okay how do I work this okay all right I'm glad I'm figuring this out now before anyone's watching okay hey Eric hi are you doing I don't hi Isaac I don't have anything particular to say right now I just wanted to test and see if I could do the live stream on my phone Adam Matt hey guys and Pence of ruin the guys sent me that rock-and-roll figure thank you very much sir so you know I tried to do the live stream on the old laptop the one that died last year awesome and but I got a new laptop but I hadn't tried the live stream on the new laptop before hi Albert so but I can tell you right now that laptop is badly underpowered and there's no way it would be able to do a live stream so I thought maybe phone would be a good alternative hi Edwin greetings from the United States and Todd and Bradley hey nice to see you guys can you hear me okay is the audio all right I'm just testing this out so I can make sure that I can do it and you know I decided to do it outside because I wouldn't have any indoor distractions but just as I decided to get started my neighbor decided he wanted to like vacuum his car out or something so you know great timing thanks Ricky hi Mark okay so maybe this will be how we do it you know maybe this will be how we do it going forward I've been wanting to do more live but but I can't do it on the laptop it just doesn't work awesome thanks Eric so anyway I'm gonna stay on here just for a few minutes hi JJ I'll stay on here for just a few minutes just to make sure this is working smoothly I've got a little bit of a lull in the action here I've been shooting today for my next video yeah Isaac it's yeah basically it was it was an inexpensive you know stop gap because otherwise it would have had no laptop and no way to edit videos so Susan was very kind to get it for me at a time when I absolutely needed one it was a gift and I appreciate it so but it just it doesn't have the power to do some of the things I needed to do so eventually that will have to be replaced and the probably like patreon funds that's probably what that's gonna go toward pretty soon because I do need a bit more power in my laptop that would help with live stream but also things like editing it struggles with those large multimedia file sizes especially now that I have the new camera the new cameras got much higher quality video the file sizes are also much larger thanks guys for showing up for this little test so I've been shooting today shooting the next mind-hober convergence videos and I mean I'm actually at a stopping point because there's a couple sections that I need Susan for I asked her to be in a couple sections of this video but she's busy right now so I gotta wait until she's free and then I can finish it up hi hey from Columbia say a big I hope I'm saying your name right thank you for sending your emails too so anyway this I thought this be good opportunity to just sit down and talk with you guys and see if I can get this to work this is actually this is good notice pop up there we go this is actually a lot easier than it was doing it on the laptop maybe I just need to do it this time hi Dennis Ricky I don't know you know I I don't know that Hasbro knows what to do with the brand but they have plans coming up in the next couple years and I can just hope that that it is that it's good I just hope that it's good at this point that's all I hope for I don't necessarily hope for something that is like the ideal thing that I would like I just hope that it's good I just hope that it's in general considered good and I'll take that considering some of the stuff that we've had from Hasbro you know the previous movies and things like that you know I'm happy if just a general audience likes it I'll take that the standalone snake eyes movie you know I am actually optimistic about that because one thing that I think GI Joe needs and hasn't had for a while is a cool factor GI Joe needs to be cool again and snake eyes is the coolest figure the coolest character now in the past I've said that you know snake eyes has been a little overexposed you know a little too much snake eyes a little too much focus on snake eyes and I understand that criticism however right now nothing in GI Joe is overexposed it's all underexposed so snake eyes would be brand new to a whole new audience Johannes hi how are you doing and Thomas nice to see you so I actually think all right are we reconnected I'm sorry I lost connection there for a second okay hi okay everybody's still there hey good anyway so it might give GI Joe that cool factor that it hasn't had for a while and I know that some people are concerned that it's be focused on a character that doesn't speak and has a face covered I don't really see that as a problem with a skilled filmmaker that actually might even be an asset because snake eyes doesn't speak for himself he actually kind of takes on you know her you know personality and feelings that the audience might put into him so you can use a character like that to become a very sympathetic character to the audience I don't really see that as a drawback for snake eyes so I actually I am a little bit optimistic about it and I hope that I just hope that it's done well and it gives GI Joe that little cool factor that cool factor that hasn't had for a while yeah yeah strident had a good idea and an alternative Steven from Joberg had the idea of setting it in the 80s and there there are a lot of ways I mean there are actually a lot of ways that it could be done really well and made really interesting for a general audience there are probably more ways they could do it right than they could screw it up yet somehow they still find a way to screw it up but my hope even if it doesn't turn out to be the kind of movie that I would prefer if it's a movie that a general audience enjoys I will be happy with that because it'll bring GI Joe back into the popular culture again that's what I would prefer more so than a movie that I personally would enjoy as far as the the toys go that I haven't expressed my opinion about that because I feel like I might be a little more pessimistic than hey Max Vivos ghost music guy that sent me the awesome box of 90s toys thank you again for that I'm a little maybe a pessimistic about the plastic the toys that might come from a movie or a reinvigorated GI Joe just because you know I have a couple kids I've seen how kids play now kids don't play with toys the way we used to they just don't and there I don't feel like there's necessarily any going back to that however I do feel like you'd have something for us though actually for us for the for collectors I think we'll see that I just don't know if we'll see a lot of GI Joe toys in the hands of kids like we who used to and like we hope to I don't know maybe I'm wrong I hope I'm wrong but but times have changed times have just changed it's not the 80s anymore and kids just have a different relationship with toys and then they did when we were young and Hasbro of course has to know that I mean they're the experts they would have done a lot of market research on that so as much as I hope that the toys might come back you know the way that they used to be you know come back strong and kind of take over the market I just don't know I'm less optimistic about that than about getting a good movie and there's the dog oh hey I got it time out I got a package hey I got a thing I got a thing oh okay I know my battery slow so okay this is why we have to keep it short I got this package and so I'm gonna open it here in a minute okay if you guys will give me about two minutes I'm going to grab two things I'm gonna grab something to open this with because hey Susan just brought this to me it just came in the mail I'm gonna do a live unboxing of something that I purchased and I also got to get my charger because my phone is about to die talk amongst yourselves I'll give you a topic the Holy Roman Empire was neither Holy nor Roman nor an Empire discuss I'll be right back okay sorry about that I'm back I'm back but I got I gotta plug my phone in it's gonna it's gonna die on me the riveting huh this is probably the most exciting thing you've seen all day okay all right okay all right box just arrived I know what it is do you want to see what it is I'm gonna show you hold on that's wrong all right this is kind of cool at least it will be if it arrived intact any damage live totally unplanned unboxing right here okay it has brown paper it has no brown paper but there it is okay ready ready for this here it comes this is what I just got in the mail just moments ago that is the create a cobra and hold on hold on we're not done we're not done it has the cobra sticker sheets that came with it hmm all right just drink that in for a minute I got a good deal on it and I got a little bit of help from some other collectors to make sure that what I was getting was correct and authentic it doesn't have the figure stand but I know what figure stand should go with it and I have one already so I will marry it with the correct figure stand that came with it and I don't have the file card but I'll have to decide if I really want to get one of those but the figure itself though is here along with the stick sheet this I'm really happy about now I'm happy to get it it's rare and it checks off a box it was something that I needed but you know if you saw Timmer's review of this figure last year this is an ugly figure it's just so it's so ugly joints are nice and tight nice tight o-ring but there he is I'm see if I can get it to focus a little better focus can I get can I this will this focus nope okay anyway there he is so that is an iron grenadiers head target basically a target body but in those colors hey max yeah the prices are going kind of crazy I suspect that the Netflix series the toys that made us has something to do with that I think that brought toy collecting in general to a broader audience and and got some people to jump in so it's not just GI Joe toys Star Wars vintage Star Wars toys are just they're going crazy you would be shocked shocked at what people are paying for junk even what they're paying for junk figures figures that that you just toss in a box because they're broken they're just in terrible shape people are paying ridiculous prices for those and that's just the trend right now I don't know that if that trend will continue I think there is some speculation in the market right now yeah this is gonna be fun this will be fun to review and I won't have any reservations I won't need to hold back on this one that I don't think this is anybody's favorite here I won't think I'll be hurt anybody feelings with this one anyway so that is a live unboxing right now let me put it back in here carefully there we go that's all I got just drinking my yo-yo colo talking to you guys yep hold on fix that there we go okay yeah transformers yeah all of those popular toy lines from the 80s and even earlier some of the prices are getting ridiculous and I think if you if you got an early you know before the prices got crazy you're lucky but if you're getting in now I mean the there are still bargains to be found out there but be patient you know don't take a bad price don't make a bad deal out of desperation to get something I try to keep in mind these toys were mass produced they were turned out of factories in the thousands and tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands they may be somewhat rare now but rare for these items means there are still thousands of them out there you'll find them but now it takes a bit more patience to get a price that is reasonable so yeah be patient be patient the deals are out there to just a little harder to find yeah yeah on the jocon stuff that's one of the reasons I love going to jocon is like you're dealing with people who like are more experienced and you're they they can't they can't jack the prices on you because they're dealing with more experienced collectors who got a better idea what things should be worth you can at jocon you get some really good deals on things I would have gotten a lot more at jocon if I just had more time I spent most of my time just talking to people seeing people which is how I'd rather spend the time I have no problem with that at all but hey Jeff how you doing the guy that doing so I don't know okay what Jeff is talking about here this requires some explanation I don't know if he's still doing it or not but if you go back on the yojo.com for there's actually a thread for this there was this dude that was stomp piling hoarding even snow serpent figures by the thousands and thousands and thousands I don't know how much money he spent on that but it was a lot his explanation is he had the money to spend and he wanted every snow serpent figure he could get he was trying to see if one person could affect the price of a figure and so he was just buying everyone he could find on every form and for a long time when you if you go on eBay any snow serpent auction on eBay that you looked up the top bidder would always be the same account this one guy he would bid on every single one of them he wouldn't bid over a certain amount so if you wanted to pay through the nose I from New Zealand sorry hello from the United States Seymour if you wanted to pay through the nose for a snow serpent you could get a snow serpent if you wanted to lay down a lot of cash but any snow serpent that was in like any kind of reasonable price range this guy was picking them up I don't know if he's still doing that or not but I was I was not a really big fan of that practice but but yeah that's the thing that was really happening it's something that I I almost talked about I was thinking about talking about it in my snow serpent review but then I thought you know I don't I don't want to call out another collector that's not my place but I just didn't if you were just wanting a snow serpent just as a normal collector wanting that for your collection because of one guy you had to pay quite a bit more for it than you would otherwise have to yeah Paul you can still find figures for good prices you can in fact I just got it back from my local toy dealer I didn't find anything to buy today he has a bunch of stuff that I already have so I didn't get anything today but there are good deals there and if you can find a local vendor that is that's a great way to to buy vintage toys let's you first of all let's you see it and hold it in hand before you buy it that's one bonus rather than have it sent from an eBay seller and hope that it arrives intact and it's what you actually purchased yeah Bradley I didn't I wasn't a big fan of that at the snow serpent guy but yeah seriously go if you want to read about it go to the yo-jo.com forum and you can probably just search for snow serpent and it'll come up there's there was a thread and a lot of discussion about it the guy that was doing it was in that thread yeah I don't know how long I'll do this I get hey this already been running for like almost 23 minutes I guess I'll run for a little bit longer I was mainly just wanting to test this and see how it went and we got live unboxings as kind of a bonus but when Susan is free I do have to go back and finish my shooting so I can get to editing this next video my timetables on producing these videos have been a lot tighter for Cobra Convergence since I've been asking people to send in you know their clips and things that they want for the montage at the end of the video I can't complete the edit and render until all of that is in so I get it as done as it can be and then I have to wait to see if anybody else is gonna send anything in so I can drop it in there so it's been tight every week has been kind of tight to get these videos done but it's not a complaint it's just a fact but I'm enjoying the event so much this year I can't complain about anything thoughts on his tank message message board and side I Ricky I don't actually visit his tank as much as I used to I used to check their message board fairly frequently if nothing against his tank though I just haven't had the time to check out some of the fora that I used to just because I've been kind of laser focused on getting these videos done but I've met some nice folks on on on his tank and I'm sorry I missed that last question I thank you on thank you Jason I know I'll still be at the public defender's office it's just gonna be doing something different but it's what I've been doing has been that's my career I mean that's my home but because they have they're short-handed they have to move some pieces around hopefully temporarily but it's just one of those things hello Scotland hi in never produced that I wish I'd gotten I think my answer is always that you know the Cobra helicopter that was in the comic book the the cargo helicopter always thought it'd be great to have a toy of that I mean that that it was modeled so precisely in all the comic books it's almost like there was a toy of it but there never really was and it was used so frequently you would have thought okay somebody would have given us that Hasbro would have picked up on that but they never did yeah Pence everyone if I can if it's as easy as this I'll try to do a live stream once a week that was my intention before and it didn't quite work out so I'll try to get on here quite a bit more often hey this on the phone using my phone it's easy it's a lot easier than expected thanks Ricky coming up actually reviews on figures I don't like got some coming up yeah that that Cobra cargo carrier I just thought it was cool lunacy 07 has custom cargo cargo chopper yeah I'll bet that some folks have done some nice customs of it it seems like that would be one that that Joe fans would try to customize or to try to make a custom of it just because it was it was so prominent in the comic book again you change my mind about Cobra law probably not but you are welcome to try what however I will not try to change your mind about Cobra law I will think what I think and I am absolutely comfortable with disagreement doesn't bother me at all Cobra temple yeah the Cobra temple would be awesome and Cobra had the pterodrome but I always thought Cobra could use like another base like a like a headquarters like a big headquarters something that that's actually serves more as a central base where it's like in terror pterodromes at least in the comic book were more like satellites the pterodrome in the cartoon series of course was much bigger than the toy but something like a Cobra temple would be great especially since some variation of the Cobra temples like that were seen in lots of cartoon episodes and sometimes in the comic book series silent castle things like that you know I know people like Cobra law and that's fine you know it takes all kinds and I'm comfortable with people disagreeing with me but it's just something that for me is tied to kind of a really negative period in my childhood kind of a transition away from these things that I enjoyed and into things that I weren't quite so comfortable or easy so Cobra law is it's it's a little bit personal I guess but I mean why shouldn't it be I mean these things mean something to us whether it's good or bad so why wouldn't it be personal hello hello grease from the United States hi George the defiant you know folks have been sending me parts of the defiance and so the finance actually coming together a little bit when I do the next unboxing video from people stuff that people have sent to me I'm gonna do kind of redo my inventory and see what what I've got and what I still need so but the defiant is actually coming along it's coming along really well I still don't think I'll have it ready for the first review of 2019 but but it's actually coming along alright guys it's getting close to half an hour I think that's a good cutoff point I don't really have anything else to say but I'm glad you guys showed up I really appreciate watching and I hope you enjoyed the live live unboxing let's wrap up with this this will be the final image of the live stream is brand new create a cobra thanks everyone I will see you soon I'm gonna get back to recording my Cobra convergence video see you later oh wait wait no no don't forget to watch my side of the laundry room he just put up his Cobra convergence video today so make sure you guys go check that out and I'll see you next time see you later


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Now, welcome to the lecture 28, which is on logic circuits. This is also under the module fluidics and fluid logic. In last lecture, we have already given a hints about the logic circuits along with the little discussion on the devices. In this lecture, we shall consider one or two circuits to understand the logic circuits in better way. Now, in last lecture, what we have seen that many functions can be simplified. For instance, if a logic output is given by y is equal to a c plus a b c that means, a and c plus or a and b and c that can be simplified to simply y is equal to a and c. Similarly, another expression what we took that such a big function that also can be simplified as not a and not of c or not of b. Also, the third example was on that x and y plus that is or a and b and c the whole into again x and y or not a or not b or not c can be represented by simply x and y. The circuit look at this circuit here I shall I can discuss a little bit about the circuit. Say remember this function x and y. So, input x and input y we put first allow to pass through and and device output is x and y or x y. Similarly, we have put a b c these three inputs in another AND gate. Remember this gate may have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 inputs in that case the same AND gate, but here three input here two inputs. Also, I would like to mention the same this gate also can be used here only the say any one of them there is no input it is not connected to input. Remember this thing the same device also can be used here, but we have separate devices for two input three inputs etcetera. Now, here in this case output is a b c. Now, again it is possible that this we can directly connected to three not function not devices. Because if you remember this is the equations then what we are doing again this we are connecting through this or this this function this output we are getting here. Now, we are getting this output here and this output here. So, again we pass through and another OR gate to get the total function as an output and what we have done here this output we have allowed through an OR gates and this output we have allowed through the same OR gate as a second input and we have got this output. Now, what we need to do this AND this. So, we have used another AND device to get this function that means now what is done actually we have to say these are five inputs. Now, then these are describing their different conditions sometimes this AND this, sometimes this AND this AND this is coming and then this OR this and sometimes not of that that means not of that means signal 1 and 0 none of them is there that is connected through OR and then finally we get this output. So, these were our basic functions. Now, definitely here we are going through different conditions to get this function. It might be say this is a large machine system where these functions are performed to get this output, but it might be these functions are being used for some other performance only when we would like to get this output we can simplify this. How these circuits already five inputs I have told and nine logic elements how nine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 to get this output to get an output is equal to x y output is only this much. Then this can be replaced by input is equal to x y and output and it is through AND AND gate and we are getting this output or in other words say suppose say these are being used from some other functions, but to get this output simply we take this output directly here. Because what we have seen through simplifications we can simplify to this, but this is an arbitrary function we have taken and we have taken this output. So, it is like that this is one part of the machines it is performing something and one part of this machine is performing something. Then finally what we do when this total function is required we simply take this output with two inputs and one logic elements only we can solve this. Now this another example which I have also shown you this is u is equal to a or b and a or c this can be simplified u is equal to a plus b plus a that this simplification is shown here. While we are simplifying you can see this first steps are normally the general algebra like things then we take a common still it is a general algebra, but after that we will find a plus b plus c is equal to 1 it has to be or in other words whatever the value of a this will be there. If a is equal to 0 say for example a plus b plus c 3 are 0 in that case this will be 0 if let us consider a is equal to 1 in that case if you just write a this will be 1. Suppose a is equal to 0, but b is equal to 1 and c is equal to 0 in that case still this will be 0. So, whatever the value of a always this will be equal with this one. So, for this part it is the Boolean algebra you have to take care of that. Now in device if we had to make a circuit following all these steps here then first of all what we will do we will take an or device with a and b input and then another or device where a and c are the inputs and then finally, we pass it through and gate and this must be equivalent to that here b and c through and gate and a is through or gate simply this function the output will be same. This method of simplification is a great help in building large logic circuits logic circuits operating with fluids and using binary or yes and no principles can be suitably contrived to answer such situations. Sensors are needed to collect from various stations information of the yes no time. This means that I would say that whether a function is no or yes we should how we can know that usually these are collected through sensors which are passed on the fluid control switches which may be valves or fluidic elements. They in turn allows to off that is control the pressurized working fluid into the actuators to perform the required work. These combinations of logic elements into suitable circuits need naturally the knowledge of individual elements. For example, the basic logic operations like not or and etcetera can be accomplished in practice by fluid elements like fluidic jet interactive devices as conventional valves. Check valves, subtle valves and directional control valves can be combined suitable to perform a wide variety of logic functions and this leads to a more economical use of valves. Now here I would like to mention that while we are describing fluidic devices we told clearly that fluidic devices has no moving components and from that definition we told that direction control valve, the check valve etcetera which we use in fluid drives are not logic devices are not fluid devices. However, using those valves you can develop logic circuits also. So, do not be confused this when these are being used to make a logic functions a logic circuits but these are not fluidic devices. The conventional valve can thus be used for information transfer as well as the power transfer. The using these valves in logic circuits the one advantage is that these powers can directly be used not much amplification is required. Of course, many valves especially the hydraulic ones are often too large and expensive to allow their use in any but the simplest logic circuits. Suppose if we would like to use we can use this hydraulic valves to make a logic circuits but normally it will be expensive and may become bulky. So, maybe you may find that where the fluidics fluid logics are being used for the hydraulic circuit also you may find that circuit this logic circuit part may be with fluidic devices and then that is connected to hydraulic parts. But you can make with hydraulic parts as well. Of course, nowadays attempts of miniaturizations of are going on that means many hydraulic valves many hydraulic components are made very miniature form to make circuits but many cases I would say those are expensive and not much beneficial and that can be plugged into the main manifold for the performance for the output. However, fluid logic circuits can be much better fabricated in the area of pneumatics using fluidic devices. A few examples are shown in the following slides to illustrate how some single type of logic element can be arranged in circuits to produce all the other logic functions here is a interesting thing. Now, multi-implute NOR element is such a universal type NOR element has a very special role in fluid logic or so to say in logic circuits. Now, in this figure A B C D I will show you now that will illustrate how the NOR element can be used to make other logic devices. Say we here we will see we will go through that ES, NOR or AND these four function or these four gate can be built only by using NOR element, NOR element not element not this is NOR element remember this thing. Now, first take there is an ES element we have already learned this is an ES element amplification element. Now, this can be made by NOR elements. We have put A you see this NOR device is like that this is a this this looks like say D and then a vertical bar and then output that means if A input is there then output will be A bar that we know and here we have seen that this is multiple input this devices usually you will find that if you think of the electronic devices this is very simple small element you will find so many input only one output in case of fluidic device also you may find there are 3 4 5 input and then one output. So, we have taken such a device we do not have this device, but we had this NOR device. Now, you simply connect another NOR device in front of it and you will get this output. So, these two combining is giving this ES gate this means that this ES gate can be made by two NOR elements. Let us take another this is a NOT gate. Now, this also can be made by NOR simply that use this gate this is a NOR gate in a sense NOR OR. So, OR function must be there. So, there will be multiple input difference between this and this one is that this is a NOR device and this is only a NOR device. NOR device is having only one input and one output inverse of that NOR gate is having the input and input. Say multiple inputs and then the NOT gate of that. Now, using such a NOR gate and with only one input we can get the NOR gate this is very simple, but this can be done. Now, let us take this another case this is OR element in some OR element you can use you will find that this is extended up to this point it can be ended here or it can be taken up to this point. Maybe there are some standard international symbols are there which we are not using, but let us look at this how this can be built by NOR elements. In that case we have taken one NOR element say a plus b we are getting this output a plus b per then what we did this whole output we are taking through another NOR elements that means this whole output is put only into a single input of this device to get this one. So, again we have got this gate using two NOR elements now we will take an AND in that case what we have done first we have used a NOR device to get a NOT and then we have taken another device to have b NOT. Now, this two a NOT and b NOT we have taken to have, but here we should remember that this is a bar b bar please. Which is giving this a dot b dot. So, in this case you will find that some Boolean algebraic taken otherwise this will be a bar b bar no this is you can say this is three NOR elements so a bar b bar and then reverse of that will give us a dot b bar. This is a theorem is there you see this is not a plus b by bar it is a bar plus b bar look at this suppose a is equal to 1 then a bar is equal to 0 b is equal to say 1 then b bar is equal to 0 then a bar by b bar is equal to a bar plus b bar. So, a bar plus b bar is equal to 0 output is 0 now that also you can get a dot b now let us consider a is equal to 0 so this is 1 b is equal to 1 so this is 0. So, a bar plus b bar is equal to 1 now a dot b will give the same result so you have to get just go through this exercise to get, but this is mind it this is a NOR element at this stage apparently it is output is a bar plus b bar which again equal to a dot b dot. Let us take a practical case of using valves in logic control in that case what we have supposing that a simple application has the recruitment of maintaining the level of water unaltered in a reservoir by sensing the water level and adjusting the inflow. Now what we have done in this case let us see say this is an valve what is there this is the input and it is directly going through if the disturbance is not there once the disturbance is there then this will be opposite to that and then there will be actuation of this one. So, what we do when there is some disturbance that means this is moved. Then it is a naught and this valve is being actuated. So, it is like that the water is when the water is being filled and it is touching this one then valve is being closed. Now so to say you can see this functions you can read it later, but one thing you should remember in such cases you need some delay because if you think that when the water is filled then this is valve it stopped then when the valve should start again if the water level comes down and immediately it starts operating then again it will go up and sometimes it is not desired. So, it is like that when the water is coming down it has to go up to certain low level only then this valve will start. So, it needs a another delay switch which is not shown here it is only as if shown that when it is filled then this valve is stopped. Here again the same valve we have we have now described here the logic function which I have told you. If the new new valve has a and output a the small a and the hydraulic valve has got the input a and the output v then the action of the system can be summarized in a tabular form which I am showing here in the in the in the slides. Now a is the this device a is the input and a this small a is the output and then v is the input signal for the main valve. Now high level a is equal to 1 then a is equal to 0 that is a bar then valve is also 0 the 0 means here this is not functioning when only this low level this is 0 then a is equal to 1 then valve is equal to 1. So, this means that a is equal to capital A is equal to a bar and a is equal to v these two functions. So, if you had to make a logic circuits you can make the logic circuits accordingly, but using these devices it is shown how this water level is maintained, but here again I would like to say that delay switch is not shown. A suitable logic circuits and system layout is to be designed for sorting a series of objects which are given certain codes attached to them so that they can sorted in three separate groups automatically according to these codes. So, here so let us consider this is a design problem the problem is like that we have a sorting machine or sorting conveyor say to say a object will come then depending on the what object it is we have to send it three separate conveyor. For the system layout it is presumed that the coded objects will be coming one after another on a belt conveyor. A certain location each of them will be stopped for a while the codes will be read and then they will be switched to three sort in three separate groups. A schematic may be as in the this figure figure number five in the next slide. Now, look at this, now this is a real system in that case what we find there is a conveyor. This conveyor is moving right to left. Now, on that conveyor the objects are coming from another source. Sometimes it might be manually we are putting there or may be from another conveyor it is coming together. Say let us consider in a factory where the productions they are coming the finished product are coming into the main conveyor here and then they need to be sorted out say three different products are there. They need to be sorted out and they to be sent to the three conveyors. Now, it might be say two are the product acceptable product and third might be the rejected one. It might be in that way also or depending on the size they are being sent to different conveyor. Whatever may be it need to be recognized whether this whether these objects is say identical to the first one and or it is a different one. And again they should be recognized as if this is the first one then it should go to the first conveyor. If this is the second type then it should go to the second conveyor and if it is third type then it is the third conveyor like this. So, what is done basically when the object is coming first of all what we should do we must stop it and then we should recognize it that what it is type recognition. So, definitely there should have a sensor which will recognize what object it is. Now, while it is being recognized. So, it should be held here it cannot simply pass there. After it is being recognized here then it should be sensed that what or this information should send to the system which is diverting these items to different conveyor. Now, you see these are the switching conveyors these are this is a single one, two three what we have shown this is a single one and this actually being pulled or pulled by this cylinder. So, when it is coming to this there might have another conveyor or maybe a hopper to collect this it might be another conveyor or hopper whatever it might be this is another hopper. So, this single component the single part of the conveyor is being diverted to put into three different paths. Now, also what we should observe is that here if we look into this cylinder this is a double acting cylinder because this can move this way and that way, but this actuation only in single directions and this is only stopping the item. Whereas, if you look into this cylinder this is a special cylinder in this cylinder middle portion at the middle portion is closed. That means, as if there are two cylinders this can be constructed by simply see taking these two cylinders and they are coupled in the reverse direction two three different paths. Now, also what we should observe that here if we look into this cylinder this is a double acting cylinder because this can move this way and that way, but this actuation only in single directions and this is only stopping the item stopping the item. Whereas, if you look into this cylinder this is a special cylinder in this cylinder middle portion at the middle portion is closed. That means, as if there are two cylinders this can be constructed by simply see taking these two cylinders and they are coupled in the reverse direction. Now, this end of course is having a joint one end is fixed to the reference frame it can swing over there say you can imagine a ball joint is there while this is being extended then this is also rotating absolutely this way or that way because this is a another fixed point.  So, we need some ball joints and then these two pistons are separate and that also in each chamber these are double acting. Now, we have named this is cylinder A this is cylinder D and this is cylinder C A D C remember. Now, these are these valves are you can say actually the logic devices are there, but it might be as I told that ordinary hydraulic valve basically these are pneumatic valve and the circuit are made using this ordinary pneumatic valve. Now, next we consider the switching conveyor is controlled and operated by the tandem cylinder C D this cylinder is called tandem and its swiveling position is determined according to the code read out just a short while ago. That means, a code is read here this code is A and B we have to with the sensor we have to read this code then with this code we can find out what is the object. So, that will be first recognized and then it will be said this information will be sent to the next section. Then the shorting of one object is completed this stopping cylinder A retracts that means, this will retract and will allow the next object to go through the shorting process. That means, this basically it is stopping here. Now, here actually the shorting process is there. So, objects are coming one object here then this is stopping the other object. So, it is being recognized once the recognition process is over then this will be this will this will operate and it will go its directions and then this will be retracted and this will go here. That means, this conveyor is basically running and stopping run and stop run and stop at stop conditions it is one object is being held another object is being recognized and once it is recognized again the conveyor start this is diverted and then another object comes it is like that. It is obvious that a number of sensors are necessary to send back information to the logic circuits as their inputs. For example, 3 sensors C D E are shown at the ends of 3 shorting conveyors indicating end of travel that means, we have the sensor here A B sorry C D E these 3 sensors are there. This is the showing the sensor positions nothing else, but actually sensors are named as C D and E. Now, when the object is passing through this then it is being sense that object has passed. So, that information is going into the main logic circuits any one of them reporting back means that one shorting is over that means once this is passing this is already passed then another short is covered over. So, immediately this will go to the another conveyor say for example, the items 2 consecutive items has same identity that identity is A B bar and this is perhaps A bar B it is not coming. So, we have to check it that means here the shorting is like that one is A B one is A B bar one is A bar B these 3 shortings are there. Now, let us consider 2 items consecutive items is having A B bar identity then it is like that when this is passing through there this conveyor only then A bar B is passing this will allow to enter here and this means this is allowing to enter here means this is running. So, the object which was stopped here it has now come here and suppose first item was here and second item was A B. So, it will go there, but by that time another will come over here 2 other sensors A B are needed to read the code on the object and send the information to the relevant logic circuit as inputs. All these sensors need only to report yes or no that is 1 or 0 the codes formed by A B and therefore, A is equal to 1 B is equal to 1 A is equal to 1 B is equal to 0 or A is equal to 0 B is equal to 1. So, these 3 codes are there. The fourth combinations namely A is equal to 0 B is equal to 0 gives ambiguous information because it may also indicate that the sensor are not working at all. So, whether A is equal to 0 and B is equal to 0 you have to so should some devices then this is not an object either or may be sensor is not working something like that. In a similar way the 10 name cylinder must be able to work in 3 different way. Now you say what is there if you look into this logic we are not going into the little development of this logic here, but it is A plus B plus A B A plus B or A B then this is actuated you see how this will be operated. If you look into this A plus B A plus B is equal to A in that case this signal is there that means this is being retracted and for that one A B plus A bar B is equal to B in that case this is also retracted. So, that means we are getting this is a fully not fully extended this side extended and this side not extended. So, this is the middle position only and when this is retracted and this is also retracted then we are getting this position whereas if these 2 cylinders are fully extended only we are then getting this position these are operated by this functions A B DOS already it is decided once it is decided then this function are performed once this function are performed we get these operations that we will see this mathematical part is not being shown in this slides, but we will see this how the logic circuits looks like. If extension is indicated as 1 retraction as 0 the 3 positions would be for different combinations of C and D. Now it is like that C D is not shown that is we have named this cylinder A B C D C and D this is 0 the action is that position 1 being to leading to short conveyor. Now this is 0 1 or 1 0 position 2 leading to short conveyor another short conveyor and position 3 leading to short conveyor I mean this is position 1 position 2 and position 3 this for this combination position 3 we are getting this position 2 for this combinations you say you can see position 2 is having 2 alternative positions. So, this is retracted this is extended or this is retracted this is extended. So that is why for these 2 conditions position 2 will be available position 1 is available only when these 2 are collapsed position 3 will be available when these 2 are fully extended. Now this circuit look at this circuit it is I understand this is very difficult to draw this circuits, but if this circuit is shown to you you must be able to recognize what the function is being done and what is the possibilities. Now look at this these are the sensors say this is A then A B bar say it is like that in this sensor this input is A B bar. So, this will go through this and then this is the logic circuits in that logic circuits the one input is there and output is A then this is B. Now here in this what we are getting A is coming over here and we are getting A B A bar B through this output then A bar B is coming over here and here A bar B and here A is coming from there again it is going to B. Now this B is going there A is it is now coming it is being fed to here. So, we are we are getting A plus B and here we are getting C D E this is the stopping conditions here. Now from there we are getting C D E now this is the latching or memory outputs. Now here I would like to mention that there is we require a memory device memory device why we need it because as I have told that one when the one performance is not completed we should not have the another performance, but that is not on possible only by and or or gate bar or not gate we must need a memory device. So, that memory device is associated with and or etcetera gates. So, unless one performance is over the another performance will not be performed. So, here this memory device are put over here and then this is output amplifiers it is going to that C 1 and this is going to C 0. So, if this operates and then this will not operate that means, these are to operate the cylinder either retraction or full extension conditions similarly, for D 1 and D 0 and similarly, for A 1 and A 0. Now this is I would say this is a very complicated circuit in in that way. So, to understand what you should do you should take this picture and this picture together to understand what is being performed. Also you will find that we need to go through another exercise to understand the circuit in little way that might be in some other lectures, but out of this instruction what I expect that looking into this full figure and this figure we have to understand how the operation is being done one after another. With a memory device which I have mentioned the output will be X if the last input and this state will be maintained. So, long the other input remains inactive this is also true for the water level. If the last input is X is equal to 0 the output is A that state is sorry this is confusing A is the output here that state is maintained in both cases the last input signal memorized. In this example the logic circuit working with low pressure fluidic device the circuit which was shown the last circuit that was with logic fluidic devices. It is also possible to make it with the electronic devices. Hence the output signals from them have to be amplified before entering into the power system that is obvious as I have told if we would like to use the same source for actuating the cylinder we need to have some amplifier there which are not shown in this circuits. Now this is I suggest the book the fluid logic controls and industrial automations to follow this book but I do not think this book will be available in the market. But there is also some you may go through this book digital principle and applications this is published in India this book may be available yet whereas this book is to have the general idea about the fluid power devices. So, thank you.