So, today we will start the first lecture on advanced foundation engineering. So, in this lecture I will be covering different design aspects of various geotechnical structures like shallow foundation, deep foundation, the retaining wall, reinforced retaining wall. Then what would be the soil structure interaction, then how we will design the different reinforced structure in geotechnical aspect. So, these things will be discussed in this lecture and before we discuss about the various design aspects of foundation and the geotechnical structure, foundation of geotechnical structures. Then we will start about the our different modules, what are the different modules that we will discuss. So, first here the course is been divided into 5 modules that is module 1 there will be soil exploration, then the module and in the soil exploration there will be 3 lectures, in then the shallow foundation that is module 2 there will be total 11 lectures, in the deep foundation module 3 there will be total 7 lectures, in the retaining structures and the reinforced earth design. So, that is module 4 there will be total 10 lectures and the soil foundation interaction then that will be module 5 there will be total 8 lectures. So, including the introduction today's lecture there will be total 40 lectures in this course. Now, the books that will be that is the reference books and this will be followed in the lectures those are the Aurora 2003 which is soil mechanics and foundation engineering that is the standard publishers distributors, then Bowels in 1997, then BMDAS 1983, then one is foundation of soil dynamics, another is BMDAS 1999 principles of foundation engineering, then Hettini's books that is Bimson elastic foundation 1979, then Quenus books for the design with geosynthetics that is 1986, then the Kramer books for the geotechnical earthquake engineering part because some part of the earthquake engineering design or design of the retaining wall under earthquake seismic condition that will also be discussed in this course. So, that part the reference book is Kramer 2003, then Ranjoon and Rao the basic and applied soil mechanics 2000, then Salpa Durai that is the elastic analysis of soil foundation interaction 1979 that is that is the reference books for the soil foundation interaction part, then N. N. Schoem and Das 2003 theory and practice of foundation engineering. So, these are the reference books which will be followed in this lectures. Now the acknowledgement is given to the professor N. Siva Kugan associate professor and head engineering college James Cook University Australia and professor B. D. Munna assistant professor department of civil engineering at Delhi and they have also given some lectures note to the which will help me to prepare these lectures. Now, first we start that the design of foundations generally requires a knowledge of factors as the load that is coming on the foundation. So, first is what is the load which is coming on the foundation, the recommends of the local building codes, the behavior of soil that will support the foundation system and geological condition of the soil. So, these things very important when we design a foundation that how much load is coming on the foundation. So, we should know how much load is coming on the foundation, then what are the required design course building course of the area where we are designing the foundation and the behavior of soil that will support the foundation system what with the soil properties. So, we should know the soil properties before we know the we start the foundation design then what is the soil properties what is their behavior because we should know before we start the foundation. So, to know that soil properties we have to go for soil exploration to and the for the laboratory as well as field testing to know these soil properties and then the geological condition of the soil that is also required. Next part is the if we start the geotechnical properties of the soil. So, before we go for the foundation aspect part. So, in the introduction lecture basically I will discuss about some geotechnical properties and soil properties also that will be required to for our design purpose. So, those are the very important properties that thing I will discuss in the introductory lecture and the for the next lecture lecture 2 I will start about the different components of this course of the foundation advanced foundation engineering. So, before we go for that part we should know the geotechnical properties of the soil. So, first is a important properties is the grain size distribution. So, grain size distribution is determined generally by the sieve analysis for the coarse grain soil and for the hydrometer analysis for the fine grain soil. So, this is a typical grain size distribution curve and so, here the x axis is the particle size and y axis is the percent final. So, 50 percent final means the 50 percent particle is 50 percent of this particle size say 50 percent finance means suppose say this is a particle size is 0.8. So, 0.8 millimeter particle is less than the 0.8 amount of the 0.8 less than 0.8 millimeter particle is 50 percent. So, that is the percent finer is x y axis. So, from this graph we can determine the 2 coefficient for coarse grain soil one is uniformity coefficient C e u another is coefficient of curvature C c. So, C e u is basically D 60 by D 10 where is D 60 denotes that the particle size which corresponding to 60 percent particle percent finance. And similarly D 10 is the particle size corresponding to 10 percent finance. So, from this curve we can determine what is the particle size for 60 percent particle percent finance and what is the particle size for 10 percent finance. So, if we know these 2 values from this graph then we will get the uniformity coefficient of the soil. Similarly, the coefficient of curvature is defined by the D 30 square divided by D 60 into D 10. So, from here you also get the 2 coefficient now the purpose of this 2 coefficient. So, for from this 2 coefficient we can identify whether the soil is the well graded soil or soil is the poorly graded soil. So, well graded soil if C e u is greater than 6 for the science and is greater than 4 for the gravels and C c must lie between 1 to 3 then that type of soil is called the well graded soil. And if it is not satisfying this condition then that of soil is called poorly graded soil. And third type of soil is graph graded soil. Now, what is well graded soil? What is poorly graded soil? What is graph graded soil? Now, well graded soil the soil where the different particle size is present in the soil in almost the equal amount. So, that there be a proper distribution of the soil. That means, here this is the proper distribution of the soil where the amount of the different sizes of particle are present in the soil and they are more or less equal amount is present in the soil. Whereas, for the poorly graded soil for a one particular range of the particle size of soil is x square. So, that means, there will be this curve will not be a flat one, it will be a straight one if it is a poorly graded soil because one particular range or for a particular particle size is excessively present in the soil. That type of soil is called the poorly graded soil. And graph graded soil means one particular range of the particles size is missing in the soil. So, there will be the graph will be like this will start from here then there is a graph then it will start from again. So, there will be a particular range of the particles is missing in the soils in that type of soil is called graph graded soil. Now, next one is the wet volume relationship of the soil. So, as we know that soil is a three phase system that is air water and solid. So, from this three phase system we can determine different soil properties and those properties are very important for the foundation design. So, if we consider the V a is the volume of the air and V w is the volume of the water and V s is the volume of the solid. Now, here this water and the water in this air they are present in the voids in between the solids. So, that is the volume of the water and volume of the air if we sum these two volume that will give us the volume of the voids. So, that is V v will be V w plus V a and total volume is V. Similarly, we can total weight of the soil if consider W then W s is the volume of the weight of the solid then W w is the weight of the water and W a is weight of the air generally it is taken as 0. So, we can neglect the air weight in the soil during the calculation. So, from this graph we can say that if it is a totally saturated soil that means all the voids are filled with water then this system become a two phase system that means the solid and the water only because that is a fully saturated soil there will be no air. Now, if similarly if the soil is a dry soil completely dry soil then this total void will be filled by the air. So, that means that will also become a two phase system because all the voids will be filled by air there will be no water. So, in that case we have to consider the weight and the volume accordingly. Now, then the different definition of this one is the void ratio E void ratio is defined by volume of void divided by volume of solid. Similarly, porosity is defined as volume of void divided by total volume. So, we can say here that the void ratio E is the volume of void divided by volume of solid. So, E value can be greater than 1, but porosity if we look at the definition of the porosity that is volume of void divided by total volume. So, the volume of void cannot be greater than the total volume. So, the porosity cannot be greater than 1. Now, similarly degree of saturation S which is expressed in percentage is defined as volume of water divided by volume of voids into 100 because it is expressed in percentage. Similarly, moisture content W in percentage is weight of water divided by weight of solid expressed in percentage. Now, the unit wave soil at any water content or any degree of saturation can be written as because what as I have mentioned that soil can be in the different stages, can be in the completely dry stage, it can be in the completely saturated stage or it can be in some normal stage with it is not it is partially saturated, this is not completely saturated. So, at different condition how we will determine the unit weight of the soil. Then if we denote unit weight of the soil is a gamma, then for gamma bulk or the unit weight at any condition is given by G S plus S E divided by 1 plus E into gamma W. So, gamma W is the unit weight of water can be taken as equal to 10 kilo Newton per meter cube G S is the specific gravity of the soil and S is the degree of saturation is the void ratio. Now, if the soil is completely dry that means, the S is equal to 0 that means, saturation is 0 the degree of saturation. Then the equation of gamma, gamma dry will be G S into gamma W 1 by 1 plus E. So, that is because here S is equal to 0. So, this equation become this one for the gamma dry and then we can write that gamma dry is equal to gamma bulk divided by 1 plus W, W is the water content of the soil. Bulk density means bulk unit weight means the unit weight at any condition with any water content. So, that is gamma bulk or gamma bulk is equal to this one. Similarly, gamma sat if I put for the gamma saturated, if the soil is completely saturated then S value will be equal to 1. So, if in that case S value is equal to 1 then this equation become this one if it is a completely saturated soil. So, for the saturated soil this equation become G S plus E gamma W divided by 1 plus E because in that case S is equal to 1. The next one is the relative density of the soil. In granular soil the degree of compaction in the field can be measured by relative density R D in percentage. So, relative density can be expressed is E max minus E natural divided by E max minus E mean into 100 because it is expressed in terms of percentage. Where E max is the void ratio of the soil in the loose state and E mean is the void ratio in the dense state and E is the in situ void ratio on the natural void ratio. So, if we know the E max E mean and E at any condition then we can determine what is the degree of relative density of the soil at that situation. The next important properties are the Atterberg limits. So, first we define the what are the Atterberg limits. So, previous the properties that we have discussed that is the well graded soil, poorly graded soil, gap graded soil. These properties are basically properties for the coarse grain soil that is for the sand mainly sand and this is the common thing and again relative density is also a very important properties for the granular soil or the coarse grain soil. Similarly, the Atterberg limits these limits are very important properties for basically for the fine grain soil or the clay soil. So, that means here we can say from this curve the soil has four different state that is the solid state, semi solid state, plastic state and liquid state. Now, we can say in this way that if we take a completely dry soil soil that means that is soil solid the soil is the solid state. Now, if we add some percentage of some amount of the water then the solid state become semi solid state. If we add more water then this semi solid state will become the plastic state. Then in the plastic state if we add more water then it will go to a state which is called the liquid state. Now, here we can say that there is a limit or there is a injunction between every state because this is that means there is four state and there is three injunctions and if I see that part that is the moisture content. So, as the moisture content increases then soil go from solid state to semi solid plastic and liquid and vice versa. If the soil is liquid state if we reduce the water content in the soil then it will go to plastic state and from the plastic state it will go to semi solid state and from the semi solid state it will go to solid state. Now, from this graph if I draw a graph which is moisture content, moisture volume in the soil water mixture. So, we can see that if we increase the if we decrease the soil water content amount then from the liquid state to it will go to plastic state and then it will go to semi solid state and as we reduce the water content the volume in the soil water mixture that will also reduce. But after a certain point or the intersection between the semi solid state and the solid state or the junction of the semi solid state and the solid state after that if we decrease the moisture content then the volume will not change volume remain constant. So, that means after this point that if we further reduce the water content but volume remain constant volume will not change. Now, let us go for the what is the this junction of this different state then the junction of plastic state and the liquid state is called the liquid limit. So, these three are the limits. So, these are liquid limits plastic limit and the sinkage limit. So, the liquid limit the limit where soil changes its states from liquid to plastic or vice versa. Similarly, the next limit is between the plastic state to semi solid state and that limit is called the plastic limit and third limit is in between semi solid to the solid and this limit is called the sinkage limit. So, we can say if we reduce the water from a liquid state of a solid then it will pass liquid limit it will go to the plastic state and then if you further reduce it it will pass the plastic limit and it will go to semi solid limit semi solid state and if you further reduce the water content then it will pass the sinkage limit and it will go to solid state. And from this graph we can say that after sinkage limit the volume of the water soil mixture will not change or does not change if we further reduce the amount of water present in the soil water mixture. So, after the sinkage limit there is no volume change. So, these four three limits are called the Atterberg limits and these are very important properties for the fine grain soil. So, next one is the hydraulic conductivity of the soil. So, what is hydraulic conductivity of the soil? Darcy proposed the following equation for the calculation calculating the velocity of flow of water through a soil and that equation is V equal to K into I where V is the Darcy velocity that is written as centimeter per second, K is the hydraulic conductivity of the soil that is centimeter per second and I is the hydraulic gradient that is del H by L. Now, what is del H by L? If water is flowing in this direction and if we take the two height of the water at two location then it will show some difference otherwise this flow will not occur. So, that means if this height difference is del H and the length of this two point A and B is L and the I hydraulic gradient can be defined as del H divided by L. So, from this expression we can calculate the velocity of a soil is the hydraulic conductivity in the hydraulic gradient. So, what is the hydraulic conductivity? Now, if we consider this I is equal to one then this V is become the Darcy velocity which is centimeter per second. So, that means K if I is equal to one K is equal to V. So, the hydraulic conductivity of the soil is the velocity of the Darcy velocity at which under the unit gradient. So, that means the hydraulic conductivity of soil is a velocity or the Darcy velocity under unit hydraulic gradient. So, that means I is equal to one. Now, in the laboratory hydraulic conductivity can be determined in the laboratory we can determine hydraulic conductivity by two methods. One is constant head method more suitable for coarse-gain soil and falling head method suitable for soil such as fine sand and sealed. So, that means it is not suitable suitable for the fine soil or that is falling head method. Now, in the field also we can determine the hydraulic conductivity of the soil. These two are the lab test that we are discussing here. Now, the type of soil and the hydraulic conductivity in centimeter per second that medium to coarse gravel the hydraulic conductivity is greater than 10 to the power minus 1. For coarse to fine sand that is 10 to the power minus 1 to 10 to the power minus 3. For fine sand silty sand that is 10 to the power minus 3 to 10 to the power minus 5. For silt clay silt and silty clay that value is 10 to the power minus 5 to 10 to the power minus 6 and for the clays the value of k or hydraulic conductivity is 10 to the power minus 7 or less than that. So, next concept or the next thing is the effective stress concept. Now, what is effective stress? Now, effective stress can be defined as the total stress minus the pore water pressure. Now, where sigma dash is the vertical effective stress and sigma is the vertical total stress u is the pore water pressure. So, that means when we apply wet or the load on a soil or the stress on a soil initially that stress is taken by the initial time is taken by the water. Now, if we do not permit any flow of the water that means this stresses will be taken by the water initial stages. Now, if we permit now the water to flow then gradually this water will flow and the stress which was taken by the water initially will be transferred to the soil skeleton. So, now as time progresses this water goes out then this stresses will be transferred to the soil skeleton. Now, soil will take the stress in that fashion. So, that means when the soil is totally dry that means there is no water. Now, if we apply the stress on a soil water mixed system then as the stress will taken by the water. So, if we apply the stress on this condition that means this water pore water pressure will be developed. Now, if the soil is totally dry that means no pore water pressure will be developed in that case u is 0 in that condition the effective stress will be equal to the total stress. So, that means if u is the dry condition u is 0 that means the sigma dash is equal to 6 sigma and if that means dry means there is no water present in the soil. Now, how we will calculate the total stress or effective stress in a soil medium. Suppose this is a soil medium where the water table is at a height at a depth of h 1 from the ground surface and this is the unit weight of the soil above the ground water table is say gamma and unit weight of the soil below the ground water table that is the saturated because it is below the water table. So, saturated unit weight of the soil is gamma sat. Now, the total stress at a point can be calculated as h 1 into gamma plus h 2 into gamma sat and pore water pressure at a depth at a point A and this A point is at a depth of h 2 from the water surface. So, at this point the pore water pressure can be determined as h 2 into gamma w where is gamma w is the unit weight of the water. Now, here if we take this is gamma h 1 into gamma plus h 2 if we take h 2 common. So, this will be gamma sat minus gamma w. So, h 1 gamma plus h 2 gamma dash this gamma dash is called as submerged unit weight of the soil that is equal to gamma sat minus gamma w. So, when you calculate the effective stress at any point of below the water table then the effective stress will be equal to the height of the soil or depth of the soil into the unit weight of the soil above the water table plus the depth of the that point from the ground water table into the submerged unit weight of the soil that is gamma sat minus gamma w. So, this way we can calculate the effective stress of the soil at any depth within the soil medium. The next thing that we will discuss about the consolidation. Consolidation is also a very important properties for the fine-grain soil. Now, there is as I mentioned that consolidation soil voids are filled by either air or water or both. So, if we want to calculate the condition to remove these voids there are two basically two methods by which we can remove these voids. One is compaction another is consolidation. So, the major difference between these two methods that by compaction we can remove the air voids, but by consolidation we can remove the water voids. So, there is there are other differences also there based on these two methods, but this is the major difference. So, here consolidation means we can remove the water voids or water present within the soil pores. So, now this consolidation once we done the consolidation this consolidation can be done in the laboratory and there some properties which are very important for our foundation design basically for the settlement because consolidation is very important properties for the fine-grain soil or the clay soil because in the sand-grain soil permeability of the soil is very high. So, once we apply the load all the soil or the water can dissipate within very short duration of the time. So, long term settlement all the settlement that we will get for the coarse-grain soil is the immediate settlement. So, there is a long term settlement is very negligible in terms of coarse-grain soil, but for the fine-grain soil or like clay where the permeability is very slow very low. So, once we apply the load there will be very negligible amount of the immediate settlement although depending upon the type of clay, but the most of the settlement will come because of the consolidation because at time progresses the water will dissipate from the clay soil slowly slowly and then the settlement will occur. So, that is the time dependent phenomenon and it will take the long term to complete the total settlement. So, that is why consolidation and that settlement is called the consolidation settlement and that consolidation settlement is very important properties for fine-grain soil during the foundation design. So, in the consolidation settlement consolidation after what we can do we can apply the load on a soil sample or apply the pressure on a soil sample and we can determine the what is the amount of void in the soil or we can determine the void ratio. So, as it is expected as we apply the more pressure the void ratio will decrease. So, here typical consolidation I mean void ratio versus log p, p means the pressure graph is presented. This is in the pressure is plotted in the logarithm scale and void ratio in the normal scale. So, this log p. So, here we can see as we apply the more pressure the void ratio decrease. This is the loading curve and this is the unloading curve. So, once the we remove the pressure so, there will be some rebound of the soil void. So, it will of further go up. Now, here the slope we can determine the compression index that is the slope of this loading curve. So, this slope of loading curve. So, the compression index C c is equal to E 1 minus E 2 divided by log p 2 minus log p 1. Now, E 1 is the void ratio corresponding to pressure p 1 and E 2 is the void ratio corresponding to pressure p 2. So, this is the basically C c is the slope of this loading path. Now, according to Schempton we can determine the C c also that is 0.009 l l is the liquid limit minus 10. In this way also we can determine what is the value of C c. Now, there is another very important thing that the over consolidated soil. Now, what is over consolidated soil? Now, if the natural pressure or the current pressure which is applied on the soil is less than the pressure which is previously subjected to the soil or the soil has experienced the more pressure which is currently applied on the soil then that soil is called the over consolidated soil. Now, for example that if the landslide is there the previously that soil before landslide is suffering more stresses or more pressure now after the landslide some soil on that point is removed and it wash away. So, that means the stresses now currently on that location. So, is less than the stress which is previously subjected to on that point. So, in that case that soil is called as the over consolidated soil. Now, how will so from this over consolidated soil? So, how will you calculate the over consolidated ratio that over consolidated ratio or the over consolidated stress. So, that over consolidated stress how we calculate that is proposed by the Casagrande in 1936. Now, from this E void ratio versus log p graph E versus log p graph also we can determine this over consolidated pressure P c. Now, this is a typical loading path and this is unloading path is a similar to this graph is a loading and unloading path. Now, from this loading path we have to identify a point O which has the smallest radius of curvature. Now, from here we can get the different curvature. Now, we will get a point O here which is has the smallest radius of curvature. Now, once you select the point O then we draw we can draw a line O A which is parallel to x axis. Now, from first select the point O which has the smallest radius of curvature. Now, from point O draw a line O A which is parallel to pressure P x axis. Now, from this point A draw a line O B such that this O B is a tangent at O.  Now, once you select the point O B then you once we get the O C line. Now, next step is to extend the straight portion of the loading curve. Now, extend the straight portion of the loading curve and identify the point where the straight portion of the loading curve and this bisection curve intersects. Now, identify that point and pressure corresponding to that point is called the O B. So, if this point is over consolidated pressure or maximum past effective over burden pressure. So, that the present if the present. So, this way we can determine the p c which is maximum past effective over burden pressure. Now, if present effective over burden pressure P 0 is equal to pre consolidated pressure P c then the soil is called normally consolidated soil. That means, the present effective over burden pressure is equal to this pre consolidated maximum past effective over burden pressure P c then that soil is called normally soil consolidated soil. Now, if this P 0 that means, the present effective over burden pressure is less than the P c or the past effective over burden pressure as I have mentioned then that soil is called over consolidated soil. So, this way from this log e versus log p curve also we can determine the P c value. Now, how we will calculate the consolidation settlement of a soil because as I mentioned that the foundation design if this settlement calculation is very important issue for the clay soil. Now, here how we will calculate this settlement for the consolidation settlement. So, there is two type of soil we have considered one is normally consolidated clay another is over consolidated clay. So, now in the normally consolidated clay this is the typical loading path that we will consider that is the state portion we can consider for the load normally consolidated clay. And here with the slope of this curve will give us the C c as I mentioned the slope of this curve the compression index. So, that means, this is the difference between stress is del p P 0 and P 0 plus del p that is the difference between stress and because of this stress difference this is the difference between the void ratio del e. And as a spectate as we increase the space pressure the void ratio will decrease. So, similarly then similar curve we can draw for the over consolidated clay for the over consolidated clay. So, this is the typical curve log e versus log p curve and here this is the point where we got the P c value. And the how we locate this point how we will get this P c value we can we have already explained. And then there is two parts one is the this one whose slope will give us the C c compression index. And another is this part above this P c value portion that is the C s. And here also P 0 plus P 0 plus del p there will be the del e. And here also P 0 plus del p that portion there also will get the. So, that means, here we will get the del p del e i and del e 2. So, there basically we have two different portions. Now, for the normally consolidated clay how we will calculate that for the settlement S is C c 1 plus e 0 into H log P 0 plus del p divided by P 0. So, this is the settlement calculation for typical this portion. Now, where C c is the compression index e 0 is the initial void ratio H is the thick thickness of the soil layer for which we are determining the settlement. And P 0 is the initial applied stress and del p is the stress or additional stress. That means, for example, the P 0 is equal to effective overburden pressure. And del p is the additional stress due to the applied external load on the foundation. So, later on in when you talked about the when you talk about the foundation settlement calculation you will show how this P 0 and del P 0 will be can be calculated. So, that part will be showing the later on in the during the settlement calculation of the foundation. Now, for similarly for the over consolidated clay for the case 1 if P 0 plus del p is less than P c. That means, if P 0 plus del p is less than P c in this condition in that case the settlement is calculated as C s 1 divided by 1 plus e 0 H log P 0 plus del p divided by P 0. That means, in that case instead of using C c we will use the C s where C s is the swelling index. And in the case 2 if P c in the point is in this condition that means, here P 0 is less than P c, but P 0 plus del p is greater than P c. In that condition settlement we can calculate the C s plus 1 plus e 0 into H log P c divided by P 0 plus C c divided by 1 plus e 0 into H log P 0 plus del p divided by P c. So, in this 2 conditions how we can determine the consolidation settlement. So, one is normally consolidated soil this is the expression if it is over consolidated soil if case 1 this is the expression if it is case 2 this is the expression. The next one is very important is the shear strength of the soil. Now, shear strength is generally determined by this expression the strength is coefficient of the soil coefficient plus sigma n into tan phi or sigma n this is in terms of total stress. So, the C plus sigma total normal stress on the plane of shearing. So, sigma is the total normal stress into tan phi. So, phi is the friction angle C is the cohesion of the soil. Now, these things we can draw it is the more coulomb failure criteria or more coulomb failure envelope is there. So, this is the envelope and this is the sigma axis normal stress axis and this is the shear stress axis. Now, if any more coulomb touches more circle touches this envelope that mean that failure will occur and anything. So, that means, here this expression shear strength expression is C plus sigma into tan phi phi we can determine by tan phi is the slope of this angle. So, phi if we know the slope of this angle we can determine slope of this line if we know the slope of this line we can determine the angle phi here also. So, tau f is the maximum shear stress in soil that can take without any failure under normal stress sigma. Now, this is the same expression we can write in terms of effective stress. So, in terms of effective stress this will be C bar effective cohesion then the sigma dash or tau phi dash. So, sigma dash will be sigma minus u u is the pore water pressure and similar envelope we can determine, but only this in terms of effective stress. So, tau f is the maximum shear stress the soil can take without failure under normal effective stress of sigma bar. Now, this property so that means, here we can see the C and phi these are the strength properties of the soil. So, there is a very important things for the and this C and phi these two parameters very important for the foundation design for the foundation bearing capacity design the I mean how much amount of load foundation can carry this two parameters we can determine is based on these two parameters. So, these two parameters we have to determine in the laboratory we can determine these two parameters in different by this different test one is direct shear test generally for the sand then triaxial test conducted on sand and clay both and these are three types of test depending upon the drainage condition depending that is the consolidated drain test C D consolidated undrained test then consolidated unconsolidated undrained test u u. So, depending upon the we have a nature of whether it is the consolidated or unconsolidated drained or undrained these are three types of triaxial test. Another test which is conducted is unconfined compressive strength with this is suitable for the soil whose saturated clay that means phi value is equal to 0 that mean the shear strength of the saturated clays can be calculated for this type of test star wave equal to C u C u is the undrained cohesion of the soil and here if the unconfined compressive strength is q u then if you divide it by two that means there will be the C u. So, half of the q u will give us the C u. So, that is the unconfined compressive stress divided by two that will give us the C u for unconfined compressive strength test. Now, so these are the typical sand or the clay consolidated drain test C D stress stress strength relationship during shearing. So, in the triaxial test if I take this axis this is the axial strain axis and this is the deviatoric stress then this curve will give us for the this curve is for the loose sand or normally consolidated clay and this curve is for the dense sand or over consolidated clay. Now, from these two curves we can see that for the loose sand or normally consolidated clay we will not get any prominent failure or peak of the in the curve, but in the dense sand or over consolidated clay we will get a prominent peak is peak in the stress strain curve, but ultimately we will get these two value will approaches a steady as a same condition or same level and this things after this stress that is called the residual stress. Now, so similarly if I get the axial strain and the volume change curve then for the loose sand or normally consolidated clay volume will decrease and it will decrease always as we apply the load as we apply the load volume will decrease, but for the dense sand or over consolidated clay as we apply the load initially the volume will decrease, but after that the volume will increase. So, here after certain point the volume will increase or this is due to the reason that for the loose sand as we apply the load the voids in between the soil grains that will reduce and it will reduce continuously, but in case of dense sand because this void is already in a packed condition the void is void in the soil grains between the soil grains already is in the very less amount it is in the packed condition. So, if we further apply if we further apply the stress there this volume will slightly reduce again it will become a very dense condition, but again if we apply the load then dense condition will become a loose condition that means the loose means the void in between the soil particles that will increase. So, once become very dense then after that if we apply the stress it is become again the volume will this pores volume will increase. So, that is why this volume will change for the dense sand. For similar curve we will get for the direct shear test also this is for the dense sand and this is for the loose sand and similar volume versus shear strength. So, this is a shear displacement and shear stress and previous curve was axial stress and deviatoric stress axial strain and deviatoric stress, but the similar nature of the curve will get. Now, so this in the successive lectures you will get some corrections are required. So, that in the different lectures so this is the additional slide that is put here. So, in the lecture 3 in this time 57.16 meter it is recorded the soil as well rather it should be in situ test replace this reference by this reference. So, in lecture 4 at this 19.20 minute replace refactored by refactored raise lecture 9 52.40 minute it is foundation on layer soil instead of wrap foundation. In lecture 15 unit of unit weight is kilo Newton per meter cube not kilo Newton per meter square lecture 29 it tells to discuss about a breast cut, but not discuss there at 2 minute it is reinforced foundation instead of RCC foundation as said. In lecture 30 modulus of sub grade reaction is stress per unit deflection not stress per unit area. In lecture 31 the reference of K H expression is Richard's and Elmins 1979. Lecture 34 replace Boussonic 1985 by Boussonic 1985 and the spelling is you have to change there. And in lecture 34 replace non-linear V R F soil by non-linear V V R F soil and in the V R by linear model W 0 can be replaced by Q 0. So, these are the few corrections that in the different lectures that we will follow in the come in series of lectures. So, this is the introductory lecture that I have taken. So, in the from the next lecture onward I will start the different models that the first I will start over the model 1 module 1 that means, the soil exploration then we will start module 2, 3, 4 and 5. So, in the next class I will start about the soil exploration. Thank you.


This is Siddhas Kumar Uttke working as assistant professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering Walchen Institute of Technology Sholapur. Today we will be discussing on programs on C++, the second part. In the last video lecture, we had discussed about how to write a program using function definition within the class and how to write a program using function definition outside the class. So today we will be discussing some applications of that thing. Learning outcome. At the end of this session, students will be able to understand and write programs using basic concepts of object oriented programming. Now we will be just checking how to write a program to find the largest of two numbers using class. It includes a concept called nesting of member functions. So what do you mean by nesting? I think you have heard about nest, the bird nest, it consists of branches and also we have seen nested ifs in which one if else contains another one more if else and this comes on repeating based on the conditions until we achieve the target or the conditions whatever the given. So the same thing we will be calling a function within another function that is nesting of member functions. So in the last video lecture we had wrote a program, C++ program which includes the header files. The same thing will be applying to this program. It also includes the header file called hash include ioStream which means input output stream header file then using namespace std. It means namespace is used to increase the scope of the identifiers std stands for standard. Then I will be declaring a class with class name called set1. Then I will be opening the class bracket then I will say I will declare the two variables m comma n as I want two numbers of data type integer then public is the access specify m comma n are private member variables. So the default access specify is private. So public is the access specify for functions. Then I will say void input this is the member function declaration then void display it's a display is the function okay I'm declaring one more function to get the output on the screen then there's a that the last thing I want to find the largest of two numbers using the largest function the written type is integer. It will return some value then I'll be ending the class. Now I have to define this functions so while defining the functions outside the class I think we had to use the scope resolution operator in the last visual lecture this is the same thing will be repeated the written type of the largest is integer and it belongs to class called set1 scope resolution operator largest function. Then I'll say what is the largest function doing it's finding the largest of two numbers so I'll put a condition if m is greater than or equal to n then it will return value called m else return value n then I'll be ending this function then I'll be defining one more function called input it's written type is void it belongs to call a class called set1 scope resolution operator I'm defining the function outside the class. Then again I'll say input what is the input function doing it's getting the input values of m and n so I'm using the cout statement then afterwards that is the insertion operator what is insertion operator doing what if the text or the string is typed after this insertion operator will be automatically displayed on the screen then I'll be using scene that extraction operator m extraction operator n then the last thing is defining the display function it's written type is void it belongs to class called set1 scope resolution operator then I'll be using cout statement so the largest value is largest function I'm calling endel operator you can use slash n and endel based on the condition slash n can be used in the string that is within the double inverted commas endel can be used after the string you can't use slash n after the string as it will prop an error then after this the main function from where the actual execution of the program starts integer mean then I'll be looking in object set1 a it means a is an object created it's an instance of the class called set1 then I'll be calling the function input a dot input then afterwards a dot display function then return 0 I'll be ending it so when I say a dot input I'll put the values called 2 and 3 so 2 is greater than or equal to 3 is it true no it's a false condition it means 3 will be the output displayed on the screen finally now pause this video for a few seconds now try to write the above program using function definition inside the class we'll be checking on one more program that is write a c++ program to define a class employing having members employ ID employ name basic salary and functions except and display calculate DA that is 25% of basic salary HRA equal to 800 in cup tags equal to 15% of basic salary then display the pace slip using appropriate output format so what are the inputs or what are the data members that are the employee ID employee name basic salary what are the member functions except and display so for this again it starts with the header files that is the hash include IO stream input output stream then using namespace STD namespace for increasing the scope of the identifiers STD stands for the word standard then I have to clear it what is the class name class name is employee so I'll declare the class class employee then afterwards open the class then what are the data members employee ID employee ID basically it's in the form of data type integer it doesn't have a fractional part then afterwards character ename of 100 so maximum 100 characters can be first without space then afterwards float basic salary HRA DA income tax net salary basic salary HRA DA income tax net salary all the salaries will be in the form of floating point format it means it will have a fractional part it doesn't have a integer part then afterwards public is the access specified so this all the functions are accessed by only the member functions so this all the data members that is employee ID character ename float basic salary are accessed by the member functions so which are the member functions accessing it that is the accept details that I am defining this function what is accept details doing it's actually getting the input of the user then afterwards see out enter employee ID seen extraction operator EID then see out insertion operator enter employee name then seen extraction operator ename then afterwards see out enter basic salary so here I'm using again insertion operator so till this time insertion operator you can write either in the one format or in separate formats then seen extraction operator basic salary I'm calling this variables then HRA equal to 800 it's a constant value afterwards DA is equal to 0.25 into basic salary I'm defining the formulas income taxes 0.15 into basic salary then I'll calculate the net salary that is basic salary plus DA that is duty allowance plus HRA minus income tax then I'll be ending this function accept it is then again void display details in void display details it will display the word of the output on the screen so it has it should be in the this proper format see out I'll be ending this slash and I have used it's okay because I'm using it within a string double quotes then afterwards see out slash and again employee ID I'll be calling that particular variable then see out slash and employee name again double quote again I'm using the insertion operator ename then see out slash and basic salary again the insertion operator I'm calling that particular basic underscore salary then see out HRA same I am calling the variable see out DA I'm calling that particular variable see out insertion operator DA I'm calling again the variable see out slash and income tax I'm calling that particular variable I underscore tax see out afterwards I'm printing the final value so this is how I have ended the first member functions second member for this is how I have ended the second member function afterwards I'll be ending the class then I'll be using the main function from where the actual execution of program starts then afterwards employee E it means employees the class and is the object created so if I call E dot except underscore details so it will take the employee ID name basic salary all this where data will be inserted into that particular variables when I say E dot display underscore details it will calculate the values and display it on the screen then read the zero these are the following references thank you


Good day, viewers. Welcome to Ang Kalusugan Ay Karapatan. I am Dr. Menchit Padilia and today's topic will be Filipino resilience in the times of COVID-19. The American Psychological Association defines resilience as the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, threats, or significant sources of stress. In simpler terms, it is bouncing back from difficult experiences. We Filipinos are known for our resiliency interface of disaster. The current pandemic has brought about sadness, fear, and anxiety in facing the unseen enemy. But these reactions are normal reactions to not abnormal situation. Psychological factors have a great impact on the mental well-being of individuals. Our deepened connections with family and friends, faith in the supreme being, and the Bayanian spirit help us rise above the circumstance. This also emphasizes that the delivery of essential mental health care should start in the community. The state has recognized the basic rights of all Filipinos to mental health in the Promulgation of Republic Act 11036 or the Mental Health Law. This law affirms the basic right of all Filipinos to mental health. One of the objectives of the law is to integrate strategies promoting mental health in educational institutions, workplace, and in communities. Our episode for today will focus on psychosocial issues affecting resilience and mental health in the Philippines. Welcome to another episode of Kalusugan Ay Karapatan. We are fortunate to have with us today Dr. Anselma Tronco, chair of the Department of Psychiatry at Philippine General Hospital, and Dr. Laurel A. Melanie Elma, head of the section of Child and Adolescence to share with us their expertise on the topic in today's episode, Filipino Resilience in the Time of COVID-19. Good morning. Good day, Dr. Lani and Dr. Nonet. Let's ask the first question then, Dr. Lani, what is resilience? Resilience in our context as of now is being able to adapt, being able to live in the new normal after all of the changes brought about by COVID-19 such as the quarantine, isolation, maybe fear, maybe grief, and then for children and adolescents for them to be able to continue with their development, to be able to achieve their developmental milestones in spite of the changes brought about by COVID-19. So what you're saying is that resilience, when you said adapting, it's really bouncing back despite all of the issues that you mentioned. And it's not really just for children, it's really for children and adults. So Dr. Nonet, so I heard about the bouncing back of children, but what about adults? Do we also have to bounce back and adapt to the situation? We all bounce back. Most of us, we do not become shells of our former selves because of the disaster. But I think what is not very much emphasized and not being talked about is we have what is inherent in our culture. Our culture helps us bounce back and there are many not few. Okay, so let's maybe just tackle that part. Bouncing back for adults, how is it manifested? Assuming we have the same scenario of the COVID-19, I will ask both of you on how do adults bounce back and how do children bounce back. Let's start with Dr. Nonet. For example, when a person loses a job as a daily wage earner, some Filipinos at that level of society, what do they do? They learn to sell fruits and vegetables and fish, which they did that before to earn a living to survive, to feed their family. Or for example, when teachers like us cannot go to the hospital to teach and to do our work, what do we do? I learned how to connect with social media and learn Viber and Messenger and therefore now does not feel the physical isolation because I could work from home and I could connect through my gadget to the department of psychiatry. So what you're saying is that to become productive, you have to use another tool or come up with another way of earning a living and that way because of the situation, you're actually bouncing back, okay? What about in children? How does it work? Pa, pa, pa, ang lisil yan sa bata? Well, we have a change in situation, like they're now at home, they're used to being in school, being with their friends but they are now able to adjust to the family situation and the parents are also there to support them in terms of their resilience. Children may have their own resilience and the parents and caregivers are important in terms of supporting this resilience and even fostering this resilience. They may bounce back by keeping in touch in spite of not being able to go to school but they keep in touch through online just like in adults and they may also keep in touch with their elderly grandparents, so call them also online and maybe even learn new skills at home, being able to participate in chores at home and that will help them also adapt. They have responsibilities, new responsibilities and they will come out of this pandemic as more resilient. Okay, so is it normal for a person to be resilient? Yan ba e automatic na because of the current disaster? There's an innate thing inside me that will tell me that I have to be resilient. Does it work that way? The human impulse regardless of adversity is to grow well and healthy. Okay. That is the basic nature of the human being, even trees, even plants. Adversity brings out always the need to survive, the need to thrive, the need to grow. So that is the normal reaction to find another way to bounce back and adapt to the situation. But is it the same with children? Yes, it's the same with children. They may even be resilient in terms of the crisis that we are having now but they need more of the support. They need more support because they have not had experiences that will make them as resilient as adults. So they are also resilient but they will need our support so that they will be able to become more resilient and to come out of this pandemic being more resilient. Okay, I mean that's really nice to hear but then if you watch the television or listen to the radio, they don't talk about resilience at the beginning. They talk about psychosocial issues that have come to us, adults and children and I want to ask you now, what are those psychosocial issues that are we talking about? If we're saying that the automatic reaction is resilience, so what are these psychosocial issues that are being mentioned? Let's start with Dr. Nonnet. There has been a lot of studies globally about the nature of psychological reactions using instruments that document the population's reaction and what is written or what is shown in YouTube or the internet is that it's really post-traumatic stress disorder because disaster is traumatic, it's anxiety, it's depression, it's stress but we need to take caution when we interpret the data when they say 30 to 50% of these people who are in the pandemic like COVID-19 are anxious, depressed, have traumatic stress disorder or depression. Those data does not mean that 40 to 50% of us are ill. These reactions in fact should be better viewed as in this abnormal situation These are normal emotional reactions of normal human beings like us. Only a few, maximum 10% will actually be what we call ill and we'll need specific special psychiatric or psychological intervention. Okay. What about children, Dr. Lani? For children, when it comes to looking at the psychosocial perspective we have to look at their situation. For example, school closures, it's a very important situation that they have to adjust to as of now. Their life is in school, part of their support network is school and school closures affect so many children. They may have lost graduation ceremonies that they were looking forward to and also they may be receiving mental health services in schools and then this are no longer available. Another psychosocial situation that is important for children would be the effects of the quarantine, effects of the isolation, possible separation from their caregivers, from their parents. These are very important. And for children also grief, like if a parent is lost because of the illness they may be dealing with grief and the parent is usually the person who will be there when the child is fearful or when the child needs support and then what if the parent is the one that is lost during this situation. And our children are also vulnerable to the effects, the economic consequences of this pandemic. So child poverty may have many effects, like one of them would be increased in the learning gap because those who are in higher income families may be able to continue with online learning in spite of the school closures. They may be able to continue because they have internet, they have computer but what about our younger children? And also the psychosocial situation for children would include an increased studies have shown that there may be an increase in abuse, maltreatment, domestic violence during periods like this, like COVID-19. So there are many situations affecting them. So those are situations but what is the actual psychological concern because Dr. Nondit was saying that there's a level of anxiety that's heightened. So in children are you also talking about anxiety or is it more of depression? Or what is the response to the situations that you mentioned which are the more common ones? So the response depends on their age, on their developmental level. So in preschoolers we may see that they have fears of being alone, they may become more clingy towards their parents, they may have nightmares, sleep changes, appetite changes and they come out more in behavior. They may not be able to say and explain that I feel afraid, they may not even know that they are feeling afraid. They may just be angry or irritable, there may be an increase in temper tantrums but it's actually a reaction. For school age children, they may be able to talk about being anxious or being sad and then you can see them isolating themselves or may be being more clingy also or sometimes they may have appetite changes or even sleep changes, they can also have nightmares. And then for our teens, behavior and emotions also, they can talk about what they feel, they are usually very much involved when it comes to situations where there is discrimination or injustice, they know how to react already to our situation and then it may also be difficult for them to follow quarantine rules. So that can be a sign, a symptom when it comes to adolescence. So that's interesting, depending on the age group, the manifestation can be different and we have to be very conscious that for the younger age, they may not be able to express, they cannot say, I'm anxious, I'm sad, I'm afraid but actually in behavior it can manifest. Dr. Naudit was saying that this is normal. So it is, well of course it's normal to be anxious because we're all anxious, all of us are anxious but when do you know that it's becoming an abnormal level of anxiety? Dr. Naudit. There are two dimensions to do for. On top of feeling anxious, what is it that are the other things that the person is experiencing? Is it difficulty in concentrating? Is it difficulty in sleeping? Is it becoming irritable when you relate with others? Is it the inability to keep still and put attention so that you could accomplish tasks? A range of cluster or you're experiencing a lot of physical symptoms that make you feel that you're really sick and you are thinking what's wrong with me and you worry about it? And then the period, some people, it can be in a prolonged period that they already experience, for example, the feeling that they are really sick and they already even become feel depressed. Okay, so that's a good point. We're saying that anxiety is not really depression. Okay? And it is normal to be anxious when there's a new situation. So now my question is what is the definition of depression and how do you know or how will a family member know that somebody in the house is getting depressed? Depression at the first level is a human reaction. It's part of our lives. We feel sad. But when we become depressed to say that there is reason for concern, there are many other things beyond the feeling. We lose interest in things that usually make us feel pleasure. We could have difficulty in sleeping or we oversleep. We can overeat. We don't have appetite. We can't concentrate.  We can't move about or we just sleep the entire day or we lose the hope and we become even thinking of ending our lives and that not life is not worth living. Put all these together, the person becomes unable to again function and he will not be able to earn a living. He will not be able to relate to friends. He will isolate himself with people and eventually becomes a vicious cycle that is not worth it. So what you're saying is that if there is somebody in the house who seems to be who stopped moving on and becoming productive or let's say just started isolating himself from the rest that could be a sign that something is going on and that person may need professional help. So it's not always verbal. It can be something that you can observe. Is it the same with children because right now the concern is not just the children can watch television or play outside but the peer system in the adolescents different. So are we expecting the same reactions, Dr. Lani? Actually if we talk of criteria for the diagnosis of depression it's similar with children. So like what Dr. Tronkel told us different signs and symptoms. It's not just a feeling of being depressed but it has to be in combination with other signs and symptoms. What may be prominent in children and adolescents will be physical signs and symptoms. Like they say they have a headache, every day I have a headache or for younger kids, I don't want to go to school, masakitan can ko e. So the physical signs and symptoms may be the additional manifestation in children and also when they are irritable they may be both either depressed or anxious and it comes out as irritability tantrums. So the manifestations may be the same as in adults but we have additional behaviors to observe when it comes to children and adolescents. So it's really very different because in adults it can be a sign of withdrawal or isolation. You're saying now that it is possible in the children it will be possibly tantrums and having a lot of physical signs. So earlier Dr. Nonet was saying that out of all the patients who are anxious maybe about 90% will really just bring back to normal life and only 10% will need professional help. When we say they need professional help what does it mean? The first thing is really to determine whether or not this person is sick of what psychiatric condition. I think this is the first step. The correct diagnosis given a thorough assessment even through the internet it doesn't have to be face-to-face. The chancellor has come up with a system where there is a bayanihan in PGH. People can call and they can be scheduled for telemedicine in PGH. So there is no reason if you need help and assessment that you cannot be assessed because it's COVID. The important thing is that when you feel that you have emotionally responding beyond the normal reaction how the courage no fear in seeking help. I think that's the most important thing. With the correct diagnosis what is the most important thing that should be given attention that one to engage this person or you will be engaged to put your reaction in the context of a still normal human response there is a part that is normal and there is a part that needs to be treated with medication and with specific psychiatric intervention. Three, your family will have to be involved. Mainly because in the context of the Filipino patient we will not go far if we do not involve our families. So I actually want to commend the department of psychiatry because they have come up to remind for health workers and sometimes it only really means having to talk to somebody to tell you that it's actually okay it's alright and what you're feeling is also the same as what I'm feeling. We've mentioned many times Filipino resilience but in Tagalog what is resilience, Dr. Nonet and Dr. Lani? Is there a Tagalog word for resilience? I think to capture the Tagalog concept of wellness the first it's actually did that come to me, it only came to me when you brought that question. I think it's really the Tagalog speaking people who could relate to this very well lakas ng loob. lakas ng loob kasi yun yung nawaw wala when we become actually weaker yung isang nakikita natin at the describe ng hina ang loob so that's why I'm saying lakas ng loob might be a very good way of capturing resilience which is English. Paran sinasabi mo malakasan loob ko anuman ang manyari sa akin ay magagawan ko ito ng paraan. Kung mahina ang loob ko ay hindi na ako kikilo at magihintay na lang ako. So lakas ng loob. What about you Dr. Lany? What do you think is a good word for Filipino resilience in children? How do we describe it? Because when you're talking majority of our patients are now will speak in Tagalog and then say you cannot just tell them resilience tayong mga Pilipino. So what is your Tagalog word? Um Wala na ako exact na Tagalog word to describe resilience but I would agree that lakas ng loob would be a nice way of saying Ay salamat. Yes, yes even in children although it may be vague when it comes to talking with children if you just say lakas ng loob. With children we tend to be very concrete why we don't just say ay nako kailangan magpakabait ka you have to be very specific about what the behaviors are. What the behaviors for the child to be said to be mabait what are the behaviors required so maybe in children if we say resilience to be resilient we have to say the exact behaviors. To be able to follow the routines at home. To be able to be calm in spite of the changes at home to be able to keep quiet when you have to keep quiet to be able to play when it's time to play. So you may have to define resilience in very specific behavioral outcomes with children. Again the management is different. In adults we are talking about moving forward in productivity and for children we want to be specific with certain attitudes. We've talked about fear, sadness, anxiety, depression. I think what's important now is how do we transition adults and adolescents and children moving from a world of being so negative right now because of the anxiety to something more positive. Dr. Nonep. There are many points of you to answer that question but I personally feel that it has not been quite discussed, talked about and not being given much attention. We as a people as Filipinos we may have to take a hard look at what is actually embedded in each one of us as a value. We have the values that will make us resilient in COVID-19. One. We are fearful, anxious, depressed. We are actually grieving in a community. There is communal grief and what does that lead to? In this communal grief we try to find meaning in this loss. And what do we hear? We see the sense of community in the Bayanihan spirit despite our difficulty we are able to see what can we do to be part of the process of healing in this COVID. That is very Filipino. Two. Before COVID and more during COVID we are really a prayerful people and this sense of connectedness and spirituality in the accounts of people who survived COVID. They survived COVID. They almost died. The single most important thing that they feel made them hold on and live is the sense of prayer and connectedness to God. More than the medicine, more than many things they feel that it was God's connection that's two. Three. In the past, 20 years ago, 30 years ago when disaster strikes, there are many stories about how humor makes us feel relieved I mean, the respite from the sense of drudgery and pain in Pablo Cagendi Oro in Rial, there is still a sense of humor and sense of positivism in the Filipino. That is, I think, we should recognize and we should look into ourselves. So we have that sense. Four. The very language when we ask, Kamustaka. It's not how are you, how is the weather in the western world. Kamustakan means I want to find out how you are feeling at this point. It is a sense of human connection in our day-to-day life. So put all these together. There are a lot in us embedded in a culture which is in each one of us that makes us resilient as a people. So Dr. Nonet, sometimes it's we have to do it consciously and I think that's what's lacking among ourselves and even the current situation. We don't talk about the good things that are happening to us. We only talk about the challenges and the obstacles and the bad things that are happening. So do you suggest that we make this like an exercise for everybody that we explore what we can be grateful for? That kind of point of view, gratefulness, if you pause a little, if you ask what is it that we should be grateful for I think it's going to spin to draw and have an internal discourse in our minds or among our friends and you'll be amazed that you'll end up feeling good and happy because there are many things that are very good that are also happening in this pandemic. Many things but we need to have an internal discourse and we need to converse and talk about it. It's up to Donny. Yes. What about Dr. Lani? Let's talk about children. Is this a good thing to work on? Actually, there are beneficial consequences of this pandemic. Like the parents are at home, there is increased social support for these children and maybe the parents have values for them. The values of as Dr. Tron mentioned being grateful, the value of humor may be translated into value of play with children they can benefit from the presence of the parents during this time of pandemic to be able to absorb all of these values that we as Filipinos have. So it's similar but we have to transmit it to our children. But maybe first of all, since there's a lot of anxiety, maybe even confusion, maybe the kids do not really understand it very well. Maybe they have their own questions. We would also have to speak to them at a level that they can understand. Like for preschoolers we have story books in Filipino that we can read to them, we can read them together and they give information about COVID and how to protect themselves during these times of COVID and there are videos that you can watch together and the children can be help to be able to do something like for PGH, for the healthcare workers we ask children to make drawings and to submit them to the section of child psychiatry some made drawings, some made art artistic productions and we compiled all of these and gave them to the healthcare workers. So this will make the children feel that there is something I can do during this pandemic I can be productive and responsible also during the pandemic and for teens they are also able to do a lot like they have been able to make masks they have been able to make face shields and then donated this to hospitals and maybe even there were some students who tried to find donors to help a particular institution so we are able to empower also our children and adolescents so the message I'm getting is that there has to be a conscious effort to talk about resilience to talk about the positive things that COVID has brought to our lives. We talked a lot about PGH but do we have this, do we have these services throughout the country, Dr. Nonnet because I think everybody is anxious so we've got to find out how are we going to reach to the 100 million Filipinos right now of them being anxious with the current situation again I would like to put this premise disaster is danger and opportunity we always talk about danger and suffering but we need to highlight the opportunity that COVID brings so in that perspective from the viewpoint of mental health because I'm an advocate for mental health in the country this is the opportunity for the formal health system to respond to engage in conversations about emotional reactions to the crisis and that it's the best thing we can do to make a survival so is this available in the community Dr. Nonnet I know we have very limited psychiatrist but how are we going to reach out to all of this to all the Filipinos like the health system the mental health and emotional aspects of health is the last in the list even in terms of money in terms of training in terms of discourse so very nil but I'd like to say that hopefully because of this people will listen and say let's invest in mental health in the community because there is only 700 psychiatrists in the country we cannot respond to the level of the committee but the psychiatrists could help people in the local health system the barangay and the doctors and the nurses we could help them acquire some skills to engage social issues that are relevant to becoming well so what is in the mental health law that's going to push for what you are recommending it is already a requirement the universal health care has in it mental health as a particular aspect of the universal health care and so since the Philippines is devolved from the province to the district to the rural health unit at the barangay there will be a cadre of people with a level of expertise defined by field health there will be remuneration or cost of it and then there will be guidelines on how people will be able to provide the service depending on the kind of need at the level of the barangay that is a dream work but it can be done because there is a technology social media is there medicine work the tools to make people feel better and have the lakas na lob is also there and as a people the Filipino health worker is a feeling people so it is not difficult to actually create the services okay that's good so what are we looking at how do we look at how we will deal with these issues now in a new normal I'm going to ask Dr. Lani because 50% of the population is really pediatric and that means you've got 50 million and even if you just have a fraction of that 50 million with these kind of problems how are we going to deal with it in the new normal well since most of our children are supposed to be in school I think it's very important that we are able to bring back learning it can be online learning but if possible if there are other measures that can be done for them to be able to go back to their schools because in the past we have made use of schools the teachers the guidance counselors to be able to reach out to these children to be able to reach out to all of them nationwide but we can device programs for teachers to be able to train them to pick up problems in the children and to be able to manage them at the level of the schools and we can also reach out to the pediatricians because they are all over the country and then they are in touch with these children and adolescents so we can speak with them and maybe manage them initially so the ones that will be referred to us will be the really difficult and complicated ones but they can be managed already in the community through our schools, the teachers and the pediatricians so the message is handling mental health cannot be left to the psychiatrist we have to engage the different sectors national government to local government the educational system as well as the network also among the physicians so just one final message from our two guests as our Dr. Lani final message to our viewers and the general public and to the doctors so to our viewers we have to believe in the resiliency of children we have to believe in it and then to foster, support it maybe teach coping strategies if needed sometimes it will just be being there with them, accompanying them on this journey of resilience and for our doctors maybe if you are just caring, you are a caring physician that is enough for the mental health needs of the children and adolescents and if in spite of being caring supportive, it's not enough then please do refer to a mental health professional I'll bring it to my most important thought that take a hard look within ourselves discourse within yourselves and friends many values in us that makes us survive this and make us resilient our sense of prayer and spirituality our connectedness with friends and family our sense of community captured in the word by any hand in the way we engage one another and start a conversation which is really talking about how you and I feel and most important in the world the sense of humor because laughter is a single most important action that makes us feel better regardless of the circumstances well thank you Dr. Lani and Dr. Nonet thank you for explaining Filipino resilience and telling us that we have it and that means we'll be able to get over this crisis marana salamat sa inyong lahat the Chinese character for crisis what's danger and opportunity in the same breath this pandemic brought about fear sadness and loss of control our connectedness our sense of family and community and faith our core values that are embedded in us making us Filipinos resilient in the time of COVID-19 thank you for watching kalusugan ay karapatan


Hello and welcome to Newsclick. Today we are going to discuss the crisis of the jet airways which seems to have gone belly up. We have had thousands of jet employees demonstrating in different parts of the world. The lenders have seized the aircraft, the leasers have taken back the aircraft, very few aircraft now left with the jet airways. To discuss this with us, we have D. Raghunandan who has been watching the aviation industry with us for quite some time. This, is it the larger crisis of the aviation industry, the passenger aircraft industry in the country or is it something which is specific to jet only? I think the answer to that is both. There are problems in the larger civil aviation sector and there are problems created by the specific directions taken by jet airways. So, let me address the larger issues first. India started off its privatization process with a few full service carriers and later opened up to allow a few low cost carriers, mainly Deccan Airways for example and the full service was jet. Compared to the European industry, although we call them low cost carriers, they are really in effect low fare carriers because we do not have separate airports, we do not have separate terminals, the facilities enjoyed by the low fare carriers are the same as, so the only thing that they can cut, one is to cut some costs and the second is to lower the fares. Over a period of time, the cost, the fare difference between the so called full service carriers and the low cost carriers has narrowed because the market is loaded towards lower fares. Clearly, if I get a cheaper fare, I do not care that I am not getting lunch or dinner. But it is also indicative of the false idea created about the large aspirational Indian middle class with a huge growth in the aviation sector. The fact is that the aviation sector growth has also been driven by low fares. So what you are saying is expansion of the civil aviation sector has been driven by low fares and that is meant that the full service air aviation industry are actually running below cost and effectively the margins are very thin it has affected air India and jet which are full service airlines which used to have higher cost much more adversely than the rest of the sector. And it had earlier driven Kingfisher out of business because his costs were too high and he refused to lower his fares more. Jet airways still has roughly 50 percent higher costs per passenger than the low cost carriers. Not because of parking charges, terminal charges, fuel costs because these are all the same. But they continued with the old practice of paying more for their aircraft leasing at higher costs, paying higher wages to staff, having more staff than elsewhere. They even pay more for their catering than other airlines do, thinking that they can recover this with that. But they can't do higher fares because the market is driving down fares too. So I think this is a crisis which today has come to bite jet airways but sooner or later going to bite all full service carriers. Kingfisher is gone, jet air is in crisis, air India is in a very deep financial crisis. So you really talk of Vistara which is a new one for instance okay and there aren't many else. No so therefore one is that I think the Indian civil aviation sector has to evolve new models which are like hybrid models. I'm just going to park this for the time being. So what you're saying is there's a structural problem which has now affected jet as well. Now if I look at what the jet problem is there are a couple of other issues that you've raised. One is the fact that they leased at higher cost which makes no economic sense. They bought aircraft at higher cost which also doesn't make any economic sense. And what else is specific to jet which has brought them to this pass? The second issue which is specific to jet is actually jet has been for a long time in fact ever since its inception been gaming the system and in classic crony capitalist mode has kept shifting policy goalposts in its favor. The jet prevented Tata's from entering the aviation sector for 16 years by why do you say jet was the one who did it? Because at that time jet was the only private sector airline and a policy decision was instituted to say no foreign airline can invest in the Indian domestic aviation sector. Jet already had 20% share from Kuwait airways and from Gulf air. It divested those which it was prepared to do so long as it could keep Tata Singapore out and this policy lasted 16 years to do this. Finally when government did open up the sectors to foreign airlines then at that point jet had already diversified itself into both a full service and a low cost carrier when it took over Sahara etc. So that was one policy fiddle that they did. They also got permission to have 100% NRI ownership. The only NRI owned airline was Nareesh Goyal's jet airways. That was also a policy that lasted 15 years. So they have done everything possible also. So now they've got a coming in because finally when the government said okay you can have open up jet airways took advantage of that and brought in etihad. But interestingly this was done a year after King Fischer collapsed. Maybe if it had come a year earlier the Malia would also have taken in a foreign airline investor but he didn't. The policy came a year after that and the only survivor again was Nareesh Goyal's. But it's also interesting at least Nareesh Goyal had aircraft unlike King Fischer which had at the end of it I think only two aircrafts everything else was leased. But coming to Nareesh Goyal so this is what you're saying is he changed the rules of the game continuously but vis-à-vis the economic viability of jet. So there were three things. Initially the model that all full service carriers followed is we will offer premium services in return for higher fares and premium services meant better staff more staff better livery inside the aircraft better terminal facilities lounges etc etc but like we were discussing when the fares got pushed downwards costs remained high but the other interesting thing with jet airways did was that it kept making payments to a separate company called Jet Air which is 100% owned by Mr Goyal again as consultancy charges irrespective of what is happening with debt with losses with etc. So that's a cushion that Mr Goyal has built for himself. Even if the airline sink his private income continued as the airlines were sinking and therefore the lenders are the one who got left holding the bag and of course jet employees who have suffered a huge loss they have not been paid for some of them six to eight months and so on. So it has been done on the back of the essentially the lenders and the employees. Yes particularly the lenders the employees frankly have enjoyed several privileges which other airline employees have not had but that's what jet was giving them but that's what the point is that you have not paid them salaries for x number of months and therefore it is on the back of that that you've carried on operations while you're still taking money out of the company by paying as you said jet air consultancy services for running the company down to the ground that's right that's that's the way I mean I'm seeing it as Narej Goyal versus his employees in this particular case but of course you're right the bigger length bigger share of the losses are being held by A the lenders and now I guess Mr Etihad would be doing the day the invested money in it in lieu of which they would have got essentially certain routes which is what they have paid for probably that's right and there was a time when Etihad was prepared to invest more provided Narej Goyal stepped aside he wasn't willing to which he wasn't willing to do till the very last minute and that delay of about six months in Narej Goyal's departure has I'm afraid made a big difference to the future of jet because losses have accumulated hugely lessers have taken back their aircraft so today jet airways is left with far fewer assets than Etihad in terms of aircraft its parking slots and its landing and takeoff slots in Indian airports are under threat airports have this I have given notice to jet that if they don't get their act together in a couple of months which doesn't look likely now those slots will also go which are major assets of any airline operating so now there is even less incentive for bidders to pay a higher price and for stake in the airline so unfortunately I think it's the lenders who will have to take a haircut a loss in this and bulk of the lenders are public sector owned banks which means the taxpayer is going to have to pay for this again. Ragu there is no haircut if the airlines do not survive it's really going to be you know distressed sale of the assets which as you said are very few so it's really going to be huge loss for the banks again and this is for not for public benefit but for private benefit in this particular case no no likelihood of revival of jet if your prognosis is correct very very unlikely and the bankruptcy and insolvency structures which have been set up for precisely such eventualities has not been evoked in the hope of some bailout package coming out so you haven't got that you haven't got this I'm afraid the future for jet airways is bleak. Thank you very much for being with us and discussing probably the way that Kingfisher has gone is also the way jet will go probably with much greater damage to various people including the employees and the lenders. This is all the time we have a news click today do keep watching news click do visit our website and look at our YouTube channel


So when you wash your hands, yes Your hands are clean. However, when you touch your filthy mobile phone What happens is you contaminate yourself all over again. If we don't decontaminate our mobile phones It means that we negate the hand washing


From the Computer History Museum, in the heart of Silicon Valley, it's theCUBE. Covering Food IT, Fork to Farm. Brought to you by Western Digital. Hi, welcome back to theCUBE. We are at the fourth annual Food IT Fork to Farm event at the Computer History Museum. I'm Lisa Martin with my co-host Jeff for very excited to welcome our next guest, Paul Noglos, who is the executive producer of the Forbes Ag Tech Summit. Paul, welcome to theCUBE. Thank you. So, we are in the heart of Silicon Valley right now, but you are the creator of the Forbes Ag Tech Summit, which happens tomorrow, June 28th and 29th, in Salinas, the salad bowl of America. Talk to us about this event that you created. What was the genesis of it, and why Salinas? We were doing a series at Forbes in 2014 called Reinventing America, and we were going around cities, mostly in the Midwest, but we were looking at industries that were really reinventing themselves and remaking themselves. So, we focused on advanced manufacturing in Chicago, we focused on healthcare in Indianapolis, then we went up to Detroit, and we focused on reinventing the workforce. So, we did a series of five shows over 15 months, and the last one, we thought we were going to reinvent the farm, and we thought we were going to do it somewhere in the Midwest, but we got a proposal from the city of Salinas, and they said, why don't you come out and see what we've got here? And it's the salad bowl of the world, and I knew Monterey pretty well from having lived out here, and we used to take our kids down to the Monterey Aquarium, but I never really knew Salinas, or the Salinas Valley. So, I got a tour from the former mayor, Dennis Donahue, and it was just, we were blown away by how much was going on, and really, it's become the epicenter of ag tech innovation, and we're just thrilled at Forbes that we were able to be part of that, and to support it, and the summit has grown dramatically over the three years, and so we're really looking forward to a terrific show. Tell us about the growth that you've achieved in this summit, the opportunities, the types of people that are there, and what they're going to be able to see and discuss. Yeah, and we started out with about 400 participants in the summer of 2015. We had 20 startups, but it's really mushroomed from there. This year we'll have over 650 participants. We'll have 50 companies in the innovation showcase. We've expanded the field demos and the plant tours to a full day. About a good third of our audience are farmers, and that's really been kind of a secret sauce for us, is that, and we've also, we've priced the summit right. There's a lot of summits out there, and people are starting to get big numbers for an afternoon at the Marriott Marquis. Ours is really different. We've kept the rate low enough so that farmers can participate, and we love to have everyone outside. We do it all under giant, white tent right out in front of the Taylor Building on Main Street in Salinas, and then we also have people out at the local processing plants and in the local fields. We go out to Hartnell's Alasaw campus, and we use the USDA test field. It's interesting, because Salinas has been at the forefront of ag innovation long time ago. It was one of the first refrigerated railcars to try to get fresh lettuce for salad in Chicago. I remember reading about that a number of times. The first couple didn't work very well. Well, no, and it's really amazing, and it's like, it's been such a privilege to deal with folks like Bruce Taylor, and it was Bruce's father and grandfather, you know, who really, they were the pioneers of iceberg lettuce. And so, yeah, the more you get into it, you know, I've gotten really passionate about it and the history and everything else, and, but you know, you see the continuation today, and with the developments.  And this is really the cutting edge of ag tech innovation. So I'm curious, we cover a lot of big tech events, right? Usually more on the infrastructure side. This is really on the application side. So as you look at cloud and edge computing and big data and mobile and some of these big trends, I wonder if you can just highlight some of the ones that really jump out to you that have enabled some of this innovation. Autonomous vehicles, obviously, Gerald, they're seeing so much of it, but now they're putting it to work. Yeah, and I think it's, I think you're absolutely right. I mean, there is so much going on. You know, we look at infield robotics, we look at precision automation, precision agriculture, and you know, the use of big data and the ability to harness that and to really apply it. You know, it's changed a lot of things. It's changed the way we can grow. It's also changing consumers' tastes and what consumers want. And that's a lot of what we're talking about here today. So it really has been revolutionary. I think, you know, we need the industry. We need the industry to really agriculture itself to really get together. I think sometimes there's still, this is looked at as competitive advantage. So what we find interesting is, are we going to move beyond, you know, competitive advantage and what's good for your plant or your farm? You know, is there going to be a collective effort to really start applying this across the agricultural system? One of the interesting things that they talked about this morning in the general session was, and the theme of the event, we're so used to farm to table, farm to fork. And I looked at that and went, fork to farm. The consumer is so empowered, very demanding, right? We want cage free, we want organic, we want hormone free, we want, we've changed the distribution model. How are, but also there's this paradox of the consumer not wanting factory farms.  Well, I think it's really the key. It's that, you know, you have different, you have different farmers and different processors. You know, there's a wide spectrum in terms of adoption and in terms of innovation, but they are putting it to work. And that's why there's so much interest in the startups and there's so much interest in how can we do this more efficiently? How can we do this better? I think it used to be that you basically needed a crisis like the E. Coli crisis, you know, for things to really change in the industry. But hopefully we've moved beyond that and that it's not going to take a crisis for folks to really start embracing these new technologies. Because then the other trend that's come up a number of times in kind of doing some background on this show is that there's not only kind of the very inorganic, you know, very specialty demands of the consumer. On the other hand, the population is growing and we've got to feed 10 billion people, I think the number is projected by 2050. There's no new dirt being created last time I checked except in Hawaii, how are the farmers embracing that challenge specifically? Cause it's kind of this bipolar thing. One you want to increase specialization on the other hand, you got to get yields way, way up at massive scale. Well, and that's it. And it's, you know, it really is looking at how do you increase yield? I mean, this is a lot of the interest, you know, this is a lot of the interest in genetics and everything else and looking at the real science of growing. But it's also interesting, you know, and this is a little bit further afield, but like I was talking to Bruce Taylor even about kale, you know, 10 years ago, kale was considered a, you know, a throwaway crop. Right. It wasn't even harvested. And now you look at the impact that kale's having on the American diet. And, you know, so you have a crop that represented really nothing, you know, probably as recently as five years ago. Right. Now it's an important crop. So there's all sorts of innovation. There's all sorts of different ways of looking at things. But I do think, I do think for the most part, I mean, that's the reason we have these things, you know, and we've always been very adamant that, you know, we don't want to get people together to talk about 2050 or, you know, we're not futurists. We're looking at near term solutions to current problems. So what we're really interested in, you know, what does the farm of 2020 look like? Not the farm of 2050. Right, right. As we look at California that's just come out of a severe drought, the event being hosted and the salable of really the world, what are some of the challenges that are really kind of common across farms, across the heartland of America, water, you know, planting and efficiencies and harvesting our supply chain? Are you seeing a lot of commonalities? There are a lot of commonalities. And I think it's a mistake. We actually have a conversation tomorrow. You know, I kind of feel like the assumption is, oh, well all the water problems are over and the water problems aren't over. They may be over for a short period of time, but I am fully convinced that, you know, this is going to be two years ago, this was the topic du jour at our conference. I'd say this year probably the major topic is labor and labor you see having tremendous impact. And across the country. And so you've got the issues of immigration, you've got the issues of a minimum wage that, you know, certain farms are saying, we don't know how we're going to do this. We don't know how we're going to make this work. But the major pressures, things like that, water, labor, those haven't gone away and those haven't been solved, but that's why we're all getting together. That's why we're here today and that's why we're going to be down in Salinas Wednesday and Thursday. And on the labor front, it's that that you talked about, the California minimum wage is going up quite considerably. But it's also things like an aging farming population and you can see value there from a big data perspective, be able to capture, facilitate some automation and derive the next generation of the farmers. And one of the way we're actually going to close our conference on Thursday afternoon is I'm going to moderate a discussion on farmer of the future because we've all heard it. You know, we've all heard it time and time again. The average age of the American farmer, I think it's pushing 70 years old and there's no succession planning and that nobody gets into this business unless they're basically born into it or forced into it in some way. And what we're finding is it's not really true. We're putting up four young farmers who are really making a difference and who are applying innovation to be able to build their farms. And so we think it's actually more hopeful and more interesting than may, you know, in first blush that, yeah. So we do think there is a future for farming and we're determined to explore that to its fullest. That's fantastic. Oh, there'd be a fly on the wall in that conversation. Well, Paul, thank you so much for joining us on theCUBE, Mabushi, the best of luck in your third annual Forbes Ag Tech Summit in the salable. We haven't been to Salinas as Paul said, it's worth a drive down there. It's incredible. Roll down the window, take a nice breath in. It's a beautiful place. And again, we wish you the best of luck at that summit and look forward to hearing some other great things that come out of that. Thank you. And we want to thank you for watching theCUBE at the Food IT fork to farm event. I'm Lisa Martin for my co-host, Jeff Frick. Stick around, we'll be right back.