So I'm just trying to, okay, cool. All right, part of, okay, I'm sorry, I ran out of that, thank you so much. And also thank you for checking in with me earlier in real time pretty quickly, I appreciate that. Before I dive in, I wanna just briefly share a little bit about myself and also how I am planning to participate in this conversation in seven parts based on this slide, but also the eight part is more or less conversational and questions and I don't know, pushback, feedback that you all may have. I think this is the first time I'm sharing via slide and bringing in so many different aspects of my work into one in terms of talking about it. I feel like my work and my person reflects all of these things. And so this is a pretty interesting slide. I don't think I ever had a presentation that has so many slides in it, but it's gonna move pretty quickly. Again, my name is Shayna Griffin. I am a feminist activist, independent researcher, apply sociologist, artist and mother. I currently, since I haven't changed my website, but in the last month, I am now currently serving as the interim executive director of Antenna, which is a multi-disciplinary arts and literary organization here in the city of New Orleans. Again, as was noted, I'm the founder of punctuate and the creator of displace, which I'm going to go into next. Again, I'm sorry, this is in seven parts. First part, quick introduction of punctuate and displace. I'm sorry. And then second, displace. We're gonna talk a little bit about New Orleans in terms of where I'm from and also its implications both for this region, but also for the nation. As we think about housing and displacement, confinement rooted in slavery. And then we're gonna talk about reproductive violence and in housing climate and climate implications as relates to housing and policies, what I would say everyday policies of population control. Then we're gonna come back and think about stereotypes that make these things possible and also how they manifest themselves in housing policies, land use, planning and development. All right, y'all ready for this roller coaster? Cool. Yes. So one, punctuate. Punctuate is a newly formed feminist research, art and activist initiative based here in the city foregrounding the embody aesthetics and practices of black feminists thought to address intersecting forms of everyday violence and subjectivity, black women are our families and communities experience. Put differently, punctuate is an insurgent intervention spatializing black feminist practices through research, art, activism and public programming. The mission of punctuate is to disrupt ideological policies and practices of control, punishment and disposability. Again, through engaged research, art, activism and spatial imaginaries that centered epistemologies and practices of black feminists to build socially and economically just communities. I see punctuate as both a vision, a strategy, a practice, it's a goal, an action and a sight of resistance possibilities and imagined futures. Here I want to situate the conversation and this is how I think about my work and also making these connections and thinking about connections that we don't always see. Specifically as it relates to the violence, subjugation and objectification of black women bodies, reproduction and sexuality made possible during a transatlantic slave trade and its contemporary geographic manifestations in land use planning, urban development and housing policies which lie at the root of spatial, social and cultural practices of domination and economies of black dispossession here in the United States. From slave ships, auction blocks, plantation arrangements and black coals to geographies of displacement, containment and disposability in residential segregation, urban renewal, toxic exposure, reproductive legislation, criminalization and cultural control. Black women, our families and communities are daily negotiating and challenging geographic spaces and places that uphold legacies of slavery and social policies designed to make us disappear. The sexual and reproductive lives of black women, particularly low income women, are situated between ideological frameworks that seek to control our sexuality and reproduction as well as discriminatory housing policies and development practices that disproportionately restrict, displace and regulate our movement and life chances, coupled with policies of disgust and blame that uses stereotypes, fear and politically motivated misperceptions to criminalize our families and communities. It is within this site that my work on displace on a displace project, my housing advocacy and climate activism take shape and occupy space serving as a point of disruption, interaction and possibilities. Two, we're regards to the displace project. A displace is a, I'm sorry, what's next here? Okay, displace is a multimedia, feminist and public history project that traces the geographies of black displacement, dislocation, confinement and disposability and land use planning and urban development here in New Orleans. Beginning with the formation of the city in its cartographies of violence and racial slavery and indigenous genocide, displace illustrates historical and contemporary forms of property-led development and a property value of white social identity due policies of divestment, social exclusion and a privatization of public resources. As a project, displace interrogates critical research methods and activism within socially engaged art to raise awareness on the multiple ways the violence of displacement is manifested and explores how housing policies, both federal and local become sites of everyday violence, subjectivity as well as resistance and possibilities. Here, this project acts, and I ask lots of questions. I don't feel like there's always answers, but I think it's always important to move with inquiry. Displace acts, what is our understanding of displacement and displacements within us? Thinking about how displacement takes more than one form. How is displacement related to gentrification or is displacement and gentrification the same thing? They're often used interchangeably and I often rarely in my work reference, I mean, I talk about gentrification but it's not the primary entry point. I'm more inclined to talk about displacement and this gentrification as one example of many. How is displacement connected to climate induced migration and war, disease, economic conditionality policies, environment to racism? What is displacement relationship to art making, to race, to gender? How do we challenge hitting in explicit forms of racial, sexual and reproductive violence and housing policies, land use, planning, urban development? I don't need to go through all of these questions out but just definitely want you all to think deeply about them. This is how I think about displacement all the time and also how do I push the boundaries of what we think we know and what we're trying to work against. Next, we're gonna move into New Orleans. Typically when people think of the city, they think of images like this or this and this, all referencing Hurricane Katrina.  Rarely do we think about images like this. Here I am intentionally bringing our attention to this image intentionally want us to think deeply about the role that New Orleans played in becoming a largest slave trade import here in the US and what some historians will refer to as the largest slave trade import in North America. Between the 1918, I would say starting in 1808 up into the Civil War. As many as you know, New Orleans initially was a French colony and then a Spanish and then a French and then a American purchased by America from France in 1803 doubling the size of the country. The Louisiana purchase was so large it comprised what we think of today as comprises 13 states today and two Canadian provinces. New Orleans, and I don't know if I have this map. No, I don't, maybe later. But here I just really want to think about both New Orleans as a site of racialized violence through racial slavery as well as the role that the city played in positioning the United States to become a global economic empire. Starting in 1808 after the country abolished the international slave trade which created greater demand for domestic, the domestic slave trade whereby over 2 million people were bought and sold primarily processed through the city of New Orleans sold in the deep south. Which is why New Orleans was also one of the strategic site of repossession by the Union army to stop the flow and trade of slavery through the Mississippi rid-up river. I'm bringing our attention here as Clyde was in Catherine McKedrick's nose and black geographies, the politics of place and how space is occupied by the colonized, enslaved, incarcerated and the dispossessed. So when I'm thinking about and talking about displacement I'm also asking that we acknowledge and interrogate the historical and contemporary forms in which displacement takes place. And so much of my work I start with slavery and any conversation around displacement for. Here the displaced project started actually through my work around reproductive violence and I was really interested in looking at how reproductive violence manifests itself in housing policies. It doesn't just occur in housing policy and we'll get to that slide while I outline what I found. But here I wanna say strategically look at these correlations. This is a chart that I created several years ago and recently this year I included finally I did it before and lost the file included a column on housing policies. I want us to think deeply, here's my attention here about what you all are looking at. I am intentionally putting side by side US housing policies coupled with our political economy and what is our reproductive policy during these different time periods and how does that look as it relates to housing and also the state response. Let me readjust the view here. Sorry. Here when we think about the US policy period of colonialism we can see the reproductive policy was genocidal and housing policy is centered around settler colonialism and our state response is extermination. When we look at slavery we see similar patterns where we have slavery as the dominant policy period. The reproductive policy is exploitative again about the control of the reproduction of I'm sorry, controlling the reproduction of black bodies for the production of profit and to build empire. The housing policy is centered around plantation arrangements and residential combined compounds. The state's response is paternalistic. Next I wanna really go deep on immigration and legislation and then come to neoliberalism and also maybe the gray society. I'm not gonna discuss all of them but just wanna point out a few things. When we think about immigration legislation this is that time period when we see some of the most racist immigration policies of the United States also during the eugenics era but it's also coupled with the new deal. And most of what we think about housing policies especially contemporary housing policies are all rooted in a new deal era when we think about the Housing Act of 1933 that led to the formation of the home owners loan corporation Housing Act of 1934 with regards to the federal housing administration and the Housing Act of 1937 that led to the creation of the US Housing Authority and also the development of public housing across the country. New Orleans being one of the first pilot cities to utilize funding from the Housing Act of 1937 where President Roosevelt signed off the first application was came from the city of New Orleans because we had a housing authority already set up. I don't wanna get into that story but that's it. But again, thinking about eugenics and the new deal but also coupled with the contradictions of new deal housing policies because this is what we see at the root of racial, residential segregation, exclusion and slump clearance has taken place. The state responses about separatism, separation and exclusion. We also see these contradictions with the gray society during the post civil rights era as well. What a reproductive policy is controlling and in terms of housing this is where we see urban renewal, predatory inclusion taking place. Again, the state responses about reform and to pathologize. We see these similarities also when we think about welfare reform and also neoliberal austerity measures in terms of where we are today. I don't have dates listed on this chart although it is a timeline but I wanna emphasize that during each policy period it doesn't mean that one thing went away and the other came online. It just shows that one thing is becoming more dominant as opposed to the other one's cease to exist. So these things are all happening simultaneously but one is the most dominant if that makes sense in terms of how we're thinking about this. Sorry. Here I wanna bring our attention to a quote. This is from a housing activist in 2007. The housing authority of New Orleans and HUD had to appeal to the city of New Orleans city council to get permits to, they needed permits to approval, I'm sorry, approval from the city council to demolish for me five public housing developments. At the city council hearing Ms. Sharon Jasper former public housing resident and housing advocate states, I am sick and tired of being disrespected.  If I have to go to jail, if I have to die for what I believe in I will not be treated like a slave. I'm a human being, a United States citizen. Here I want us to bring your attention to this based off the previous slide about reproductive violence and housing policies. In the city, post-Hurricane Katrina, many neighborhoods were participating in a planning process, identifying ways in which higher neighborhoods would be redeveloped or come back online. Public housing residents are, I should say, public housing neighborhoods are residents who lived in public housing neighborhoods were not afforded the same right and opportunity. Here, Ms. Jasper is associating disrespect, she's connecting what it means to be a black woman is tied to being disrespected. She's also referring historical moment where black people did go to jail when they fought for what they believed in. Also challenging this idea that she will not be a slave when in fact her ancestry, collectively our ancestry was tied to being a slave what it means to be capital in this country. She also states I'm a human being, a United States citizen. Here you can see this hierarchy in her comments to show that what it means to be a human is above, I'm sorry, what it means to be a United States citizen is above what it means to be human. You have to be human in this country as a black woman is to be disrespected. And so here is just amusing this quote to show the contradictions of democracy and what does it mean when who's afforded a right to participate in harder neighborhoods are gonna be redeveloped. Unfortunately on this date, on December 20th in 2007, the city council approved the permits requested by HUD and the local housing authority to demolish public housing. Five. So again, when we think about the political economy of reproductive violence and housing policies and how that equates with cartographies of violence and black displacement. This is the map that I thought was I had earlier but this is a map of the city of New Orleans in 1849. You see these red dots. The red dots on the map reflects Google pinpoints. Unlike most places in the south where you had a town center where auction that had auction block where people was bought and sold. In the city of New Orleans, there were several places where people was purchased. I'm sorry, sold and purchased into slavery. Here, if you can see my cursor, I'm gonna point out a few things. Well, we have municipality, one, two, three and four. This is the historic French quarter of the city. You see all of these red dots. Here along this red, yellow smile, you see another cluster of red dots. This is a neighborhood. The Falkberg, what is this? Maroney neighborhood along with Espionade Avenue. And here, you see this larger cluster right here on the left, I guess the left side of this green, red dot being red line. This is what we will refer to today as the central business district. This was the finance district of the city. It is this particular area where you could literally trace the financial capital of the United States through slavery on the city of New Orleans where you could see where people and cotton was bought and sold, cotton that was brought to Liverpool and the UK for the development of industries there, what we know now in terms of thinking about the industrial revolution. So you can see this trajectory from slavery to the industrial revolution in the role that the city played in building this empire. Unlike most places, like I stated, where you had a town center, people was bought and sold in private homes, as slave pens and auction blocks, at hotels, at public schools, at markets, on the street, on the ship, in churches, it didn't matter, it was all about making money. Here, I'm sorry, I should state, this is what I'm referring to this section, it's thinking about cartography, survival, some will go through a few maps. Here, this is a map of the country when you can, this is from the 1900s and this is reflecting the concentration of black residents of the black population of the country, which you can see is primarily rooted in the South. Here, this is a, I have this twice emphasizing, but just again, this is from the US Housing Authority. These are propaganda posters. One is slumbreed crime and other cross-out slums. With the slumbreeding crime, again, going back to the correlation and relationship between reproductive violence and housing policies, this idea that people are reproducing criminals. This other one I find is really interesting with the cross-out slums. It reminds me of the visible hand of capital. You know, like I said, we think about capitalism and the invisible hand of the state, but again, marking out in terms of who has the right to exist or to live in a particular neighborhood. Again, this one reminds me of just a map of, I'm sorry, a poster of disposability, marking out who can come in and who cannot. This is a red-lining map of New Orleans. You know, since the 1970s, the red-line maps have become more accessible to the general public. Most people during the period in which these, the homeowner's long cooperation residential, residential security maps were not known. Very few people saw them. But here you can see this map from 1939 in the city. The vast majority of New Orleans, not one particular neighborhood or certain district, but the vast majority of the city is red-line, even the entire French Quarter. You can also see the yellow, and so you could see 85%, I'm sorry, probably 90% of the city was not deemed worthy of investment. This is a map of the city in terms of their reference proposed for slum clearance and urban redevelopment. And there are a few maps in the city where you actually see this listed on there. And I just wanted to just, I think this map is pretty interesting, especially when we think about development and urban planning and land use use. This is a map of Hurricane Katrina. This was actually done by the New York Times. It's dated September 23rd. You can see that it's a map of where people were displaced to. During this time, over 1.5 million people were displaced from the Gulf Coast area. And you can see the displacement is still primarily concentrated in the south. It almost mirrors the map from the 1900s that I previously showed you all. This is not a map, but a chart of the public housing sites and available units here in the city. Here, I'm using one of, bring your attention to the ways in which displacement takes place as it relates to erasure. You can see here the original names of developments, St. Thomas, now it's called River Gardens. The Iberville Public Housing Development, actually this is a development that I grew up in, was, came online in 1941 and it was constructed as a segregated development for white residents. Its name has changed from Iberville to Bienville. What is interesting I want to bring to your attention is Iberville was a French Canadian colonizer known as the governor of Louisiana and his brother Bienville was the founder of the city of New Orleans. And so when we think about monuments, what does it mean? You don't have to have a statue for the monuments to still exist and reign over a city. Well, you have this development now called Bienville Basin which is a mixed income development now and I'll get to that. But here where you think about the total number of units and all of these developments from historically what they were, what they are today and how many of the current units are available for low income residents. You can see this constant shrinkage and you also can see it begs the questions where are these people living today? Here again, going back to that red line map, I was able to participate in some research and write a report in collaboration with staff at Jane Place Neighborhood Sustainability Development, the first community land trust in the city that I co-founded 13 years ago along with Davida Fanger, a public interest attorney and professor at Loyola Law Clinic, I'm sorry, Loyola Law School. We created these maps based off this report and we document the eviction here in the city and you can see the eviction geography of the city mirrors the redlining geography of the city. And so this legacy is so ingrained where we overlay the redline maps on top of the eviction map. You all see that? I don't see any hazmatting, so I just wanna make sure. Okay, thanks. All right, in six, this is where I'm gonna try to move quick in terms of population control and reproductive violence in terms of how it looks in our everyday life. Here, I don't know, back in 2007, I came up with this concept called population control policies of everyday life. Normally, we think about population control. We think about China in this one child rule, which is no longer the case anymore, but we don't think about ways in which we can control populations through blame, or social neglect, abandonment and divestment, or displacement, or disenfranchisement and assimilation and others. Normally, we often think about population control primarily as it relates to experimentation or sterilization. Here, I'm getting us to see beyond just that narrow frame. I wanna bring our attention here specifically to assimilation as a form of population control. When we think about housing policies, especially with regards to public housing, the goal is always to deconcentrate poverty and push for mixed income development. This idea of mixed income development is fraught and it's also a strategy around assimilation. This idea that we will put poor people to middle-income people, and hopefully someday at some point, these poor income, low-income residents will learn how to become good citizens and adopt middle-class values. This idea is totally on the assimilation strategy. We see assimilation also as it relates to immigration, as also when we think about queer communities where people are expected to behave in these heterosexual ways, sometimes of which are the safety, but also to be seen as real and human and deserving of resources and rights. Population control policies are reinforced through controlling images, stereotypes, fear, scarcity tactics, criminalization, policing, myths. This all sounds like our current president, right? Here, through my research on reproductive violence and population control practices, I see reproductive violence existing within sexual and reproductive health, which is seen clear. I also see it in climate change policies and environmental policies, as well as welfare and also corrections in public safety. But for the purposes of this conversation, I'm focused on housing and land use, and I should say climate, because normally we think about climate, and there are many people who believe that one of the strategies, if not the only strategy to solve in a climate crisis is to reduce the population, and normally that is often racialized. Here, these are some correlations, some images. I just want to walk us through. This is an old image from the national government in the late 90s. This idea that family, again, listen to this, family planning changes everything. So you go from this, we don't know what this image is or what caused this, or even if it's real, but this idea that you pair the two together from this green pristine environment where we don't want certain bodies or certain people to destroy. But this idea that we got, go from here to here, is because of family planning. This is another image. Again, we have no idea what is going on here, but it states what this place needs is more condoms. This is a big leap. We don't know if the fertility race have anything to do with what is going on with this desert-like environment here. But again, this is part of what we call the greening of hate and reproductive justice circles. This is another map where you look at it's called population pressures, threat to democracy. Again, this idea that populations is a threat as it relates to, and you can see here the US, we have this one point that you have throughout sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and also throughout South America and Central America, which is very racist. And also what is interesting is that when we think about environmental footprints, the environmental footprint of the US and European countries is much far higher than those in places in sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of the world. Even though you may have higher fertility rates in Africa, the environmental footprint is much lower. So there's a false correlation between fertility rates and environmental impacts. So if it was the case, if there was a real true correlation, then we will be sterilizing most people in the United States and in Europe, but that's not the case. Again, going back to that propaganda posters from the United States Housing Authority, again, these correlations. This is a quote from the William Bennett, former Secretary of State of Education in 2005. He makes this comment, what is this? A month, a month and a half after Hurricane Katrina, but this idea that if you want to reduce crime, you could. If that was your sole purpose, you can abort every black, I'm sorry, I can't see the full screen here, let's see. Every black baby in this country and your crime rate will go down. Again, this is going back to mirroring this image here, this idea that crime, slums, breed, crime are here, he's just been explicitly as if black people are the source of criminality in the country, which also have major impacts on our housing policies and land use planning. This is the former Secretary of HUD after Hurricane Katrina, with more than 80% of public housing residents, I'm sorry, more than 80% of public housing residents in the city were black women. He's making these statements that the city is not going to be black again, if ever. And this is when he was proposing that seeking approval from the city council to demolish public housing. So yeah, interesting. I'm sorry, and it also happened. This also is a former Louisiana representative who proposed legislation that maybe the state should pay poor people $1,000 to be sterilized. This happened in 2008, at the time in which the Bush administration was bailing out Wall Street. Again, placing the blame on low-income people as opposed to really looking at the true criminals when you think about corporate welfare in terms of what's causing problems in our country. Again, population control policies of everyday life are reinforced through controlling images, stereotypes, fears, scarcity tactics, criminalization, policing, and myths. This is where they occur, just to reinforce this, and seven. Just want to share with you some correlation between gender, race, and housing, and climate. One of the things that we don't talk about in housing work is that housing is a very, very gender issue. We normally think about it as just racial, or we think about it as it relates to class. We think about fair housing, we often think about race, but fair housing includes multiple classes of people, not just race. When we think about low-income housing, affordable housing, we're thinking about class, but rarely do we acknowledge the fact that the vast majority of people who utilize public housing, housing subsidies, or low-income women, are looking at the gender and racial disparities. When we think about the housing crisis from 2000, sorry, from 12 years ago, starting in 2007 and eight, are the over-representation of black women in eviction proceedings, women and queer peoples, the elevated vulnerability to poverty and violence when they're trying to access housing. So here again, I wanted us to really think deeply about housing as a gender issue, not just race, not just class, but if you're talking about race and class, you're talking about gender. There's no way to get around it. Stereotypes, these are just some quotes I wanted to share that, again, it may feel like it's just from individuals, but it definitely resonates and it informs how we are developing communities and cities and our recommendations and plans. Here, housing units discuss head, you know, this is from, I'm sorry, I should just give you all more context. This is from a comment from an article about saving public housing in the city. Again, you see this person is going from housing to population, yeah. And here this is from another comment, again, referring to the reproductive capabilities of black women as litters of pups that's milk in the system. All right, so public disposability over here up here. Again, this is so funny, I don't know if I would like this anymore, but Charleston blame us and name it again. Again, we're thinking about the public who occupies the public, who is seen as the public and this is where we see a lot of targeted control and also a lot of stereotypes that are used. And this is where we see also a lot of violence and discrimination and exclusion, both as it relates to public housing, public education and public health care. And also post-Harracan Katrina, we saw complete demolition of public housing, the dismantling of our public health care system and a neoliberal takeover of public education. It's almost as if anything that's public is being bad and needs to be controlled. So I will stop there and go really quickly to bring it back to the front. Are there any questions in terms of these interrogations and connections between social policies and the violence of disposability? Wow, I'm sure there are a lot of questions, but I just wanted to say that thank you so much for this intervention and I think it comes at exactly the right time in our series as a way to connect the dots and to remember how to really understand how racism and whiteness underpin everyday housing policies. We need to start with the history and we need to broaden out and understand the big lenses, how this has been framed. I remember as we were speaking, the first in our kind of internal lab chat was open to alums as well in July after the faculty letter in our program on questioning whiteness in our disciplines. Our first, we tried to make ways that will work better as a lab and our first order of operations was don't dance around race. And I think as you spoke, I've remembered so many, I'm not sure if I can call them micro comments, but ways that people have talked about housing and units and oh, those are just for those big families, the people who can't stop, meaning black women having lots of children in the stereotypes and the racialized assumptions that came with them. And it's easier not to remember that. It's easier not to engage with the way these housing is tangled with that. So I think another thing that brought up to me is how we've at the lab have been thinking a lot about housing that matches the heterogeneity of family types and of units without judgment and really to untangle and unpack that means to engage explicitly with the history of housing, not only as like a civilizing device for the poor people, but as a racial device and part of that narrative. So I'm taking from you the just a comment that we're gonna try to be better in not dancing around things. And thank you for providing the lenses on how to connect the thoughts that you've been, that we've been listening with over the semester. I guess I have some questions kind of looking forward in some ways a political question, Kamala and Harris and Joe Biden said, we know that black women have had our back and we're going to do something. Is this just tokenism? What might, what would be the ideal scenario for housing policy if there were to be something big, bold and ambitious that acknowledged both the kind of the critical rule that black women played in this election and also the intertwining and problematic ways that housing is engaged with that. But don't answer that. Other people have better questions, I am sure. And so we'll turn to open the floor. I know Juan and Jenna had interjections. Joanne has been thinking about this session along with me over the last week. So anyone? Yeah, I can start with a question. I very much like the way you framed the historical nature of these processes as transnational links that started with the transatlantic slave traffic and trying to flip that idea to what extent forms of emplacement of these people and communities reclaiming a sense of place and fighting against this procession and displacement have been thought in a similar way in a network more than in localized struggle or fighting against a specific threat of displacement. I'm sorry, just to make sure I understand your question, you're asking me what are some ways in which people are engaging on displacement? I don't know if you used the word movements, but in different, I'm sorry, if you don't mind, I just wanna make sure I got, I captured it correctly. Yeah, no, that's okay. Because of course we know a lot of grassroots activism that's happening in public housing, in fighting for expanding affordability. But to what extent that is also considered or organized as a network as a way to answer how these, the fact that many of these issues came as networks of overlying oppressions, if that makes sense. Okay, I think I got it. So one thing, just to clarify and I didn't stress this on my comments is that when I think about displacement, I'm thinking about in order to displace the community, you have to dis, you are confining them or containing them in one area or disposing them in another, right? So we think about how we're moving people around. And two is thinking about, we have to go back and look at the historical narrative of how some things came into existence. Otherwise, when we are organizing or engaging in advocacy work, we might find ourselves advocating for something that we will otherwise, advocating for something that we will otherwise be against. And so I think in terms of your direct question, we have to think deeply about multiple strategies. When I think about my work, I think about there's the research, there's the activism, there's the art. There's also the building of community and also reimagining what the community, the types of institutions that are needed. And so I can't talk about what I'm talking about without also acknowledging that I've been in the trenches doing the work, both as it relates to public housing advocacy, but also starting the first community man trust here in the city. And what does it mean to bring housing units online while also understanding that the units that I'm able to bring online exists within a system that is not supportive of tenants. And so the idea of affordable housing loses its meaning in the city of New Orleans and the state of Louisiana when our tenant rights laws that was established in 1825 have not changed much in the last 200 years. It is all very pro-landlord. So as such, given those constraints, I can legally develop housing and still put someone out. Is that the best strategy? To me, I would take an abolitionist approach and make sure that as I am developing, building affordable units, I am also making sure that the tenant rights, the leases reflect not what the law mandates but what the law should be. So I'm not gonna wait for the state to change its tenant rights laws. I'm gonna make sure that we are working together with other members of the staff or members of the community land trust to make sure the leases are very pro-tenant and reflect what the law should be, not what it is. And so we have to also be committed to working on more than one front or working in collaborations with others because you can't do everything but recognizing you don't limit yourself to what you can do but also think about what it should look like and move from that angle. That makes sense. There's some examples of modifications to the leases and that's such a great idea. So in the city, again, like I said, even when we think of New Orleans as a major eviction crisis going on, both as it relates to the pandemic but pre-pandemic. And in this report, we note that the residential lease laws in the state of Louisiana, the root of New Orleans problems lied to state where the lease laws was created in 1825. 1825, what was going on? New Orleans was the largest slave trade in the country. And so it was about property owners, right? And so to me, what that lease means that I can make the housing affordable based on subsidies that we have or may not have. I can think about what is renting with equity looks like, thinking about an equity model that's not based on rent to own but where renters can gain equity at the same time as they're renting the way home owners gain equity through their relationship with their bank. And two, because in the city, most people are evicted for non-payment of rent and that non-payment of rent is primarily could be one month late. So with the lease, we can give people, we can work out an agreement where people have more time to cure. Also assist people with thinking about a payment plan if they're too far behind. The other is making sure that the units as affordable for the family and if not supporting them and locating somewhere else where they can afford, but definitely making sure exhaust every possibility before we go to eviction court. And I wanna be very clear. This is something I helped create. I am no longer on the board member of JPNSI but help institutionalize these policies around our lease to make it very pro-landlord. I mean, I'm sorry, pro-tenant, whereby even though it's a nonprofit, we benefit in ways that tenants don't in terms of the lease arrangement. So thinking about what is a renting partnership really looks like. And so residents have more time to correct. That won't be an automatic eviction filing. They will receive their security deposit, but again, the goal is to keep families in their homes and exhaust every possibility before the eviction, before even getting to eviction, as opposed to you don't pay, then the next thing is evict, right? Just sit down and see. And again, not disclosing all your personal information, but see what's going on and how can we rectify the situation and give the tenants an opportunity to cure. And if not, if they're behind, thinking about a payment plan and also creating incentivized tenants to pay and that's through that equity model. That's really fascinating. I'd love to see some examples of that or how we could promote it and you know, or circulate it more widely at the lab. With Jeffy and the side to see if they will be cool with sharing the lease. I'm sure everyone would. It was a lot of work working with different housing attorneys and thinking about, you know, what the law should be and not wait, but start to again, start their process now. Yeah, that's so interesting though. Echo's what, Deidre Schmidt, a big developer great affordable housing in Minnesota said, you know, we can't, we have to lead with good developments and good housing that have regulations inside of them and not wait on the lawns. One, I was really intrigued by the map that you had on overlaying evictions and redlining. And we have Wenfei Shu on the call who actually mapped out redlining as well. So it'd be interesting to see or to learn where you guys figured that out in that intersection. But I know that there were other questions. Jenna, Joanne had one, but I think she's dropped off the call. She had some connection issues as well. So there are any other questions or thoughts? Jenna, how do you think, or how does this connect to the displacement conversation of a few weeks ago with Sam Stein that was thinking about how in general, honestly that our planning and architecture curriculums are trying to vivid to be more radical and acknowledge and untangle whiteness but honestly do it in a really piecemeal way and never start with a big picture and what you laid out is kind of how it could happen, that initial framing. But similarly, and I don't know the displacement literature, I think it's often those big connections are missing in the kind of epistemologies of how we understand and talk about epistemologies. I'm not sure if I'm using it right, but the history of how we talk about what we talk about and they're still pretty narrow, at least in the way I've experienced my education here. Yeah, I agree. And Shane, I appreciated your point earlier about how kind of the concepts of gentrification displacement can, we can sometimes use them interchangeably even though I think like analytically they are pretty different and sort of just as there's kind of like overarching trend to sort of complete the two. But my understanding, at least from just like the literature that I've read about it, is that there's kind of an evolving understanding over time of kind of like what are the primary actors that are driving displacement. So like thinking back to the 1950s and 1960s when there are these big urban renewal projects, it seems like a lot of times people kind of conceptualized displacement as being driven by these like large public actions and government institutions. But then like as even today like I guess the back to city movement is kind of I guess thinking more about how individual preferences are driving displacement but also how that's linked up with like state-led gentrification and sort of the like global circuits of capital that are investing in international real estate. So I guess in my mind that's kind of how I disentangled kind of displacement and gentrification but yeah I thought that's a really good point that you mentioned earlier. So I was looking for a slide but it would take me too long. Yes and one thing I just again thinking about displacement when we think about economic displacement, there's residential, there's social displacement as it relates to erasure. Like if you can change the name of a community, you're literally rewriting the story and assuming that you can literally erase people through narratives as if they never even existed. Also when we think about displacement, again we think primarily it relates to urban. We don't think about war as a form of displacement. We don't think about environmental toxicity as a form of displacement or conflict. We normally think about conflict on a like global scale. We don't think about it in the US as a form. Also we don't think about evictions as a form of displacement or what do you call it? Neglect by design. When we think about public housing in the face of the US government to invest in maintaining the buildings and over time after five years, 10 years, 20 years later you can justify wholesale demolition of those units and that's a form of displacement whereby those communities are not been necessarily displaced because they're being gentrified. And then even when we think about gentrification we have to recognize it's also about real estate taxes and property and most cities receive at least a 25% or a third of their revenue from property taxes. So when we think about it with most municipalities there's no incentive to stop or put the brakes on neighborhoods and communities being gentrified because it's about dollars and cents, right? Some people will encourage neighborhoods to be gentrified. So you could displace a community without gentrifying. The map I showed with Hurricane Katrina and how communities like 1.5 million people was displaced that had nothing to do with gentrification, right? But the environmental disaster, the climate induced disaster caused that whole scale displacement. And so to me it's really important that we think deeply about various forms of displacement and how it takes place, but also how it's interconnect with our residential urban development structure. I mean, Roa, I would just say not just urban, I'm focused primarily on urban, but thinking about our land use policies and housing policies, right? Like how displacement and even like we think about transportation system, even like all of the cool funky things that we really want can also reinforce the displacement that's taking place. Last thing I would just emphasize, post-Hurricane Katrina, my partner at the time, we were participating in our neighborhood association, I'm not sorry, neighborhood organization meeting by how our neighborhood would be redevelopment brought back online. And I found myself in this situation where everything that I truly, truly wanted for my neighborhood, I found myself actually voting against because I was like, if I get those things, I will literally be planning myself out of my neighborhood. I wouldn't be able to afford to live in it. And so I think it's also important that we critique these ideas about what, you know, going from this big dream, what do you want as opposed to thinking about the wealth that already exists. And so we think about like sitcoms, like Good Times and the Jeffersons. It was all about moving up, moving out of the neighborhoods. Well, I feel like Community Land Trust offers opportunities for us to build wealth within and not wait for funds to just come in but how are we building and re-engaging and re-imagining what strategies of development can look like that's democratic, just that pushes back against displacement. We're approaching in New York street noise, approaching the hour, but I just wanted to and thank you so incredibly much for your thoughts and presentation today. If I could ask one last closing comment, what's next? You are such a, I don't know, entrepreneur of ideas and initiatives and thoughts and provocation. What's your next tiny thing on your list that you're going to do or the next map that you want to make? I thought about making a futuristic map, but right now I'm focused on a lot of research and creating a public, public historical project on black women in public housing. And in terms of the displaced project, I am working on wrapping up the timeline that starts with to be, you know, 18, I'm sorry, 1680s up into the current, creating an interactive timeline and also an Atlas of Displacement, combining different key ideas that we would normally put together and mapping that out and then exploring what the possibilities of an exhibition of the displaced project can look like. Thank you so much again. And we'll be in touch as a team and as a lab and ask for your ideas down the road. Absolutely, enough folks are interested in the very long slide. Just let me know. No, those were incredible. So we appreciate them. And again, if anyone has any questions about the session being recorded or being shared, probably reach out to me or gsaphousinglab at Columbia.edu. Thank you again, Shayna, for the wonderful presentation and everyone has joined us this afternoon. And our next housing lab conversation will be on December 11th or December 4th, to be determined, but we're gonna try to talk about the products that we can take out from this semester and ways to share and publicize them. So we might reach back out to you for your ideas, I think by far, this has been one of the most creative and wide reaching ones of the semester. So thank you again. Thank you, and I appreciate it, bye. Bye. Thank you so much. Thank you. Bye bye. Bye bye.


I'll be back. I will hand back. Thank you very much. My friend works, people in the back are happy, everything's good. So hello, my name is Ed, and I live in Brighton, where I work as a producer at Pragmatic. For all intents and purposes, this means that I spend a lot of my time thinking about websites. Piecing together client requirements, working out how we can best deliver them. I've been thinking quite a lot recently about migrating websites, and more specifically migrating several websites into one. Sometimes I like to take my work home with me, and I like to think about other things. Recently I've been thinking about moving house, and at some point I got confused, melded the two together, and we ended up with a wonderful talk about how migrating content is a bit like moving house.  No matter how many times that you do it, or how many things you think you might be able to do better next time, or after having done it badly the time before, moving house is always an incredible waste of time. Now that's not necessarily to say that it's not worthwhile, it's not exciting, and it brings with it new opportunities, communities, and even just extra space. But it's hard to forget that the process itself just takes so long to actually do. But once you've done it a few times, it's easy to get into a rhythm, and you can pick up tricks to make sure that it's done a little bit easier next time. Like bagging up your shopping at the supermarket, you remember this time to put the eggs on top of the cans to prevent yourself a messy heartache later on. That being said, no matter how many times you move, each time is always different to the last. That's true. We will probably be moving most of the same things that we moved before. If you're anything like me, there's probably a whole pile of stuff that you never really unpacked the last time, and they kind of just come along for the ride.  Equally, depending on how many birthdays, Christmases, and iPhone cycles you've stayed on one location for, will also depend on how much more stuff you're going to bring with you this time. But the house that we're going to move to is probably not the house that we moved to last time, and that's the key difference, because we can't just assume that everything is going to fit, and we can't assume that it's going to be easy to get it there either. The amount of stuff that we have to take with us and the complexity of getting it there in the first place really helps to decide whether or not it's something that we're willing to do ourselves or if we get an expert in to help. In the same way, and somewhat unsurprisingly, migrating websites really comes down to the content itself. How much there is, how interconnected it is, how important it is. I'm sure I could probably hire a man in a van to help me move across the street, and 250 feet, a point of reference, is from here to about the end of this corridor.  And so I could probably just do it myself. I can see it from here. I can probably just pick it up and make a human chain gang list of his table, move it around. But it's entirely likely something's going to break along the way. It's all going to go wrong. Everybody's going to be sad. But there's a definite tipping point when there's just that bit too much to reasonably be able to do yourself without potentially losing something along the way. Equally, unless you're just moving or migrating website hosts, it's likely that your website is being updated or even rebuilt completely, at which point the question of where it's all going to go is vital. So I was thinking about this whilst unpacking some boxes. As I said earlier, I've got a ton of boxes that I haven't unpacked since I moved about seven months ago. So they're probably fine where they were. I thought I'd just think about this instead. I realised that a lot of the things I was doing at work whilst migrating websites actually shared quite a few similarities with Moving House. This was pretty exciting, if only because Moving House is something that we've all done, which means it's something that everybody can understand and relate to. In my job, I use a lot of metaphors. In fact, pretty much every day I'm speaking to somebody somewhere, making some kind of reference or analogy to help better understand the situation and give everybody some common ground to discuss what's going on.  Your hosting is the garage that you're going to park it in. An iframe is a window into somebody else's living room. You can't change the curtains or the decoration, but you can watch their TV. Migrating your website is a lot like Moving House. So, why is it important? What can we learn from this? Collectively, the bulk of us have probably moved house a lot more times than we've migrated websites. Which at the end of the day means that having something else that they're familiar with, clients are familiar with, that you're familiar with just makes it a lot less daunting the next time you do it and discuss it. Moving House is also something that you are deeply involved with. It's all of your stuff. You need to pack it. You need to throw it some of the way. You move it. You break something. Everybody's sad. It's tiring, but it's also quite memorable. But migrating your website isn't always something that you are as deeply involved with. You might know what's going on at a surface level, but you don't have that same connection. It all just kind of happens in the background, which makes it harder to remember and subsequently makes it harder to do again. So, let's draw some lines between the two and see what we can find out. Step one, what have you got? Before you begin actually moving anything, it's essential to find out as much as we can about what we're going to move first. This is true of everything that we move on any scale at any distance. You wouldn't think to pick up a wardrobe without first checking to see if anything is inside of that wardrobe. And if you're forward thinking, you'll also think about getting the tape measure out first just to make sure it will fit when it gets there, rather than getting halfway through. By having more information, it naturally leads to us having more informed decisions, which saves us a lot of wasted time getting things wrong, but also allows us to plan effectively. The information that you're collating doesn't need to be overly specific, and any information can be a good start. That being said, the more detail you can be, the better. So we could start with this. We've got some general content pages, we've got a core blog, we've got a WooCommerce shop, and we've got a PDF download. Immediately we can imagine what we need to do, but we can kind of think, we don't need some of this other functionality. Actually, in order to get this information, WordPress can help us out quite a lot with total post counts on many admin pages, making it relatively straightforward to break out a comprehensive report, and we can see here we've got 778 posts, we've got no comments, and we've got 50 pages. Immediately that changes the scale just a little bit. If we ding it in a little further, we can find out a bit more and a bit more, and our previous list becomes a bit more concise. Or precise. 50 pages across four templates. 778 blog posts, 45 categories, users, images, very often forgotten about as you go along. So, first of all, it's looking a bit bigger than we had originally anticipated. This isn't necessarily a problem, but it's worth finding out now rather than scheduling some time in, it's going to take three times as long. So we know what we've got to move. Nice. I guess let's just move it, right? Well, not quite. Step two, set fire to everything. Maybe not quite so dramatically, but the idea is to imagine what it would be like if you lost everything that you'd just planned out. What would the world look like if you didn't have those blog posts, that would be sweet, or their kind of comments? What would cause you the most problems to have to redo everything again? Inversally, what are you glad to be rid of? That ugly painting, the uncomfy sofa with the sag on one side? Or those pages that that intern posted and kind of didn't work out? Or those comments that would just spam? Unlike Moving House, you can completely ignore some things rather than moving them or throwing them away. They'll get deleted eventually, but in the meantime, you can kind of just ignore it. Problem solved. For everything else, make a note of what you want to keep. And then, carry on to step three. Where does it all go? So we've got that idea of what we want to keep. Where is it going to go? This is one of the first things we do when we move into a new house. We'll walk around the rooms, we'll allocate some, we'll squabble over future furniture decisions Some things are pretty obvious. The kitchen is probably the room with all the cupboards in it and the oven. Your fridge is probably going to go there. The personal collection of miniature hotel shampoos that you've been keeping in rosemary and mint condition will go wherever the shower is. But what about everything else? What's left may not actually be that obvious. And if you don't want Java, you should remind me later. OK, sorry. What's left might not actually be that obvious. And if you're in the process of redesigning your site, it may be that you need to allocate a place in the designs for this content. Another good reason to do this early. Oh, no! We forgot about the reviews. We need to make sure there's a star rating next to each location. Making sure to map all of this information correctly, both in the back end and in the front end is pivotal to ensure that you've got everything. But it's also a great opportunity to realise if there's anything you don't have. This means, or this might mean, revising a wireframe that's a bit overly ambitious or alternatively committing to filling the gaps and writing that missing content. Whichever way you choose to go, knowing where the gaps are early can make sure that everybody knows what to expect. Step four. It won't all fit. Inversally, what if you've got too much stuff? Wireframe doesn't allow for it.  We come back to this. We should get rid of everything else. You've already mapped everything you want. You've already put something in the right location. Anything you've got left over is probably a waste of space. Back to our house analogy. What if you're moving into a one-bed flat and you don't have room for your three-piece suite anymore? You're moving in with somebody else and you don't have a need for two full sets of dinner plates. If you and your website are moving to the next level, it may be that you don't actually need all the same things anymore. Your old blog might not fit with your new corporate message. You might not need all those products anymore. You don't sell them. For everything that doesn't have an obvious place to call home at this stage, it's worth addressing whether or not you really need it. If it's not going to make it to the front end of the website, it doesn't make the cut now. You're unlikely to come back in six months' time and suddenly find a need for it, so just get rid of it. So how do you do it? What's the best way? Well, pretty much every time I've moved house, I've decided that this house move is going to be the one where I get it right. I'm going to catalogue my CDs and I'm going to adequately index all of my books. It's going to be great. I download a barcode scanner and I start creating a new dewy decimal system that only I could understand. I think that this time, I'm going to go one step further and there's writing kitchen on my boxes. I'm going to write out what each box contains. I'm going to give it a number, saving a spreadsheet, be a breeze, I'll never lose anything again. In fairness, that is a cracking idea. But, I'm probably not the first person to think of it either, but an hour later, when I've only packed one box, I've kind of got a bit fed up of it, I'm just going to go back to the tried and tested method, shove in everything in a box where it kind of fits and just hoping that I don't lose anything along the way. As such, it doesn't really matter how you actually get that information and collate it all together. In fact, what you will probably find is that halfway through, you'll change it and you'll have multiple different versions of similar data. The important thing is that whatever the method is, it's easy to decode, ideally, by more people than just yourself. So far, it looks like we're doing pretty well. We've itemised everything we've got and we've trimmed the fact from what we don't need anymore. We've mapped it out so that everything has a place to go. We've informed the relevant people. Designers can design with real content in mind. Developers can work out the best way to store their information, how they can put it out on the page and put it in the right place. Project managers are happy. Everybody's got a plan. As a bonus, we can get rid of anything extra that doesn't make sense to be there anymore and we can easily see the potential gaps and either amend the designs to remove unnecessary features or add new content to make it work. So far, so good. Now we just need to actually do it. So it's entirely likely that there's probably a big delay between having everything ready and actually migrating your content. The website needs to get built. Designs need to get signed off. It's probably not going to be the next thing you do. All the more reason why it's important that you plan it out properly and that it's easy to understand so that in six months' time, when you come back to it, it's there ready for you to just pick back up. In some cases, it can make sense to do an initial migration at some point within this process. The developers can look at real content of the site depending on how that content's moving across and what your site's going to look like. This probably won't be final because your old site is still live. All the content's still changing. You've still got product selling and your stock quantities are changing, but it's a good start. It's important to know if you do that, you really need to do all the next steps twice. That's not necessarily a bad thing, but it is important to keep in mind. Step six, pack it up, move it out. Depending on the project and your requirements, it may be that it's a dry run or it may be the real deal. Either way, the process is more or less the same. Dry runs aren't normally a part of a typical house move, but if you consider when a Prime Minister or a President changes office, the window to get the old one out and the new one in is typically only a few hours whilst they've kind of both left to go to a signing meeting and then come back. I like to think of this as the scene in the movie where they build a fake vault and practice breaking into it a few times just to make sure they've got it down. If you have a live website, especially a shop, you may move things across slowly or in phases. Once in order to get some content in place, then again, when you actually go live. So, how do we do it? Well, there's a few options. You could clone it. By this, I effectively mean that you install a plug-in that will clone your website content from one place, put it into another. This can work quite nicely as a starting point and you can easily go in and delete or amend anything that you want changing. If it's just the design that's changing, the new site in the new site, being able to effectively just dump all your existing content in your new place, moving from A to B can be the quickest method of getting there. You could do it yourself, copy and paste style. This is probably the least practical method available. But in some instances, and I'm sure many people in this room have done it, it is actually completely reasonable and sometimes the easiest method of doing it. This kind of goes back to how reasonably it seems to hire a man in a van to move just across the road. There are still some sites out there that have hard-coded content or where it's not easy to get the content out. Depending on how much content there is, there's a point at which it's probably quicker to just copy and paste it. Grab it from the front end and stick it in the back end. This is true even when you've finished migrating as well, as it may be that you've successfully cloned everything in the step before, but you need to move a few things around or go into each and every post and add something extra. Full disclosure. This is not fun. However, hopefully all the planning and mapping earlier in the process will make it easier to plan this out. But either way, it's absolutely worth doing some of this yourself just to start with. If you can do a half hour, you'll work out a nice rhythm, you'll get a good idea of how long it takes to do a single item, you'll be able to plan the remaining time accordingly. You'll also have got it wrong a few times and you'll do it again and you'll undo it and you'll change it, and at the end of the day, after half an hour, you'll have a pretty good idea of what to do. It's only at that point that I would consider hiring somebody else to do the rest. In my experience, unless you spent that time up front, generally speaking, it'll all go wrong and you'll spend a lot longer doing it again. Or they will, or you will, or tempers will be fraught, it'll all go a bit wrong. 200 products by hand from our HTML website into WooCommerce. It took two weeks to have everybody involved, crazy. But, and for the sanity of your workforce, work that out before you start, otherwise you'll end up with three different solutions to every problem. And it's all a bit. It's all just gone wrong. So, the next one, you can do it yourself but you can use a plug-in. There is a point at which it's worth getting a little help. In moving terms, this plug-in is your man with a van. He'll help you pack it up, he'll shove it in the van and he'll help you to unpack it at the other end. Much like the man in the van, there are a few different options, each with their own key skills. Many of these plug-ins do a pretty good job but at the same time, all of them have their own little quirks. So it's best to test it just to make sure that it does do what you need. The big benefit to using a plug-in is that it doesn't really make too much difference as to the scale of your data set. You could have seven posts or you could have 700 but the method is pretty much the same. There are still some constraints here so it may be that this doesn't do it in quite the way you want it. The bigger the differences between your old and your new site structure, the more complicated it's going to be to export and import. At that point, it may be worth looking into a migration expert to help out. Even if only just for a particular part of the migration process, just to give you some technical cover, taking us to step four. Or number four, professional migration company. When it gets that bit too complicated or it's just going to take more time than you're willing to put into it yourself, always consider hiring a professional even if just to take it once over at your setup and raise any red flags that you might have missed. In house moving terms, these are the professional movers who come in and actually pack everything for you, move it into their vans, take it away and unpack it at the other end. Everything's done for you, it's great. As part of the process, they'll be able to do all that mapping and planning and checking with you, set some time aside for dry runs and then all that all important, final run. If there's no particular magic trick, they'll probably just do the same things in the other three steps with the potential of extra of actually accessing the data directly in the database and amending anything themselves that is a little bit too tricky to do using a plugin. Behind the scenes bit is vital, especially for those complicated migrations like where a website is switching content management systems or if we're looking to merge multiple websites into a single website. Sometimes spending some time up front writing some custom code to automate the process is worth it, especially if it means you can reuse it without having to do everything all over again. So how do we know which option to take? How do you know if we can manage it ourselves? For many of us, the problem of moving house is a relatively easy one to fudge your way through if necessary. Worst case scenario is just a case of grabbing all the things and shoveling them in boxes and driving to a new destination. I think here that comparison breaks a little bit because with moving house it's pretty easy to see what you've left behind. If that big box of old jumpers in the middle of the room is still there rather than in the van, you know something's gone a bit wrong. But when migrating content you probably won't realise that anything's missing until you've already got there, you've unpacked half of it and you've realised you've lost something. But imagine if you weren't moving house. You said moving an entire office building or a library or a museum. How about moving the entirety of wordpress.com and all of its personal blogs or Wikipedia with 40 million articles? It's easy to forget that not all websites are the same size. Many of them will share a lot of the same plugins maybe even the same architecture but the content is different. The amount of content is different. That idea of scale doesn't always get picked up picked up on right at the beginning which is why it's so important to do those final steps first steps and the final steps to all the steps and work out what you've got and how big it really is. Whichever way you choose to do your migration it's not just a case of working out where the content should go but when it should be put there as well. Advice I'm sure we've all been given at one point or another is to pack your kettle last so that as soon as you arrive at your new house you can take it out, you can get it set up you can start a nice cup of tea whilst you move the rest of the things in. Imagine what they'd say if anybody in Cornwall see you putting the jam and the cream the wrong way around. In much the same way the order that you choose to import your content can have some really big consequences as some things will directly rely on other content being there already in order for it to work correctly. But this is all the more important if you're using an automated tool as it doesn't know how to stop and check if something is missing it kind of just assumes you know what you're doing and that everything's in place. It may not be immediately obvious as to why it's not worked as a result. In this scenario you should not be afraid to start again. Redoing it may seem counterproductive but it's probably easier than fixing the problems one by one. Often it can only be clear what the correct way to do something is after having done it wrong two or three times before and realising what's missing. This will always be a faff. But having done it once or twice or three times wrongly will only help you better understand what you need to do this time to get it right. And it will give you that connection to your content that you've always wanted. So you've gone through this process. You've got everything moved what does success look like? Well with migration success is often mostly just recognised by it not being failure. Sometimes this is a good thing. I know somebody who once moved into an old hotel a few years ago who had been broken out into a few different houses they happened to get the old facade with a large reception area. One day whilst making lunch an elderly gentleman walked straight in sat down at their kitchen counter and asked for a glass of whisky. He walked right past their mesh mash of shoes by the front door past the family photos and into an obviously domestic kitchen completely failed to spot any of it. All he knew was that it was lunch time. 20 years ago he always used to go to the hotel for a quick drink at lunch. Users are creatures of habit. The ideal situation here is to have a user come back the next day and not be missing anything. It might look different but all the pages they came to see is still there. The product they wanted to buy yesterday is still available and it all continues to work. In some instances the customer might not even realise anything has changed at all. That's a good thing. Not for the guy in my story though. He didn't get a drink, he was asked to leave. Cool. Those are effectively all the steps. One of some common things that you might need to keep in mind that typically go wrong or get missed or skipped along the way. Images are a major problem and just a massive faff. When importing your images WordPress will import them as if you are uploading them in the media library today. What this means is that irrespective of when you added it previously all of your images will now be within today's date folder. They'll update the URL correctly in the post so everything will still look nice but if your website is heavily image-led losing all of your image ranking because the files don't have 301s in place it's easily overlooked. The most practical fix at this point is to resort to FTPing or command line to move the uploads folder in its entirety to a new location. The folder structure is the same. Google's happy. We've also got the question of do we clone or migrate? Sorry. So there are a lot of plugins out there that you can use to help migrate your website. In my experience many of them are actually more like website cloners than migrators. Serialize search in a place to ensure that all your permalinks are updated. This is nice because I isn't really what I'm after 90% of the time. Merging data is probably a bit more accurate. The difference I'm really looking for is being able to isolate specific types of content like posts or products or comments and move them from A to B without messing up anything else. Updating like things like post IDs accordingly so that everything continues to work. A good example of migrating is that migrating will come as products and orders but making sure that the product ID of what was actually bought relates to the product ID of what's in your new website now. That can get pretty messed up pretty quickly and it's also very easy to miss that it's gone wrong. Post ID changes is another common problem. That kind of relates to the previous problem. When you migrate your content it's likely that your new B has some posts already. If you're not cloning and you're just migrating all of your post IDs will be different. You'll have already uploaded images you'll already uploaded content. Your new content that you're moving across might not relate to the right place. That's key. That's kind of where you'd probably get your professional migration expert to come and help map those back together even if that's all they did.  So much like Moving House migrating your website has a lot of moving parts to it. Don't underestimate the challenges and hopefully by following these steps your next migration will be a happy migration. Thank you. I've done it for some questions and if you'd like to ask one we'll whizz over on the microphone. Question being today, no questions? Over here we have a question. Thanks for the talk Ed. So it's all about planning to minimise the downtime if you're migrating from one place to another. What sort of things do you put in place to ensure that you do it as quickly as possible I guess? Well the plan is the most important part making sure you've got that everything mapped together and you've got that process in mind. If you're doing a big migration downtime isn't necessarily a bad thing having a holding page in place for two or three hours whilst that's going on especially if you've got a shop is absolutely the right thing to do because the last thing you want is to have somebody buy something but without live data changes actually just having a content freeze from the client's perspective is probably just fine because if you're changing your website you've probably got it in a staging environment first and then you're really just putting that live at some point so long as you've got a content freeze from your client's perspective everything's fine you can just swap it over normally it's the wiser. We've got a question over there. Go to the talk. You mentioned using some plugins and I just wonder if you could mention a few that might be useful. Yeah absolutely so some hosts have a plugin that can help you just pull a plugin pull a site in and those are quite useful. Alternatively you can use I think WP Migrate DB Pro is good for cloning a website in and just making sure you pull it in. My personal favourite is WP All Import and that does that fine level moving of data without overwriting anything on the other side it just moves it in and what that also allows you to do is to map various things like the meta structure and adding additional fields that can help you remember where your content's come from even if that's not being added. Actually that was something I didn't mention in this it got lost somewhere is when you're moving that data across sometimes it can be really useful to add some extra fields in place to what the legacy URL was or what the legacy post ID was so that when you are looking back at it you can actually find it pretty quickly. Equally if you've forgotten to migrate your comments you can very easily just map all of those IDs to the legacy ID rather than the new post ID and it helps to tie that together a little bit more. Any more questions for Ed? Okay, thanks so much Ed great talk, appreciate that. Just want to say before lunch a big thanks to our captioning team the AV guys and all the volunteers in yellow. We have the happiness bar