Okay, the next section is, the next presentation is from Babette, which I'm going to present on her behalf. So basically the research, which is part of the bigger project, this is one of the, one component of the bigger project, which is to build capacity to do research and also build professional capacity for those who are working on urban development and planning. So it's also the outcome of this research would inform the policy, those who are development planners in urban and sub-urban area and those who are doing the master, actually it's a part of a work-based master program hosted by Asian Institute of Technology. So the research is about to understand the dynamics, mutually reinforcing effect of climate change on the peri-urban area, which is suffering climate related water threats and also the dynamic between social different gender vulnerability and the whole thing that affects the ability of people, men and women in adapting to the climate threats. Basically the research raised four questions, how people, what are the drivers of vulnerability in terms of bio-physical, social, gender, political economy on those people who are living in this, in such context and how people adapt to such situation, what are enabling factors that contraint those communities in adapting and coping with those vulnerability and also what are the possibility, what are the chance to influence the policymaker in terms of developing a development planning in those peri-urban area. The research has two phases and this is just come to the end of the first phase, which basically they have done some history of water threats identifying like what are the disaster or climate factor affected in those areas, they conduct a mapping on peri-urban, what are the disaster related to water threats, social economic profiling, survey on people perception on climate change, some research on infrastructure and program in place on related to water threats or dealing with those water threats situation and some gender analysis primary very trapped on the livelihood and water use management. The research is in South East Asia region basically in Vietnam, Philippines and Thailand, which I'm going to present just the finding of Vietnam, actually not Vietnam but of province close to Hanoi which is in the North part of Vietnam because we don't have time and because I'm coming from Vietnam, so it's easier to present this case study. So this picture present a kind of very a snapshot of where the study site is which is located on the river bank very low and you also see it's very, it's kind of flooding all year round and this is the whole community, it doesn't look like a rural community anymore because people are shifting their livelihood from agriculture based to more non-farm kind of income generation activity. So basically they are living on still agriculture because if they have to, if they don't do anything on the land, the government will take the land back, so that's why they still have to do some agriculture work but they are developing more like off-farm, like this is a furniture shop and also a recycle mentor which basically is a collect junk, a mentor junk and then wash it and melt it and sell it again. And okay, the initial finding in terms of what are the driver of vulnerability in those communities is basically because it's located in the lowland river bank, so they get flooding all year round and the river itself is so polluted because all the neighborhood and all the people, all the kind of community who live along the river basically release their wastewater directly into the river bank without any treatment and the main, what the source of those community are underground water for daily living and also for production itself, say for example the Mentor Melting Workshop. And those community also be as a common characteristic of peri-urban area which is the increasing population actually having more children in the family is a symbol of wealth, so need to have more children and because of that they build more houses and workshops on the river bank and also eating up the land rise cultivation area, so there are less right field and point in the areas now that cause very bad water sanitation, they don't get much government support in building infrastructure on sanitation or water pipe, so and also the discharge from daily activity production when we send directly to open drainage system and because of the recycling mentor, they use very toxic chemical, so it goes directly to the river and there's no kind of monitoring system or organized management to really control what should be released to the river and also like at the community level there's no like collective self-collective organization, what do you call it? Collective, yeah, so basically people don't organize themselves, they just act on individual interests, for example if the water is polluted I would have my own filter tank, for example and in those communities they report that they experience you know already is a weird climate factor, say for example the unusual and sudden flood inundation and very unpredictable rainfall and so basically all these factors they basically say they cannot use indigenous knowledge that they have before to really cope with say agricultural based activity anymore, so that's why they suffer lower income, less income from agricultural activity and also the level of groundwater is dropping, so this is a picture of the toxic discharge from the workshop, it's really close to the river and go directly to the surface water, the river at the back and also the rice field and this is the kind of house of water filtration system look like and they say that no I don't we don't trust it but we have no choice, yeah so these are some you know kind of problem reported in the areas and it is worsening and what so who are suffer suffering more from this problem of women because of their triple role when there's when they reported very a lot of like what about diseases and what woman would be the one who have to take care for the family seeking our support from outside and they also still have to do productive role and see that those are women who just doing the kind of cheap label kind of thing and and because having more children is a symbol of wealth so they also have to be a more children and take care of more children and also the senior and the poor people in the community suffer more because they are the one who live on farm base and you know the water is so contaminated so they are the one who suffer a lot of lots of crops compared to what they say is a pollution maker who are basically the workshop owner of the mental shop so yeah so they you know earn more but they suffer less from from those pollution and the next step you know they go going to do more in-depth analysis on vulnerability and adaptation strategy though in the whole community and also you know what kind of supporting program in place thank you


This paper investigates the problem of energy consumption prediction in public buildings. It uses data from a university campus to test two different models, non-linear autoregressive NIR and non-linear autoregressive neural networks, NRX. The results show that both models can be used to accurately predict future energy consumption, however, adding exogenous data can further improve the accuracy of the model. This article was authored by Luis Gonzaga Baca Ruiz, Manuel Pagalajar Cuellar, Miguel Delgado Calvo Flores and others.


The DCU 24-hour broadcast kiss cap What's been your highlight of the 24-hour broadcast and I say taking part in the World Cup teams It was so interesting and it was just really fun because we got to use it like the second part What's been your favorite part of the 24-hour broadcasts? First of all, my favorite part of the 24-hour broadcast has been the prank show that myself and Cuny are done So yeah, that's just going to slap people in the face with some cream and we want to spin people First of all, we want to spin people in the face And would you like to take part in our behind-the-scenes kiss cap? Baby What's been your highlight of the 24-hour broadcast? Behind the scenes World Cup, I've loved that and this coffee is good And I'm really looking forward to later on smashing our target And there's lots of money for us to host us Frisbee Would you like to take part in our kiss cap for behind-the-scenes?  The broadcast offer has definitely been mass I think we've probably received the best reception I think when it was in the room everybody was pretty much crying with laughter Just the notion of mass being conducted in the studio Here you go Do you want to take part in our behind-the-scenes kiss cap? Yeah, go for it These bananas are so good They must be from fights What's been your favorite part of the 24-hour broadcast? My favorite part has been...  Frisbee Tier one What was your favorite part of the broadcast? My favorite part of the broadcast is when we hit the high-speed euro mark Because that was really special and I really enjoyed seeing it Your broadcast, yeah Okay, so we're doing a kiss cap for behind-the-scenes Can we kiss please? Thank you What's been your highlight of the 24-hour broadcast? Frisbee My highlight of the 24-hour broadcast so far has been Innuendo Wingo And just... Frisbee Spitting on one another, especially Heather and Amy And I think it was just spitting on one another It's funny Would I take part in behind-the-scenes kiss cap? Sure, why not? I love that bit My show, obviously What was your show? My show was the banter battle It was a 5-minute run and I'm sure everyone was watching it What's been your favorite part of the 24-hour broadcast? It was probably doing social media and having the banter on Because gingers aren't available in Argentina Like just no gingers in Argentina What's been your favorite part of the 24-hour broadcast? Probably when we hit 1,000 euros We're almost at 2,000, so keep going And would you like to take part in the kiss cap? Sure, why not? What's been your favorite part of the DCU 24-hour broadcast? Probably the mark, it was just like so funny And then when we hit the 1,000 euros And then the World Cup competition Would you like to take part in behind-the-scenes kiss cap? Sure, why not? What's been your highlight of the 24-hour broadcast? Highlight of the 24-hour broadcast It's probably, I couldn't tell you the exact time But I just asked the World Cup kind of started And all the one-time teams were legging around And everyone was really enthusiastic And the atmosphere was electric So yeah, probably that moment was probably best Do you want to take part in behind-the-scenes kiss cap? Sure, yeah


It's time for the Lawn Jean Chronoscope, a television journal of the important issues of the hour, brought to you every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. A presentation of the Lawn Jean Wittnor Watch Company, maker of Lawn Jean, the world's most honored watch, and Wittnor, distinguished companion to the world-honored Lawn Jean. Good evening, this is Frank Knight. May I introduce our co-editors for this edition of the Lawn Jean Chronoscope? Mr. William Bradford Huey, editor of the American Mercury, and Mr. Carl Hess, press editor of Newsweek Magazine. Our distinguished guest for this evening is the honorable Stiles Bridges, United States Senator from New Hampshire. The opinions expressed are necessarily those of the speakers. Senator Bridges, I'm sure that our viewers will be glad to see you back on the Chronoscope again tonight, sir. And as Republican leader in the United States Senate, why we'll welcome your views on some of the current developments. Now, sir, Senator Taft has had a rather important meeting with General Eisenhower. I'm sure that you were interested in that. And I'd like you to tell our viewers just what you think was the result of that meeting between General Eisenhower and Senator Taft. I think it brought together the two of the great factions of the Republican Party. And I think that there was a general agreement as a result of the conference. I think that it means that Taft will support wholeheartedly the Eisenhower candidacy. And I think that the differences which they may have had before as a result of their conferences have been so resolved that the area of difference is between the two is slight, and the Taft can do it with a clear conscience and wholeheartedly. Well, do you think this will mean any change in the tenor of the campaign? I think if anything, it will have a tendency, Mr. Taft, to step up the campaign. Well, will Taft, for instance, speak more specifically? I think Taft will pinpoint the issues that he's particularly concerned with and intends to put on a very vigorous type of campaign. Of course, as a Republican leader in the Senate, I know that you yourself have been very interested in uniting the party. Now, do you foresee, sir, that by November the 4th, you think that you will have a united Republican party? I do, yes, I do, very definitely. You don't think that any of the so-called extreme right factions will hold back from supporting General Eisenhower? No, I think that the issues will be so clarified that the right and conservative wing of the Republican party as perhaps exemplified by the Taft faction of the Taft leadership will be such a difference between me and the left-wing tendencies of the Democratic campaign that they'll have no difficulty in making their choice. The other extremely interesting development now has been, of course, the smashing victory of Senator McCarthy in Wisconsin. Now, will you tell our viewers how you interpret the meaning of that surprise? I think that Senator McCarthy's victory in Wisconsin by such a tremendous margin indicates that the people of Wisconsin certainly endorse wholeheartedly the objectives which he thought, which is to rid the government agencies of this country of subversive elements. Were you surprised, sir, at the results? I was surprised at the magnitude, the size of it. I was not surprised at the victory. Were you pleasantly surprised? I was pleasantly surprised. Do you feel, then, that McCarthy's support for anyone during the campaign will be valuable? I do. I think that it will because I think people, to most people in the country, McCarthy, whether they agree with all of his methods or all that he said, they agree that McCarthy is sort of a symbol of action and people want action in eliminating the bad influences, the subversives from the government of the United States. Specifically, of course, sir. You're interested in electing Republicans to the United States Senate. Now, do you think that McCarthy can be useful outside Wisconsin in the election of Republicans to the Senate? Yes. I think he'd be an asset in any state, the Union, where we have a Republican candidate. Is there any place where he isn't welcome? I think the only state that I've heard of and particularly was a statement coming out of Connecticut recently, where one of the candidates for the Senate in that state indicated that he didn't intend to make use of Senator McCarthy. You regard that as a tactical error on the part of the Republicans in Connecticut? I do, yes. Would it be a similar tactical error for Eisenhower to continue to ignore him? Well, I think Eisenhower, as our candidate, must recognize the McCarthy victory there and its significance and its magnitude. Is there any reason to believe he will? I rather think that he will, yes. Well, Senator, now our viewers, a number of them, I'm sure, know that you yourself have been making the number of trips out into the country and that you are supporting the ticket actively. Now, what interesting observations do you have for us from those trips that you've been making? Well, I come away with a definite feeling, and I'm just enroute back now from rather a lengthy trip, that the campaign, the Republican campaign, is picking up, gathering momentum. And if the recent tendency to pick up, to gather momentum, carries forward, as I have every reason to believe that it will, I think it's a good omen. Is there a difference between the things that the people you have spoken to are interested in and the things Eisenhower has stressed in his candidacy? I mean, I find that, particularly, people are interested in certain definite issues. What issues do you find? I think, for instance, they're very interested in career. And our action and our attitude in career, they're very interested in taxes. They're very interested in ridding the delicate agencies of the government from all the communist influences. Well, you talk about that being interested in taxes, sir. Do you think that's one of the major issues? Yes, I do. I believe that it is an issue that is felt by some 55 million taxpayers. Now, I wonder if that's typical.  Is everybody in the country as worried about money as you people are? Well, I tell you, up in New England, we are interested in money. We like to see the American dollar worth a dollar. And we're getting worried. I was over in Canada the other day and purchased an item for eight dollars. I gave the shopkeeper eight dollars. And he said, 32 more cents, buddy. Your dollar isn't worth as much as it used to be. Well, that was a shock to me. Why? Because I was brought up in the New England state along the Canadian border. And all from the time of my childhood on, the Canadian dollar sold at a discount of 10 to 15 cents from the American dollar. Now to find that the American dollar is selling at a discount. Not the Canadian dollar. It's a terrific shock to me. Well, so to now, I believe you've been in the Senate since something like 1936. That's right. You're number one in the Republicans. I am, yes, sir. Meaning you've been there long within any other Republican.  I hope so. Now, sir, I hear it. Do you have much of a chance now or a great chance of a Republican Senate and a Republican House? I think if we have any trend in this election, which I believe we have, that we have an excellent chance to capture both the Senate and the House. The Senate will be by a small margin that we can capture. Will these campaigns in the Senate and the House be pitched differently from the national campaign as far as you're concerned? Well, I mean, the overall will be the same, but the individual candidates in the respective states will emphasize particular and specific issues. Now, coming back to yourself, sir, do you regard yourself as a conservative in the United States Senate now? Well, when I came to the Senate from the governorship in New Hampshire up there, I was regarded as sort of a rank progressive. And I suppose most people today regard me as sort of a conservative, although my feelings haven't changed. Does that mean that you are opposed to the so-called social gain? No. And if there's anything that makes me sick and tired is to have Democrats and New Dealers all around this country telling if the Republicans get in, they'll turn back the pages to the dark ages. That's pure, undiluted bunk. And as a matter of fact, the Republicans generally approve the sound social gain. Is there anything in your own record that indicates that? Yes, when I was governor of New Hampshire, my state, the little state of New Hampshire, was the first state in the United States to qualify under the Federal Social Security Act. We put through the first, the second unemployment insurance law in the country. We put through Mother's Aid, which was an initial step in the country, and we set up the first cancer research commission and clinics in the country. Well, how would the Republican achievement of these social gains, so-called social gains, legislations differ from the Democratic? Well, I think that that's a good point. I think the Republicans would like to see not everything centered in the federal government. We'd like to see the corporate adventure where there's much emphasis put in the states and local control and local operation is possible. The federal government only coming in to coordinate or playing as small a part as possible. As a Republican leader, leader of the Republicans in the Senate, you don't know of any tendency or any desire on the part of the Republicans to repeal any of the major social legislation. I don't know. Or to change any of it? Well, I think there may be some changes that would be sound in the right direction, but I don't know of any to repeal any of the sound social legislation. You would be towards state control. Individual state control. Senator, as a final question, sir, since you are particularly interested in the Senate races, I'm sure that our viewers would like you to tell us the states in which you think the Republicans have the best chance to gain seats in the Senate this year. I think we have an excellent chance to gain two seats in Connecticut, a seat in Maryland, a seat in Michigan, a seat in Wyoming, a seat in New Mexico, a seat in West Virginia, and a seat in Kentucky. There may be some others, and Arizona, we have a good fighting chance in Arizona. And it's your belief that there is an excellent chance then for... Yes, I can see that where we could capture the Senate by a two, three, or four-volt margin. Well, sir, I'm certain that our viewers have very much appreciated these views from you tonight. Sir, and thank you for being with us. The editorial board for this edition of the Laun Jean Chronoscope was Mr. William Bradford Huey and Mr. Carl Hess. Our distinguished guest was the Honorable Stiles Bridges, United States Senator from New Hampshire. Laun Jean watches appeal to particular people, men and women of distinction who look for faultless appearance and performance in a watch, as well as in other things that they buy. Now, does solid worth also appeal to you? For excellence and for elegance, Laun Jean is the only watch in history to win 10 World Fair Grand Prizes 28 Gold Medal Awards. For accuracy, Laun Jean watches have won countless honors from the world's great government observatories. In a Laun Jean watch, discriminating men and women find faultless finish and performance. And remember, if you pay $71.50 or more for a watch, you're paying the price of a Laun Jean. And you should insist on getting a Laun Jean. For throughout the world, no other name on a watch means so much as Laun Jean, the world's most honored watch. Premier product of the Laun Jean Witt-Nor watch company since 1866. Maker of watches of the highest character. We invite you to join us every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday evening at this same time for the Laun Jean Chronoscope, a television journal of the important dishes of the hour, broadcast on behalf of Laun Jean, the world's most honored watch, and Witt-Nor, distinguished companion to the world's honored Laun Jean. This is Frank Knight reminding you that Laun Jean and Witt-Nor watches are sold and serviced from coast to coast by more than 4,000 leading jurors who proudly display this emblem. Agency for Laun Jean Witt-Nor watchers. Join the battle of the ages of the CBS television network.


What's good jobs boy Ross back again with another video, so we're gonna check out 10 great fues that ended with terrible matches We've all been Well, we all seen at some point a great feud feud is intense. It's it's it's you know, the rivalry is there It's getting personal We get to the final match the match is gonna end it all and it doesn't live up to the hype It does happen. It does happen. That's just that's just the interesting thing about Well, the interesting part about wrestling sometimes the feud can be greater than the final match and sometimes the feud can be Not that good in the final match be fantastic So we're gonna check out some of these moments appreciate all love and support you guys have shown on channel Let's get right into this your mind into the dark backward and abysm of time two weeks ago We ran a list on parts fun known about terrible feuds are ended with great wrestling matches Put my thing down flip it and reverse it To translate Ended with terrible matches It's such a horrible phenomenon when it happens when the story being told is super engaging and fun But once that bell rings it deflates like rear Ripley's bouncy castle putting all those weeks worth of television all that money All that audience investment the editing time gone into the video packages also the final product the thing that shifted the tickets the match itself It's bad. It's so sad when it happens. Well, let's get sad I'm Adam Hailing from parts fun known here are 10 great feuds that ended with terrible matches number 10 AJ Styles versus Samoa Joe This one feud wasn't the very best it's ever existed but had to be good AJ Styles 2018 WWE Championship run on this list somewhere Because bloody hell Imagine this AJ Styles one of the best wrestlers in the world has just won the belt in 2017 And I appear wearing Doc Brown time travel gear to tell you hey AJ's gonna hold the belt for an entire year and he's gonna feud with Kevin Owens Sami Zayn, Shinsuke Nakamura and Samoa Joe and it'll all be pretty bad You'd kill me in the street But it's true though every time the hype machine went into overdrive because AJ Styles is very occasionally the best Wrestler in the world and every single time things got personal and heated in all the right places But nearly every single time it ended at some convoluted DQ no contest dick dance the styles Joe feud started So bloody well with Joe elevating it to hilarious B movie melodrama trying to bone down with Mrs Styles Descended into underwhelming nonsense apart from AJ and Joe's match at super showdown That was a strong definitive end to the feud So obviously they did it again in crown jewel one last time in a dull ten minute match fucking God number nine Daniel Brian But that don't have windy Joe's so good man. Joe is so damn good It just pains me to know that we had this guy in the company and at no point he was ever the WWE champion What could have been What could have been versus the Mears and speaking of super showdown not the Saudi Arabia ones the one in Australia This event which was mostly good saw the final blow-off match between Daniel Brian and the Mears the feud which had been part organically I actually didn't even watch this match. I didn't watch this show actually The super showdown. So I never watched it actual I think I forgot that it was on and I just didn't care to check it out So this is all first of me part accidentally built for anywhere between two and eight years from Daniel Brian's first day in the company via a beautiful confrontation on talking smack escalating through miss chicane While Brian was retired and finally becoming physical in 2018 their first match at SummerSlam was great Superheated their styles meshed Miz one via cheating. That's okay though It's the first match then the wives got involved mixed tag at Hell in a Cell Miz and Mrs One that one to Okay, it's a bit weird I guess they're just saving Brian's big win for the third and final match that came at super showdown and Brian did win It's just that the match lasted two minutes and ended with a small package The video package was longer than the match Because I guess and that was I'm glad I didn't see that That would have pissed me off. I'm glad I didn't watch this show. That's the end What a waste of so much time number eight Johnny Gargano versus to Maso Champa might catch some flak for this But so did I'm right the Johnny Gargano to Maso Champa feud in NXT will probably go down as the greatest rivalry in the history of the black and Gold built for years with a gooey center of genuine heartbreak and one of the purest face heal dynamics in modern wrestling Swear over a series of phenomenal takeover matches It was gonna blow off a takeover in New York for Champa went out injured So Gargano pivoted to Adam Cole instead No one would have battered an eye at the feud ending there not ideal But it had been running for the better part of the year However, they picked it up again and it slipped right through their fingers and smashed on the ground gargles turned heel Which felt really strange cost Champa the title before the whole thing actually culminated in a cinematic match And yeah, it was it was that was a very interesting decision Obviously when Tomaso came back he was going to be no greeted as a face So it was very interesting to see they turned him heel which From a storyline standpoint, I get it the guy did cause him some some chaos and Problems so I can't understand him wanting to get him back But at the same time, you know, it was it was it was a weird dynamic But I didn't have a problem with me personally him going heel because it makes sense the guy through your wedding ring The dude was a minutes before he got hurt. So I can get the no-love-loss situation. That's I'm really sorry It was a bad cinematic match awkward really self-serious and ending in yet another weird feeling Yeah from Candice Leray one of us ever ending way after it should in a damp squib of mixed emotions real shame Number seven Brock Lesnar versus Dean Ambrose. Oh doctor What a kick in the teeth Which is about five times more hardcore than anything that happened in this match in early 2016 Dean Ambrose was a really hot act coming off A great icy title feud with Kevin Owens an electric Royal Rumble final two and coming within a cat's whisker of winning the WWE title at Roadblock WWE sought to capitalize on his momentum by putting him in a mania match with Brock Lesnar and not just any WrestleMania match WWE made pains of stressing that this was a no-holds-barred People were excited.  Did we get that? No WWE stoke that excitement by having a parade of hardcore legends slide into Dean's DMs and bequeathed in their favorite weapons Here's a chainsaw said Terry Funk. Here's a barbed wire baseball bat said Mick Foley Did either of those weapons get used did they cocks what followed was a hugely disappointing 13-minute brawl where Brock getting ready for another UFC fight wanted none of Dean Ambrose's death match dare Devilry reduced the affair to a standard Brock Lesnar German spammer only this time with a few chairs thrown in Criminal number six. That's Rollins versus Dean Ambrose. Hello again Dean Sorry about all this Dean and Seth have had to count them at too few to have had at the very least moments of pure wrestling greatness Both of which ended in disaster because God is dead and Vince hung God's skull on his office wall It really is hard to choose between them Do we go with their original feud bursting out of the demise of the shield Kool-Aid man star with big fight Forever energy a wonderful summer slam lumberjack match injury angle blowing off inside hell and our Sal Which was a pretty good match until it decided to end end the feud Let's be clear by Dean reading the answer machine message that Bray Wyatt left inside R2D2 Or do we go with their second feud months of build teasing Descension Roman leaving to battle leukemia and Ambrose executing one of the best most emotionally charged heel turns ever That was a great heel turn. It happened right after Roman was leaving due to leukemia and oh my God that was good. And then they botched it. They turned this guy in the bane. I was so confused I was like you it brought itself people were legit shot. This was so good and they screwed it Only for their blow-off match at TLC to be utter garbage with both men thoroughly checked out Dean and Seth Feel like one of those pairings that should have been destined to do this forever But every time they do it ends badly number five Paul Heyman versus C.M. Punk Okay It's a bit of a cheat because really CMP versus Paul Heyman comprised three micro feuds that were all stitched together like a grotesque science Experiment desperately pleading for death Paul Heyman turned on noted Paul Heyman guy C.M. Punk and then before punk at exact revenge made old C.M. Run the gauntlet of his dangerous alliance of increasingly Men C.M. Punk versus Brock Lesnar was an excellent few excellent match at SummerSlam But then Brock peaced out and less good Curtis Axel took over the feud was still alright It was punk promo battling Paul Heyman after all but the match at night champions was not very good Yeah, and Ryback got involved and oh god this swan dog rat is bleeding from its eyes What was once the feud of the summer ended with a reed bad Hell in a Cell match between punk and Ryback and by that point Everyone was just glad it was over number four Brock Lesnar versus Goldberg one Sometimes the wrestling for you doesn't have to have a lot of narrative steps to be good Sometimes it's as simple as asking the audience. Do you like this guy? Do you like this guy? Good because they're gonna kill each other great wrestling's 80% high But all times sometimes half of booking a feud is just deciding to host a dream at the time And this was one of the biggest like the biggest Is that biggest match that wwe could put on at that time? They were just mega stars and people wanted to see them collide Until they found out they were both leaving and people said screw this Screw both you guys even match not doing anything to diminish either wrestler until they fight And simple the first Lesnar Goldberg feud was this down to a veiny tee Both men were hyper mobile cows who earned phd's and pummeling huge dudes So by all rights them fighting at wrestlemania 20 should have been a meat-tacularless firework show A big boy's doing big boy things and everyone was very excited right up until a few days before the show When news leaked that lesnar was joining goldberg in leaving the company and the hardcore new york fans let their abandonment issues Hang out with their wang out helting the match with hatred and in turn both competitors turned in a horrendous Non-match of five minutes stalling one move five minutes stalling to constant booze How did it go so wrong away? I told you how it went wrong. Yeah number three breath heart versus vince mcman Still to this day vince's last Singles feud and when you think about it this being a good bite of vince mcman would have been wonderfully poetic If the match hadn't also been one of the worst in their history of wrestlemania before the montreal screw job vince mcman was an on-screen personality sure but more like a host he'd sit on commentary Welcome people to shows run the occasional interview But that was it then the montreal screw job happened the fans turned on vince for orchestrating that play and suddenly Mr. mcman was born an ego maniacal dictator who'd grow increasingly more villainous and hands on with his own product And there's an easy vince hands-on joke in there, and i'm not gonna make it Point is vince being retired as a character by the very man who helped create him That's a great story and i think pretty much all the work was done by wwe with a simple passage of time A match 13 years in the making and then mainly they f***ed it up with a series of Unconvincing weird story beats a series of unconvincing weird heart family members and a glacial pace that turned 15 minutes Into what felt like an hour an awful end to what could have been something Way better of a match number two triple h versus randy orton if i could describe wwe in three words It would be chunky punch bunch if i could describe wwe in another three words It would be can't stop meddling so many times wwe have had all the ingredients for a simple Wonderful feud and have rendered it inert via either stretching it out throwing in needless complications or wackadoo finishes Boy, did they meddle with this one? It was as simple as stories. It could be randy is crazy randy commits cereal mcmaniside Triple h's family triple h is mad they fight super great super silly super personal all the main food groups of wrestling And then the big match at wrestlemania 25 So Instead of leaning into the hyper violent intensity of the feud by booking a no holds barred match wwe booked a match that was so straight laced that if triple h even thought about breaking a rule He'd lose his title in theory.  He kicked his brother along the head. He was disrespectful Grandly this is kind of triple h is doing because randy orton went back to the to the evolution days and Um, pretty much triple h turned on him. So this was his way getting them back This was personal. This was no longer about the championship. It was about destruction and That's what they went with feud. They didn't want the raft to keep telling triple h Or you want to stop doing that now you want to be careful because I mapped it you tighten it off They wanted violence And they didn't get it They sat on their hands leading to an awkward quiet main event of WrestleMania and number one hollywood hogan versus sting A lot of this list has been ragging on wwe and to be fair I've shown my working but hot dog no one ruins the potential of an all-time great feud like wcw This match right here hogan versus sting the main event of starcade 1997 the pinnacle of wwe's insane white hot runner business and a few that have been built for quite literally a year Was awful in 1996 the nwo showed up and ruined wcw eating it from the inside like a parasite Most of the company fell in line enjoying the black and white but not sting instead He left watched the crow a bunch of times and started hanging out in the ceiling a vengeful spirit Watching over the ring. He once called home for months This happened until finally sting returned to crush the nwo's head honcho hollywood hogan and after all this time anticipation was a Fever pitch with wcw doing their best buy rate in company history That's how hot this feud was and they f***ed it up so hard so hard It was so easy as well sting batters hogan nwo numbers game turns tide sting fires up overcomes the odds Taps out hogan job done his job done Instead they chose to do a false finish hogan hit sting with the leg drop after battering the icon all match nick patrick was supposed to do a fast count But then he either forgot or was told not to buy hogan depending on who you believe Then bret ha restarted the match which the fan to just watch sting get trounced in and legitimately lose Then sting locks in the death lock and just wins.  You know the hottest feud in your company history quite possibly the most disappointing wrestling match of all time Do you want to see more then check out this? Yeah, that was so convoluted, bro That was that's just that's that's the thing that's the thing you're wrestling you get to that big match that everyone's been waiting for And then they either don't pull the trigger Or they pull the trigger, but by time they pulled the trigger you it is all convoluted now Now you're like, what's going on? Who's actually pulling the trigger now? So but comment down below Let me know. What are some uh feuds that you felt like were fantastic And when we got to the the final match It just didn't live up to the hype if it wasn't on this list already But I appreciate all of the support you guys shown on the channel wrote 250k And I am still young speedy youtube wrestling champion the world. Appreciate that game with me. See you next one. Peace


Ladies and gentlemen, Madam Assistant Director, thank you for your kind introduction. It is indeed a great honor and privilege to be speaking on this important gathering. And I would like to thank Dr. Jimmy Smith and Dr. Wellington Ikaya for the invitation. A special thank also for my dear friend and sister, Judith Francis, for associating me with this event. Ever since I met Judith, good things have happened to me.  I would like to just share my reflection on why it is critical to focus on high education, how we communicate science and why we need to mobilize science and technology in addressing our development deficit. Mauritius can bear testimony to the fact that investment in free education for all since 1976 has been the bedrock of her development through the emancipation of human capital, our own resource. We had understood very early on that education is, if not the only fundamental that will propel the country to the next stage of its development, ensuring social mobility. Just like in other parts of the developing world, it must help add other pillars of the economy through the creation of knowledge. Friends, we meet at a consequential time, the crucial importance of quality education, science and technology. More importantly, the need for us to commit to the cause of excellence for our continued and long-term sustainable development cannot be over-emphasized. According to the World Bank, economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa, I must point out my region, had fallen to 1.6% in 2016, the lowest level in over two decades. Growth in the region rebounded to about 3.5% in 2018 and unfortunately in 2020, recession has started to glare at us again, especially in the developing world. We know the effects of the growth, development challenges are amplified, education suffers, public investment in health, nutrition, water sanitation are hit and poor people get pushed deeper into poverty. Seen against the backdrop of these priorities, the STI agenda gets short-lived in policy-making discussion and public investments. At the outset, let me make my biases clear. As a former academician, long-time, long-lifelong scientist, entrepreneur and past president, I sincerely believe that quality education, science and technology innovation have major roles to play in advancing knowledge for improving the everyday challenges faced by Africans and of course, scientists and citizens of the developing world. That is why I'm pleased to join my voice to the ongoing effort to an education-led transformation in Africa and in the developing world. Tapping into our vast human scientific and innovation potential will require vision, sound policies, investment, backed by keen implementation capacity. One sees vision through the leadership of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and I quote, it is science alone that can solve the problems of hunger and poverty, of insanitation, illiteracy, of superstition and deadening customs and tradition of vast resources running to waste or a rich country inhabited by starving people who indeed could afford to ignore science today. At every turn we have to seek his aid. The future belongs to science and those who make friends with science, unquote. That was said a long time ago. And yet there is so much truth and wisdom in it because it is as relevant today as it was during the days of Pandit Nehru when he worked out the science agenda for his country in 1958. For starters, emerging economies need resources to conduct research that is creative, innovative and also adapted to local circumstances. To achieve this, we need talents. Ladies and gentlemen, let me be very clear. I believe that the entire potential of Africa and the developing world remain in their people. Africa is the youngest continent in the world and by 2050 the continent's population is projected to double and reach two billion. Channeling the tremendous reservoir of human capital to productive sectors and sustainable use of natural resources will not only offer unrivaled economic and social opportunities but also mobilize youth to the urgent task of national and regional development. We need to build on this momentum and mobilize greater resources to consolidate each university. Our interventions must be guided by sound policies, increased investment and greater innovation all backed by rigorous science-based evidence which can help guide the creation of policies that are growth-inducing, fair, free from political bias and benign to the environment. For brain gain, the developing world in Africa must also address the brain drain issue. For these global regions to take the rightful place in a fully integrated global economy the conditions must be created and sustained. Ladies and gentlemen, for a technically sound meritocracy to bloom one must connect the dots and accelerate the fight against a myriad of challenges requiring interdisciplinary approaches such as climate change, harnessing new technologies, promoting research and development, translating academic research through entrepreneurship and securing intellectual property rights are always a means of boosting innovation, productivity, jobs and the ability to move up the production value chain. One of the dominating features of the 21st century is the remarkable growth and ubiquity of global communication affecting all facets of human endeavor. One must be mindful also of the world of jobs especially against the backdrop of artificial intelligence, AI which has not only invaded into in a pervasive manner they have invaded every single aspect of our lives. It is forecast that AI and its corollary robotics will threaten to unleash mass unemployment. In the US alone it is said to eliminate 6% of jobs by the end of this year alone with the biggest impact felt in transportation, logistics, customer service and customer services. 6% is huge. Just imagine its impact on a country that does not have the capacity to create jobs for its youth. Equally important is the need to marshal innovation, mobilize investment and strengthen our academic institutions. As somebody had said, it's an early warning sign and it just portends a massive win of change in the future. AI is inevitable and irreversible. Its challenges have to be taken seriously. That is why it is crucial to prepare young minds to compete for jobs in the global market. Our education system has a major role to play in this process. And education that elevates the mind of our youth and opens the door to new horizons is what we require in today's uncertain times because even in the best of times they will be required to tread in unmapped territories and troubled waters. The rapid rise of the social media as a tool of information, communication, instruction and social mobilization has been breathtaking. New ICT technologies have led to new fields of bioinformatics, genomics, a development that was instrumental in the decoding of the human genome. Decoding of the genome has been critical, especially in the wake of the COVID pandemic. The internet is also helping to bring education to millions. We must get beyond the traditional mode of students sitting passively in classrooms for laying instructions and memorizing materials. Computers can do that for us. Road learning is not commensurate with the need of a dynamic, knowledge-based economy and societies. Nor is it conducive for the cause of innovation. Fundamentally, we need to change what people learn, how people learn, when people learn and even why people learn. The surge in communication capability is unprecedented in human history. Our collective challenge is to mold these tremendous forces and to bring them to bear on the common everyday problem facing us. All this development should also challenge us to think innovatively and creatively. And I call on all grand challenge delegates to use the power of your scholarship and help ignite innovation key sectors, agriculture, energy, environment, health, trade and sustainable use and management of natural resources that matter for our collective future. Ladies and gentlemen, as a scientist, I lament that my region, sub-Saharan Africa, with 12% of the global population only accounts for less than 1% of the world's research output. And there are very, very few African nations among the top 20 countries fighting patent application in 2020. To feed Africa and the developing world, to keep a population good health, we need to bring about Africa's institutional transformation. We need partnership between public and private sectors, between academia and civil society, between scientists and non-scientists. That's where communication, communicating science matters. Partnerships are of the essence and where such partnership don't exist, let us create them keeping the common good in mind. Partnerships are indeed for marshalling innovation, making it fit for purpose in tackling development needs. In all these areas, women can and must become the drivers of change. That's why I'm pleased to join my voice in this ongoing effort to build a movement for science and technology geared towards sustainability. Ladies and gentlemen, as I'll close, I cannot miss the opportunity to talk about what happened in September, 2015. As part of this global agenda for the next 15 years, the UN adopted a set of sustainable development goals. They are the most sweeping ambitious program ever undertaken by a global organization. Their very aim, sustainable, points to a limitation inherent in them. To reach them, we are going to have to use resources that are more carefully stewarded than before in ways that are more effective than before. And I believe now it's a time to re-dedicate ourselves to achieving this goal by 2030 because sustainable development takes time. We cannot afford to fail yet another generation. We cannot abdicate our responsibilities, no shock from our commitment to excellence. Our actions must be guided by the fierce urgency of now. We must be active and not passive in generating ideas. We must become activists and not pacifists for generating our development solutions. We need to become producers and not just consumers of knowledge. And we should capitalize on the momentum gain at the global level while recognizing that all actions are local. Because development takes time, we cannot, we must not fail yet another generation. With these words, I would like to thank you for the opportunity to share my thoughts and why quality of high education, science and technology and innovation matter. And I think it's also now time for rejoicing and congratulations are in order. I thank you for your attention.


Hmm looks like this will be a cool breeze get the hook up Rayfield's mind. What what are you doing? Gacky wells my old pal from the hood see you haven't grown an ounce white Hey Detective stance in a while, huh?  I'm waiting left for Atlanta Looking for a slice of happiness. Yes, you didn't find it.  Give us a break, huh?  Oh They're proud to be out early Are these the thieves? Trash Coming custody mr. Fujioka will be taking them now. It's a waste of effort I have no time to testify or play it on investigation Suggesting we let him go sir. I suggest we toss them in the sea Cough licks broken so this trash doesn't float like this will be a cool breeze The hooker feels mine. What what are you doing? Do you haven't grown an ounce white?  I'm waiting left for Atlanta Looking for a slice of happiness. Yes. You didn't find it.  Give us a break, huh? Lock us up.  Are these the thieves? ordinary trash Got them in custody mr. Fujioka will be taking them now. It's a waste of effort I have no time to testify or play it on investigation Suggesting we let him go sir.  What what are you doing?  I'm waiting left for Atlanta Looking for a slice of happiness. Yes. You didn't find it.  Are these the thieves? ordinary trash Got them in custody mr. Fujioka will be taking them now. It's a waste of effort I have no time to testify. I'll play it on investigation Suggesting we let him go sir. I suggest you toss them in the sea Cough licks broken so this trash doesn't float. It's like this will be a cool breeze. What are you doing in a while? Inspector familiar to come on spit it out. I'm waiting left for Atlanta looking for a slice of happiness Yes, you didn't find it I've always maintained.  Give us a break.   Fujioka will be taking them now. It's a waste of effort I have no time to testify. I'll play it on investigation Suggesting we let him go sir.


The second speaker is Vipu Periwara. He's going to talk about something other than the large deviations. So we talked about a lot of large deviations. No large deviations. No large deviations. No clarity using models. I lit. OK, please. All right, light entertainment. So this may not have been evident in this school and set of talks, but biological data is very noisy. And so theorists, when they arrive at trying to model biology, usually fall flat on their face because they don't know how to deal with very noisy data. All right? So please, keep this in mind. If you think that your beautiful differential equation parameter finding is working great, try it with real data, and it still works, then you've got something. So one of the policies that is very strictly enforced in my group is that if we're developing anything theoretical, we have to have some real data that we should, that the algorithm should work well on. We don't even start doing any modeling unless there's some real data that we aim for. So a typical problem that my group has studied for a while is the arrangement of cells in pancreatic islets. And what's an islet?  And there is green cells, which are the alpha cells. And the beta cells, the red cells, secrete insulin. Insulin gets muscle and various other organs to absorb glucose, and that reduces your blood glucose levels. And the green cells, the alpha cells produce glucagon, which is responsible for your brain getting enough glucose even when you're not eating, or even when you haven't eaten for a while. So there are three sub-regions in this islet. There's this mantle, which is the surrounding region. There's a core, and this empty region here is where there's blood vessels. Now, the arrangement of beta cells in an islet is supposedly functional, and this is an area of huge controversy, because for a long time, the only things that were available were slices through islets. These are three-dimensional organoids. You go around taking slices, and really there's a lot of imagination out there. And you can come up with all sorts of hypotheses as to how they're arranged. So one of the hypotheses is that alpha cells form a sort of cover around the beta cells, which are in the center, OK? Now, a postdoc in my lab, Debbie Striegel, did a very beautiful geometric analysis finding this kind of structure and the probability of a given islet having such a structure and so on and so forth. So when Manu, whose work I will be presenting today, when Manu started in my lab, Debbie had moved on to better things. I asked him to check out what Debbie was doing so that we can finish up her work and publish. So Manu did that, but then he got bored, and he said, why don't I try topological data analysis on this, just as a sort of different way to verify Debbie's results. So Debbie did very, very careful geometric analysis in three dimensions with angles and when you get a sphere and so on and so forth. Manu decided to do topological data analysis on this. So he could quantify when and if there were these mantles. So now I'm going to tell you about what is topological data analysis. I'm going to talk about a specific sub-area of topological data analysis called persistent homology. And so I have to tell you what is homology. So homology is something that came out of the work of Poirier. When Poirier was trying to figure out how to mathematically quantify what means for a shape that is, how do you say that something is a torus versus a sphere? You can deform it in different ways, and it's still a donut. So what you want to do is you want to find an invariant way that doesn't depend on the geometric embedding, whether you make it a very elliptical donut or a round donut, it's still a donut. It's characterized by having two non-contractable loops. So that's what Poirier was aiming for. And so there's a huge branch of mathematics called algebraic topology, which basically converted the study of these invariant shapes to algebra and group theory. Generically, just algebra, really. And persistent homology is a way of trying to compute the homology when you don't have some continuous nice manifold, what you have is a bunch of data points. And you're trying to figure out where are the regions where there isn't any data? There's a hole. How do I quantify in this noisy data set that this is not a significant hole and this is a significant hole? That's what the whole aim is here, to be able to quantify the significance of these holes and when they exist. So what's the basic idea? The idea is suppose you take one parameter, which is basically how far the nearest point that you're connected to is. And then what we're going to do is we're going to vary this parameter. And as you make this parameter, which is labeled tau here, you get connected loops. Now if you get connected loops that you can basically contract or connected networks that you can contract, that's not a hole. But this happens as you scan through tau. You see a non-contractable loop as you keep increasing tau. You start getting connections across the loop so that you can squeeze it out. So then that hole that you found dies. So that's what when I refer to as we go on, I refer to something being born, a topological feature being born. And then as we scan the persistence homology diagram, that feature dies. So what's a significant feature is usually one that has a long trace in the persistence diagram. Now in this two-dimensional case, it's sort of easy. You say, oh, this is a significant hole. And it depends on the length scale of your data whether you decide that this is also a significant hole and this is not. See, that's filled in. So that can be contracted to nothing. Something that has a hole in it cannot be contracted. So in a persistence diagram, as I said, there's a tau parameter value at which a feature is born. And there's a tau parameter value at which the feature dies. So if I do the persistence diagram for this cloud of points, intuitively you might think there's only one feature. But you'll notice that on this persistence diagram, there's birth, there's death. And most of these features are pretty close to the diagonal. There's only one feature that's up there. Way off in the persistence. So what that means when it's off the axis is that there's a long interval between the birth and the death. There's quite obviously nothing below the diagonal, right? Unless you believe in some sort of reincarnation, in which case you might be dead before you're born. But in this topological setting, that doesn't really happen. So every feature is up here. And the further away they are from the diagonal, the longer the time scale, the persistence length scale over which they survive. Yes? So that is sort of obvious, right? Now here's a three-dimensional point cloud. I'll give you a one look at it. Can you tell that there's a hole in it? No, it's not so obvious when you go to higher dimensions. And yet, I can give you this point cloud.  And you do the automatic persistence homology calculation. And you'll see there are no non-contractable loops. But there is actually, in the center of this, there is actually a two-sphere, a hollow two-sphere in there. Not obvious if you just look at it. So that's what we're trying to get at to find non-trivial topological features. Features that are way off the birth-death diagonal. That's persistent homology. So how do we compute this? Yes? Yes?  A hot dog is a sphere. Points of a hot dog would be less than a sphere. No, no, wait. You're talking about a solid hot dog? The shape of a long cylinder. Yes? Yes? That's it. So when you start the persistence, you're not looking at the longest. No, no. You're looking at the shortest at which you can contract it. And this is? It's a metric notion. This is not that. No, no, no, wait. So any actual data science, it's with a point cloud with actual numbers. So there is a metric notion because of this. But you change the metric in any smooth way, leaving it a metric, and the persistence diagram, it will be deformed smoothly to a persistence diagram in the new metric. And things that were not on the diagonal will still not be on the diagonal. OK? But this metric will reveal that. How far you are from the diagonal? Yes? I could tell apart with the clusters. Yeah, well, yeah. So as we go, we will get into how we actually tell what is significant and what isn't. Yeah, that's a whole another. OK, so how do we compute this stuff? There is what's called a zero simplex, one point, right? That's what's called a one simplex, which is an edge. That's what's called a two simplex, which is given by three points filled in, right? Yes? That's a four simplex, a tetrahedron, right? A, B, C, D, filled in. OK? A simplexial complex is just a combination of sets of points like this, of simplices like this, OK? Like this is a simplexial complex where we include the points A, B, C, D, and we include the edges A, D, A, C, B, C, A, D, C, D, and we include A, B, C. So in this case, A, C, D is a whole. It's not present in our simplexial complex, right? That's why it's not shown filled in, because A, B, C is in the simplexial complex. A, C, D is not, OK? So that's a whole. There are edges around it. And yet, we will discuss how exactly we can say that this A, C, D is different from A, B, C if we're given this simplexial complex, OK? Any questions? Any questions at all about this? Because we're going to do a lot of this. So we will go a little bit faster. So please make sure you understand what this is, OK? All right. OK, so now let's see how given such a simplexial complex, we are actually going to compute the persistent somology diagram. So you'll see here lengths which are added to each edge, like B, C is length 1.5, A, C is length 2.75, B, D is 3.25, and so on, right? So I start at some value of tau. So here we are going to be increasing tau as we go. At tau equals 0, nothing is connected, right? At tau equals 1 point, let's see, what's the smallest edge? 1. A, B gets connected, right? So you see the simplexial complex as we keep going changes, right? Yes? That clear? The simplexial complex is changing. Initially it was just four singletons, four points. Then we got one edge and four points, right? Then we got two connected edges and one point, right? Yes? As we change tau, right? By the time we get to tau equals 2.75, we have everything except this edge BD, right? Everything except the edge BD, which happens to be longer than 2.75, right? So that's not included. Everything has included. And now if you look at this, there's a hole born when we added the edge AD, right? It's a hole because there is no way that I can deform AD or BC or AD to nothingness, right?  Why? Because neither ADC nor ADC can be squeezed to nothing. On the other hand, when we add the simplex ADC, ABC, right? The two simplex ABC, now this can be squeezed to nothing and one of the holes dies, right? The whole ACB dies, right? Yes? So this is how we compute the whole persistence diagram, the birth-death diagram. I'm sorry. Yes, please. Is it the same way? OK, yeah. So basically, what the idea is that if I were to see this part is all included, right? Everything inside, right? So imagine that I can just deform, right? I can just deform B till it just ABC is right on top of AC, right? So that's just gone, OK? And why would we add it to? Because what's inside here is not in there, so it's a hole. I can only squeeze things which are filled in, which are part of the simplex complex, right? The triangle ADC is not in the simplex complex, OK? So I can't squeeze it to nothing because it's not the contents. The interior is not in the simplex complex, OK? It's not something, it's not a question of what I want to add. This is provided by the data, right? So we have to work with the edges at a given value of tau that the data gives us, right? Yes? Well, I'll have to look at precisely what the sequence is. Let's see. When we go from here, which is 2.25 to here, then we get ADC, right? When we go here, we have ADC. Oh, he didn't go on to 3.25, right? So I stopped this at 2.75. So I didn't talk about the last step where you add the last one. If you add the last one, then everything goes away, yeah. You're right. If you make it the biggest length in there, then there's nothing there. Yeah, you're absolutely right. But I didn't draw the 3.25, OK? Yeah, yes? Why did I add ABC? Because the length that we're at here is allowing me to add the edge AC, right? Here I had ADCB, because all these lengths were less than 2.5, or 2.5 or less, right? And at 2.75, I can also add this last length AC, right? ADC, no? Sorry, ADC was already added. It's already there. In this set, yeah? No, no, no, I only add one edge, right? I added AC, yeah, because that gave me this edge 2.75. So basically, this diagonal, which is this whole triangle, is now a simplex, right? No, we can't, because ACD, the triangle ACD has the inside of it is not in the simplex. It's only the edges, right? It's not the interior that's in there. This is just drawing pictures. It actually corresponds to specific matrices with 0s and 1s, depending on which of the entries are included, OK? So when I talk about birth and death, it's actually a column operation that removes certain things to be 0 and so on. There is a more precise way to do this. It's not just guesswork, what I'm trying to say. But the key point is that as you change the length scale tau, right, there are edges that get connected, and those get added to the simplex complex, OK? And you can go, let's go over this very carefully. Between 0 and 1, they're all just four separate points. Between 1 and 1.5, when you add this 1.5 edge, then you get this link between A and B, and then you get this link B to C, right? And then at the next length, you get a link between C and D, right? That's at 2.25, right? And then you get, when you add at 2.5, you add AD, that edge, then you get this whole part, right? And this corresponds to a simplex, right? OK? And then you can add one more edge at 2.75, and that gives you this, right? OK. Now everything at that point is included. You have A, B, C, and all the edges, they're all part of this, right? OK. Now the connection between B and D is not part of it, because that is 3.25. That's still not connected, right? OK? Sorry? Question? 3.25 is also part of ABC triangle. We're not just adding. No, it's not. 3.25 is between B and D. ABC is this, 1, 1.5, 2.75. Yes? OK. OK. So now there are some computational challenges, because if you have a certain number of points, right? You have to be able to calculate with, well, one point at a time, two points at a time, because those are the edges, all the two points at a time. So if you have 1,000 points, then there are 1,000 times 1,001 divided by 2 number of edges, right? And if you also want to compute H1, then you have to, the first homology group, H1, which is the number of noncontractable loops, then you have to include all the three point combinations, right? So that's for the total number of three simplices and 10,000 points, that's about 4 times 10 to the 10. OK? That's your matrix size, OK? Just one. Saving each simplex as four integers in computer memory will take about 165 gigabytes, OK? And this is, we're not even talking about the computational time of actually computing the homology, OK? We're just talking about storing the data that you need as you want to compute, OK? So here are the pre-existing algorithms. Before we got to Manu's work, these are the algorithms, Dionysius, Goody, DeFar, Ripser, Perseus, and Irene. And on N is the number of data points. So P and T are things to do with the sparsity and the connectivity. So this is how much time and how much memory these algorithms take. Ripser is by far the best of these. And the dashes represent that these algorithms could not even handle the data, OK? And we're not talking about huge number of data sets, data points, 512, OK? 50,000 Goody could handle, Ripser could handle, OK? So this was the limitation at which we came into the picture. And since I like to keep my fellows, my postdocs, entertained, when Manu proceeded to show that his topological pH approach to calculating islet structure reproduced Debbie's results, I said, well, try something more interesting, with like the data that we'll talk about, which captures how the chromosomes are arranged in a nucleus, OK? And that, you know, if you look at 1,000 KB resolution, that's 3 million data points, OK? So it seemed like it should keep him out of my office for a few months, right? I mean, look, this is a limitation here, 50,000 points, right? Surely he should be able to do 3 million, right? Yeah. So unfortunately, Manu is very persistent, so he did it. And he had to develop a fair number of new methods to index the data, and store the data, and reduction algorithms, and so on.  And he had to come up with new algorithms to process simplices without storing them all in memory, because no matter how powerful a server I get him, I'm not getting him a server that will store 3 million data points and 3 simplices or 4 simplices of those 3 million data points, right? No way. It does not exist on Earth. And in his algorithm, which we call Dory, everyone seen the movie with Dory, the fish? Why do we call it Dory? He wanted to call it Goldfish. I said, what Goldfish? Dory, because we need very little memory, OK? So Dory can handle the human genome, high-C data, 3 million data points in about three minutes, OK? So I'm going to tell you about. So he did that, right? And he said, oh, look, I completed the persistence diagram. And I said, that's useless scientifically. Why is it useless scientifically? Because in science, we actually want to know, where is the feature? It's not OK to just say there is a feature. We'd like to know which part of the chromosome is bounding the feature, right? It's completely useless to tell me that there are 3,000 holes in the chromosomes arrangement. I need to know what genes are around each hole, right? So that was his next task to keep him out of my office for another year and a half. And the point is that the question is, where are the features? So his initial algorithm, see, because persistence and phenomenology is a topological thing, right? And I said, it doesn't care so much about where exactly the cycle is, right? Because it's supposed to be invariant under little stretches and deformations here and there, right? But that exact thing makes it difficult to find the exact location of any topological feature, right? So what I was asking him was to find tight representatives, in your data point cloud, find tight representatives for each cycle, OK? This is, again, this is definitely a metric or geometric question. Given that metric, the distances between points, find the tightest representative you can, OK? So here is the initial cycle that his algorithm computes. As you'll see, it's definitely not tight, OK? Right? You shorten it naively and you get this, which is, you know, it's a little bit jagged, right? So the smoothed out version of this cycle, this is all the same topology, OK? It's all a noncontractable loop, right? But this is a tight cycle. The red one, OK? So with a little effort, we got this tight cycle algorithm so we can now tell exactly where these non-trivial topological features are, OK? So now we're doing science, OK? I don't think it helps you much to know what is going on, but this is his basic algorithm. First, you have to find the cycles. Then you have a greedy algorithm for shortening it. Then you have a local smoothing to further shortening. And then he had to invent a whole different way of computing homology because when you want to find tight cycle representatives, that's actually very computationally intensive, even more than the initial part. And so he had to invent a way of covering the whole point cloud in sort of covers, computing the representatives within each cover, then worrying about the intersections between covers and so on, OK? It's a little bit involved. But four years after initially setting the problem to him, he just got referee reports. Mass journals take a long time, OK? This is an interesting question. I guess they care about the thing actually being true. Physicists, who cares? Anyhow, so he is busy revising his papers. So now let me tell you the application that I set him on and that he successfully computed. So here's the human genome, you know, DNA and stuff like that. This is at the different scales. That's how the chromosome is all bundled up inside the nucleus. You look closer, you start to see individual chromosomes. You look even closer and you start to see what are called chromosome territories. They're actually kind of segregated inside the nucleus. And the question is how do you figure out how it's all arranged? It turns out that things like gene transcription actually depend on how the chromosome is arranged. So in different cell types, you get different arrangements. As a cell differentiates and develops, the arrangement changes, OK? And there are several diseases that arise from incorrect folding, for instance, OK? So is this folding random? It certainly is not. Is it non-functional? Well, as I said, it actually does matter. Why does it matter? Because there is a protein called cohesin, for instance. When there's a loop, that cohesin protein is actually, the loop is arranged in such a way that the promoter, which causes this gene to be transcribed, is actually close to the loop, OK? This is actually, it used to be a big mystery in the arrangement of the human genome is why is the promoter of a sequence so far away from the actual gene, OK? It's because things are looped, OK? And there is a method to this looping. How do we figure out the distance between bits of the chromosome? This is a very cool, I mean, biochemists and biologists are amazing experimentalists. This is the idea they came up with. They crosslink, they put in a molecule called a crosslinker that links nearby DNA. Then they have restriction enzymes that will chop off the edges everywhere there was, this close crosslinked DNA. So then you're left with the crosslinker and these little fragments. These fragments have sticky ends, very amazing biochemistry. So then you purify and shear the DNA so that you shear it right here so that you end up with two bits that know about which parts were close together, right? And then because we have the whole sequence of the genome, we can actually figure out where one side was and where the other side was, OK? So because you know the sequence of the genome, you can figure out from these segments where exactly they were, what was close. And you get this contact matrix, high C contact matrix shown here for chromosome 14. This took something like a few million dollars of research funding to actually do this, OK? Very, very nontrivial work. OK, so Manu computed the genome-wide high C persistence diagram and he showed that there is a... Oxin is a molecule that impairs cohesants. So when you put in oxin, then a lot of the loops are just gone, OK? So what Manu showed was that in the oxin data set, the number of loops that he computed changed by like 70%, OK? So that shows that he is detecting loops and that, you know, oxin treatment got rid in his topology of a lot of the loops. This is just showing that for many different cross-linkers and many different digestions, digestions is this cutting-off bits. You get the same persistence diagram. This is just showing consistency of the loops he found across different protocols. That's all his revision that the referee asked for. So he did that, OK? He applied this to protein folding. Let me show you some examples of holes inside proteins. So here's a pheromone-binding protein from Bambak's mori, which is, I believe, a moth. When there are two ligands bound, bell pepper and iodohexadecane, then actually you get voids. In the unbound pheromone, there is no... In the unbound pheromone-binding protein, there is no void. But for these two odorants, you get these holes. This is a GAD45 gamma protein. In the human version, there is a void, not in mouse. Actually, it turns out to have some relation. The GAD45 protein alpha version actually has a relationship to a human disease. But we couldn't find a structure for alpha. Cocosin is a coconut protein. And when you have mutations, then you find three different voids. This is a possible food allergen. OK. Then lastly, I'll show you some pretty pictures. I started out as a physicist. In fact, I started out working on the cosmic microwave background. So I asked him, well, how about the galaxy distribution? We should be able to find voids in the galaxy distribution. So he did that on one dataset with 110,000 proteins. Sorry, galaxies. So I was talking to a cosmologist at Kies. And I said, well, we were handling really large datasets. So I figured the galaxy was not that big a dataset. And he said, a galaxy distribution is smaller than a chromosome? And he said, no, not quite. But I said, well, 3 million is bigger than 110,000. So this is the persistence diagram for a galaxy distribution holds voids in the galaxy. The red ones are the ones that with a lot of work, we figured these are the ones that we would say are statistically significant, which is Antonio's question. So there's a picture of voids in the 110,000 galaxy sample. Even more, these arrows indicate the direction of Z increasing, redshift increasing. These are examples of the tight representatives that he found around distinct voids. And this is just statistical significance of two different ways of showing that the voids he found were statistically significant. So I think I'm out of time or right about out of time. So there, no kinetic easing models, no large deviations, but some biology. All right, questions. Please. Thanks for the talk. I was very impressed. And then my question is that you came up with several examples to apply your method to analyze these topology things. So I think for pancreatic isolates and the galaxies, they are just points. Yes. They are not connected, right? But any data set, this is the reason for computing persistence, homology, is that any data set is always discrete points. Yeah, but for the chromosome, you have additional information. So we actually use that information in other ways. It's actually very interesting to use the linear organization and the actual point cloud information. Yeah, but we don't use that in computing the topology. We compute it in interpreting which genes are involved in that void of whatever we found. OK. OK? Yeah, no, no, no. That is when you have additional information and you get the topological information, then you put them together and then that's the science part. Right. Yeah. And the other question is that there already exists some tools to analyze this structure. Which structure? Such as structure vector or pale correlation function given positions. Sorry, I didn't hear that. I mean, given positions, you can calculate structure factor. Structure factor. OK, like what, for instance? Which is a Fourier transform or. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Of course, you can compute Fourier transform, yeah. And also, pale correlation function also gives some information. Oh, yeah, yeah, there are other ways too. The reason for this is this is incredibly robust to noise, OK? For instance, when I was talking to a cosmologist, they say, oh, you have to include the fact that the masses of galaxies will change the shape of it and so on. And I said that's exactly the point, is that it doesn't matter what the mass of the galaxy is because it will deform the shape of the void maybe from an issue after whatever explosion might have caused the void, right? But the topology, the existence of the void does not actually depend on deformations, right? It's independent. So that's what makes it robust to noise. There are lots of other ways to analyze data. I'm just showing you a way that is sort of geared entirely to being noise resistant, if you like, OK? Please. Questions? Wait, just one second. So I want to ask the intuition behind the choosing the shortest boundary, I understand? We didn't choose anything. You see, if someone gives you a data set and there's sort of, you have to think about what the units are and so on, right? Before you decide what the minimal distance is, suppose the data set has elements that are of different units, different magnitudes, and so on, right? So you have to have some rational way to get rid of the dimensions to non-dimensionalize the data. Then you can talk about what's the minimum distance that's present in the data set, right? And you start at that distance, right? And then you can look at what's the maximal distance in the data set, right? And you stop at that distance, right? My question is I understand that part, but the algorithm that your student developed was since the first algorithm gives us very noisy loop but the student developed more smooth kind of loop. But I want to ask that smooth loop is some kind of, if we consider a torus, then choosing the shortest loop may not represent the global structure of the torus. If we choose... No, no, that's absolutely on point, you're absolutely right. So when we say something is the tight loop, we actually need to show that it is in the same homology class as the initial representative. So it's not, you don't forget the topology. If you just forget the topology and say, oh, I'll find the shortest loop that's close to this one, then you could quite often lose it. It took him a year and a half because it is a subtle question to find a tight representative that is still in that same homology class. It's non-trivial, really. Thank you. So I have the same question regarding this point. So about this notion of time, as you just said, this is like among the equivalent class. Yes, it has to be in the same equivalence. I understand it, but still, in that class, you need to have some kind of quantifiable measure. Yes, yes, yes. No, you're right, yeah. How would you define that? Well, we define that actually as the sum of edge lengths, right?  For example, yeah, yeah, yeah. No, this is all, yeah, all that tight loop is entirely dependent on what metric you put on the data set, right? If you were to change the coordinates in such a way that it makes, you know, that it changes the distances between, then the tight representative will change, right? The topology won't change, but the tight representative will change if you change how you compute distances, right? Yeah, OK. I think we are better to stop here. Thank you, people. Yep.