Yes, yeah. So welcome back. I think it's just waiting to get recorded. But I think Christopher, I can see your hand up. Would you like to raise your question, please? Yes, Christopher, you can raise your question. Yes, I just wanted to get some clarification on Matthew 1244. I think we are just deferred to that verse where it mentions that the evil spirit will say that he returns back to the house from which I came. And when he comes, he finds it empty, swept and put in order. So I just wanted to understand get some clarification on empty, swept and put in order, because it seems that the person who has had that spirit is now okay. But still the devil or the evil spirit is able to come in. So does it mean that the person hasn't protected himself enough? Is there anything else that is required? Because the person seems to have resolved that earlier entry of the evil spirit and probably cast out that evil spirit. So I just wanted to get some clarification on that. Yeah. So like we determined earlier that the devil and the evil spirits are looking for ways to bring down all of God's creation. And that also means that he is looking for a place to bring about oppression towards even believers. So as this verse says, like you rightly said, you definitely find that there has been deliverance that has taken place in this person's life because the home or the house or the person, it's unoccupied. It is kept in order. It is kept well. It is swept up and it's decorated. But that does not mean that all because it has happened that an evil spirit cannot gain entrance into a life again, into a believer's life again. So at every point of time, we need to stay guarded and vigilant for any possible open doors that may come about. So even though a house is swept order, there is possibilities of the enemy gaining entrance in again. And that's why we keep our minds constantly renewed, constantly sanctified by the Word of God and with the power of the Holy Spirit. So that's something that we need to do. And this is true of all of us, that we need to continually cast off or protect our inner person from the attack of the evil one. So that's something that we all have to do. It's not that once we've stood in deliverance, there may be not a place where another evil spirit can enter it. And I think that you will have a little bit more clarity when we speak about possession and oppression. And we're going to be talking about that a little more in detail soon. So there is a possibility that we can, that doors can be opened and the enemy can continue to oppress even believers. Thank you. Yeah, okay. All right, so going back to what we were talking about how the evil spirits can operate in groups and that when we bring freedom, they need to be set free from all in a group. Okay, so in scripture we see that the word demons or unclaimed spirits or evil spirits are used synonymously. Okay, they used one for the other. But they refer to the same thing. They refer to all kinds of beings that are from the devil. Okay, so as we had determined the devil is the head of this kingdom and he's and all the other evil spirits or demons, unclaimed spirits are under his command and under his rule. So we need to look at how do evil spirits gain access. And some of the things that we spoke about was the initial seven points that we had dealt with already, but to just bring about highlight this once again. It is that deep seated sin, continual deep seated sin that opens the door for the entrance of the evil spirit, those corresponding spirits enter inside. There can be moments of weakness that that can bring about an entrance of the of an evil spirit like you know you did. We do see an example of that in in King David's David right where that was a moment of success for him. And I remember in our last in the course on marriage for those of you who had attended we had spoken about this about adultery of how to be careful during during moments of weakness success and moments of weakness because that again opens the door for the enemy to to bring about an entrance in. So those moments of weakness, where they enter without permission, maybe, you know, points of time when someone is very low, emotionally feeling very low, enter into some form of either, you know, maybe a negative thought or maybe some kind of an unacceptable behavior. And that becomes like a hold for the father for the spirit to walk in. I've heard of so many examples of, you know, people going through significant losses, start hoping to cope with some kind of a substance either through drugs or through alcohol or through smoking and that becomes like a stronghold there and that continues to stay on and they find it extremely hard to break off from, you know, in just those moments of weakness, you know, entrance into something that is that that is not can create this again this access certain dedications and consecrations that are made to to the evil world or or to anything other than God can again gain access and of course, the occult those false religions which craft sorcery divination spells all of that is an active place of where the evil spirits do gain access. Okay. Now, it's important for us to understand these two, these words of possession and oppression. So when we look at the word possession, it refers to possession is where you take complete control off.  What does it mean that it is all yours. It's full and complete ownership of it. It's a complete control that you have. So, if a person is demon possessed, what we mean to say is that the demon has taken complete control and ownership of the individual. Okay. And we see some of the examples in scripture and we will look at one or two examples here's the the verses are written here would someone open to mark chapter five versus one to five and we could read that out. And this is this is specifically relating to the person who was possessed demon possessed in the in the country of gatherings, right, would someone kindly take up that that scripture and read it mark five one to five. And the next person someone else could just keep act 1616 to 18 also opened after this we could have one of you read that so mark five one to five. Someone like to read it sissy sissy Thomas we've never heard your voice it'd be great if you could take up the axe verse and somebody else. We haven't heard Simran. Simran would you like to read mark five one to five. Wait, ma'am. Yes, Simran, would you like to read. Okay, I think someone else had opened up if if you'll have please please kindly do so. Can I read. Yes, please, please go ahead. Go ahead. Hello, ma'am. Hello. Yes, Simran, please go ahead. Mark five one to five. They came to the other side of the sea to the country of the garrisons and when Jesus had stepped out of the boat immediately they met him out of the tombs, a man with an unclean spirit he lived among the tombs and no one could bind him anymore, not even with a chain for he had often been bound with shackles and chains but he reached the chains apart and he broke the shackles in pieces. No one had the strength to do him night and day among the tombs and on the mountains he was always crying out and cutting himself with stone. Thank you. Thank you, Simran. So as we see in this scripture, it's it's quite clear that this person when you look at him and his surroundings and where he was that he made his dwelling among tombs. He was nobody could bind him, not even with chains he was he had often been bound but then there he had so much of power that he could pull apart those shackles. It just appears that no one even went near him. Okay night and day he would cut himself crying out. So appears like like someone who has been completely taken over by by demonic influences. Okay, so the meaning of possession is to be taken over. So let's look at another example. The servant girl at Philippi. Act 16 16 to 18. And it happened that as we were going to the place of prayer, a certain slave girl having a spirit of divination with us was bringing her master much profit by fortune telling. Following after Paul and us, she kept crying out saying, these men are born servants of the most high who are proclaiming to you the way of salvation. And she continued doing this for many days. But Paul was greatly annoyed and turn and said to the spirit, I command you in the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her. And it came out at that very moment. Thank you, Sissy. Thank you so much. All right. So, so we see here that even this is again another example of a girl who's been completely controlled by the evil spirit, not even having any, you know, understanding rational of her own that she could, she could move out of being used by her masters for this fortune telling. And Paul recognizes this and cast her out in cast a person out. So something we need to understand is that a born again believer in Jesus Christ cannot be demon possessed, because in us, there is the it is the place of the Holy Spirit. So we cannot be completely controlled or possessed or taken over by by by a demon. Okay. However, oppression is something that can take place in a believer. So what does oppression mean oppression is a wrongful entrance or a wrongful enforcing of a demonic power into your life. So they trespass onto some area of your life or onto your body, probably because of the entrance that it has been given. So this demonic oppression is where they exert their influence in a person's life and tormenting one or probably more areas of their lives. It could be either their physical area, their mental area, their emotional, the places of their situation. So generally, a lot of the places that are not being oppressed goes on normally, except maybe those one, those places where there's one or more demons that are active in the life of that person. Okay. So oppression is something that can be seen that, you know, even as a believer that we can be under. So we see this in, you know, in Jesus's ministry that a lot of people who came to him for healing had demons cast out of them in order to be healed. So whether they were possessed or whether they were oppressed, the, the, the, you know, either of the cases, it is that these need to be cast out. Okay. So when we look at Matthew chapter 18 verses 16 to 17, I'll read that out. It says, when evening had come, they brought to him many who were demon possessed and he cast out the spirits with the word and healed all who were sick. That it might be fulfilled, which was spoken by Isaiah the prophet saying he himself took our infirmities and bore our sickness. So all those who came to Jesus for deliverance, all that we see that's been recorded were oppressed by evil spirits, maybe not completely possessed. Okay. As, as we do see it as, as a complete possession. And we see that, that a lot of examples we see right of, of, of individuals who've been blind, who've been new to been deaf, who've had other conditions that, that have had, that's been there due to the evil spirits. Now, either cases, like we said, these need to be cast out, they need to be commanded to leave. And as a believer, as a, as a blood washed believer, you and I have been given that authority to cast out. Okay. And that's something as part of our ministry, we are called to do, you know, just like we may be teaching, we may be preaching, we may be encouraging, we may be, you know, working in, in administration, whatever we've been given healing and deliverance is also part of our ministry. And so that's what we are called to do to cast out, whether it is a possession or whether it is an oppression, we are called to cast out. Now as sometimes, you know, the way that evil spirits do manifest can be seen differently. So, so sometimes as you're casting out, there isn't much of a drama that, that may follow. Okay. Like, you know, the person may not fall down or start to start to have a seizure or be violent or scream or none of that. Sometimes the demons just leave very quietly when they are cast out. But there may be times when they can manifest out very openly externally. And sometimes these manifestations, you can, you can see that. I remember once while, you know, I was observing somebody who was praying for someone who had, who was oppressed by some by a spirit. And as Pastor was praying, I could see her hands and her legs, you know, actually trembling. And it was not these normal trembles, but they were like really significant trembles. And so these, these do these manifestations generally do occur because the demons are or the evil spirits are protesting and they don't want to let go of the place that they have occupied easily. Okay. And the truth is that they do not want to be cast out and they resist that being cast out. So they do put up that, that front, that, that resistance and they could be, they may refuse or they may be just be stubborn. I've heard a friend of mine, you told me about her experience as you know, as she was casting out. This demon was getting into a conversation and I will not get out whatever you try and do, I will not get out. You know, so they could create a lot of resistance and you know, push you to the limits. But we see that, you know, we continue to persist using the name of Jesus and the blood of the lamb and it will go. It has to go. It is not a place that it can stay. We take that authority.  We see it in different places where, and I think some of that scripture is written for you on that, on your notes like Mark 126. It says the unclean spirit convulsed him and cried out with a loud voice or look for 41 says demons came out of many crying and saying you are the Christ, the Son of God. You know, they were declaring that, that who Jesus was are acts 87 says unclean spirits crying with a loud voice came out of many who were possessed. So you may see, excuse me, you may see these manifestations. And yet, you know, we are called to walk in authority. So as from understanding these two words, we understand that as a born again believer, we cannot be possessed. And a born again, spiritual believer, of course, can be in a place of oppression. So we can have evil spirits in us, affecting us, troubling us, tormenting us through different, maybe in places of our souls, in places of our situations. Or in places of our body. And we need to take that authority to cast out these evil spirits. Okay, I think there was a question. Okay, so Charles said, when dealing with such spirits, I don't accept their conversation. So it's best not to, you know, get into talks with them, but just stay on point, stay on focus and cast them out, you know, through the blood of Jesus, command them to leave, command them to go.  If you have not been able to determine that, just those things to understand that and, you know, don't get into conversations if they do actually ask you questions and ask you certain details. There is no need to get into all of that because that's an attempt to sidetrack you away from actually doing your job of casting out those, them from their lives, because that's what they do. They just deceive and lie and maybe even attack. They could be attacking you as a believer in some way, you know, at your place of weakness and where you may just want to back off. But remember, you're there with the power of the Lamb and your power of the Word that you're there. All right. Any questions here or can I move on? Okay, I think I'll move on. Right. So, some things that we, you know, for us to understand a couple of what could be some symptoms of how demons express themselves. The understanding is that Satan and the demons prefer everything that is unexposed and uncovered. They don't like to be in the open. They don't like to be out there.  So they don't like to be exposed. So when you expose them, they need to be sent out. And that's when, you know, you're looking for wholeness and deliverance from the person. Again, they're not someone who you should be like, like Charles said, where you're engaging in, okay, or you're preaching or teaching the truth and exposing them.  Okay, so when Jesus has given us the authority to cast out, that's what they hate the most, that you are going to use your power and your authority, what has been given out to you to cast them out. So they will be very, you know, content to know that, you know, when we've spoken, understood a lot of things about it, but don't have a, have a method or tool. I'm sorry, I'm using that word method or tool. It's not that it's, it's something that, you know, you can blindly use, but, but that's what, that's what casts them out when we have the presence and the authority of God and the blood of the lamb. And that's what brings them out. So just for them to, for us to recognize that, that, that evil spirits like the darkness, okay, but as children of God, we are called to expose that. So because it's only when we are the light of Christ, God is light and his light is within us. And when we are called to expose that is when, you know, they will be cast out. So to understand some symptoms of what, what can you notice? What are some things that you can, you know, like just when you have COVID, there are certain symptoms and that's how you know that you have COVID, right? Similarly, how do you know that one, one become, one is oppressed or possessed? So the, the fact of there seems to be a strong sense of oppression that takes place. That is, as if someone is overpowering you, someone is bearing over you. And no matter what you do, if you've looked up those, you know, initial steps, those six, seven steps we've looked at and repented for it, consecrated yourselves, renewed your mind. And still none of that seems to be working.  I'm not, I don't feel a sense of peace. It's always there. No matter what I do, I can just feel that this, the sense of restlessness and agitation that keeps coming, just a sense of troubling that's there. Or, or being controlling and as if something is controlling over you and keeping you enslaved in that. I've heard of people who've gone through depression, despite many, you know, natural methods of medication or, you know, of getting counsel, of getting spiritual help, pastoral help, yet feel this, there is this black, black cloud, a lot of them describe it like that, a black cloud that is over them, kind of controlling them and keeping over them as if they are bonded and slaved in, in, in something. Okay, even a sense of doing something against your will. Right. And I've heard a lot of people speak about, especially for those who, who are suicidal.  These are all, it's not, it's not you, but you find that there is something else that's, that's driving in to do that, or whenever being engaged in things that are spiritual in nature, maybe prayer or the word of God or fasting, not able to sit in peace and do that, but a general sense of stirring up that happens, or there could be other, other reasons which, you know, which maybe we haven't explained here, but there is some kind of an unrecognizable source of a problem, you're able to look back and say, I don't know what this is, I don't know why I'm feeling like this or why this is happening. I'm not able to patch on to something. So this is awesome against some of the symptoms that, that we, you know, that we can recognize and understand where there seems to be a possible oppression or possession. Now, lastly, we're just going to look at what are some of the things that we've got to be careful to avoid and, and keeping some considerations in mind as we minister to people when we, when we are focusing on, you know, evil spirits causing emotional problems. The first and foremost thing is being careful not to relate every problem that may, that you may be seeing, because not relating it to evil spirits and not giving that as, as the only cause, like, like maybe when someone who has, you know, had an accident and saying that, you know, probably, you know, it's an it's an evil spirit, maybe the accident occurred because, you know, you were, you were on the wrong side of the road, and you should have been on the right side of the road, you could have avoided that accident, right, or an emotional experience, maybe it's, it's a place where you haven't taken that time to recognize that it's important to renew your mind, and it may not be a direct relation to the, to an, to an evil spirit, or even something that may be situational, maybe you lost your job and probably, you know, there is a, there is a relation that's made that it is as a result of the evil spirit so we are called to be aware, but also called to be wise and discerning of understanding whether what could some of this, some of the contributions be, so there can be other reasons, and we need to ensure that, that we take responsibility for, for things that is in our, that God has given unto us to be able to ensure, like, like I said, you know, if it's a wrong thought, or if it's a, if you are in a wrong situation, if you are in a, if you are doing something that you're not, that you are responsible for taking that responsibility, but it just helps us to build our awareness that causes can also be demonic in nature. Okay. Again, we need to be clear that we don't avoid this, this part of ministry that you know we don't, whether, whether we believe it or not it is there, right, there is the power of God, and there is part of the demonic. So we must not avoid doing this, you know, maybe because we, we feel very inadequate or we don't know how, or any of that, and we're going to be talking about some of this about how do we help in deliverance, how do we help in a wholeness, but the, the, you know, the best, the best thing that we have, or the best person that we have alongside with us is the Holy Spirit that helps us to recognize and helps us to help cast this out. So if ever you kind of sense it, you know, ask, immediately get into a communication with the Holy Spirit to help you to understand how to deal and how to bring about deliverance. Okay. Also, we also should avoid giving too much of attention or making big or making boastful what the devil and his demons do. Our focus is on God. Our focus is on, on the Lord, Lord's glory and, and sovereignty over everything. Okay, even, even with, even over the forces of darkness. And we keep, we keep our attention and focus on God, not our attention and focus on the, on, on the devil and his demons. It's, it's like something that you have noticed and, you know, you cast away and that's done. It doesn't take that importance for you. Also, while in ministry, while you're, while there is deliverance and while there's wholeness taking place, being careful not to bring a lot of attention to yourself when you are ministering deliverance. We, all of us have believed, all of us as believers, every each one of us has been given the authority by God to cast out evil spirits. So when we are doing it, we do, we are, we're doing something naturally that we are all called to do. It's not a special calling, but it's something as part of the ministry that, that we are called to do. So being careful that we don't get boastful about it or get too proud about the fact that we are able to remember that it's only by the grace, the mercy and the blood of the Lord that we, we can do anything. Apart from that, we are nothing. Okay. So Jesus spoke about this, you know, when you look at Luke 10, 17 to 20, and I'll read that out. It's there in your books. I'm just going to read that out. Then the 70 returned with the disciples. It's talking about those disciples. They returned with joy saying, Lord, even the demons are subject to us in your name. And he said to them, I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven. Behold, I give you the authority to trample on serpents and scorpions, and over all the powers of the enemy, and nothing shall by any means hurt you. Nevertheless. Okay. However, do not rejoice in this that the spirits are subject to you, but rather rejoice because your names are written in heaven. So what it means to say is, it isn't, don't consider that you've done a big thing. It is, it is what you are called to do. And a best thing, I think, especially when we're working in ministry or any form of deliverance and wholeness, what is recommended is working in a team and making this more together effort so that it isn't, you know, the one person isn't highlighted for the, for what has happened. Okay. A couple of other pointers that we need to be careful about is being careful not to humiliate or look down upon someone who's manifested when they are experiencing deliverance. Remember that all, you know, as it says, each of us requires a good spring cleaning, right? Here and now, every once in a while. And we, when, so we are also in a place of needing to be cleansed. So when we see people who are experiencing deliverance, seeing them as individuals and as how God would see them. And they are just people who want, who are, who require or need that deliverance and someone who requires to be, who requires to have that oppression cast out. Okay. And so whenever you have, they have experienced a deliverance, we, we go back and rejoice and praise God and, you know, be joyful about bringing them back to it, even though the process sometimes can be very difficult or it can be, it can be quite long lasting and, and you know, maybe very tiring as well. We respect and love the person and not the manifestations of that. Okay. Again, certain other pointers is being careful not to, to move away this deliverance ministry as something that's secondary of secondary importance. Like we said, you know, the, the gospel as part of, of preaching the gospel is healing and deliverance, healing of mind, body, soul. It is all part of ministry and, and that's what Jesus asked us to do, you know, to bring in all kinds of signs and wonders and healing and deliverance and miracles. And that's what Jesus did in his ministry. Everything takes the similar importance. Okay. And remember, again, the last, last part of it is not to discard the deliverance ministry because some may not believe it, or some may not understand it. Like we said, you know, even if people don't believe it or make fun of it, or, or they, they do things to abuse it, still God has called each one of us and called his people to bring about, to bring about people from their captivity, to deliver them from their captivity. We see it as part of the ministry. We don't throw it aside because, you know, it's a scary thing or it's going to move away people. That's what that there are times that people definitely do require wholeness and deliverance as a result of being oppressed by the evil spirit. Okay. All right. So we end this chapter on the causes of the problems of the soul. We looked at the initial problems. And then today's was a specific focus one was on evil spirits from next week on, we will be starting on our deliverance and our healing. And what is the, what is the basis? What are some of the basis for this? What is it that we can hold on to some of the tenets of healing and deliverance? You know, we understand that before we get into the methods of how to go about it. All right. Is there any question? Any, any thoughts that you would like to bring about as we've closed this chapter? I have a very quiet class. Either all of you all are ministering right now in some place. There's so many questions that we're trying to figure out which one to start with. Okay. Yeah. Okay. There's one, there's one situation right now I'm into it. One of my friends is constantly threatening to end his life. And both the COVID positive, they are from the mainline church. The mother believes there is a need of deliverance and this is something happening, but the father is, you know, in living in complete denial and he's thinking that medicines can help doctors can help and not accepting the fact that and that the son is like 36 years old. So he's not even very young or something. So mother is continuously praying, despite all the threats, God has been kind. He saved the son from a devastating step. We are continually praying, but what next to do is something like how to minister to that child himself becomes an issue because the father is not allowing anyone to come and talk. Neither they are seeking for help from outside and it is a very critical state, but just resorting to prayer and believing that God will bring somebody in to help. So ma'am, would you like to help and just advise something in this situation? Yeah, so let's look at this in different levels. Okay, now someone, a young man who is threatening suicide. Like I said, you know, we have to be careful not to make it all relational to only the demonic or the evil spirit. There could be something that is of the natural that we need to ensure and take care of. So let's look at it in different levels. I'm not looking at it like a priority, but I'm just saying, let's look at it holistically. For those of you who are in my counseling class, you remember we looked yesterday at the five areas of functioning. Remember? Yeah, so that's what we even when we are helping people come into wholeness and deliverance. We are also looking at those different areas. So number one is, is there to start with the most basic that is our body? Is there something physically contributing to the way that this young man feels? So is there something like maybe clinical depression that is that seems to be significant there? Okay. Are there any physical conditions that may be causing this sense of a depression? Now if you want to deal with that, the first thing you need to do is get medical help to get psychiatric help is needed. Okay. Going on to a next level of the emotional being of the person. There's definitely a lot of just hearing the case. I can understand that there is a lot of emotional overwhelm that's happening there. He's unable to manage emotions.  If you don't satisfy what I want the most or what I desire the most or how I'm feeling, this is what I'd want. So definitely there is an emotional component to it that of course needs to be dealt with through wholeness and through maybe through a sense of counseling and all of that. Looking at their rational being at this point of time, he has lost his understanding of what are the right things to do. I suppose that here I'm making certain guesses. Maybe he's not at work or he's not in a meaningful job or doesn't have a relationship, has nothing to look forward to.  So just that rational experience of understanding what his purpose is, what he should do next, how should he attempt on his side to get better, all of that seems to be lost. Then is the volitional part or the place where you are making decisions, unable to make decisions, make the right choices feels that it's only threats or I think it's more threats getting the parents under his control. And of course now spiritual, spiritual. Yes, we spoke about those three crucial needs. I'm pretty sure that there are all of them that's missing, but there could also be the presence of the evil spirit there. The door has been opened. We spoke about legions that has probably been an initial door that's been opened and now it's come to a place that there is an oppression that every time this seems to be a cop out. So how do we help to deal with it is looking at it very simply through two ways. What are we called to do maybe in the natural to help this young man. One maybe to get him get him medical psychiatric help to get him into some place of counseling to have have maybe a spiritual mentor just to walk him through basics of faith and just to support him, you know, through that. And so that's the first I'd say the first level. Okay. And despite all your efforts in the natural you're not seeing anything but continues to be as troubling and as distressing, you know, then work on this, you know, getting getting him into help for deliverance. So I see this as a hand in hand that we've got to be careful, especially in cases like this that that. So if you had told me I mean that this boy is under treatment and he's under counseling, he's getting all whatever it needs, but still that I'd say, you know, this is definitely something to do with with the evil spirits. But from what I do understand, there is no help given at all. He seems to be in the home and there seems to be a big struggle, which the enemy has used between the father and mother to decide whether it's natural or whether it's spiritual. And there in itself, there is no help that's given, you know, and and this is just getting deeper and deeper. So if we were to logically look at it and help in some, some sense of structure, I'd say, naturally, give him every help that he needs for, for his to handle this, this emotional difficulty that he's going through probably this depression probably there's some other form of illness or disorder that's there there may be heightened sense of anxiety. There may be other related issues, maybe there may be substance use we don't know that maybe so many things that are, you know, mixing the problem and dealing with whatever you have in the natural to work with it and then, even if nothing works out then ensuring that, you know, he can't go through a place for deliverance in that. And I think that also probably helps the family understand the course of action to, you know, working at it one by one, so that there is, there is, you know, they can also see what can be certain contributing factors. Yeah, I hope I dealt with that. Yes, ma'am, just to share medical help has been given doctors have prescribed medicines so last time, because of the medicines he was sleeping too much he was not able to eat well and all. So they reduce the medicines he goes to work in between when he goes to work he is pretty fine. But then when the when this this depression comes back again he loses interest in work and then he just isolates himself and he's not able to perform. So then the pressure comes and then there is a chances of losing job or sometimes he's even lost job. So, and then there is a history of suicide in the family that I mentioned. So there is a history of that also. So keeping all that in mind, we are trying to find out the solution. So I think I need one good thing to do is put him in touch with somebody who can who is cognizant of all of this, not just either the, you know, the natural part of it or just the spiritual but someone who can see this holistically. You know, and that would be so someone who can help to guide this family rather than them getting to do this on their own because there seems to be even trouble and consensus of decisions here. Right. So if you can get them in touch with with with either a pastor or a counselor who who can work through this little by little sensitively and and carefully with them. I see, I see some kind of help that's that would be there. Sure. Thank you so much. Sure. Okay. If there aren't any other questions, maybe we can just close with the word of prayer. Could I request somebody to pray? Who'd like to pray today? I don't like calling out names. I feel it should be voluntary prayer. Yes, Harrison, please go ahead. Thank you. Our Father and our God would thank you.  I want to thank you because even when we failed you, you were very faithful to your word. We thank you for the words we've heard. We thank you for the, for the grace and the ability you've given unto us, you know, to cast our demons. Father, we thank you for the awareness ago. We thank you for that for the eye opening. We thank you for the word of knowledge that you have made us to understand today. And we're standing on this foundation of truth, you know, to know that we can cast out, you know, demons and by your grace, we can live above in no any form of demons. We thank you God for a lecture that you're using to go to impact this knowledge that we pray that you will continually with God keep our God in, in your, in your wings, in your presence. The Father will go to mind that she will not depart from your presence. And I thank you go for my fellow students, whether you give us the grace to abide or go by your word, to abide in your presence always. And we thank you for our sister who shared in us some few things and we pray that they will be perfection in the health of our brother. Holy Spirit, you don't know the best in this situation. You can, you that can see what we cannot see, go and do that which we cannot do in the life of our brother. That he will receive his perfect healing and compact and right senses in the name of Jesus. Father, we thank you God for this day. And we pray that when next we meet with God again, we will have every cause to glorify the name and we'll have a testimony to share. And cheers us much less than my prayer. Amen. Amen. Amen. Thank you so much, Harrison. Thank you all. Have a blessed week.


This is English 30-10 Poetry and Politics. We'll be reading from Charisma Price's Things That Fold, a poem about disaster, systemic inequality, efforts and failures, and both personal and communal loss. We love the way her list of things that fold moves quietly among literal and figurative meanings. This poem that thinks about Hurricane Katrina also helps us think about the politics and grief about our current moment. Things That Fold by Charisma Price, after Jamal May My father's voice after the cancer has spread, a flip phone, a flag. George bushes hands as he pauses his vacation briefly for thoughts and prayers. My body next to the potted plant after my father throws the wooden chair. A cheaply made chair, a small stack of clothes, a birthday card. Mel Bertha Hendricks under the American flag, five days after Hurricane Katrina. Her face from the crease, made of her obituary photo as we use the newspaper to eat crawfish. The wrinkles in her forehead, floodwater passing through a broken levy. My uncle's hands, re-taping the attic windows after the floodwater rises. My cousin sleeping in the attic because no neighbor has a rescue boat. A lot of people in distress, they prostrate and call it prayer. A blanket on my cousin's shoulders days later when rescued. A National Guard smile as he carries the neighbor's dog from the flooded living room. The dog's body around his neck and upside down flag.


any questions from you, over to you. Sir, good afternoon to you. Myself Parag Mule, attending your course from KJ Somaya. Sir, in problem number three there are two unknowns which are coming, one is V2 and another is T2. So, if we can use the simultaneous equation or the deriving one expression as Q is equal to mcp delta t plus p delta v that is the first law, in that there are two unknowns, one is T2 and another is V2 and for then establishing a relation between T2 and V2, if we substitute either of the variable and then some. Yes, yes it is not necessary that you get the answers one after another. And sir, question number six, in that we have used an approach of the first law it is Q is equal to delta i plus w, you can take it either as dQ is equal to du plus pdv or you can take it as dQ is equal to dh plus pdv and solve for proving that pv raise to k equal to constant that. I think there is some confusion in what you said, you can say dQ equals du plus pdv or dQ equals dh plus pdv. What is this equation dQ equals dh plus pdv? There is no such equation like this. Sir, we are taking it into the differential form. Yes, but in a differential form dQ will always be equal to du minus pdv. Yes, there is no such thing as small dQ, it is dQ is dQ is du minus pdv. Yes, plus pdv is small dv is small v. Okay, but then how? So, with that if we proceed by taking the values we are arriving at an expression p raise to k, v raise to k minus 1 is equal to constant, which is not matching with what is required. We are asked pv raise to k equal to constant and we are getting p raise to k, v raise to k minus 1 equal to constant. Is it acceptable, sir, if we arrive at that expression? See, pv raise to k is constant is the form we want. Now, if you instead of this form get say p raise to m, v raise to m minus 1 is constant, then just do the algebra and convert it into the form pv raise to k is constant because I know the answer when it is obtained for k in this form. Over to you, Truba. Hello, sir, my question is that as per you said, specific heat is unfortunately not related with the heat. It is an intrinsic property, but specific heat is defined as the heat required to raise the unit mass of an object by 1 degree centigrade. So, there is a relationship of heat with a specific heat. So, can we elaborate peace? Over to you, sir. That is what I said today morning that historically that is the way it was defined, but what were our definitions? Our definitions and henceforth in this course the definition of cv will be partial derivative of u with respect to t at constant volume. The definition of cp will be partial derivative of h with respect to temperature at constant pressure. So, even in our derivation, we have not brought in the term heat. This definition is not consistent directly with our school bookish definition that the heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of something by 1 degree C or by a unit temperature. That is an incomplete definition because that does not say what are the other conditions needed. The other conditions needed if you really look at it would be for cv maintaining at constant volume and c to it that no work interaction is involved. And for cp, I think the requirements would be the process should be at constant pressure and no work interaction except the expansion work is involved. All these details are not written down in school textbooks. But for some reason we continue with those definitions, but forget those definitions now as good teachers of mechanical engineering thermodynamics. Our definitions would be cv is partial of u with respect to t at constant v and cp is partial of h with respect to t at constant p that is it over. And I hope all of you are in the process of solving these four exercises. I will take up the questions now. I have received a question from Calicut through chat. The question was or they wanted more discussion on w cube as energy in transit. See, I have already given the rain analogy that is rain is water in transit. We do not say that when rain fills up a lake, we do not say that the lake contains so many meter cube of rain or so many liters of rain. We say it contains so many meter cube of water. So, similarly the clouds do not contain rain. They contain so many kg of water either in vapor form or droplet form. So, just there is something in transit. So, r w and q are energies in transit. So, the similarity is to the word rain or to the word flow or to the word even to some extent traffic. So, when you say flow, you have water in one tank and you have water in another tank. So, when you connect the two tanks, there is a flow of water you get a stream of water. So, this stream or flow is something similar to our q and w. The water here is like energy. So, the water here goes down equivalent to delta E being negative. Water amount of water here goes up equivalent to delta E being positive. But you do not say there is so much flow of water here is there is so much stream of water here. Water here is just bulk water. Water here is also bulk water. Only when it is flowing you say you have a flow of water or you have a stream of water. C O E P over to you. I am asking question on behalf of one of the participants. The question is like this for constant volume process q equal to m C v delta T and q equal for constant pressure process q is equal to m C p delta T. Will you please explain again the concept of C p C v and how they are related to heat transfer q? I think the whole thing starts with the final form of the first law. The whole thing starts with the final form of first law q equals delta E plus w. And at that time I made a statement may be many of us were not attentive or maybe because it came at the end of I think day one it was not noticed. I said that q is related to the rest of the world only by this relation and by nothing else. So, that means any other relation which you just mentioned our I call them school book is relation that q equals m C v delta T for a constant volume process and q equals m C p delta T the constant pressure process that must also come out of this. And again at someone asked before the tea break you know we have defined in school that C v and C p are the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of some system by a unit temperature either at constant volume or constant pressure. But we have defined C v as partial of u with respect to T at constant volume definition. And similarly C p is partial of h with respect to T at constant pressure along with this there is a hidden definition h is nothing but u plus p v. Now, let us analyze this when I say that this is the relation between q equals q and delta E and W let us look at a constant volume process. So, let me continue let us consider a constant v process it is this equation which is applicable q equals delta E plus W. Now constant v process a school kid will assume W is p dv but no W is p dv plus W other constant v process only means that if I expand W as W expansion plus W other which could be a stirrer electric or anything this will be 0 because it is constant volume. But the other part will not be 0 or may not be 0 similarly we have to expand delta E as delta u plus delta E other this could be changes in kinetic energy potential energy or what have you plus W other. And then if you have a fluid system I will recreate the page quickly I said that q must be equal to delta E plus W and then we said that we have a constant volume process. So, adding this basic equation final form of first law but which essentially is the definition of q and only relationship between q and the rest of the world will be this will be delta u plus delta E other plus W expansion plus W other. Since it is a constant volume process that means W expansion is 0 because if the volume cannot change then the there is no p dv type of work. And now if we have a fluid system and no change of phase then delta u is m integral c v d t which becomes m c v delta t if c v is constant.  So, if we want our school book is relation that in a constant volume process q should be m c v delta t look at the conditions which have to be satisfied delta E other has to be 0 W other has to be 0 apart from it being a constant volume process. It has to be a fluid system where internal energy is a function of temperature and volume there has to be no change of phase instead of a fluid system if it is a solid system then also it will work, but again condition no change of phase. So, that our definition that c v is partial of u with respect to t at constant v is applicable. And in a similar way now I am told the tablet is operational. So, let me try that otherwise I will quickly come back here. Now, let us in a similar fashion analyze the constant temperature process again we start with q equals delta E plus W and then expand this as earlier to delta u plus delta E other plus W expansion plus W other. And we say it is a constant p process hence W expansion will be integral p dv because it is constant p it will be p delta v and again because it is constant p that will be delta of p v. Now, combine this into this and you will get q equals delta u I am transposing some terms or no let me not do that.  And then if you have a fluid or a fluid like system and again if you have no change of phase then you will have delta h equal to m c p delta t that is because under those conditions we can use the definition that c p is partial of delta h sorry partial of h with respect to t at constant p. And I am writing this that means I am also assuming c p is constant otherwise we will have to write it as an integral. But remember that there are two other terms delta E other plus W other. So, as in the case of the earlier case where you had the constant volume process our school bookish expression that q equals m c p delta t is valid only when minor assumption c p is constant. But major assumptions delta E other other than u is 0 and W other that means other than p delta v p d v expansion work is also 0. I hope that explains the issue. Raisoni-Nagpur any questions over to you. Sir, in exercise number 1.4 in exercise 1.4 yes there is a slimmer work and net work. So, what is the difference between the question pertains to f 1.4 and the question is there is a mention of sterrer work and there is a mention of net work. Net work is our W term which comes out of first law. So, if you write the first law and I recommend that you always write the first law as q equals delta E plus W or delta E equals q minus W that means it is transpose form.  Now, here we have a perfectly insulated system that means q is 0 perfectly insulated adiabatic system. It contains 0.1 meter cube of hydrogen that means some volume of a gas at 30 degree C 5 bar. It is stirred at constant pressure till the temperature resets some other value and you have to determine heat transfer change in internal energies sterrer work and net work. Now, the W because it is a constant pressure process and hence there will be expansion because the pressure remains constant. So, if the temperature changes volume has to change and that means there will be an expansion work and since there is a sterrer work, sterrer mention there will be a sterrer work. So, this W is net work and this W s t is sterrer work. Does that answer your question? Hello sir, yes sir in the same question if the sterrer work is supplied then there is heat transfer, heat addition will be there? It is specified in exercise F 1.4 that it is a perfectly insulated system. So, there is no question of any heat transfer there. Our equation for exercise 1.4 this equation reduces to 0 on the left hand side that you should never change delta u plus delta e other plus W expansion plus W sterrer. Now, there is no mention of any change in energy other than the internal energy. So, we have assumed or we will have to assume this to be 0. That means you are assuming that the system containing the hydrogen remains at one place. It does not change in velocity nor does it go up and down. And as in the previous illustration because it is a constant pressure process, this will turn out to be first integral p dv then because it is a constant pressure process that becomes p delta v and because it is a constant pressure process and initial pressure and final pressure this will become delta pv under this assumption. And delta u plus delta pv will then be combined and you will get delta h plus W sterrer with 0 delta h will then be m c p delta t plus W sterrer. So, here you see we have a constant situation where delta t is positive. So, delta h is positive m c p delta t is positive, but there is no heat transfer. The first law is balanced because this is a positive number and the sterrer work is a negative number. In fact, it is this equation which will be used to determine the sterrer work which is required in the solution. Sir, in the morning session we have discussed about Kelvin scale as well as ideal gas scales where under discussion of Kelvin scale of temperature we have taken 273.16 Kelvin as triple point of water. So, will you give some justification for this point sir? Remember the definition of the Kelvin scale is T by T ref is pv by pv at the reference state. It has been found that the reference state an excellent reference state is the triple point of water not very difficult to create all that you need with some amount of absolutely pure water and an excellent skilled glass blower and a very good vacuum pump. That is all that you need and you can create a triple point of water cell. So, creating this reference state is not a problem at all that is why it is taken. Now, the question is which T ref and the way the Kelvin scale was attempted to be designed whenever we design a new thing we expected to be compatible and reasonably nicely related to some old established thing something which is already known and already in use. So, we wanted a determination or a selection of T ref in such a way that the Kelvin scale and the Celsius scale get aligned to each other very well. Now, a simple relation that there are two possible simple relation either one should be fixed factor of the other. For example, Kelvin could have been 3.75 into Celsius that would also be easily acceptable. Another thing Kelvin could be Celsius plus something or Celsius minus something. It turns out that if you select T ref of a particular value then you can obtain T ice point and T steam point. T ice point will turn out to be this P v at ice point divided by P v ref into T ref. This will turn out to be P v steam point divided by P v ref into T ref. We have not yet decide what T ref is, but even if we do not decide now we can get on the Kelvin scale T steam point minus T ice point to be T ref into P v at steam point minus P v at ice point divided by P v ref. This is experimentally determined and then you notice that the value of T ref will determine what would be the Kelvin temperature difference between steam point and ice point. At this stage it was realized that the temperature difference on the Celsius scale between steam point and ice point is 100 degree C. So, why not keep the temperature difference on the Kelvin scale between steam point and ice point also to be 100 Kelvin. That way the temperature differences would be aligned on the Celsius scale as well as on the Kelvin scale. Hence, the team of scientists which developed this said let us have this 100 and let us calculate what T ref is and that T ref turned out to be so near 1 6 Kelvin. Sir, this is regarding the basic question in the first class regarding the properties of the system can be classified in the two groups. As you said it is extensive property and extensive property in which case neither extensive property nor extensive property can you elaborate further by means of examples. The question is we said that a property can be classified as extensive or intensive and our definition was that if we have a system with a property phi and we partition it in two parts and if the two parts end up with the same values of properties of say phi a and phi b then in case phi is an extensive property then phi should turn out to be phi a plus phi b and for an intensive property phi should turn out to be phi a equal to phi b. That means this just depends on the intent that is what the system is whereas in this case it depends on the extent you make a bigger system phi will be bigger. I had asked a question I think on moodle or somewhere that I suppose we have enough illustrations of intensive properties. The two inherently intensive properties are temperature and pressure extensive properties are mass, volume, energy, enthalpy, entropy, etcetera. But if you divide any one of these and create specific properties then for example density specific volume, specific energy, specific enthalpy, specific entropy are all intensive properties. But remember properties are something which we can create. So for example if you create just for the sake of it the square of mass, mass is a property so the square of mass is also a property but you will notice that the square of mass will neither be an extensive property nor an intensive property. Because if you take a system with a mass of 10 k g square of 10 k g is 100 partition into 2 of say 6 k g and 4 k g 36 plus 16 that is 6 square plus 4 square is not 100. So this is a situation where property is neither intensive nor extensive. If you think mass square or square of mass is an esoteric thing just consider the property surface area tell me whether it is intensive or extensive. It is not intensive because if I take a part of the system naturally the area will be different. So the area of a part of a system is not the area of the system. Is it extensive? You will notice that the area of the whole system is the external surface but the area of a subsystem is that part of external surface plus some inner surface. So consequently surface area is a property which is neither extensive nor intensive. So that is another illustration of a property which is neither intensive nor extensive. But such properties are rare most of our properties will be either intensive or extensive over to you. Let us not discuss about the first test anymore. Tomorrow afternoon I am going to have another test and hope things will improve and remember these tests are tests as much as for you as much as for us. So whether somebody has scored 0 marks or 32 out of 32 marks that just does not matter. We are not going to give any prices or any certificates based on the scores in these tests. These tests are feedback for you, feedback for us. Do not look at the marks. If you know and if you are confident that you have answered the questions correctly be happy. Do not look at that 0 marks. See the vibration of the interface means a movement of the interface. So if you are really looking at vibration that interaction will be something like a PDV interaction or an FDX interaction depending on the actual detail of the surface movement. I have not really thought over this in any detail because a vibratory mode is usually not we do not generally come across in thermal systems. But now that you have mentioned it wheels will start churning and maybe I will set up some exercise problems or test problems based on that. But give me some time but I assure you and others do not get scared. I am not going to set up any vibration based test or exercise problems during this course. But the idea is nice but the only of the curve I can tell you is a vibration would mean movement of a surface and that would mean that it would be something akin to a PDV work or an FDX work depending on the local detail of the movement. Somaya, over to you. Hello sir. Go ahead. Go ahead. How do you solve problem 1.6? Somaya wants to look at the detail solution of 1.6. Let us come to that. Before that let me look at Thruba. Hello sir. That sir, question number F 1.6. Sir, can you give me some guideline regarding this question? How to solve this question? Yeah, your problem is the same thing as Somaya. Let me come to 1.6 in a few minutes. Over and out. Question is that, can I know answer of F 1.4 work done by a steward and network? I do not have the numerical answers but I think I discussed sometime ago F 1.4. So, for F 1.4 the formulation is here on page, I think they are seeing this slide. So, here is the complete formulation for 1.4 but of course, if you write it like this I would not give you many marks because I have not sketched here the system diagram, the process diagram. But finally, after doing all that and writing all this thing you reach here and if you notice in 1.4 you have the volume of hydrogen is given, its initial temperature is given, its initial pressure is given, the molecular weight of hydrogen is given and the gamma for hydrogen is given. Maybe what I should do is I will just use another sheet and tell you the detail of the process. I will do some detailing of 1.4 and then we will go to 1.6. We have a perfectly insulated system initially 0.1 meter cube of hydrogen 30 degree C 5 bar, it is expanding at constant pressure. So, the there is a stirrer work. So, let me say this is a piston, there is going to be a W expansion, there is going to be a W stirrer because there is a stirrer, our system is this. Let me write m k g hydrogen and it is a perfectly insulated system. So, Q is 0 given, the data we have is initial state 1, volume 1 is 0.1 meter cube, T 1 is 30 degree C converted to Kelvin as needed, P 1 is 5 bar, state 2 it is stirred at constant pressure till the temperature reaches 60 degree C. So, P 2 is P 1 is 5 bar, T 2 is 60 degree C. The other data given for hydrogen is molecular weight of 2 k g per k mole and gamma which is C p by C v is 1.4. Now, first you calculate R as universal gas constant divided by molecular weight, substitute the values and get the value of R. Then remember that we have C p minus C v equals R and it is a constant pressure process. So, in all probability we will need C p as we go. So, you write this as C p into 1 minus C v by C p into R. Now, this C v by C p is reciprocal of gamma. So, you know this ratio, you know R. So, this gives you sorry this is equal to R. So, this gives you C p. So, now, C p is known. Now, come to our formulation and that formulation began with Q equals delta E plus W and we ended up with I am not doing it again it is in the previous slide. I will just go back here it is in slide 39 we ended up with M C p delta t plus W stirrer. So, from here we came to 0 equals M C p T 2 minus T 1 plus W stirrer. Out of this T 2 is known, T 1 is known 60 degree 30 degree C, C p has been calculated and M. M calculated using this data and the value of R. Remember the equation of state for the first initial state is P 1 V 1 is M R T 1. Do not make the mistake of substituting T 1 in Celsius convert 30 degree C into Kelvin. You have T 1 R has been calculated earlier P 1 is given V 1 is given. So, you can determine M the moment you determine M in this equation the only unknown is W stirrer that is how you calculated. Now, change in internal energy is delta U delta U is M C v delta T and in the right hand side we have determined M we have determined C v once you get C p C p minus R will be C v and delta T is already known T 2 minus T 1. So, you can determine delta U and the network will be W stirrer plus W p dv or you can calculate the network from our first law because we already know delta E is delta U. So, from here go to a part of this was delta U plus W total this is W expansion plus W stirrer W expansion was absorbed here. So, use this delta U has been calculated. So, you know what W is I think that should answer your question good question question is what type of property is thermal conductivity. First thing is remember that thermal conductivity is not a thermodynamic property because remember that our properties are characteristic of a thermodynamic system which is in equilibrium and thermal conductivity is not the property of a thermodynamic system in equilibrium thermal conductivity is the property which is of a system which is not in equilibrium in which there are some temperature differences. So, it is properly known as a transport property and not a basic thermodynamic property after having said that if you assume that during the process of conduction the departure or disturbance from equilibrium is not very significant. Then with some minor assumptions one is able to show that the thermal conductivity is something akin to a an intensive property. I think that should satisfy you over. I want to know the term absolute temperature and why we are adding only 273 in degree Celsius to get the absolute value over to use. See the term absolute temperature is a misnomer it is only of historical interest. Now we have we have the ideal gas temperature on the Kelvin scale and later on we will have the thermodynamic temperature again on the Kelvin scale. This we will define later just now we have defined this and we will stick to that earlier when they started looking at gases there was some idea that there is some temperature which directly can be substituted in the ideal gas equation of state. For some reason it was known as the absolute temperature, but we do not we do not use this term absolute anymore about your second part of the question why 273.16 that I think I have answered a few minutes ago when I explained how that came about let me go back a few slides and see whether I can show it to you. It is here Kelvin scale of ideal gas temperature that T reference here was determined to be 273.16 from the consideration that the temperature on the Kelvin scale the difference of temperature on the Kelvin scale between the steam point and the ice point should turn out to be 100 units on the Kelvin scale and that was decided to keep it aligned with the Celsius scale. And when that happens your T ref turns out to be 273.15 and the relation between Kelvin and Celsius turns out to be a simple relation that temperature on the Kelvin scale is temperature on the Celsius scale plus 273.15 that difference of 0.01 turns out to be because the ice point is at 0 Celsius 0 degree Celsius whereas the triple point is 0.01 degree Celsius over there is a technical question from S G S I T S S G S I T S wanted to know why should the process in exercise 1.4 stop when the system reaches 60 degrees C. The there are two answers to this first thing is it may stop because we have stopped stirring and stirring and we have frozen the movement of the piston or you can say that the process continues but we have computed it only up to 60 degrees C whichever way you look at it that does not change the technicality of the problem. So, we have a system containing an ideal gas with constant specific heats. Let us say M K G ideal gas we are given C P C V are constants there is a W expansion and that is W only expansion work is done and the heat transferred is represented in such a way that D Q is C D T or D Q is M C D T where C is a specified constant show that the equation for this process can be represented as P V raise to K is constant and determine K in terms of C P C V and C here remember it is an ideal gas and C P C V's are given. So, the equations which we have is the first law the equation of state and the equation relating D U to D T through C V or D H to D T through C P. So, let us write first law first law for differential process will be D Q is D E plus D W let us assume although it is not said. So, we cannot proceed let us assume that D E is D W that means there are no changes in any other component of energy other than the thermal or internal energy. So, that gives us this to be D E plus D U plus D W and since only expansion work is done that gives me this D U plus P D V D Q is specified to be M C D T I will divide throughout by M and I will end up with C D T is D U plus P D V and since it is a gas ideal gas with constant specific heats this turns out to be C V D T plus P D V this is one equation, but here we have a relationship between D T and D V there is a P there, but finally we want the relationship between P and V. So, we will have to use the equation of state the equation of state is P V equals R T. So, for any small process we are going to have P D V plus V D P plus sorry equal to R D T. Now, let me call this earlier equation let me call this equation 1 the equation on this page as equation 2 I will just tell you that eliminate between 1 and 2 and there is no T existing anywhere everything is D T if T were to occur you will eliminate T writing in terms of P and V. So, if you eliminate D T between 1 and 2 you will get a relation only between D V and D P integrate that and you should get that relation as far as I know and I remember K turns out to be C P minus C divided by C V minus C, but I would like you to check this and again there are special cases here. You will notice that if C happens to be 0 then C happens to be 0 means no heat is transferred an adiabatic process and here then we have an adiabatic process in which only expansion work is done quasi static adiabatic process of an ideal gas constant specific heat only expansion work is done and D E equals D U you will end up with K being equal to C P minus C V which is by definition gamma. So, the relationship turns to be the classical P V raise to gamma is constant for an adiabatic quasi static process of an ideal gas then you put C equal to C V then this K turns out to be very large that means the process is now P V raise to infinity is constant or that essentially means P is constant sorry V is constant because you can write it as P raise to 1 by K into V is constant and 1 by K becomes 0. So, you have a constant volume process whenever you have C equals 0 similarly for a constant pressure process you will notice that C has to be equal to C P if you make C equal to C P then K turns out to be 0 and the process turns out to be P equals constant and I will leave it to you to answer the question what happens if K turns out to be 1 when will K turn out to be 1 K will turn out to be 1 when the value of C is very large and value of C being very large means hardly any temperature difference d t being pretty small, but C is large. So, enough amount of heat is being added without any change in temperature. So, that means you are ending up with an isothermal process and check that for a very large C K equals 1 and for an isothermal process of an ideal gas P V equals constant is the result. This is regarding problem number 1 point it is about a closed system undergoing an isothermal process for which Q minus W will be 0 work which is equal to the sum of stator work and the expansion work. When you calculate the heat transfer whether do we have to add the expansion work and the stator work or stator work is to be deducted from that as the stator work is the work done on the system. Look at 1.5 we have a closed system 2 kg of air at 3 bar some temperature stirred and expands till pressure reduces the to 1 bar. So, you have expansion and you have stirring sketch of the system 2 kg air W expansion W stirrer let there be some Q there is nothing mentioned about Q we have to determine that. Then initial state 3 bar 150 degree C final state 1 bar final temperature 150 degree C process stirrer plus expansion isothermal that means by some trick we have maintained the temperature uniform constant. I think I have noted down the stirrer does 120 kilo joules of work that means W stirrer equals minus 120 kilo joule the way it is work done on the system not work done by the system. We have to determine expansion work done and heat transfer. The tools with us are first law we will assume delta E equals delta U, but then we will know this will be 0 why because T 1 equals T 2 and we have an ideal gas. So, this now becomes 0 plus W which is W expansion plus W stirrer. Now, on the right hand side W expansion is simply m integral p d V from the initial state to final state or p d capital V from the initial state to final state plus W stirrer. W stirrer is given expansion work you can simply compute out that is one of the answer and you sum the two up and you will get the second answer Q is that clear. Sir there the stirrer work is having a negative side. Yes stirrer work see our convention is work done by the system is positive. So, when you insert a stirrer in the system and stir it will only be negative work because work will be done on the system. So, that is why we write minus 120 kilo joules. I hope that was the only confusion. Thank you.


Hello, my name is Miklos Gaspar and I'm the head of digital communications at the IAA. We are live from Vienna, our headquarters, and this is already the 11th session in a series of lives where we discuss what it is like to work at the IAA and what the recruitment process, how the recruitment process works. As you perhaps remember by now, we also answer some of the questions you may have. Please put these in the comment box and we get to them at the end of the session. Last time, we had three safeguards inspectors as our guests and they talked about their impressions of the work, why they came to the IAA, what they most like about their jobs. This time, we will focus more on the responsibilities of safeguards inspectors and what's required for somebody to launch a successful application. So we call this, what safeguards inspectors do, part two, sorry. On that note, let me introduce you to our panel of three great colleagues. So first we have Pablo, a safeguards inspector from Spain, next to him Patricia from Uganda. She's a safeguards evaluator, which means she looks at the effectiveness of our safeguards implementation. And last but not least, Susan from the US, she heads our safeguards training section. So welcome to you all and Pablo, let me ask you the first question. Why is the role of the safeguards inspectors so relevant today? Hello everyone. The IAA is the only global organization with the mandate to verify the use of nuclear material and nuclear technology in the world. So we, the safeguards inspectors, are responsible of carrying out these verification activities that is verifying that there is no diversion of nuclear material from peaceful activities or there is no misuse of nuclear technology. So that's the reason why safeguards inspector work is so relevant. So I'd like to understand and explain to the audience what that means in practice. So Patricia, could you tell us what a typical day in the life of a safeguards inspector look like? Thank you very much and hello everyone. An inspector's typical day varies depending on where they are. So we have work at headquarters, which is here in Vienna, which is mainly office work. And then we have what to me is exciting work in the field. And the work in the field varies depending on the type of facility you're visiting, the amount of nuclear material at the facility, and the scope of your activities. So one can have very long, mentally challenging and physically challenging days where you're carrying around equipment and verifying lots of material. And other days where it's quick, easy work where you get to finish your job quickly and get to explore a new country, visit people, get to know different cultures, different languages, and different types of food. So we have a broad spectrum of what you would consider a typical day in the life of an inspector. Thank you. So most of the time, when you go on the field, you would go to nuclear power plants or fuel cycle facilities. Is that right? Yes. A significant amount of our time is in nuclear facilities. So how long does it take at a typical inspection, let's say at a power reactor? Is it like a few days? So again, it depends on the scope of your work. Typically expect a full day of work. So you're starting at about six o'clock to leave the hotel and getting back at about six o'clock in the evening. Okay. Thank you. And typically do this alone or in groups? How does that work? So it depends on location. So there are activities where we are doing work alone. And there are activities where you have teams of up to eight, nine people. Yes. Again, it's very broad. This would like depend on the complexity of a facility? Yes, it would. And the amount of material in the facility as well sometimes. Okay. So you mentioned at the beginning that some days are spent at the office, like for the rest of us, other days are spent on the field. So Pablo, for you in a typical month, how many days would you be on the road? I'm afraid there is no, as Patricia was saying, there is no standard day or typical month for savers inspector. Normally we do the calculation per year. So maybe inspectors usually spend up to 100 days per year in the field. So this can be a trip of maybe three days or a trip of three weeks up to one month, depending on the location, characteristics of the inspections, maybe multiple inspections in one trip. So that would be more than one third of your work per year? Approximately one third of our workload would be in the field. Okay. So Susan, turning to you, what are the minimal requirements for applying to this job? Do people need to have a nuclear energy background? Thank you and hello everyone. The minimum requirements are really a university degree in a science field such as physics, electrical engineering, chemistry, or in international relations with a specialization in nuclear or non-proliferation. The next minimum requirement is five years' work experience. So within that we look for people who have some hands-on experience perhaps in a facility in a research laboratory doing experiments. It might not be if a person comes from international relations with a specialty in non-proliferation. They might have worked on safeguards in different areas or for example at the state regulator. Thank you. And I forgot to say this at the beginning, but we are doing this session because right now we have a recruitment drive for safeguards inspectors at the P3 level, so sort of mid career level, and when Susan mentioned five years of experience that reminded me of this. So those of you interested, check out on our webpage all the details. So one of the things some people mentioned at the last session, that's why Susan we decided to invite you, is that they really appreciate all the training they get once they've joined the IAEA. So could you tell us about that? What does the training program consist of? What competencies and technical skills does it help people like Pablo who's got many skills already, but to have even more to develop? Yeah, so the training program for new inspectors involves about a six month training course which is called ICAS, introductory course for agency safeguards. And this course really covers the basics of the legal basis for safeguards, nuclear material accountancy, what is nuclear material, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, as well as technical training on safeguards equipment. Some of the other components that we stress throughout this course are things such as analytic skills, teamwork, and importantly communication because as Patricia and Pablo both mentioned a lot of the work is in the field and importantly a safeguards inspector has to communicate not just within the teams here at the IAEA, but with our colleagues in the state, the state's authority as well as the operator at facilities or locations outside of facilities. Thank you. So once you've done this training, what is really expected of inspectors and what kind of support system do they have should they need more help in the job? Maybe I'll start, but I'd like to turn it over to my colleagues. So upon completion of ICAS, there is a comprehensive inspection exercise and then inspectors go from the training section where they have had an assigned mentor from their section into operations. And then from there, I'm going to turn it over to my colleagues now. Thanks. If I can add something to what Susan mentioned. So after the training, the first assignments of a new inspector are always supervised by a more experienced inspector. So a new inspector is not asked to perform a complex inspection autonomously from the first year, let's say, then concerning support from the Department of Safeguards, we are obviously a team and the whole department is supporting activity. So for example, we have experts that help us to prepare detectors and analysts that help us to study all the safeguard relevant information that is collected by the agency. So this is obviously a very complex job. One individual does not work alone. So we have all support from the team. Thank you. So you mentioned that initially you are supervised. How long does that last? After how many, I don't know, months or years, you are able to do things on your own. So in my experience, so I had a mentor that would help me during the first year and maybe within the first year I would already be coordinating inspections by myself, maybe with other colleagues, not completely alone, but I would already start gradually to have increasing responsibilities both in the field and maybe other analytical or evaluation work in headquarters. It's important to add that because we have different divisions and different divisions cover different countries which might have varying types of nuclear facilities. It's not uncommon for one to have to retrain when they move from one division to another because of the different types of facilities you experience there. So I think the work of an inspector, you're always learning. It's just an ongoing learning process. Thank you. Susan, you want to add something? Yeah, I just wanted to add on Patricia's note in the sense of it is an ongoing learning process and training is available for safeguards inspectors as well as the analysts in the team and other support staff throughout the department. Specifically looking at for the inspectors, what do they need as they go to more and more complex facilities or take on new tasks throughout their career from a P3 to P4 to P5 and what is that those needs in the department? Thanks. Thank you. So turning to the questions we've been receiving from our audience, one of them asked about an age limit for applying for jobs at the IEA. So I can actually answer that. There is no maximum age limit except that a retirement age at the IEA as across the UN is 65. So if you are 65, don't apply, but otherwise no restrictions. Another question we received, you both mentioned Patricia and Susan, communication, the points of communication. So does this mean that you need to speak many languages in order to be able to go to the field and work with these operators? Certainly not. What is more important is your ability to use basic communication because there is places where they don't speak, like I've been to countries where the official or common languages are not any of the languages I speak, but one needs to appreciate that and be able to figure out alternative ways of communication. It means they will always have a basic level of English. You need to use easier to understand sentences and speak slowly and even try to use pictures to communicate what you need to appreciate in the fact that the other side, they are very technical and intelligent people. It's just that you have a language barrier there. Okay, thank you. You want to say something? No. Okay, that's good. Good, thank you. So another question we have received is perhaps for us and maybe Susan, I'll turn to you with this. To recap again, what are the requirements for the job? These are listed in the job description, but let's go through them. Yeah, so the requirements for the job are, we really look, again, it's in the job description, basically a degree in a technical field, five years, or international relations with a specialization in nuclear nonproliferation or nuclear energy, and then five years experience in that area. Building on that, there are specific areas of competencies, including the technical and scientific credibility in the area of safeguards would be an asset, but we don't expect people from outside to have that. One of the things that we look for is really analytic skills, how to collate a lot of information, process that information, to think about that for problem solving. As we were talking before, the started critical thinking is a really important skill set, as well as creative thinking and curiosity. Those aren't listed in the job description, but from our standpoint, those would be important competencies. Thanks. Thank you very much. Very interesting answer. Somebody also asked how they can apply. Well, if you go to i.org slash employment, you will see all our vacancies there. But we are going to put just to make sure a link to this particular bulk recruitment for safeguard inspectors into the comment section. Next question is perhaps for Pablo. They are asking whether you travel all around the world or there are specific countries that you specialize in. For most of the inspectors are assigned to a division and a section that covers a certain area of the world. So there are a number of countries. It can be from one or two countries to maybe tens of countries. And we most frequently travel to those. So we are, of course, more familiar with the facilities, the state, the state-specific factors of that area. But this changes over time. So we are subject to rotation so that inspectors at the end of their career may have covered different areas of the world. Eventually we can go, even if we are assigned to a section, we can be, I would say, as guests, inspectors covering a country outside this section. Well, this is mainly because the agency works in a non-discriminatory manner. We apply homogeneous safeguards to all countries. So any inspector should be able to cover any country and perform the same type of activities all over the world. So basically to sum up, let me see if I got this right. You are saying that in theory, well, the job is the same everywhere because the requirements are the same in different countries. Therefore, it would be easy for people to get redeployed. But in practice, there tends to be a focus on a few countries. That's correct. In practice, we are assigned to a number of countries, a section, and we work most of the time in this section. Thank you. Susan, I'd like to ask you the next two questions. Somebody is asking if a bachelor's degree is sufficient to apply. Another person is asking whether we also offer short-term positions if they just want to be an inspector for two to four years. Yes, a bachelor's degree is absolutely sufficient to apply. So please go ahead and apply if you're interested. And short-term for two to four years. So this is getting into the agency policy. It's a non-career organization, so there's a seven-year contract limitation. So if you were to come and be an agency inspector, we'd like to keep you for those seven years. That's our goal. That's right. You've heard Susan explain all the time we will invest in you in training, so we would like to keep you for as long as possible and allowed. Another person asking, not sure which of you would like to take this, if they're a nuclear pharmacist, is there a relevant background for this job? I don't know at the moment if or who of my colleagues have a nuclear pharmacy background. But I can explain that from my experience, we have verified facilities where medical radioisotopes are produced by medical pharmacists. And we need to obviously evaluate the nuclear material and the characteristics of this facility. So we also need to have this type of expertise in the house. So I think that candidates with this type of background would be very welcome to apply and their expertise would be valued by the Department of Safeguards, yes. To that particular question, so the education of background is one thing and then five years of experience. So it's up to this individual as a nuclear pharmacist to assess the application, the vacancy notice, to see if they can sell the relevant background. On the front, it sounds like they're suitable candidate, but you need to sell it to us. So you need to look at the vacancy notice and tailor your relevant experience so that you can also convince us that it meets that because it's two things, education and five years minimum of relevant experience. Patricia said something really key. Just because you meet all the requirements, still all the minimum requirements, still do your best to sell yourself to us, as she said. So write a cover letter that we're sure to the hiring managers why you should be shortlisted and why you're really good fit for this role. We get many, many applications for these kind of jobs and we need to make a selection at each step of the process. Somebody was asking which countries we recruit from. Let me take that really quickly. The IEA recruits globally. So there are no restrictions, no visa to come out to Austria. None of these things apply. So wherever you are from, please apply and we will consider your application. Another question somebody's asking is they don't have five years of experience, but they would like to take like sort of a quick program to catch up. Is that then sufficient? The five years experience for the P3 inspector is a minimum requirement. So if you don't quite have five years experience, I really stress that you look at the job application, you look at the job description. If you're interested, you say, yeah, I'm interested. I'm gonna make sure I get more experience to strengthen your application at a point when you're ready to apply. I think as my colleagues are saying, it's important to look at the job description, understand the role, where you fit. But it's good even if you don't have the experience yet and you're interested. Now you know you need to go get that experience and then go ahead and apply. Thanks. Thank you. Somebody's asking, they've been working as a nuclear operator for three years. Is that relevant experience? Sounds like relevant experience. You need to sell it to us. Right, and I guess if you've done other things because that three as part of the at least five is super relevant. But if that's all you've done, then just wait two more years, right? Yeah. Okay, thank you. Somebody's asking about radiotherapy technologist, nuclear medicine physician. So Pablo, perhaps you could continue your train of thought about radiopharmaceutical pharmacist. So in principle, yes. Multidisciplinary teams we need to build in the department of safeguards. So all these nuclear related operators related to pharmacy, radiotherapy, et cetera, are relevant for us. And again, I think they are welcome to apply and we will be happy to evaluate their proposals. So thank you very much. We look forward to applications. Again, as I said earlier, because some of you have asked still from any country in the world, we welcome applications. So thank you very much, Pablo, Patricia, and Susan. You've been an exciting panel. And this ends our 11th session, which means that for a full year, we've got one more to go. So next month we'll have our season finale where we will address some of the frequently asked questions that we have received during this 11 months that we've been doing these HR lives for. And my guests will be three seasoned people from our HR department. So see you then, bye-bye.


Colonel Martin Wolgemouth presents the Legion of Merit to outgoing Command Sergeant Major Matthew J. Savagio before his change of responsibility ceremony at Camp Air of John Kuwait on August 17, 2022. To a standing room only, Command Sergeant Major Matthew J. Savagio handed the reins to Command Sergeant Major Leon Black Jr. during the passing of the Colors portion of the ceremony. The passing of the Colors from the outgoing Command Sergeant Major to the Senior Commander signifies that the unit is never without non-commissioned officer leadership. The passing of the Colors from the Senior Commander to the incoming Command Sergeant Major signifies the passing of his trust and the responsibility for the unit and its soldiers. To a standing room only, Command Sergeant Major Leon Black Jr. Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes today's change of responsibility ceremony. On behalf of Colonel Martin A. Wolgemouth, thank you for attending today's change of responsibility ceremony. On this strong, tight end zone, first team all aboard.


Rechargeable zinc ion batteries are promising energy storage devices but suffer from the limited choice of positive electrodes. Hinyo and co-workers show a design with sodium vanadate hydrate as cathode, allowing simultaneous proton and zinc ion insertion extraction and enhanced performance. This article was authored by Fang WAN, Lin Ling Zhong, ElevenDi, and others.