone could agree upon, standardize on, just like people have agreed upon a set of open source software licenses. And so we created a community data license agreement. There are two of these agreements. One is a copy left style license, sort of that share and share alike that you see in GPL licenses and the EPL license in the software side of the world. And then a more permissive license, more of an Apache style or MIT style license. So you can choose whether you want to require a shareback for that data or whether you don't require that. But both of these licenses are available on the Linux Foundation website and were created in conjunction with, I think, over 50, where's our attorney? Mike, how many 50 attorneys from the major Linux Foundation member companies who are the ones who are actually creating these data sharing agreements themselves and came to consensus on these particular models? So I think that's one that's really interested in checking out. We're also working on best practices around how to actually do data sharing. So we have a project called datapractices.org. It's another one that I think is worth checking out. To show how you can structure data, open it up, create APIs, make those smooth in terms of the IP agreements that govern them as well. And we've seen a huge amount of interest in organizations who are taking advantage of those best practices around both open data sharing and the practices themselves. We're also starting to see vertical industries participate in data sharing, which I think is incredibly interesting. This is largely being driven by both the energy sector and the telecommunication sector. So the Linux Foundation Energy Initiative, which has a lot of participants actually here in France, are working to share data that isn't necessarily proprietary data, but if every grid operator or every energy refridger shared this data, they could use it to create a more efficient energy grid management system, and that would obviously improve all of the output around climate change and things that are directly impacted by the energy sector. In the telecommunications industry, we're seeing this exact same thing play out where network operators globally are sharing big data sets in order to improve cell phone tower maintenance, as an example, or exchanging data around certain telemetry in order to improve cybersecurity for their networks. So open data and open hardware, the two things that as you look at where the industry, where the communities are starting to head, these are two big areas that you should really keep your eye on. That doesn't mean that there's not going to be less open source projects, but these are areas where we're really seeing a lot of excitement and energy around it. So this is really where the Foundation is heading, from major open source software initiatives to standardization initiatives and an open way to open hardware to open data. That's really been the path, and that's what you'll see in subsequent months that the Linux Foundation supports. And today, to that end, I would like to welcome some new people and projects at the Foundation. We seem to be adding a new project at least once a week and many times several a week, so it's been a crazy year at the Foundation, but today we have some special announcements and I'm excited to have some people join me here. So I'd like to kind of give you the high-level framework and then we'll start having some of these people come out. So we have a new Linux Foundation family member that I'm going to be announcing here quickly, some new legal initiatives that are important to help make sure that all of you can have confidence in the open source software that you're implementing, and then a new project to improve the Linux kernel. We've got Greg Crow Hartman here from the kernel project who will tell us about how they're doing that. So the first person that I would like to introduce is the newest member of the Linux Foundation family. Robin Gin comes to us as the new executive director of the OpenJS Foundation. How many people know the OpenJS Foundation here? Not all of you? How many people here know NoJS? All right, we guess we're on to applause here. So NoJS Foundation and the JS Foundation merged earlier this year into the OpenJS Foundation. This is sort of the center of a lot of work in the JavaScript community, and we were lucky enough to get Robin to come from a more than 10-year run at Microsoft where she led a lot of the early initiatives at Microsoft around open source software. She's agreed to come and become the new executive director of the OpenJS Foundation. We are delighted to have her. Please welcome to the stage the executive director of the OpenJS Foundation, Robin Gin.