We just talk generally about the security mechanisms, or the approaches to implementing security in the internet. And often we talk about, when we say security, we think about encryption. We want no one to read our data, so we encrypt. This topic on internet privacy options covers similar issues, but also addresses the other security requirement of privacy. That is not just no one seeing your data, but also no one knowing who you're communicating with. That's a slightly different issue. So we'll look at several options for how can you communicate across the internet, have your data secure, no one can see the data, and in some cases no one can see who you're communicating with, privacy. The slides, as we'll go through, there are a number of different acronyms, so that's just for reference there, I think we know them or we've seen them already. This set of slides gives some background on what is the internet, but I think you already know this, but some of the things that we'll need to recap on to understand the privacy options.  We know there are many different internet applications. Here's a picture of the internet. We can think there's you at one end point, and let's say if we consider web browsing as the example, all the examples I think we'll talk about are web browsing, then you want to access a web server. So we know we use HTTP to do that normally. We send a request to the web server for a web page, the server sends back that web page. Of course, the internet is much more complex than what's shown here. Another way we could view that, so to look into some of the details inside that cloud, is we can think, okay, you at home, you have your home computer, you have a home router, so these circles represent routers, and you connect via the LAN or the Wi-Fi to your home router, and then your home router has a cable or a link going to your telephone network or your cable network through your internet service provider, your ISP. So your home router, this first circle, connects into the router of your internet service provider. So think of this portion as the network operated by your ISP, the company you pay for internet access. And that ISP may connect to another internet service provider, inside Thailand or outside the country, which connects to others and so on. So there may be multiple internet service providers across the globe that when we connect to a web server, our data traverses. So in general, we have your ISP connects to another, which these circles represent routers here, they send the data via those routers and some other ISP and eventually to the ISP that the website operator uses, that the server is located at. So we're going to use this diagram to illustrate how different security techniques provide privacy. Any questions about the picture? As we'll see it come up, but you need to understand what everything is showing here. Your computer, the web server we want to communicate with, the circles are just routers. Another thing that we'll look at is that sometimes an internet service provider will use a firewall. And the firewall we know is used to control the traffic going through it. So generally, the firewall may be used by your or another ISP to control what you can access outside of your home network and to some extent what can come into you. So this is a firewall provided by your internet service provider or another ISP, not your home firewall, but one by the ISP. And sometimes that firewall may be configured to block you from accessing some websites. We know how that can be done. We've used IP tables, for example, to block access to different services. We'll look at how that can be bypassed and what the issue is there. As an example, actually, before we go through some examples, the other thing that we need to remember is that we have IP addresses. Our computers have IP addresses. I will hide some information about IP addresses in that in practice, usually your computer at home has an IP address which is only relevant locally inside your home network. Then you have a public IP address which is relevant for the rest of the internet because usually technologies like network address translation and private addresses are used. But to avoid having to explain that, even though you may have seen it in other subjects, we'll generally assume in all this discussion that every computer has a unique IP address in the internet and that's a public IP address. We know about domain names, domain names mapped to IP addresses. So if I know an IP address, I could find out the corresponding domain name. It's possible to go in the reverse direction. DNS generally maps from domain to IP, but given that database of mappings, I can do a reverse DNS and take, given an IP address, what's the domain name? That's possible as well. We know how IP works. That's just a reminder if we need to look at the structure of an IP packet. Web browsing, you know how web browsing works. We've covered that multiple times now. HTTP requests and responses. Okay, we'll not go through that. So we want to look at some of the security requirements in the internet and especially privacy options. Internet security covers many different things. It's not just about encrypting data. So some of the things, and if we go back to our very first topic in this course, we talked about CIA, confidentiality, integrity, and availability, I think one of them. Confidentiality is keeping your data secret. When we send our data, we don't want anyone else to see that data. The technique we use is encryption. Authentication is about checking that the entities we're communicating with are who they say they are. So we've covered some forms of authentication, passwords for human authentication. We use keys for authentication of computers. Data integrity is about making sure that the data is not modified. If it is, that we can detect that, and we can use encryption or digital signatures to do that. Privacy, I will define as keeping your actions secret. Privacy here, we'll say, is different from confidentiality. Confidentiality is keeping your data secret. Privacy is keeping your actions secret. And the actions may be who you're communicating with, at what time are you communicating. So not necessarily the content of the communications, but how you're communicating. How do we achieve privacy? We haven't really talked about that. We know how to achieve confidentiality in crypto data. So we look at some aspects of privacy. Sometimes these words are used to mean the same thing. Sometimes people will say confidentiality and mean the same thing as secrecy or data privacy. But for this topic, we'll say privacy means privacy or secrecy of your actions, and especially the secrecy of who you're communicating with. So we'll focus on we want to keep the actions private and, of course, keep our data private, confidential. That's the focus for this topic. Why do we want to do that? Well, I think you can think of many reasons. So there's just some examples. Say, why do we want to keep data confidential if we're running a business so our competitors cannot steal our ideas and overtake us so that people cannot steal our money if we're accessing a bank and so on. Why do we want to keep our actions private? Well, there may be different reasons. I'm sure you can think of some. If you're working at some company and you start looking for a new job, maybe you want to make sure that your employer doesn't know you're looking for a new job. They don't want to know that you're accessing some jobs website. Okay? Maybe you're working for a company or an organization. You've discovered they're doing something illegal and you want to report that. You want to do that without someone knowing you're reporting that. Maybe you're accessing websites to learn about some medical condition and you don't want people to know that you have that medical condition. So, again, this may be about keeping the information about which websites you're accessing private. Not necessarily the content that's being exchanged, just the fact that you're accessing a particular website. So, there are reasons why we'd like to keep data confidential as well as keep our actions private. And when I, in this topic, when we talk about keeping our actions private, we'll mainly talk about keeping it private as to which websites I'm accessing. So, that others cannot learn which other computers I'm communicating with. That's what our aim will be. Let's see what we've got. Let's have an example. Before we look at the requirements, first, something about identifying users. If I open my browser and go and to a website, what is my ipaddress.com? I think that's the domain. I visit that website. So, I visit this website from my browser here at SIT and this website's located in the US, I think. What does it learn about me, this website? Well, it learns or it knows my ipaddress. We know that because when we send a packet an IP datagram from browser to server, it must contain my source ipaddress. So, the website learns my source ipaddress.<PHONE_NUMBER>6. If you have your phone open, then maybe you can visit the same website. What does it identify you as? Try. What is my ipaddress.com? Tell me what ipaddress you have. Here's a chance to use your phone in class for a valid reason. The same. I think if you go to this website, you'll be identified as having the same ipaddress as me. Is that right? Some may not be identical, some may be similar to a using SIT internet. Some may will explain why. So those that are using the SIT Wi-Fi are getting the same ipaddress. But we know that our computers have different ipaddresses. What's happening here? Why is everyone being identified the same with the same ipaddress at this website? What's the technology that's doing this? Maybe Dr. Comet's taught you this. Why? Why do you have different ipaddresses? If I check with ifconfig, you check in your setup, you'll see we have different ipaddresses. We actually have internal to SIT, we have what we call private addresses. Mine might be 10.6.211. Yours will be different internally. But when we send something outside of SIT, then the technology called a public ipaddress. And the way that it works is that SIT has this one or maybe several public ipaddresses which is used for everyone. This website identifies us as this ipaddress and identifies not the individuals but everyone as being the same ipaddress. That is because of the use of what's called network address translation. This website knows my ipaddress and it knows also where I'm from, Thomas Art University. So it knows my ISP because again, ipaddresses are allocated to ISPs. And there's a public database that determines which ISPs we use, which range of addresses. So that's how the server, this web server knows to some degree who I am. It knows I'm from Thomas Art University. It doesn't know I'm Stephen Gordon yet because I have a different ipaddress than others here but we're also all reported as the same. But if someone wanted to find out whether who is the exact person accessing this website, they know it's from TU then maybe with the help of the computer center at TU they'd find out that the person accessing that ipaddress at this point in time was me. So it's not too hard to then provide that further mapping of inside TU who accessed that website at that point in time. This is an example showing that web servers can identify who the web browsers are. A server knows who is contacting it and we'll assume in the further discussion without other mechanisms we'll know who is contacting it. We'll come back to the requirements. I want to talk about the assumptions before that. We're going to talk about how can we provide different security mechanisms and when we do that we'll make these assumptions. When we use encryption we'll assume someone cannot break those encryption algorithms. If we use encryption then the data is confidential. The path that we take between your browser, you and the server may change that I think will not be so important. We'll assume that all computers and users can be uniquely identified by ipaddress. Now our example just showed us that that's not entirely true. The website didn't uniquely identify me identified someone inside SIT or TU but with a little bit further work they could map it down and uniquely identify me. So we'll assume that an ipaddress uniquely identifies the user. And if internet service providers do block access to particular websites using a firewall then they do so based upon ipaddress. That is if jump back to our picture here if my ISP wants to block me from accessing this web server S if you had to set up that firewall you work for the ISP what would you do to block the user from accessing that web server? So you'd use ip tables or similar software to add a rule that says if the destination equals S the ipaddress of S and maybe port number 80 then drop the packet. So you could create a rule at that firewall that says if someone sends a packet destination equals S then drop it. Let's assume that if a firewall does try to block something it does it based upon the ipaddress. It's the simplest way to do it and the most common way to do it. Let's now go to the requirements. So some requirements that people would like to achieve with respect to security in the internet are listed here. One but the web server to be able to read my data. If I contact a website the data I transfer to that website and it sends back I don't want anyone to read that. That's confidentiality so we'd often like that. Another thing I would like is sometimes I don't want others to know who or I don't want them to know that I'm communicating with a particular server or who I'm communicating with. I don't want others to be able to identify that I'm accessing www.facebook.com or some other website. So that's about privacy of actions and we may break that into two parts. I don't want others to be able to identify that when I'm actually communicating with a server during the communications and that may be one requirement a slightly different one is that I don't want them to be able to do it during communications as well as after the communications take place. That is I access a website today and then in one month time someone's trying to learn whether I access that website. Can they do that? That's this requirement. If I want this requirement I want it such that they cannot in one month time come back and maybe check all the logs of the website, check the logs from the internet service provider and find out did I access that website one month ago. So we'll distinguish between when I'm actually accessing it can they monitor in real time and see I'm accessing it versus can they find out what happened in the past. Another requirement that I may want is that I don't want the server to identify me. I want to access the website but I don't want the operator of the website know it's me. And another thing is I want to be able to sometimes bypass blocks at firewalls. A firewall may stop me from accessing some website I want to bypass that. So these are some security requirements and the reason we're covering them is not because I want to do all these things like bypass firewalls but just to learn about how the security requirements can be met and how the blocks can be established. I may not want all of them at the same time. And in terms of convenience I'd like the technology we use to be free, easy to use and I want it to perform well. So we'll compare some different solutions with respect to security and convenience requirements. So let's look at how different technologies how well they go with respect to those requirements. And in the pictures that follow I think this notation is used so we'll see U and S or the U and the web server we'll see a VPN server shortly V Tor we may not see today So let's go straight to the first case. Here's a case you're trying to access a website using HTTP normal web browsing and the firewall is configured with a rule that says anything that comes in its destination is S block it drop that packet. If the firewall is configured like that can you access the website? No. You can access the website. So using just HTTP if the firewall is enabled then we are blocked from accessing that website. There's nothing special about that but we'll compare and see some other solutions where it will not be blocked even if the firewall is enabled. So that's the simplest case we cannot send anything out of our ISP What if the firewall is not blocking? The firewall lets you access the website. There's no rule there. So we send our data and using HTTP we send the packet the source address is mine the destination is that of the server the data is not encrypted so with respect to some of the security requirements what happens? First the firewall or the device here run by ISP is the server you're communicating with. This device sees that this packet is from you to this website so the firewall could monitor and see who you're communicating with. If they wanted to the firewall or the ISP running the firewall could read your data. So your data is not confidential and your actions are not confidential with respect to the firewall or more generally the ISP running the firewall. If we would like the data to be confidential or we'd like our actions to be private in this case they are not. Also anyone else out on the internet between your ISP and between the server they can also see who you're communicating with because if they intercept this packet they can identify from the source and destination addresses it's you talking to this website and they can see the data and the server knows it's you because the source address in the packet that the server receives is your IP address so the server knows it's you. So none of the security requirements are met in this case. So this is the simplest case just using HTTP there is no security. So that's the simple one. What if we move to HTTPS we know about HTTPS we've studied how it works let's say the firewall is enabled does HTTPS help us? Does it allow us to bypass the firewall? No. With HTTPS the IP datagram still has your address as the source and the server's address as the destination it's just that the data is encrypted. So still if the firewall is blocking everything to destination S your packet doesn't get through. So what I'm saying here using HTTPS or simply HTTP both of them will not be able to bypass the firewall. We said one of our requirements maybe to bypass the firewall these don't work they don't bypass the firewall. What about those other requirements if we use HTTPS and there's no firewall or it's not enabled the firewall there's no rule to block you but it can still monitor the packets going through. The firewall can still see the server you're communicating with. The source and destination addresses are not encrypted. They cannot be if we're sending an IP datagram we need them to deliver it across the internet. So the firewall can still know who you're communicating with. So in this environment I don't want others to be able to read my data we can achieve that using HTTPS. Others in the internet these are the routers maybe other internet service providers similar with the firewall they can see who's communicating with who but they cannot see the data it's encrypted. The server still knows it's me when the server receives the packet the source address is the your address. So the point is HTTPS can provide confidentiality of data but it does not provide secrecy of your actions it doesn't hide who is communicating with who other techniques are needed for that so that's stuff we already know any questions about that before we move into things we don't know okay so what we're trying to do we're going to look at some other techniques and we're going to look at these requirements can the firewall see the data can they identify who's communicating can others in the internet do that can the server identify me and one technique to try to help with security is called a web proxy quite simply it's a website on the internet that you use to send your request you have the real website via that is you access the web proxy and then you tell the web proxy to access this other website and that website the final destination will send the response back to the proxy and the proxy will send the response back to you let's see an example sometimes you want to read the news let's see if we can find an example I want to read the news so I go to Google news and I click on the link and let's see if this works we get this what's this what happened okay so this what's happened here anyone want to guess blocked by a firewall by some internet service provider so what's happened is I've tried to access some server I'll show you which one in a moment but my request has got to some firewall either by my ISP or maybe an ISP beyond that and that's determined you cannot and it's blocked and it's also sent back a request saying you're not allowed to it was only a news website nothing too dangerous some web proxies so here's a a random web proxy I found that is a website where what you can do is type in a URL and that proxy will send the request to the website for you and the website that I tried to visit on the here was some newspaper in the UK called the Daily Mail okay the Daily Mail so if I copy the URL of the Daily Mail so the Daily Mail is blocked if I type it into the proxy let's hope this works it's getting close and now I get to the website of this newspaper it's not a very interesting newspaper but what happened is that the request to the destination website is sent from the proxy and the proxy so I send a request to the proxy which is not blocked and then the proxy sends the request to the final destination web server and then the response comes back to the proxy and eventually what I see is the website of the Daily Mail so this effectively has bypassed the block of the firewall if you try and visit that same website without going by the proxy you will not get access how does it work with respect to HTTP like this here's your computer here's the proxy server and here's the web server you want to access what happens is that you send a HTTP get request or a special HTTP request not a get in this case a post request to the proxy server and in the form field so when I use this proxy if we go back here's the form field in this field I type in the destination URL so when I click surf here what it does is that my browser sends a request to the proxy server and one of the parameters in the form is the URL of the final server so we can visualize it like this it's a HTTP request visiting the proxy and a parameter inside there is the URL of the eventual destination the server the proxy gets that and now creates another HTTP get request to the server that I want to visit the page that web server replies to the proxy because the web server received a request from the proxy P therefore sends a reply to the proxy P including the web page and when the proxy gets that web page it creates a reply going back to me which contains that web page may it also contain some advertisements or some information about the proxy in there so that's how it works from a HTTP perspective the proxy acts as a server from my perspective and a client from the destination websites perspective if we use such a web proxy how does that help with our security requirements let's see a proxy with just HTTP so the proxy is this blue router in the middle there is some website that I'm going to use to access the eventual server s so we can think of it is that I send a packet, I'm the source I'm sending it to the proxy and the data inside that identifies the real web server I want to access the firewall has a rule saying block anything which has a destination IP address of s this packet has a destination IP address of p so it will not be blocked typically firewalls to make them simple and fast they don't look inside the data they just look at the destination address because it's much much faster to look at the destination address than have to look through the data looking for server s so even though the address of the server is inside the data the firewall would not look at that it just looks at the destination IP address it doesn't match s so let this packet through the firewall the packet gets to the proxy the proxy now creates another packet from the proxy to the web server containing the request it goes to the web server and the response will come back our security requirements the firewall can read the data nothing's encrypted so there's no encryption here others can read the data out on the internet again no encryption means anyone can read the data what else the proxy cannot easily see who you're communicating with or the proxy sorry, the firewall cannot easily see who you're communicating with the firewall thinks you're communicating with the proxy it doesn't think you're communicating with server s when I say easily here in theory it could look at the detail of this packet but in practice if your ISP must handle millions of packets per second it doesn't have the resources to look at every individual packet it's quite complex to do that they can but it's not so common so usually the firewall would not know who you're communicating with or it would not know you're communicating eventually with s it thinks you're communicating with p so that's one of our security requirements what else others out on the internet people out here who intercept between p and s they think it's p communicating with s they don't think it's you communicating with s because if they just look at the addresses IP address p is sending a packet to s so others who intercept this packet do not know it's you communicating with the server s and the server doesn't know it's you the server receives a packet the source address is p it doesn't know it's you who's originally contacting that so that's another security requirement in that the server doesn't identify you a different thing in this case is that the proxy can read the data that you sent to the server and they know it's you that's communicating because the proxy knows that you sent the request to them and it's a request to that server so there's no protection against the proxy knowing who you're communicating with or what you're communicating but we have achieved some different requirements of the server not identifying you and others in the internet not identifying you and bypassing the firewall so if you are working for an ISP and you want to set up the firewall so that you can truly block access whatever you need to do if you want to set the firewall up such that this will not work what could you do some of you will get jobs with ISPs you'll need to configure their firewall drop every packet so none of your customers can access the internet you're fired tomorrow what else could you try block packets to particular proxies if you know what are the proxy websites p to destination p but that becomes hard because there are many proxy websites and you need to as the ISP keep track of them and know about them and update the list on a regular basis anything else you could try you can get your firewall to inspect the contents of the packets to look at the data and do some analysis every time a packet comes in don't just look at the destination address look at what's inside the data and see is this a request to a proxy for the block server so that's possible the problem with that is it slows down every packet that goes through the firewall and maybe if it's too slow your customers become unhappy because the internet access is slow so there's a trade-off there of if you check every packet it slows down the network access through your ISP and that's something you don't want to do with your customers so there are solutions but there are trade-offs with them last one for today let's switch to using HTTPS so basically the data is encrypted the firewall now cannot read the data with HTTPS they could read the data now there's no chance to read the data because it's encrypted others on the internet cannot read the data so using HTTPS we need to keep our data confidential as well as other security requirements so comparing no normal HTTPS versus HTTPS the difference is we keep our data confidential with HTTPS now this requires the proxy to be able to decrypt and encrypt again so the proxy can still read your data and know who you're communicating with so you must trust the proxy in this case on Thursday next week during our last lecture we'll look at using VPNs to do a similar thing and how VPNs can be used to achieve similar security requirements and that will about finish us for this topic


There are linguistic subtleties in the Quran that the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wa sallam could not have known. Allah SWT says, The name Zakaria in Hebrew means the mention of the Lord. This is what his name Zakaria in Hebrew means the mention of the Lord. So this verse is a play on words. The mention of the mercy of your Lord to his servant, the mention of the Lord. There's this beautiful subtle symmetry in this one ayah. The author of this ayah knew Hebrew. There's no doubt about it. If a Jew living in the Hijaz heard this verse, his ears would perk up. He would notice the subtlety. Another example. The wife of Ibrahim sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, she laughed and then we gave her glad tidings of Isaac. Isaac means laughter. And then it says, And then following Isaac, Jacob. The name Isaac means laughter in Hebrew. The name Jacob means to follow or to come after. This is a type of word play that adds to the eloquence and brilliance of the Quran. Whoever composed this verse knew Hebrew. Of course we know this is a revelation from Allah SWT. I'll give you another example. There's hundreds and hundreds, if not thousands of these types of examples. Allah SWT says, Now Yahya is John, John the Baptist. Peace be upon him, most probably. The Quran calls him Yahya, meaning he lives because he was martyred. And the martyrs are alive. They're alive with their Lord, receiving sustenance from their Lord. But the Hebrew name of John is Which is related to This is the only occurrence of this word in the entire Quran. And it's describing Because it actually relates to his historical name. These are subtleties that go over the head of 99% of the Quran.


This free agency has been nothing short of crazy. I mean you can even use the word insane Because there have been so many different moves so many players switching teams that have been crazy trades Releases that we didn't expect and all the above and still soon more to come And in this free agency as in every free agency Sometimes you have to be a little extra patient depending on what position you're in in order for the domino effect to happen And what the domino effect is is when you knock down one domino and then the rest fall in place We were starting to see it happen at the quarterback position course Tom Brady ended up signing his deal Philip Rivers did Drew Brees did and Teddy Bridgewater he did to Kirk Cousins he got an extension. Well, he got the extension before that stuff happened Regardless it happened at the quarterback position and it looks like The Saints with a manual Sanders may have started at the wide receiver position We'll see what's to come because we haven't heard really any right wide receiver news after that or any big wide receiver news so past Russia past Russia has been Something that it feels like Judevian. It feels like the world is waiting on Judevian Clowney Where's he gonna go? What's gonna happen with him? Who's gonna sign on? Where's he gonna end up? Because apparently the Seahawks they were trying to re-sign them, but they were also sniffing around and back up options and we Heard a little rumors about the Titans, but nothing really concrete but this today Coming out about the Dolphins and This story that came out about the Dolphins trying to sign a Judevian Clowney really cleared some things up on If they are rumors or not because it came from a very credible source That being Aaron Wilson Aaron Wilson is somebody I'm familiar with them not I don't know him personally anything But I'm familiar with his reporting because he used to cover the Ravens and y'all know that's my team So now a few years ago He stopped covering the Ravens and he ended up going to Texas to cover the Houston Texans So I would definitely take his word for it with him because again, like I said He's super super super credible and he only puts out stuff that is legitimate I Don't know why he doesn't have a check mark. He needs one. He deserves it. Also shout out to him but anyway He said the dolphins discussed the 17 million dollar annual average deal at one point in the process With Seahawks free agent Judevian Clowney per sources Judevian Clowney didn't accept so dolphins moved on with Shaq Lawson Clowney is aiming for 20 million average, but could wind up signing for less on a shorter deal Now that that story it's very interesting and Reason is interesting because I absolutely love the dolphins trying to make that move Because it's funny because he he ain't want nothing to do with dolphins last year They were ready to trade for him when he had when he was when Houston when Houston franchise them The dolphins were ready. Hey, okay. We're trade for Judevian Clowney. Come on. Bring them on. Let's get it But he said no, he wanted to go to a winning team. He did not want to go to the Dolphins So now if they were in discussions on a deal That thing Judevian sees what I'm seeing too I think he sees what I'm seeing to with the dolphins that they starting to build something serious me and What I've been saying all this offseason is that and I've said it during this past season too Just because of the way that they play and the way that they play for Brian Flores that Within these neck in two years the season after this one I think there'll be some serious But I think that could actually happen right now this season if they get the right quarterback, but that's besides the point Judevian Clowney for him to even him and his agent is camping what now for them to even engage in contract talks with the Dolphins that's that says a lot and it said the dolphins at 17 million year. That's pretty good But he said no, I want more I Want more I want 20 The aiming for 20 mil now something that I was speaking about In a live stream that I did last night is that this is I mean, this is the risk you take with your business And in sales because I spoke about how I had a sale I had plenty of sales jobs before but one of the sales jobs that I had before in the past was working doing door-to-door sales for AT&T and We had these meetings every day in the meetings They they talked about a phrase called pitch high watch him by pitch low watch him go And what that meant is that when you're selling something in this case? He's selling himself, but if you're selling something you have to You have to go with the high number go with the high number and see what you can get See see how how much somebody is willing to meet you how high they're willing to go on their number to meet you and Then if they don't go for the high number then you can go ahead and lower it a little bit But still get something that's decent But if you start low you start with a low number and they don't want to meet you with that you got no other options You got no other options So what you're Davian clowny? Apparently he's been pitching high and all the rumors about him pitching high in one and twenty mil per year Now I believe it since Aaron Wilson tweeted it out Because again, like I said his credibility stood a roof stood a roof but now It seems like the market is just waiting on what you're Davian clowny's next move is gonna be The Seahawks, I don't know what the status is with him in the Seahawks But it could be where a team may just get a little desperate or it could be where I mean he ends up taking a lot less than 17 mil per I mean 20 mil per Cuz if if the dolphins cuz dog dolphins got the cash flow now they got the money for it but if The dolphins they were trying to get him to get take 17. I Mean they got they can afford more, but they trying to get him to take 17 Who else really is gonna offer him more than that I? Just can't see it reason. I can't see it is because of his history man It's because of his history He's somebody I love how he plays I absolutely love it And I would like if even if my Ravens got him, but I just wouldn't want them to invest in him long term One-year deal two-year max Max with an option in the second year and you can release If things don't work out of course But I just wouldn't want any long-term thing with your David and Connie cuz I couldn't trust his body I Couldn't trust it and maybe that may be the case with all these different NFL franchises that may be interested in him They may love his play style. They know he's a good player. They know he's a good player, but they see the history They say hey, can't can't can you give me a can you give me a good 16 games and more and then possibly 17 games Once we get there next year. Can you give me that your David? Let me look at the history. It may be like Well, I Don't know about this. See look like let me let me look at it right now, man Just just so I can get the details of how many times he played a 16 game season Cuz I know that I know that that that gets thrown around a lot about his injury history But let me let me take a look at it right now You gonna pull this up right here. All right hmm 2014 He played in four games 2015 he played in 13 games at a 16 2016. He played in 14 games at a 16 2017 He played in 16 games at a 16. Let's go today in 2017 was your year 2018 played in 15 games in 10 2019. He played in 13 games Still stands. Can you give me a good 16? If you look at it It's like he's recently. He's not missing a crazy amount of games or anything but Can you give me a good 16? Can you you may be able to But I just wouldn't want to invest in them long term. I just I'll be too scared So now what's next for your David and Clowney? Well, that's a good question. That's a really good question I'm sure plenty of people are interested, but that price It may be dropping every day it drops every day it drops Because if teams don't think you're worth that much money, it's gonna continue dropping See Seahawks.  Oh, I said, oh, yeah, David and Clowney gonna get scooped up quick quick If you'd have told me before free agency started. Oh David and Clowney. He gonna be on the market for a week at least Would have been like what you boy, you don't know what you're talking about man You don't know what you're talking about David and Clowney on the market for a week. Nah, don't don't Like I know I could be dumb sometimes say some wild stuff, but that nah you And we're here now a week later so anyway, we'll see what happens so Just like your David and Clowney told the dolphins when they offered him them 17 mil per year I'm out


Activity for teaching the present perfect, have you ever? This exercise can be an add-on to the great accomplishments game or also played separately. For this activity, have your students write down statements about what they did in the simple past on a sheet of paper. For example, I ate Thai food yesterday. Next have your students exchange their sheets of paper, and add statements using the present perfect and the word before, such as Ann has eaten Thai food before. Students start a discussion about whether other students have or have not done the activity mentioned before. Thanks so much for watching. We are ITTT, the leading provider for TEFL and TESOL training courses. If you like this video, please subscribe by clicking the button down here and click on any of the videos here on the left for more interesting teaching tips for getting certified to teach English abroad and online.


So, we are in the last leg of inelastic neutron scattering I was discussing stochastic motion the possible instruments and the experiments that have been done. I was talking about quasi-elastic neutron scattering I will give a few more examples in that then I will explain to you spectrometer known as pin-eco spectrometer which can be used for understanding dynamics at possibly that is the slowest dynamics of the longest time scale of 10 to the power minus 9 second that is the nanosecond range and in the second part of the talk today I will summarize whatever I did so far in this course because it is important to tell you exactly how to go about your experiments and what analysis we have been doing regarding neutron scattering technique. So, coming back to stochastic motions using quasi-elastic neutron scattering if you remember last time I discussed the dynamics of propylene this molecule in sodium ZSM zero light which has got this kind of channels in it and as I mentioned to you earlier also that often you have competing time scales or time scales which are quite different from each other in the same system in this system there are translational motions translation of the molecules and rotations the rotational motions are much faster almost a factor of 10 smaller time scale. So, I should say 10 to the power minus 1 factor of 10 smaller time scale compared to translation and translation is slower. So, the experiment was done in two different instruments one is the Marx mode quasi-elastic neutron scattering here the resolution is around 200 micro electron volt. So, around 0.2 milli electron volts and here this was around 3 milli electron volts. So, the resolution here is narrower by a factor of approximately 10 3 milli electron volts and 0.2 milli electron volts. So, the translation which is a which is slower of the two translation was observed or was detected the diffusion constant using the instrument known as Marx QVNS because when I talk about two different time scales as I mentioned to earlier that it is possible that both of them are quasi-elastic, but one is a narrower component and one is a broader component. The narrower component is associated with slower dynamics slower dynamics slower dynamics slower dynamics makes it the time scales longer and so you see it in a narrow one because the if you remember that the Lorentzian has a 1 by tau square width. So, where tau is the time scale associated with the dynamics. So, for translation since it is slower the Lorentzian is narrower and here in this case because the rotation is much faster. So, it is broader part it may be taken as a background for the experiment in which I measure the slower translational dynamics and the I this this quasi elastic broadening represents the translational dynamics. On the other hand when I go to a instrument which has got a poorer resolution that is 3 milli electron volt compared to 0.2 milli electron volts in case of the slower dynamics in that case this part possibly will become like a delta function and I can measure the width over here that in the present case will you know talk involve rotation. So, what I wanted to emphasize or bring home that to do or to measure various time scales we need instrument with various different resolutions and I discuss this with respect to two instruments triple axis triple axis and q in s instrument in Dhruva, but I will just use an example where you use other bigger instruments for example this is the iris quasi elastic neutron scattering instruments at the Rutherford-Eppelton laboratory this works on time of flight principle. So, there is a long flight path from the source to the sample after the sample interestingly you will find that there are mica analyzers and graphite analyzers, but the beam goes to the mica analyzer and comes back to the detector. So, this is almost a 180 degree reflection. So, theta is around 90 degree and we know cot theta gives the best resolution when theta is around 90 degree 90 degree or 2 theta close to 180 degree. So, both the analyzers are at back scattering geometry and these are the analyzers curved on a circle and the detector bank is at the center. So, that means this is a vertical geometry. So, the sample is here the reflected beam comes back vertically to the detector. So, this the displacement between the sample and the detector bank is vertical. So, the detector is here and the analyzer is I am sorry the analyzer is there the sample is over here. So, it goes to the analyzer and comes back to the detector. So, it is not only that there is a horizontal angle which is measured on this detector bank and it gives you the q value, but also there is a vertical displacement. So, it is neutron which is reflected back I mean scattered back not reflected scattered which to a vertically displaced the analyzer which sends it back to the detector. And here so, in this kind of sources because we need low energy neutrons it is acting on a hydrogen cold source. So, there is a nearly 20 Kelvin hydrogen cold source which shifts the spectrum as I explained to you earlier that your thermal spectrum is shifted in energy if you take a cold source and you have better intensity at long wavelength neutrons and you get more neutrons over here. So, the geometry is such that you have better resolution because the analyzer is in a back scattering geometry you have higher intensity of long wavelength or low energy or cold neutrons. So, this is a high flux time of flight instrument which is there in a spallation neutron source. So, I will just quickly show you the result, but interestingly this result comes from experiment at three places. So, it has quasi-elastic neutrons scattering was done at ion 6 ILL Grenoble with an energy resolution of 85 microelectron volt. It has been done at ISIS where the result half width and half maxima was around 17.5 microelectron volt a factor of 5 down it was done at ion 6 in Grenoble where the resolution was around 60 microelectron volt and also it was done at TOF TOF at FRM 2 with a similar 85 microelectron volt resolution. This is the quasi-elastic scattering where the experimental data has been fitted with a quasi-elastic part and an elastic part because we know that if it is if it is a diffusion over infinite length then there is a delta omega term and which is possible only at q equal to 0 because it has go with the the hydrogen that you are discussing is diffusing to infinity. If it is a finite geometry diffusion then always we have a delta omega with a q dependent form factor like term which tells us the geometry of the diffusing cage or medium and plus you have also the Lorentzian in energy which gives you the poise elastic broadening referring and getting back to which takes us back to the diffusion constant that we can find. So, in this case the elastic elastic peak is shown and also the quasi-elastic fitted peak and then the full width at half maxima are plotted you can see here, but the highlight of this actually for one sample that is which is the attempt to find out the dynamics of water in onidensis bacteria experiments were done at three different sources with three different resolutions. In addition the experimentalists used a hydrogen deuterium contrast in case of quasi-elastic neutron scattering we know that hydrogen has largest incoherent incoherent scattering cross section which is nearly 80 burns we are aware of that part. So, if we replace hydrogen with deuterium in parts of the bacterial cell then we can highlight the diffusion of hydrogen because for incoherent q omega it is the self correlation it is the self correlation and for measurement of this we need something which has got large incoherent incoherent scattering in this case hydrogen. So, similar to small angle neutron scattering was sans here also they had used contrast by selectively deuterating a part of the bacteria and this data is basically for everything which is inside the bacterial cell, but it was most importantly this experiment was done to look at the dynamics of hydrogens or water in the cycloplasm of the cycloplasm of the cell. So, such kind of very slow dynamics in biological systems I mentioned to you earlier can be studied using quasi-elastic neutron scattering at various sources I had given examples earlier from our experience at droga and this is a combination of three experiments one at iris the which is at Rutherford-Aperton laboratory ILL I am sorry in RL iron 6 quasi-elastic neutron spectrometer at ILL granable with slightly higher resolution. So, which will measure the broader part of the spectrum of the broader part of the translational spectrum and also at top top at FRM 2 and this is a combination of data data is about full width at half maxima, but this data refer to different kind of motions the narrower resolution or the better resolution data will involve will rather will will describe the slower motion the and the faster motions will describe the full width at half maxima at faster rate and this is what I wanted to show you regarding quasi-elastic neutron scattering from various samples. So, this was an example taken from biology which is quite common these days and people come to understand dynamics possibly neutron quasi-elastic neutron scattering is the only tool that can give you such slow dynamics in biological systems and its role is immensely important to understand structure I showed you earlier the structure at mesoscopic length scale using sands and in this case dynamics inside a cell the cytoplasmic dynamics I want to bring you to another spectrometer which is a very interesting spectrometer known as spin eco spectrometer. So, how do you measure inelastic neutron scattering using a spin eco spectrometer here I am just showing you the neutron spin first you polarize a neutron beam possibly by reflecting with a super mirror and then you have a pi by 2 flipper so because this is reflected from super mirror a super mirror maybe polarization in this direction the reflected beam has this is the polarization direction which is parallel to the polarization in the super mirror plane so that means if I have the beam coming it has got a polarization which is along the beam now there is a pi by 2 flipper here this is flippers I have discussed with you earlier they are basically combination of magnetic fields so this pi by 2 flipper flips it to 90 degree because I have got a coil this is a coil actually block diagram of a coil through which the neutron passes the field is in this direction see if the field is in this direction and the neutron spin is normal to it then as the neutron travels through the coil it preceses it preceses around the field it's called Larmor precision all of you are aware that this magnetic field forces a spin to precese if it is normal to it after that I have got a pi flipper the pi flipper I will come to it shortly pi flipper basically flips the polarization of the neutron by an angle pi and then there is a precision coil in which the neutron preceses opposite direction and after that again there is a pi by 2 flipper and energy analyzer and the detector so what it does so basically what it does is this now first if I the neutron with a single spin then it preceses preceses reaches the sample gets scattered by the sample and then if I precese it in the opposite direction then if there is no energy exchange then this neutron spin will come out with the same spin over here so after that so it was a pi by 2 flipper spin takes it to a spin in this direction then again a pi by 2 flipper takes the spin in this direction and in case of spin echo that means if there is no energy transfer it comes out with the same polarization now let us consider the case that there is an energy exchange between this neutron and the sample so now if this is e1 this is e2 if the velocity is v1 and the velocity is v2 then v1 is not equal to v2 in case of energy exchange when such an energy exchange takes place these two parts the coil before the sample and the coil after the sample they are identical so that means in case of no energy exchange there is an eco condition it comes out with the same polarization but now in this case if there is an energy exchange then the time spent time spent in this coil is different because the velocity is different if it is a slower velocity it will spend longer time if it is a higher velocity or higher energy then it will spend shorter time and this precision will in the I mean the precision PRE CE precision angle will not be same after the sample and it will come out with a direction which is different from this different from spin echo condition and this can tag the energy transfer now what is done in reality that first you use a velocity selector velocity selector is a monochromator which can give large energies broad energy spectrum so poorer resolution typically around 15 percent broadening so we have got a neutron beam which is passing through the first coil I will show it as a block diagram so now after pi by two flipper after there is a neutron coming in this direction it has been flipped by pi by two and now it is going through the first coil first coil before the sample since there is a velocity spread so now if I consider looking at the neutron from this direction now it will fan out so it will fan out because neutrons of different velocity will undergo different precision this precision can be as well as 20,000 10,000 precision inside this length of the coil now it has fanned out there is a pi flipper there is a pi flipper in my schematic there is a pi flipper so it flips by pi so here now it has fanned out let me just change the color a little bit the faster possibly is here and the slower possibly is here because of faning out the faster neutron has this angle and the slower neutron has this angle in an average this is the angle of precision now when I flip it by pi then they interchange now this faster by pi flipping will go there if you consider this fastest and the slower will go to the other direction in the other direction and then I have once I flipped it now if I took it through the second coil through the second coil without any energy exchange I should have gone back to the same velocity distribution but now for inelastic this will be different and what I find is a counts versus phase current because you keep changing the phase current so this is the counts in up and in down neutron you can see depending on the intensity and precision you have got an oscillatory input in average is basically this dot line and this in average is up and down this is for the incoming and this is for the outgoing now that means this distribution if I can measure it in a detector using an analyzer then I can find out what is the intensity of these neutrons and ultimately I can transfer it into s of q omega d omega how it is here I will just quickly this is a spin nico instrument at nist this is the arms on which the first term and the second arm and this angle dictates what is the q value of this instrument so now let me just quickly tell you the algebra of this process so phi one is a precision angle if the velocity is v then l by v is a time it spins and gamma is a gyromagnetic ratio for neutrons then gamma v l by v this gamma b t basically is the precision that undergoes a neutron for spending time t in the field path in the field v into l now this velocity has a white distribution and now if the outgoing velocity is v2 then that two neutrons they get defaced with respect to each other because of different precision angle and the defacing I can write down as gamma v l one by v one minus one by v two for this phi difference they're exactly same in resonance and for that I can write in terms of energy exchange h cross omega so I multiply that the numerator by h cross omega and the denominator by half m v1 square which is the energy of the neutron so e equal to h cross omega in elastic condition equal to half m v1 square so I get this expression the the phase phi due to precision in radiance is given by this expression this is nothing but t omega now what we do actually after the after the instrument after the instrument we have got a pi by 2 flipper so that flipper flips it to the direction or the plane in which the neutron spin came in after you have got an analyzer this analyzer analyzes the spin of this outgoing neutron and this spin depends on basically the after the analyzer it depends on cos of omega t because omega is the energy exchange and t is a time it has spin in the field and cos omega t average value of that over all the velocities will give me average value of cos omega t which is actually measured in the detector because analyzer does not do it spin by spin but it integrates over all the omega after pi by 2 flipper and then sends it to the detector that means what I measure is an average value of cos omega t cos omega t and that average value of cos omega t is nothing but s q omega is the probability of scattering with an energy transfer omega with a momentum transfer q into cos omega t omega t is the precision angle in the two arms and the defacing caused by that and we integrate over the all the energies that so d omega but now we know that e to the power i omega t s q omega d omega is equal to i qt and if I do it over dt bring it on this side I get s q omega now this expression and this is a real part of that expression gives me i qt so the takeaway is that in case of spin echo what I am measuring is not s q omega but because this integral is integration is done by the instrument it is what I measured is i qt the intermediate scattering law and which for a fiki and diffusion we know it is given by e to the power minus d q square p so I can directly fit an exponential function and measure the d values from the intermediate scattering law and this is a result so this is about a proton dynamics in oxide materials it's a berium zirconium indian oxide in which we have changed this this x value or content of indium in this to between 0.1 and 0.5 it's a perovskite structure but the experimental result which is normalized to i q 0 you can see that this fall this is basically the intermediate scattering function that I'm measuring directly so in this case for the two x values I find that the x equal to 0.1 value 0.1 here x equal to 0.1 in zirconium 0.9 in oxide and 3 minus x by 2.05 so 2.95 we have exponential fall and this can be fitted with the this thing with an exponential fall and a constant but this time constant or residence time of a proton is given by 60 picosecond and but when we go to x equal to 0.5 this becomes a stretched exponential and the authors they mentioned that the at this is both at 500 kelvin that in this case the stretched exponential comes in because there are many exponential functions or there are many time scales associated with the residence time of the protons and all of them added together gives us a stretch exponential this is a typical result from a spin echo instrument I just would like to point out to you the time scale is in nanoseconds so possibly this is the slowest dynamics that one can see in a neutrons catholic experiment using spin echo spin echo instruments are available in several major reactor sources like ill granable and nyst at ncnr at nyst usa where they're available and very very very slow dynamics in the range of nanoseconds if you compare this with respect to let us say phonons which are actually in the range of 10 to minus 14 to minus 15 second is a much slower dynamics even slower than bulk diffusion that we discussed earlier so we can use the spin echo instrument for observing such slow dynamics so with this my discussions on inelastic neutrons scattering ends in the next part I'll quickly summarize what we did in the course till now


A very good evening to all of our friends and welcome to the Hindu News Analysis of Shankar IAS Academy for the date 4th February 2021. Before we begin our news analysis, we have an announcement. Shankar IAS Academy is launching a special program called Prefit to help the aspirants to effectively use the time which is available for the upcoming UPSC preliminary examination. Before we describe this program, know that the entrance exam for joining this new initiative will be conducted online on 7th February 2021, that is, on coming Sunday. You can take the entrance exam using your mobile phones also. Also, you can take the entrance exam while you are at home. The time of the test is from 8am to 12pm. The entrance test will have a total of 100 questions and these 100 questions will be having questions from both General Studies and CSAT. We have received numerous requests from various aspirants from many parts of India to waive the fees for this entrance exam. Therefore, we have made the entrance exam for this Prefit program completely free. Therefore, it will not direct you or take you to the payment section. The only thing you have to do is that you should enroll for this entrance test. The link for the enrollment is given in the description box and also in the comment section. So, in this program, the Academy will provide a micro-skill that is broken into monthly, weekly and daily targets. The program will provide high-intensity interval training for the upcoming preliminary examination. It will help you not only to complete the syllabus, but also to enhance your skills in solving questions. And know that the program is modeled on the scientific principle of active recall and spaced repetition in order to ensure maximum output. The participants will solve around 4000 questions in the period from February 15th to May 16th. In the training, the participants will be given 50 questions on a daily basis on 6 days in a week. The 50 questions will be based on the steady targets of that particular day. Each test will be followed by a daily detailed discussion. And once a particular subject area is completed, the daily test will be followed by a full test of 100 questions. And under this program, students will develop a daily routine which is specific to prelims preparation. We have also used gamification principles in order to incentivize the regular test taking and also the improvement of performance. Now, by enrolling in this program, you will get a detailed schedule for 3 months. The schedule will cover both micro and micro targets for your preparation. You will be getting 5 weekly half-tests from Monday to Friday for the general studies topics. And as stated already, one full revision test will be there upon the completion of the subject. After the completion of the syllabus, you will get 4 GS and 4 CSAT MOOC tests. Now, in order to ensure that the participants should qualify the CSAT paper for sure, the program includes a CSAT test every week. And this test will be having 50 questions each. In addition to this, you will be given access to the detailed solution and also the discussion upon the completion of each test. To understand where you stand, there will be a daily and monthly leaderboard. And for the assessment of performance, Shankar IAS property test analytics will also be shared. And know that the program also covers current affairs. See, Prefit divides current affairs of past one year into monthly or weekly and also daily targets. And these targets will be covered across multiple tests. Know that this is a totally different program from that of the pre-storming prelims test series of Shankar IAS Academy. If you have already registered for pre-storming and now say you are enrolling in Prefit, then the tests under the Prefit are in addition to the tests taken under pre-storming. The link for the brochure and detail schedule is given in the description box and also in the comment section. Now, how does Prefit work? Firstly, an entrance exam will be conducted on 7th February 2021. The syllabus for the entrance exam is the UPSA Prelims syllabus for general studies and CSAT paper. Participating in this entrance exam is completely free. And students who secure top 100 ranks in this entrance exam will be eligible for Prefit Prime. Under this Prefit Prime, the top 100 rankers will be given 50% subsidized monthly fee structure of Rs 750 plus GST. Students other than Prefit Prime will have a monthly fee structure of Rs 1500 plus GST. And the subsequent months of access to Prefit Prime will be subject to securing a position in the top 100 in the previous month. Students who secure a position in Prefit Prime will also be eligible to avail 25% concession on main storming 2021 upon their qualification of prelims 2021. For more details, please visit the links given in the description and also in the comment section. Now, we have another important announcement on coming Saturday that is on 6th February at 7pm in the evening. A class on how to approach essay paper in civil service examination will be premiered on YouTube. The session will be explained by Mr. Sathya Krishnan Sir. Sir has secured all India rank 116 in UPSA civil service exam 2014. And he is a renowned expert in approaching essay paper. The session will be explained based on the main 2020 essay question paper and the class will throw a light on how to manage essay questions, then the guiding principles for the next year's essay paper, then on the methods of preparation and other related aspects. He will also detail the difference in strategy for Section A essay questions and Section B essay questions. And he will discuss on the skills that matter for securing good marks in essay paper. So, we strongly recommend our viewers to attend this class on YouTube at 7pm on Saturday and also share the information about this class to those who are in need of orientation and guidance for handling essay paper. With this, let us move on to today's news analysis. The list of the relevant news articles taken up for today's discussion from five different editions of the Hindu newspaper along with their page numbers are given here for your reference. Also, the handwritten notes in the PDF format and time stampings for all the news articles taken up for today's discussion is given in the description box and also in the comment section for the best interest of the viewers. Let us start with our first news article. Now, this news article is based on the DNA Technology Use and Application Regulation Bill 2019. The bill was examined by the Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Science and Technology, Environment, Forests and Climate Change. The committee has submitted its report and noted the contentious provisions in the bill. So, in this discussion, we'll see the aspects of this bill and also its contentious provisions. The syllabus relevant for this analysis is highlighted here for your reference. Please go through it. See, the bill has been formulated after recognizing the need for regulation of the use and application of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA technology. As you know, the DNA is the genetic or hereditary material in most of the organisms, including humans. And the bill is for establishing identity of missing persons, then identity of victims, offenders, undertrials and also the identity of unknown deceased or dead persons. The purpose of this bill is to expand the application of DNA-based forensic technologies so that they can support and strengthen the justice delivery system of our country. See, already the utility of DNA-based technologies for solving crimes and to identify missing persons is well-recognized across the world. And this bill wants to institute the same mechanisms in India. Now, let us see the key components of this bill. See, it includes the establishment of a DNA regulatory board, then accreditation of DNA laboratories which are undertaking DNA testing, analyzing, etc. The next is the establishment of the National and Regional DNA Databanks. See, the DNA Databanks are for the maintenance of the National Forensic DNA Database for the purposes of identification of different categories of persons which we saw in the beginning. So, this bill envisages these banks to assist in forensic-related investigations. And this will aid in scientific upgradation and streamlining of DNA testing activities. Now, with respect to the provisions of this bill, the retired Supreme Court judge Justice Madan Lokur has observed that allowing the investigating agencies to collect DNA samples of suspects will give them unbridled power that is easily capable of misuse and abuse.  See, the preamble of this bill states that it aims to provide for the regulation of the use and application of DNA technology for the purposes of establishing the identity of certain categories of persons, including the victims, offenders, suspects, under trials, missing persons and unknown deceased persons. And in this regard, Justice Lokur has questioned the need to collect the DNA of a suspect. See, in a crime involving many persons such as a riot, everybody is a suspect. And this is without any real basis. This would mean that thousands of persons could be subjected to DNA profiling on a mere suspicion. Such an unbridled power is easily capable of misuse and abuse by targeting innocents. And this will result in the threat to life, liberty, dignity and privacy of a person. Now, let us see the other contentious provisions of this bill. See, first is about DNA profiles. It means the result of the analysis of a DNA sample for establishing human identification. Simply put, it contains the DNA data. So, the DNA profiles can reveal extremely sensitive information of an individual such as the pedigree, ancestry, descent, skin color, behavior, illness, health status and susceptibility to any kind of diseases. Hence, access to such intrusive information can be misused to specifically target individuals and their families. That means the DNA sampling and profiling could be misused for certain kind of activities like caste or community-based profiling. That is, it could even be used to incorrectly link a particular caste or community to criminal activities. Now, another issue with respect to the bill is that it allows the National DNA Data Bank to store the DNA profiles which are received from the DNA laboratories. That means the DNA profiles of the suspects, under-trials, victims and the relatives is stored for future investigations. The committee report noted that there is no legal or moral justification for a database with DNA for the categories other than the convicts since there is a high potential for the misuse of this data. The next is with respect to the security of DNA information. In this regard, the report noted that as of now our country does not have robust data protection legislation. So, the security of a huge number of DNA profiles in banks becomes questionable. The next issue is with respect to the consent provisions. See for DNA profiling, first the collection of DNA samples has to be done. Here, the DNA sample means bodily substances of any nature collected for conducting DNA testing. And according to the bill, the bodily substances of a person may be collected by the investigating authorities and they are required to obtain the consent for collection in certain situations. Here, for arrested persons, the authorities are required to obtain the written consent if the offense carries a punishment of up to 7 years. This means if the offense carries more than 7 years of imprisonment or death, then the consent is not required. Further, if the person is a victim or a relative of a missing person or a minor or a disabled person, then the authorities are required to obtain the written consent of such person. Here, the problem is, wherever the bill stipulates consent, if the consent is not given by the persons in those cases, then the authorities can approach a magistrate who may order the taking of bodily substances of such persons. So, a magistrate can override individual consent. Hence, the committee report called these consent provisions has pre-functury. That is, they are just superficial. Further, the bill does not provide for guidance regarding the grounds and reasons on which the magistrate can override consent. So, the committee feels that this provision could become a fatal flaw. So, these are some of the contentious provisions that needs modification in the bill. Now that the bill has been submitted to the parliament by the committee, the parliament has to deliberate and revise these contentious provisions. And importantly, before that, the data protection law needs to be enacted. So, in this discussion, we saw about the DNA Technology Use and Application Regulation Bill 2019 and the contentious provisions with respect to them. With this information, let us move on to the next news. Now, let us discuss this opiate article which stresses on the need for an economic system which takes into account biodiversity and natural ecosystems. This is because there will be no economy without a natural environment. Let us discuss this in detail. The syllabus relevant for this analysis is highlighted here for your reference. Please go through it. See, this article assumes significance as the ongoing pandemic has taught us the need to protect the ecological functions of our biosphere. It has also proved that our health and economic prosperity depends on the overall health of our planet. For example, due to the pandemic, the global GDP contraction is expected to be around 2.4 percentage to 8 percentage in 2020. Not just that, the World Economic Forum or WEF estimates the global cost of dealing with the pandemic to be around 8.1 trillion US dollars to 15.8 trillion. Interestingly, if we try to prevent this pandemic instead of dealing with it, there are two advantages. First of all, there is no human suffering. The second is that the cost incurred is around 22.2 billion US dollars to 30.7 billion dollars a year, which is just a fraction of the cost to deal with it. Now, let us see India's position. See, the author says that India is vulnerable to various catastrophes, especially pandemics. This is because there is a significant decline in the wildlife population of India and also our natural ecosystems are getting converted for other uses. India's high population density coupled with its rich biodiversity makes it vulnerable to zoonotic pathogens of wild origin and other infectious diseases. Now, the author discusses the recently released Global Risks Report of 2021 by the World Economic Forum. Know that this report analyzes the risks from societal fractures which are manifested through persistent and emerging risks to human health, then rising unemployment, widening digital divides, youth disillusionment and geopolitical fragmentation. Now, as per the report, the environmental risks continue to threaten the global economy. In that extreme weather, climate action failure, then environmental damage caused by human infectious diseases and also the biodiversity laws are the leading causes. All these indicate just one thing. That is, we shall not justify the destruction of environment for economic prosperity. So, from Prillin's perspective, we must know the important reports which are published by the World Economic Forum. See, it publishes the Global Competitiveness Report, the Global Gender Gap Report, Global Social Mobility Index and also the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report. Now, coming back to the article, we should accept that we are disturbing nature's balance by destroying the natural habitats by intensifying agriculture and animal husbandry and also by developing infrastructure. So, these activities over a period of time has increased the contact between wildlife, livestock, pathogens and people. In this regard, we should know that if we have tried to limit the human aggressiveness to nature in a sustainable way, we would have prevented new diseases like the ongoing COVID-19. But still, we have time to prevent another pandemic in making. Now, as per a recent study, almost 20% of the countries including India have fragile ecosystems. Also, 55% of the global GDP depends on high functioning biodiversity and ecosystem services. So, by protecting our ecosystem, we are ensuring both our health and the nature's health and also the economic prosperity. So, this indicates that biodiversity and ecosystems shall be considered by the governments while framing the economic policies. It is high time that our government shall come up with a system which accounts for the depletion of nature and natural resources. An important step in this direction is the National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Well-being. See, it was approved by the Prime Minister's Science and Technology and Innovation Advisory Council. It is an ambitious initiative that aims to bring biodiversity and conservation to the forefront of Indian science, policy and society's attention. The mission has been visualized to be as inclusive as possible with components that involve scientific institutions, government agencies and non-government organizations at the national, state, as well as local levels. So, in this discussion, we saw about the importance associated with the conservation of biodiversity and natural ecosystems. And we also saw about the Global Risks Report 2021 of World Economic Forum and the other reports which are published by WAF. With this information, let us move on to the next news. Now, see this article which talks about enhancing the urban infrastructure, schemes announced by the government in this regard and the issues with it. Let us discuss these aspects now. The syllabus relevant for this analysis is highlighted here for your reference. Please go through it. See, urban infrastructure is under debate due to the provisions and fundings announced by the government in the budget 2021-22. Under the urban infrastructure sector, the government has announced for raising the share of public transport in urban areas. And this will be done through expansion of metro rail network and through augmentation of city bus service. Now, for expansion of metro rail network, two things have been announced. One is deploying two technologies namely MetroLight and MetroNeo. And this is to provide the metro rail systems at much lesser cost with same experience, convenience and safety in entire two cities and peripheral areas of Taiwan cities. In this, the MetroLight is a light urban rail transit system with lesser capacity at much less cost. MetroLight also acts as a feeder system to high capacity metro. So, it has a less capital cost and also less operation and maintenance cost. Next, MetroNeo is a unique concept. It has rail guided rubber-tired electric coaches that are powered by overhead traction system and they run on a road slab. It has lesser cost and it is state of art, comfortable, energy efficient, minimal noise pollution and environment friendly system. Now, the second announcement is related to providing central funding to Kochi, Chennai, Bengaluru, Nagpur and Nasik Metro projects. Now, under augmentation of city bus service, the government has announced for launching a new scheme at a cost of Rs. 18,000 crores that will support augmentation of public bus transport services. The scheme will facilitate deployment of innovative public-private partnership models and this is to enable private sector players to engage in facilitating the urban transportation through financing, acquiring, operating and maintaining over 20,000 buses. The scheme will aim to enhance the ease of mobility for urban residents. So, these are welcome moves. Firstly, because bus and metro are core components of urbanization as they provide comfortable, safe and affordable commuting. They provide clean and green mass mobility and they also act as multipliers. See, a multiplier broadly refers to an economic factor that when increased or changed causes an increase or change in many other related economic variables and these components of urbanization have a multiplier effect for the economy. Secondly, already India has low buses to population ratio. See, according to the Niti IOC's 2018 report from Transforming India's Mobility, India has 1.2 buses per 1000 people and this is even below the developing nation's benchmarks. As you can see here, India has a very low ratio than other developing nations like Thailand and South Africa. We can also witness a vast disparity between states where some states are even ahead of national average. Karnataka and Chattisgarh have double the national average while Bihar, Odisha, Tripura, West Bengal and Rajasthan has a very low bus per 1000 people ratio. So, this scenario mandates the government's move for augmenting public bus transport services. But what are the issues with respect to this decision of the government? First issue is that whether these transport facilities for which the government is spending so much will be used by public in future at large numbers. This question arises because the COVID-19 has enhanced the need for personal health safety which has to be taken care even while commuting. So, now people are preferring personal car and two-wheelers for safety reasons. So, whether the people will extensively use the transports providing mass mobility such as bus and metro even when the pandemic is under control is a big question. The second issue is that state monopolies in transport services coexist with unregulated paratransit. Here, the paratransit mode of travel is an intermediary facility which falls between traditional public transport and the personalized automobile. It is also referred to as intermediary public transport emphasizing that it is more of a public transport. In India, this type of travel is more synonymous with the auto rickshaw travel because of its predominance. And we all know about the state monopoly in transport services where in many states the state road transport corporation runs buses including the interstate buses. And this means there are very less private fleet buses. And when these two factors such as the state monopoly and unregulated paratransit coexist then introducing private participation becomes a politically sensitive issue in states. And this could lead to unwarranted protests by these entities. The next issue which author feels is that central funding for enhancing metro and bus systems are mere standalone interventions which will not address the challenge of urbanization. So in this regard, the author says that other issues in urbanization needs proper attention such as operationalizing umbrella authorities in order to regulate transport. Many state governments have failed to do this. Additionally, a large area of urban categorization does not have facilities of an urban area. See for census purpose that is for compilation of population data the geographical areas are delineated as urban and rural. In this, India's 2011 census has included census towns as urban areas. So even though the census towns are termed as urban for the census purpose, the author has noted that census towns lack access to many things like funding infrastructure and the capacity to meet the needs of the large populations. So for proper urbanization first these issues need to be addressed rather than just funding transport facilities. Also this trend shows the presence of exclusionary urbanization. See exclusionary urbanization means benefiting certain social groups to the detriment of others. It includes directing the resources to large metro policies but depriving funds to small and medium towns that are needed for infrastructure and essential services. See this is almost true because metro and bus services are expensive for majority of the population of India and it is particularly expensive for people living in suburbs. And this is due to high housing costs in urban areas. So they are forced to use personal transport as they feel that the cost of fuel is much cheaper than metro and bus services. Thus the government's move may not benefit the majority of population of India. Here as a conclusion the author has provided a suggestion the center has to work with the state governments to integrate key areas with its transport vision. Here key areas include affordable inner city housing access to civic services and health care then enhanced sustainability, greenery and walkability. Then only the urban infrastructure along with these lead to an inclusive urbanization. So this is all about this article. With this information let us move on to the next news. Now this opiate article is about the need for a virtual surveillance system in India's borders. The concept of smart walls was in use as the Biden regime has scrapped the physical border which was proposed by the Trump regime at the US Mexico border. See a smart wall replaces the physical and armed patrolling with advanced surveillance technologies. So the author says that this smart wall is the proposed future of border security now. The wall would use sensors, radars and surveillance technology to detect and track border breakings especially in remote areas. The author says that along with surveillance towers and cameras thermal imaging would be used which would help in the detection of objects. So such a system would even be capable of distinguishing between animals, humans and vehicles. As we all know India has been struggling along to curb the cross border infiltration of terrorists and smugglers. So it is high time that we shall envisage the use of such a technology to help India secure its borders. As we know we have border disputes with our aggressive neighbors like China and Pakistan and this makes erecting fences, walls or any physical structures extremely difficult. Not just that most of our border areas are rugged terrains. For example, India shares almost 4097 kilometer long border with Bangladesh and it is running through forests, hills, paddy fields and riverine areas thus making it very difficult to fence these borders physically. So in such scenarios the smart walls are of great help as it makes the use of systems which can operate even in rugged areas. Other benefits of smart wall are cost effectiveness, less damage to the environment, fewer land seizures and speedier deployment. Now even if such a system is not possible in our long borders we can effectively use it to enhance the security of our critical security establishments. If our armed forces and security establishments are equipped with the latest technologies it will definitely give them an upper hand over our enemy. So the author stresses that it is high time for India to test a security system that clubs technology with traditional setups. In this context let us discuss in brief about the international borders of India. See India has 15106.7 kilometers of land border and a cost line of 7506.6 kilometers including ILM territories. See the length of our land borders with our neighboring countries is given here for your reference. Please go through it. In that we can see that Bangladesh shares the longest border with India followed by China, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan and Afghanistan. So with this information let us move on to the next news. And now this news articulates with reference to the tax session proposals in the current and the new budget. In an interview with the chairperson of the Central Board of Direct Taxes the chairperson talked about easing the tax complaints process and also about the Vivaatsay Vishwas scheme. See the Central Board of Direct Taxes is a statutory authority which is functioning under the Central Board of Revenue Act 1963. The officials of the board in their ex-officer capacity also function as a division of the ministry dealing with the matters related to levy and collection of direct taxes. The Central Board of Revenue as the apex body of the department which is charged with the administration of taxes came into existence as a result of the Central Board of Revenue Act 1924. Know that initially the board was in charge of both direct and indirect taxes. However, when the administration of taxes became too wide for one board to handle the board was split into two that is the Central Board of Direct Taxes and the Central Board of Excise and Customs in 1964. And this Central Board of Excise and Customs that is CBEC was renamed as Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs that is CBIC in 2018 after the rollout of the Goods and Service Tax. So remember that GST matters are handled by Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs. Know that both the Central Board of Direct Taxes and the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs are statutory bodies which are established under the same Act and both function under the Department of Revenue under the Finance Ministry. Matters relating to the levy and collection of all the direct taxes are looked after by the Central Board of Direct Taxes whereas those relating to levy and collection of Customs and Central Excise duties and other indirect taxes fall within the purview of the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs. Now, let us talk about the Vivaatse Vishwas scheme. See, it was brought out by the Government of India in order to put an end to the pending direct tax disputes. Here, the taxpayer can simply pay the disputed tax and can save the interest levied and leviable and further, they can save any penalties which are levied or leviable. So in order to get the maximum benefits the taxpayers have to pay the disputed tax on or before 31st March 2021. Simply put, the scheme gives an option to settle the tax disputes if the tax is paid before this March and in this regard, the interest and penalty will be completely waived off. So here in this interview, the Chairperson of the Central Board of Direct Taxes said that this scheme that is Vivaatse Vishwas is a great success. So far, almost 1.32 lakh disputes with a quantum of nearly 95,000 crore rupees have been resolved under this scheme. So this is all about this news article. With this, we have analyzed almost all the relevant news articles from today's The Hindu newspaper. Now let us move on to the Practice Questions Discussion section based on today's news analysis. See this first question. Consider the following statements. The first statement reads, In India, the administration of direct taxes are handled by the Central Board of Direct Taxes and indirect taxes by Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs. Yes, this statement is correct. The second statement reads Both CBDT and CBIC are established under the Central Board of Revenue Act of 1963. Yes, this statement is also correct. We have to identify the correct statement or statements. Here, since both the statements are correct, the correct answer for this question is option C, both 1 and 2. Now, see the second question. India shares 4096.7 km of its land border with Bangladesh. Which of the following states of India shares the largest border with Bangladesh? Here, four states are given. Know that West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram are the states which share the border with Bangladesh. But the options given here does not have West Bengal. So, in the four states which are given here, Tripura has the largest border with Bangladesh. The border is of a length of 856 km. Now, see this third question. Consider the following. Here, three reports and an index is given. Which of the above reports or indices is or are released by World Economic Forum. See, during our discussion, we saw that the World Economic Forum publishes the Global Risks Report, the Global Competitiveness Report, Global Gender Gap Report, Global Social Mobility Index, then Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report, etc. So, in the reports which are given in the question, the World Development Report is released by World Bank. So, the correct answer for this question is option C, 1, 3 and 4 only. Now, this fourth question is related to Metro Rail Transport. Consider the following statements. The first statement reads, Metro light is a light urban rail transit system with lesser capacity at much less cost. Yes, this statement is correct. And the second statement reads, Metro Neo is a rail guided, rubber-tired electric coaches powered by overhead traction system running on a road slab. Yes, this statement is also correct. So, in this question, we have to identify the incorrect statement or statements. Since both the statements are correct, the correct answer for this question is option D, neither one nor two. Now, we have two main practice questions. Please write your answers and post it in the comments section. Our feedback will be given in a reasonable time frame. Now, we have come to the end of analysis of all the news articles taken up for today's discussion and also the discussion of practice questions. If you like this video, please press the like button, comment, share, and do subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy YouTube channel for more videos and updates related to civil service preparation. Thank you.