Hello everybody and welcome back to some more Python programming tutorials. I'm Rudolf Null and today we're continuing to look at the TextWrap module in Python. Remember this module is built in so you can use it kind of no matter where you are, whether or not you're on Windows or Linux. Now in this video we're going to take a look at the TextWrapper class and object. In the last video we took a look at these two functions, Wrap and Fill, within the module. And what these did was that they created actually an object of this TextWrapper class, called a function that was part of the object in the class and then managed to delete the object. So the TextWrap module documentation kind of gives us a warning that these functions that we've used before use an object and then remove it, the exact situation that I just explained to you. The instance is not reused. So for applications that do this many times, whether they wrap or fill text a bunch, it's more efficient to just create a single TextWrapper object and use it as you need to. So let's do this in our code. What I'll do is I'll create a TextWrapper object. That's just a variable name that I'll give it. And I'll say that's TextWrap.TextWrapper. Cool. Now what we can do is we can have the same functionality that we did beforehand. Let's say TextWrapper object rather than using the TextArea module itself. Now it's going to be calling from inside the object. We'll do the same thing with our TextWrapper fill. And we should have the same display as what we had last time. Let's check it out. Wrap takes exactly two arguments and three are given. Now that's because of the self keyword. And it does not need a width argument because it's actually part of the object's attributes. So let's remove width here. Now if I run this, you can see that that's working just fine. Now when I said that width is part of the TextWrapper object's attributes, that's because TextWrapper, the object that you create, is special in that it can contain more flags and more arguments that are kind of inherent to the object. We could of course have passed those into the earlier functions when we called just within the module TextWrap.Wrap. Remember it's set up here. Optional keyword arguments correspond to the instance attributes of TextWrapper. So we could pass it exactly to the solitary functions, but we can also give them to the object. So let's take a look at some of these attributes right now. Of course, we've got width. So we can say width is equal to 70. Or width is equal to width. I would think that would work. Yep. And now let's change that right here to 100 or 20 or any variation. Keep in mind that when we're calling it, we're calling these attributes or giving this object these properties and attributes within the constructor. And we're using keyword arguments to actually give them a value. So me saying width equals width is probably a little confusing. I'll just change the variable name to width variable. And width should equal the width variable that we have. Because width is the keyword for the TextWrapper object that represents the width. You can see right down here as instance attributes and keyword arguments to the constructor, that's how you actually set them. Width over here is the name of it. If we run this, it has the exact same functionality. Width is going to equal the width variable that we have that determines this. Sweet. Okay. Now let's take a look at something else because I think width is pretty simple. In our documentation, what have we got next? ExpandTabs. By default, this is true. And it says if true, all the tab characters and text will be expanded to spaces using the ExpandTabs method of text. Okay, and text is a string, remember. So that means that it's calling the ExpandTabs function on the string to begin with and has a similar functionality with all the tab characters in the text we're passing in. Let's take a look at how it works. If I add some tab variables, or at least tab characters, sorry, in our string, and I display it, what do we get? All these, you can see in our output, these dots, that's the blind text way of telling me that these are spaces. They're not actually tab characters. They've been converted to spaces. Now if I set this to equal false, ExpandTabs equals false. Let's see what functionality we have now. Oh, now it's only three spaces rather than expanding the tabs. It doesn't make them to become tab characters or at least look as if they were tab characters. They're only replaced with spaces. Now the next one over here, replace white space, that's true. This is another attribute that detects our object. By default, it's true. And if it is true, after tab expansion, but before wrapping, the wrap method will replace each white space character with a single space. Oh, and we can see that's exactly what it's doing with these tab characters. They're being replaced with a single space. And by default, it's true, so this is what it's doing. The white space characters are replaced as follows. Tab, new line, vertical, form feed, and character turn, just like this. It gives you this display. And there are notes here that says, if ExpandTabs is false and replace white space as true, each tab character will be replaced by a single space. And that's the same functionality in actual... That's what we're seeing occur right now. It's not the same as tab expansion. So let's try saying that replace white space is false. Even with our ExpandTabs being false. Place white space equals false. If I run this, now you can see their tabs. And notice how SublimeText shows them as this really long line, rather than a single dot like they were earlier. Because now they're being used as tabs rather than three spaces. Three spaces rather than three tabs. If ExpandTabs was true, like the default behavior, keep in mind, it's going to be converted to spaces. And I think you can see the distance actually is a little different. The way that some systems will encourage or treat the length of a tab character. So that's some interesting functionality. But I mean, you can play along with it as you would like. You can see the drop of white space is a default functionality that is true. At least this occurs by default. Now, white space at the beginning and end of every line, but wrapping after wrapping before indenting is dropped. They just completely remove it. White space at the beginning of a paragraph, however, is not dropped if non-white space follows it. Oh, okay. So these tabs up here were not being removed because, of course, there's text right up here. That works. That makes sense. If white space that's being dropped takes up an entire line, the entire line is dropped. Oh, all right. So what if I had a whole ton of tab characters? Stuff that even exceeded the 70 characters that we have here in the width.  And even for pottywares and giggles, let's say width is going to equal 40. So we narrow it down a little bit more. I'll supply that width and I'll even say that drop white space is true. Well, actually, we know that that's the default behavior, so we should be good. If I run this, hey, you can see that at the very top of our output here, all this white space, all these tab characters were completely removed from our string. And the same thing happens down here when we're actually using the fill function. The other ones, the remaining ones that actually do land on a line that has the text following remain here. If I remove a few of these tab characters, you can see how it works. Now if I run this, you can see it moves back. If I keep removing more of them, moving back, oh, a little too far. Hey, now we got to the very start of the line. Cool, look at that. I'll remove all this junk now that I've made. And we can, of course, say that, actually, before I remove it, let's say that drop white space actually equals false. And you can see, wow, now we got a boatload of white space at the start of our string for both the wrap and the fill function. That's massive. All right, now I'll remove all this stuff and kill. I'll comment at width. So we'll just leave it back to the default 70 and I'll take out all these optional arguments. Okay, let's move on. We got initial indent. Huh, by default this is nothing because it's a string. Okay, the string will be propended to the first line of the wrapped output. Counts towards the length of the first line. The empty string is not indented. Well, let's see what we can play with this. It looks like we can use an initial indent to actually be a tab character, like an indentation. If we run this, hey, we got our tab right there. And notice that it's not converted to spaces. Uh, does it say? Okay, it doesn't say that it's not indented. It's not really treated as something that's going to be converted to expand tabs or replace white spaces with spaces. And notice that it kind of gives us a like text paragraph look as if we were writing something in a real like book or a novel or anything like that. It looks like this is a paragraph because it's indented right at the start. And that's kind of cool. Look at the other functionality of subsequent indent. This happens to all the lines after or accept the first line. It counts towards the length of every line except the first. Let's take a look at that. It's almost like a MLA citation if you guys know those. Hanging citations where you've got the first line is not indented, but everything else is. And of course, it doesn't have to be a tab character. We can make it like an ellipsis or absolutely anything like, hello, and you can see it over and over and over again. Anything we put in that string will be added to every line except the first. And we'd have that same functionality with the initial indent, but we just didn't play with it like that. This next one is a little interesting. This is fixed sentence endings. By default, this is false. But if you set it to true, what the module will attempt to do is it'll try to find all the sentence endings and make sure that the sentences are always separated by exactly two spaces. Kind of like, I think, like proper English or something. I know a lot of people really enforce that to make sure you have two spaces after the end of a sentence. I'm a bad person and never really do it, but hey, it's generally desired for text in a monospace font, but the detection algorithm is not perfect. It assumes that the sentence will end in anything with a lowercase letter followed by like a period or an exclamation mark or a question mark or even like a quotation or another ending quotation and followed by a space. But what if there's a problem with that? A problem with the algorithm is unable to define the difference between doctor and abbreviation like Mrs. or Mam where you use a period to end the abbreviation but you continue on with your sentence. It's gonna think that's the sort of a new sentence and spot. And like C spot run, C spot, C spot run. It shows these examples here. Notice the sentence detection algorithm relies on the string.lowercase and if you've played with the string module, you know that's just a list of all these lowercase letters for the definition of lowercase letters because if it's in that array then it must be a lowercase letter based on Python. The convention of using two spaces after a period to separate the sentences is specific to English language, texts and words and stuff. All right. Let's just see what happens if we turn it to true. How about that? It's fixed sentence endings. True. Now if I run this, hey, check it out. In this case, it works just fine for it. The algorithm is okay because I don't have any situations where I'm using an abbreviation or a situation where it might goof up. But now after a sentence, there's always gonna be two spaces that have been one. That works kind of nice for us. I mean, if that's what we want, sure, we can use that. But as long as you know the algorithm is not perfect and it might goof up depending on your string and your text. Okay. Let's move on to the next two. Break long words and break on hyphens. By default, break long words is true and this means that words that are longer and width will be broken to ensure that no lines are longer than the width and that's kind of the functionality we've of course been seeing all this time. If it's false, long words are not gonna be broken and some of the lines may be longer than width. They'll be put in a new line by themselves in order to minimize the amount by which width is exceeded. So, I remember earlier when we were playing with length at the very front of our loop, you can see how long the line was, length of line along with the line itself. If I say break long words is... Is that... By default, it's true. If we set it to false, sometimes we'll have things that are longer than the default 70 width. Oh, sorry. My syntax goofed up there. Print the length of the line and then the line. Check it out. 67, 69, 66. Okay, I guess we're not really gonna see the functionality working with this string. Super... Cal... I don't even know how to spell this word. Fragilistic... XPL... Doshes. Let's pretend that's a word. Okay, check it out. This is a really long... I'm trying to break it. 66... Uh... I don't know. I can't tell if this is the functionality that we want to be seeing. Let's not break the line yet. Okay, yeah. See, now this word is 82. It's even longer than 70 by the default. The default width argument. And that's because this word is so long that it even... It seeds the width argument by default. So, it's placed on its own line and separated from all the others.  That really long word. So... By default, this is false... By default, this is true, sorry. So, this functionality, you probably won't see a whole lot and you'll never really have a word that looks like this. So... All right. The next one, break-on hyphens. If true wrapping will occur preferably on white space and right after hyphens and compound words, as is customary in English. If false, only white space will be considered as potentially good places for line breaks. But you need to set break-long words to false if you want truly insecable words. Default behavior in previous versions was to always allow breaking hyphens to words but this time you kind of have the option to change that. Um... Um... You can have really long words like... Spider-Man. Who the hyphen? I don't know. I'll be happy to make Spider-Man again. Um... But... And now you can see this is really long string. I'm happy to be making Spider-Man again. And now it's totally okay to cut because of that hyphen there. If it were any longer, if it were like regular Spiderman, it'd say, oh, that's gonna get us to 70. So, let's say Spiderman. Okay, cool. Now it's gonna break to this other line. But if I were to say Spiderman with the hyphen there, it's okay to break at that hyphen rather than the end of the word. Because that's true by default. If we set it to false, break on hyphens, it's false. Now it's gonna enforce that this word Spiderman is on a new line even though it has a hyphen on there. Okay. I mean, that's the way that works. And that's about all of them. I know this made for a super long video but I want to just run through all of these attributes and kind of properties that the text wrapper object can have in the text wrap module. Of course, it still has these same two functions. But really, they do the same thing that the convenience function do. But if you ever have a situation where you need to wrap or fill multiple strings, you should create the text wrapper object and just do it over and over again with this text wrapper object rather than calling the convenience functions. Because what that does is it creates an object, removes it, creates another object, removes it, and it does this again and again and again. Or if we only have one object doing all the work, we're much more efficient. So, okay. Thank you for tolerating this video. I know it was super duper long but there's a good run through and crash course for all the different options and parameters we can give to this object. Thank you guys for watching. Hope you enjoyed the video. And maybe if you're willing, like the video. Sorry, like the video. Maybe comment. Maybe subscribe. It's all up to you. But I'll see you in the next tutorial. Thanks guys.


On this episode of the podcast and the conversation with Lana Maseku, Lana is a award-winning TV celebrity chef in South Africa and she is just a lovely human being. Lana spoke to me about her humble poor beginnings and how she quickly learned to have a very strong work ethic that allowed her to forge her path away from the poor background and into her love of food and performing art. She spent some time as a ballet dancer, the first black female ballet dancer to have any prominence in South Africa. Her creative process, how she wants to take South African food around the world. You're gonna learn a lot from this interview. I hope you enjoy. Don't forget to subscribe and comment. Thank you. Let me just ask you about the history behind what you came to do because I think being a getting to be a chef as a career is a lot of people's dream. Anyway, I would think.  There are two completely different skill sets, right? So how come you've been able to translate your ability to cook into making a living? I think humble relentless. To put it in one word. I think I'm extremely relentless and I think I'm extremely goal driven by the things that I want. You know, I just won't stop.  You know, and I think also the good thing is that I started off in television and so I'm able to translate food in a television way and not just make it about the food where most chefs will just focus on how beautiful the souffle is or whatever they're making and not necessarily entertain. And at the end of the day, television and the entertainment space is just that entertainment. You know, you on social media for various reasons, but if you know most of the time it's to escape into something. And so if you were just going to make it about the food, I think it would be very difficult.  Meaning he's able to translate that and make his food speak to that, you know. And yet you get some chefs, I guess, if I think about is it Madison Madison Park, the number one restaurant in the world?  You're watching because you really want to see the skill of making the most amazing jus and it balancing with the steak and the steak is perfectly cooked. You know, there's no, there's no frills. It's just about the art in itself. And there's, I think there's beauty in that as well because it's at its highest level of excellence, you know, and you get Massimo who also has that kind of excellence, but his pay to splatter it everywhere and it's it's madness, but it it makes sense to somebody at least. So would he or who would be your like, um, role models if you could be mentored by any chef in the world? Have you thought who that might be and why? I wouldn't say mentored, but I the people that I look at are like Chrissy Teigen, uh, so John Legend's wife. Um, I would say Chrissy Teigen, Aisha Curry, uh, Steph Curry's wife. They are commercial properties and they've been able to make their brands commercial. So Chrissy Teigen can be funny and quirky with her mom in the kitchen and then she'll go present the sink battle and do it super, super well. You know, and so I love seeing how um, they've turned their brands into commercial brands. So you buy their product, you she has over a million followers on her cooking page. She's got tons of followers on her normal page. So I think for me, those are the people that I look at and I go, I love the lifestyle diversity of that brand. I never want to be be made to oh, she's just a celebrity chef, even though that's the corp who I am. I think these are the little things are able to feed into the whole thing. So those are the people I look at and I go, that's that's where I'm trying to go. Although they're rumors or people go over, the culinary space doesn't take them seriously.   You're still watching lip sync battle.  Yeah, everything you do, I think, when I watch you on a TV presentation or TV show feels organic, nothing that you do feels to me contrived or done for camera.  It feels organic, which I think the people that are the best at what they do in any walk of life have that quality about them that what they do seems to be an organic extension of themselves rather than something bolted on that feels clunky and awkward. Do you think that's true of you? And if so, why? Because what you do to me seems quite complex. I definitely think so. You know, I try to stay true to who I am. I think there are many facets of who I am and very black. I don't want to say multiple personalities because it's not that. I think everything feeds into the ethos of my character. Yeah, you know, and I think in everything that I do, there's a common thread that links everything together. And I want to be genuine.    But when you meet them in real life, they really stink. And they're not authentic. And I feel like those things, you'll crack at some point, you know, you'll, you'll, you'll crack and you lose it at the wrong time at the wrong place. So when you're safe, kind of not staying true to who you are, you'll always be within the boundaries of who you are, you know. And so I think, I think it's intentional, because I guess I've been around people that I see personalities and I go, gosh, I don't want to be like that, you know. But yeah, so it's, it's, yeah, it's a journey, but it's an intentional one. When you mentioned the common thread, what is the common thread through what you do? The common thread for me would be, am I being true to myself? Am I working towards the goal that I want? Am I stimulated? Am I inspired? Am I making money? Because sometimes people think that's not important. It is very important. And I am I walking towards success, and what I define as success, whether it would be trying to get into a deal for the mining equipment company where my director, it's completely different to what I do as a TV personality and celebrity chef. But there's something about that particular space that I want the opportunity to prove something to myself, I guess. And I love the fact that it pushes me to think, it forces my brain to think in another way and not in my creative strategy sphere. And so I think that those are definitely the things that I would, I would deem as the common thread. And do you, do you associate the reason why you do what you do with the common thread? Like in everything you've done, because I know you had some time as a ballet dancer, a lot of people won't know that in that expression of your ability and your skill as a person and your love of dance or entertaining, those roots that are serving you now well. Is there a common thread of why you do what you do, not just the common thread of law and authenticity or your values, but do you feel you've been pushed and are still being pushed? You talk about drivenness, are you still being pushed by a sense of a cause or a calling that's within what you do, or bigger than what you do? Is it about nutrition? Is it about aging well? Is it a good relationship with food? Is, you know, what is it that drives you to do what you do because you could be around food and enjoy that in lots of ways besides what you do? I think it's the, it's the goals that I want. It's the things that I want to achieve. It's wanting to be the first South African to be on a global platform when it comes to food. It's about being the face that's known as pushing food, South African food, onto a global space. I think those are the things that I constantly think about. So even on days where I don't feel like actually getting up or writing that proposal, the anxiety of the fact that somebody out there is going to take that very safe idea and get on with it. And because you are procrastinating and never did anything, you're one step away from what you want to achieve.  And I'm like, I don't really feel like I am just as yet. I feel like I still have a long way to go. And I feel when I, when I am successful, whatever that success is, is to me, I will know it. It'll be like an aha moment. The funniest thing is, I had never emceed in my life, but somehow in my head I thought I had. And so when I emceed, it felt like a natural thing. I had never been in first class on Emirates. And when I, when I, when I did for the first time, I actually felt like I had been here before. I was like, but I was like, but you have honestly never been on a first class flight to, to anywhere. But when I, when I was on the first class flight, those things feel like aha moments, they resonate. And they may seem frivolous to somebody, but to me, they are that step closer to what I want to achieve. So I don't know if I'm answering your question, but Yeah, what I think, what I think you're alluding to, and I think this about you, that when I met you and what I know of you, you're a very confident person as opposed to confident on stage or confident in front of a camera. A lot of people have a stage confidence and off stage, they're not confident, but you strike me as a confident person. And so to me, to bring that confidence, you bring it to the camera with you. You don't, you don't step into it on camera and then lose confidence and a battling self doubt and fear and overthinking, which we all do a little bit after you've been on camera. So that sense of confidence you have coming from your background and from your poor beginnings and so on and so on. Where does that confidence come from? To be honest with you, I think it's, I think it's a, it's my relationship with God. I think it's that inner, it's that inner peace, it's that inner strength. It's, and to be honest, I think everyone does feel like they're not confident at times. I remember having to go on stage for the first time to do my first principal role, which was Don Q and my nerves were killing me and I was literally shaking. And I remember thinking to myself, I was born to do this. This is where I'm supposed to be in this moment, in this time, in this century, in this season. And that kind of gives me that confidence and that peace that I'm able to achieve everything that I, that I want to achieve. And I definitely think that it's in the quiet places where God speaks to you, where sometimes you can't even say to people the things you want to achieve.  And you know that that confidence for you to, to know that it's going to happen is a God confidence. I can't unfortunately deny that.  It's a matter of just when it's not an if question. We hope you're enjoying the podcast with Paul Scanlon and Lana Maseko. We wanted to take a moment and let you know about an exclusive offer just for those who listen to this podcast. Paul recently launched his communication masterclass. This is for anyone who has something to say, your message is worth sharing and this course will enable you to be the best you can be. The course has six core topics that Paul dives into with over seven hours of training material. A lot of people think nervousness is a reason not to do something, especially if they get nerves really bad. As you know, when he came to the masterclass, I was so grateful he came to the masterclass and we got to meet there and talk about communication a bit. But one of the things I've felt and struggled with, and I think other communicators do in all fields, including yours, is that people feel if they're extremely nervous, there's a voice that tells you, people that do this well, don't get nervous like this, as if you have a superpower, we don't, but that's not true, right? Definitely. I'm a jump and learn how to swim or fly on your way down. And honey, if you're not going to fly and flap those wings, the floor is beneath you and you can see it. So I'm definitely one of those people. Sometimes it's happened, it's been an advantage. Sometimes it's been a disadvantage. I remember buying a restaurant and thinking I'm a celebrity, everybody will come to the restaurant, I never did proper due diligence, I fought it out, I fought the good fight, but it was a bad decision. It was one of those, I jumped in without looking properly and gazing and kind of seeing what would work out and what wouldn't. I went in there, I unfortunately failed at it, learned a whole lot of stuff. Now in my acquisition of any business opportunity, I'll be a lot more vigilant and a lot more diligent, but I'm that kind of person. I'm definitely jump and we'll see what happens. And generally, I start flying after a while because that's just, I think how I'm, that's just how I am. So how are you with this? Because as we talked a bit earlier, there's the difference between being a great cook or a plumber or whatever and making a living from that. And so on the way to that becoming a living or even a business, I said there's a difference between a great plumber that does well and he's in high demand and a business owner of a plumbing company who knows nothing about plumbing but is a millionaire from a business. One's a business head, one's a technical skill. You have had to discover both and increasingly have to. So as you move more towards where your drive is taking you, how are you managing taking on new skills? Because as you know, getting what you do to a wider audience or to a target audience or to a global reach is not just to do with, you're the best cook in the world because there may be people out there that are way better cooks than you, better speakers than me who will never hear of. So what translates it to becoming that global brand is very complex and you're having to learn that new stuff all the time, right? Yeah, I think you have to be in it. You know, you have to be as much as I spend time on social media, end up discovering things that I never knew were there and then it kind of changes my mind and I start thinking oh maybe I should change the way I'm going to do something or even let's say listening to a podcast you would have and it would take something in me that goes no man, maybe I need to change and do something else. You know, it's chatting to producers in the US and them throwing ideas and me kind of growing into that but you have to be in the thick of things, you know, and in every sense possible whether that thing is the amount of books you read, the amount of YouTube, YouTube inserts you look at, different shows on Netflix, what's current, what's not, what do people enjoy, what can you improve and I'm constantly doing that. I think, you know, I wish I had like almost like a mentor which I'm still going to, I need to still sign up to yours but you know someone that would guide me because sometimes I think I haven't lived enough to kind of have a little bit more foresight in terms of what would happen if I did XYZ and so yes sometimes I've got to do that and another thing that I need to mention is I don't have a team so most of the time, a team yet so most of the time I do everything myself. If I was going to negotiate a deal, that is me doing that. If I was going to reach out to Netflix, that would be me doing that. I feel like sometimes we give people the authority over your career and they'll go oh talent should never chat to clients but if there's nobody who's going to represent you the way that you want to be represented I'm not going to let somebody else mark up my name and say things that don't represent my brand so I put on different hats and it does sometimes it's you know people go oh we don't want to chat to talent but unfortunately there isn't a management team yet in South Africa that I feel like represents me in the best of ways. I've had people that will say things to a client and I'm like oh my wow how could you say that like that's what I want to be known as and so I am I am everything I am and I know in the future I'm gonna have to find a support structure that's really strong but at the moment I think the reason I'm able to do what I'm able to do is that I'm in the sake of everything I know I'm the one that reaches out to people I'm the one that creates the relationship with brands and clients and producers I'm the one that does it and sometimes right now it's working for me you know until I get to a point where I have a kick-ass manager that just kind of has an organic and and a relationship that has a great synergy you know and so it's literally myself on the PA but I'm the one that reaches out because if she reaches out no one's gonna answer that email but if I say it's Rona chances are they're going to reach out they're going to answer the email immediately so because to to scale up what you do to scale up from what you do and it was due to the next level especially into America and around the world with what you do with your brand is going to require a skill sets you don't have so you're the visionary and you're the entrepreneur and you're the gift and the power on the brand behind it and so get to an next level you're going to need to have a CEO and a CEO so on and so on um are you going to struggle to let go are you a are you a control freak um I do you know what I think if I had a strong team I would be able to let go I think it's a trust thing right it's a it's a trust thing to know that they will speak and resonate you in a way that you are and not say things that you know you're like how can you say oh give her a glass of gin and her personality comes to life yeah you know what I mean like for me that if I was in the other seat I'd be like oh is she an alcoholic do you know what I mean um and so for me it's about I think if I had the right people I also want to know everything I want to know every corner every every nook and cranny I want to I want to even be listening to the meeting I want to see people's reaction when you said what you said so maybe that is the control bit in in eternity but I do think when you do have someone who's a strong team you're able to be even better you know and I guess that's what I need to start working towards but like I said you know um perhaps rather having a mentorship a mentor while you look for a great team or while the team hopefully finds you that's that's what you do but um I think I would be able to let go if I knew that I trusted the people and I knew that they had my best interest at heart and they understood the Lorna Masako brand and they breathed it and they lived it and you know they are one with it like I look at I've been watching the becoming um documentary on Netflix with Michelle Obama and her team I mean she's been working with those people for years you know and I must say that I'm not exactly the easiest person to work with sometimes I'm a high D personality and so you know that also comes with its own you know complexities but um yeah it's we're growing that's the most important thing how can you be around food so much and not be overweight fat have a problem with food they say never trust a skinny chef but I think it's a miracle to be a skinny chef I actually went on the scale this morning and I was like oh my gosh these are rocket numbers that's lockdown let's blame that on lockdown I was like I've never been this big in my life this is like this is terrible and I still have like ballet dancer mentality so completely in what I look like what I think I look like and what I actually look like you know so um I was like oh my gosh but you know what I actually don't eat as much as people think you know you see all the food but it doesn't mean I'm eating all that food all the time like do you cook for yourself elaborately or do you eat simple kind of thing um I eat simple but I will crave some like at the moment I'm not in the mood to cook online or do any things I actually couldn't care so I I haven't posted anything or done anything like that because I'm just not I'm just not in that headspace I'm trying to complete other projects that I want to just finish off but I do cook I do cook food that I enjoy eating I won't eat what I feel like but you cook for yourself though I do cook for myself if I start a process generally I would then be like oh man I don't feel like eating it anymore it's the worst feeling in the world because you've started the process you start eating it and you're already tasting it so your mind it's like such a weird thing your mind kind of knows exactly what it's going to taste like before it's done so when it's done you're like yeah well that was a fun experience I don't really feel like that anymore but yeah what do you what do you like when people cook for you oh geez no one's really cooked for me in a while uh no i'm really no cuz they don't no no one's gonna no one's gonna invite the chef for dinner are they no one never cooks for me but I do I always say I cook rustic but I love eating Michelin like that yeah I travel to like London or Paris or Portugal wherever I go I have to these try like one Michelin restaurant like it's it's my thing I have to try one Michelin restaurant and then I have to try something really rustic and dodgy in like a really like weird place but tastes absolutely amazing and people rave about it so um I like to do that but no one's actually I should I guess also I spend a lot of time at home so I'm generally the one having to do stuff for everyone else because everyone else will come here the very little everyone else but you know all five of them will probably come here do you have a favorite food oh I love Asian flavors teriyaki soy sauce ginger mirin mizu ponzu anything with anything that's like umami that's that's my vibe and is there a typical South African food and if so what would you say that was because the world wouldn't really know I've been a South African a lot I'm not sure what I would say typical South African food is well I'm always saying that South African food is finding its voice in the global space I mean there's um you know traditionally people have buffed and buruvus and milk tarts and marvel pudding and that kind of thing although in the world I don't think there's any other country that has buff which is is a typical South African it's maize ground up and it's like pasty and you have that with like I guess a gravy of sorts or relish called chakalaka which is like beans and carrots and tomatoes and generally that's a staple in most homes but yeah I think you know that is my goal to to actually figure not figure out but to really pin it you know and so that no one would have to ask me that question for example way if you think about Mexican food you know tacos even though Mexican food is so vast beyond tacos and burritos and that's what people think Mexican food is just ceviche and and that kind of thing so um definitely my my my goal in life is to put South African food on that map to have people go oh you know I'm gonna try that you know it's a cold chakalaka whatever they're saying you know and you must know that that's South African like you go to West Africa you know there's a goosey and jollof rice you know you go to London and you know it's it's peas a mash and and bang bang is a mash you know so my goal or my my dream is to be that and to showcase South African food in a way that it can resonate with people and they would they would love it I'm eating chakalaka just because it's called chakalaka it's kind of I gotta have some of that get me some chakalaka yeah what is your biggest challenge right now Lorne's what you up to in terms of what's coming next what is stretching you what are you like looking forward to but scared of at the same time kind of thing um at the moment I'm really thinking how do we create and how do we expand the Lorna Maseko brand beyond what it is now and what does that look like um and you know I'm I'm never I'm never content with anything I always just want to achieve more and more and more and and I think it's more about okay how do we shoot a show you might not have brands wanting to put money down on stuff but maybe it's about you investing into your own brand and and looking at different strategies of getting your brand out there um it's about monetizing the brand beyond just cookbooks um it's looking beyond just that you know we have classics how the afghan brands like mrs bowls which is a chutney um and it's about why you know why don't we look at other things like that it's it's it's cookware ranges it's it's you know how do we expand the Lorna Maseko brand beyond the commercial tv and books and that's that's where my my brain is thinking and finding the correct distribution partners so that you are you know able I'm able to reach a bigger a bigger a bigger scale a bigger number of people so it's not just in South Africa just in Africa but I'm able to really just expand beyond beyond Africa did you say mrs bowls yeah I know is that a branding name or a real name you know no it's a real name it's mrs bowls is a chutney and it's been around for years it's it's like a classic south african yeah it's been around I mean I have probably like three bottles in my house and it's really good with like shoes or as a dip or as a marinate and it's really it's a chutney you know and so wow it's mrs bowl's chakalaka you guys are coloring the market on brand language that's for sure you know so um I think it's about creating next generation branding and thinking you know beyond just oh that's what we're used to because I think people are looking for different things and people are becoming more patriotic of their countries and right of who they are as nations and so yeah as opposed to looking out and and just celebrating people outside why not you know do stuff that will be welcomed by South Africans but also as spark and interest globally and I think South Africa is one of those countries where it's kind of it feels like it's it's in the middle you know people want to know more but there's not enough coming out you know we've just had Trevor who's a phenomenal comedian and host and he's doing amazing things but it shouldn't I don't think the gift is just for one person I don't think God says oh well Trevor is from the bucket of 83 so in this bucket of 83 he's the only person that's going to be successful you know I don't think that's how it works I think um the people that that have the successes because they chose to be successful I think one of the biggest things that I've realized during this quarantine time is that everything is a choice to get up in the morning and it's a bigger choice now because you don't have it's not like the meeting is you know and santa and then I've got to drive out or everything's a choice to get up in the morning as a choice to love people it's a choice it's not a feeling it's not it's not it's not cookies and cream it's none of that and I think the people that are successful made a choice to be successful and I think that's one thing I've definitely realized during this time along with the fact that your mind is the most powerful thing ever you can literally flip it by that decision you know and and not to go into you know negative holes of of feeling I also hate victims but like feeling victimized and also you know sorry for yourself um and that kind of thing so um it's the the decision is definitely to expand are you hopeful about the future for South Africa because every time I've been there I have always felt the progress has been so slow since the abolition of apartheid in terms of the infrastructure changing um equality of opportunity money getting down to grassroots and so on and so on um coming in there as an outside trader if you like has often been very difficult for me you know dealing with international currency exchange rates dealing with the business side of South Africa as you know are you hopeful I think it's changing you have to be hopeful you know you see how things are but you have to be hopeful that's all you have even if it's like a glimpse of optimism like one percent like I'm one person to hold on to that um you know I guess Pastor Andre always says there's the world economy and then there's the word of God you know and for me I you know the people in the midst of of crisis and of things going completely wrong that still become successful you know and I always ask myself how did they become successful and so um it takes Lorna pushing it and and doing the the relentless stuff that feels like she's completely crazy that's going to allow the next person to just just close up the gap a little bit more you know um and you know I I'm a firm believer of that and so for me I'm always like when there's chaos everywhere I'm just like that's that's not what God said about my life you know so um and I keep that optimism and I think in terms of the country as a whole I think it's definitely it's about the people that have the opportunity to close the gap to try and it might be just it might not even be in our lifetime or my kid's lifetime but it's just about slowly closing that gap and I don't think you can wait on governments I think you it's you it's individuals it's it's a small stuff that you do that allows you to to then close that gap um on a might be a small scale might be a big scale you know it's it's perhaps God willing and God blesses me in the way that I would like is then perhaps paying for my helper's kids you know for school and they having a better future you know it's I feel like that's that's how it would change personally I could be wrong I'm not a politician so I don't know where do you see yourself in the next few years Lorna what do you want to be doing five years time do you think that far ahead 10 years time and what I want my life to look like by then um definitely I think I would absolutely love to have a family have little kids running around although even though I'm like oh my career but unfortunately at my age the eggs are ticking so that's that but definitely a family definitely a global brand definitely merchandising of all the stuff that I do and I think it I think your dreams and your goals change you know that there's a common vision but it adjusts itself you know maybe I'll have a kids clothing line or like kids cooking way rage or whatever it is but um but definitely on a global scale and maybe an Emmy who knows I said there you go why not yes how can I how can our listeners find you Lorna um definitely they can look up for me on Twitter which is at which is at launch lorns underscore maseko which is m a s e k o on instagram it's Lorna maseko for the fabulous stuff and then for all the food it's celebrate with Lorna maseko and there's also a facebook page called Lorna maseko and everything Lorna maseko I think what you do is fantastic and I think you are a fantastic person I really appreciate the time with me on this podcast and wish you so much joy and fulfillment and prosperity in everything you are doing because I tell you we need voices like yours in South Africa to come out of South Africa as you say to put that beautiful country on the map in lots of other ways besides what it's been known for in the past I think is genius what you're doing and I think you're a genius too appreciate your time thank you so much thank you we hope you enjoyed this interview with Paul Scanlon and Lorna maseko we wanted to remind you about the 20% offer off of his communication masterclass course until the end of June you can find out more information about that in the show notes please do subscribe share and review this podcast channel thank you


Section 10 of Letters of Ulysses S. Grant to his father and his youngest sister, 1857-78. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Jim Clevinger, Letters of Ulysses S. Grant to his father and his youngest sister, 1857-78 by Ulysses S. Grant. Section 10 The following letter is from the Secretary of General Grant's aunt. The aunt Rachel referred to on page 27. It is included in this volume as a historical curiosity. Chestnut Hill, Virginia, June 5, 1861. Miss Grant. I have not often written to incognito correspondence, nor should I have the presumption now to address you unknown to me unless by reputation. But that peculiar circumstances have so combined as to induce the experiment. Your aunt, Mrs. Tompkins, has been prostrated by illness for many days and, for a while, closely confined to her couch, thus rendering it at least inconvenient, to respond to your elaborate epistle and, having permitted me the pleasure of its perusal, she requested me to act as her immanuances. In compliance, then, with her desire, I shall proceed ex-abrupto to discuss the various points you have presented, hoping you will pardon whatever of presumption there attaches to me in taking up a gauntlet thrown not directly at my own feet. Then you deplore the deep distress that pervades our land in anticipation of a conflict such as the civilized world never witnessed, and even the annals of barbarous history scarce record, together with the inevitable consequence that, our once, though many years ago, happy union must be forever dissolved. Viewing it from our standpoint, I unite my voice of lamentation with yours, for it seems truly a mournful sight to behold, spread out to the gaze of the world the history of a nation's folly written in letters of blood. But I look at the brighter side of this distorted photograph, with the eye of faith. At least I could discern the hand of Providence shifting the scenes. This may seem strange that a partition wall should be erected in the temple of liberty once an asylum for an oppressed world. At the stars and stripes, the once badge of freedom, gracing the bosom of every sea, should be riddled from its staff and another substituted in its stead. Not less strange, however, did thousands of good Englishmen deem it to behold the proud British lion quailed before his foe of the wilderness, and the Magna Carta rent in twain. We must look upon it then as an exercise of God's retributive justice for our sins as a people or that he designs that he shall ultimately be the more glorified by the separation. In the former case, of course, I take it that the North will receive the awful visitation, for although offenses must needs come yet, woe be unto him through whom they come. In the latter condition, the South is destined to become what, and indeed far more than, the whole America once was to the world. This government was far too large to prosper well for many years, or at least compared to England prosper, France and Spain and Russia itself. But especially should we be divided into two great governments since we have virtually been so, as to our domestic institutions and many of our social customs for many, many years. It is true we did exist many years also in commercial and social prosperity, and might have continued to maintain such a happy condition had not the green-eyed monster jealousy reared its horrid front. Yes, it was in great part jealousy. You yourself have admitted, and rightly, that our great ancestors were wiser than we. Well, when they formed the original confederacy, they were the representatives of slave states, with one exception. They did not deem it wrong in itself, or they would have abolished it, at least would not have made the fugitive slave law for its protection. After a while, however, it did not pay to keep slavery in northern climates, and it was abolished in stanter. Why then was it that it became such a monstrous crime in their eyes? Wherein was the consistency? Partisans became jealous of the wealth and power of southern planters and southern politicians, elevated to their power through their wealth, a thing unavoidable in a republican government. Thus through demagogues at the north, and animosity was aroused, it slumbered long in the germ, but being assiduously cherished from year to year, it at last budded and bloomed in a climb congenial to its nature, and is now bringing forth its venomous fruit even to a hundred fold. It was the consuming of this pernicious fruit that brought death upon our body politic, and produced all our woe. And to God, that woe should fall upon none but those who planted and watered it. I am perfectly conscious and cognizant of the manner in which this spirit of enmity has been fostered. I am a northern by birth and education, and can testify to that which I know. I have also been in the south sufficiently long to know the sentiments of the people here and how they coincide, or rather disagree, with the northern conceptions of them. I have spent almost eight years here, certainly long enough to learn the character of the peculiar institution, as well as its practical workings and effect on society. And as I came with somewhat of prejudice against it, you must be frank enough to acknowledge me a fair judge in the matter. Among the first books put into my youthful library was a work called Charles Ball, or The Trials of a Runaway Slee. This was a horrid thing, and formed an impression on my young mind that, as only with the utmost difficulty, been eradicated. I am conscious that its contents are false. About the same time, and repeatedly, I was taken to witness a panorama of Uncle Tom's Cabin, another book whose leaves have furnished much fuel to infernal flames. At the same time, and ever since, I have had my ears grated with a harsh jargon of fanatical tirades against the institutions and people of the South. Of course then my mind was poisoned and prejudiced. And this has not been my political training alone, but that of a majority of your youth at the North. No further North, too, than Pennsylvania. Now then is it possible that the North can entertain amicable feelings towards the South? Add to this what you rightly remark that the popular mind is continually influenced by the issues of the press, an instrument that has scattered the seeds of discord broadcast over the land. And here you, either ignorantly or designedly, intimate a slander against the South. You say all papers have free issue at the North, and not so at the South. Now do you not know enough of Southern affairs to see that the South, by their very constitution, cannot admit incendiary documents to be cast into their midst? It were suicidal. If the South should publish papers uttering sentiments detrimental to Northern manufacturers, in general, and in favor of foreign manufacturers, how long would the North permit such papers to pass into their territory? Again, just as you say you wish that Northern papers could circulate South, so also do I wish that I need not bar my doors of nights, and both our desires could be accomplished if all men were honest, but first, as I can't expect robbers to pass by my unbarred treasury, so I can't expect to receive Northern papers uncrammed with incendiary items. Again, however, the Southern papers have virtually no circulation at the North. I have heard men, reputable for their knowledge and conservatism even, denounce such publications as unworthy to be touched. In the reading room of Princeton Theological Seminary, there were taken last winter twelve weekly papers and about eight periodicals from the South, and scarcely three of these were touched by any but Southern students during the session unless some exciting discussion were going on in their columns. Thus, much as to newspapers. I confess they have been the cause of many erroneous impressions on both sides, but the North is no purer from crimination on the score than the South. One stubborn evidence of this is the numerical difference in population. You next remark that abolitionism does not predominate at the North. I admit that for many years it did not, but lately it has acquired an ascendancy and is now wielding its baneful influence on the minds of the masses. It is true. There are many good people there whose minds are too pure to be tainted by such an almost infidel spirit as pervades the breasts of abolitionists. Yet the party in power has been elevated by such vast majorities of the people in that section that, to one investigating the matter, it seems the public sentiment at the North has greatly changed in the last few years. In such a country as ours, a democratic one, the masses are governed by a few great leaders. These leaders, whether in power or not, are still the almost despots who rule us. Their actions give fruit and coloring to the character of the sections over which they sway their autocratic sectors. Who then can doubt the abolition propensities of the North when such men as Beecher, Greeley, Webb, Phillips, Sumner, and a host of kindred spirits are the giant leavers in the machinery of their society? It will not do to say that these are disregarded by sensible people there, for I know too well their power for evil. I know that Dr. Hodge, a man whom I love next to my father, stated in his article on the State of the Country that he did not know of twelve abolitionists within the circle of his acquaintance. But the doctor was either woefully mistaken or he didn't consider his pupils as belonging to that circle, for to my certain knowledge there were twice that number within the walls of Princeton at the time he made the assertion. And many of these avowedly such men, who I was astonished to see, withheld their names when the same Dr. Hodge came round with a petition to Congress for the restoration of the Missouri Compromise and the repeal of the Personal Liberty Bills. These young men were embryo ministers, men whose moral influence must be powerful for good or for evil. How is it, then, you can assert that the North don't want the extinction of slavery when such men, as I have mentioned, exert every effort to prevent its extension, and not that only, but the operation of the fugitive slave law? I am aware that you stated the contrary in your letter, that the North are ever rigorous in its execution, nor am I so un-gallant as to doubt your veracity. But I think you have not fully informed yourself on this point, else you would have learned that in scarcely an isolated case has the master ever recovered his property without being put to more expense in trouble than the Negro was worth, although I am free to admit that at the same time it cost the United States government an equal, if not greater, amount. Of course I refer to those Negroes who have not merely crossed the limits of a slave state and thus been caught, but gone some distance north. Now the obligation to restore a fugitive slave is a constitutional and moral obligation, and those laws designed to prevent such restoration are unconstitutional and criminal, and worthy of all condemnation and unbecoming the dignity of any sovereign state. If people of any state can't conscientiously submit to the constitution there are only two courses. They should endeavor to have it peaceably altered or should move out of the country. This is the opinion of the most learned and liberal men. They have no right to live under the protection of a constitution and yet refuse to submit to its stipulations. True enough, as you say, the North wish not to have the Negroes set free in their midst to overrun and disturb them. This they declare by their actions, for they take no care for or interest in the poor, free, almost brutes in their midst. Yet how soon will they be ready to resist you most violently should you attempt to take even one of them back from his then wretched abode to his former happier place in the service of a kind master? O consistency thou art a jewel. This then has been one of the two great causes of the present troubles. The other, the denial of equal rights in the territories, is still a greater because it involves a principle. The former was more a matter of personal interest. The territories being purchased in common were the common possessions of North and South. Each had a constitutional right to immigrate thither with their property and demand for it the protection afforded by the Constitution. It became, in course of time, a matter of dispute whether the South could take their slaves there as property. As a matter of course this arose from jealousy the North having no such property to take. This great question was decided, however, by the Chief Justice in the highest tribunal in the world in favor of the South, namely that slaves were property. I refer to the Dred Scott case. This should have been sufficient as it came from the highest authority in the government, but some parties and people are never satisfied. Full in the face of this high official the Republican party declare, by their platform orators and press, that slavery shall never enter another foot of territory. Now if the South admit this principle they acknowledge their inferiority to the North and act that even in the eyes of the North would not comport with their dignity and honor as an independent and free people. The South, being thus oppressed, then I assert they have a right not to secede for no such right exists in my conception as it would be an element subversive of any and especially of a Republican government to revolt, a right inherent in and beyond the control of all earthly governments. Thus I coincide with the great Lord Chatham when he says that rebellion against oppression is obedience to God. Our ancestors rebelled against the tyranny of British usurpation and detections revolted against a like despotism exercised by a Mexican autocrat. Why then are the Southern states of America not justifiable in throwing off the yoke or rather resisting to have put upon them the yoke of Northern tyranny? To make the argument still clearer, however, as to the territories, let us illustrate it. Suppose a Republican Congress decides that slavery shan't be protected in the territories as property. I take my slave thither. An indictment is brought against me. I am tried and condemned by the territorial court. I appeal from its decision to the Supreme Court of the United States, what then? From analogy I conclude that I shall be acquitted, i.e. recover my property. For one chief justice has already decided thus, and is not his decision final. Here then is an end of the matter, since the Supreme Court is the sole arbiter in determining the constitutionality of any of Congress's acts. As to the North not making use of slanderous epithets against the South, I know nothing about your particular section of the North, but I do know that when I have been in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, I have heard all classes utter the vilest insinuations against the people of the South indiscriminately. Yes, it often seemed as if they could find no language too harsh, no comparison to base, no denunciation too bitter. To apply to those whom, in their ignorance, they deemed their inferiors in wisdom and sense. Such have I heard from the lips of distinguished citizens in all departments and professions of life. Even hoary-haired ministers have entered the sacred desk with their manuscripts reeking with filth from the cesspool of political slander. Dr. Brown, with whom you are doubtless acquainted, is now in Philadelphia at the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church. He wrote home lately that he never saw a mob that made use of vile language, and did the best of citizens there in their denouncings of the South. I confess, however, that this is not a one-sided affair, for I have heard equally abusive language applied to the North by the people of the South. As before then, let us strike hands on this point also, for both sections are equally culpable. As to the strength of individuals in the two sections, it must be tested on the battlefield and there alone. Our war of words can never decide anything on this point. I should be sorry to admit the men in the North could not fight had they a real enemy to contend against. A war of justice, reason, or humanity to wage, but to arm themselves against their brethren and in such an unholy cause as that in which they are engaged now, I must confess that their true medal can never be exhibited. One man, whose heart is in the war, can always conquer two who are fighting from some impure motive. Now let me candidly ask you to, as candidly, tell me whether or not you think, after seeing the thing progress thus far, and, having, as you say, been, and still continue to be, well informed as to the apperceptions on both sides, the North are engaged in the cause of justice, admitting that some of them are actuated by pure and lofty motives. Do you not acknowledge that the vast majority are blinded by prejudice, led on by a desire for military fame, prompted by the prospect of plunder or actuated by the still more, but I refrain my pen shutters at the thought of expressing myself further? Yes, I think you must confess. That is the case. I refer, of course, to the armies of Lincoln thus far made up. Are they not composed of a mercenary horde, made up, generally, of the lowest rabble of the country, and thousands of those thrown out of employment in the manufacturing cities who have resorted to camp life for self-sustenance, indeed, their only resource? Whether you admit this or not, it is emphatically true to a great extent, for the northern papers themselves have made such statements as would lead me to believe so and more. I have correspondence in the North who confirm my suspicions on this score. My own father, who does not justify the attack on Sumter, yet denounces Lincoln's army as a set of murderers. He lives in Pennsylvania, and this is the opinion of many good citizens there, and now can such men be justified in their present purposes and activities? If so, upon what principles? We have shown that it is not in accordance with sound reason and the inexorable logic of the Constitution since that noble edifice was attacked in two points simultaneously by the Republican Party. First by abrogating the fugitive slave law, second by depriving the south of equal rights in the territories. These are two points in which the North has transgressed the limits of immutable justice, and nothing which is unjust can be reasonable for they, justice in reason, are twin sisters. Moreover, the Bible justifies no war but that of self-defense. Then are the North invaded? No, nor never will be by the south for all they ask is peace within their borders. While they hold in one hand the sword of self-defense, they present the olive branch with the other, and so God grant it may be ever. You lament the inconceivable disasters inaugurated by the attack on Sumter. True enough they may have been inaugurated by that act, but their unconcealed cause lies far back of that, as we have shown.  Who caused the attack? What meant those human cargos that approached so close to its walls the day before the battle? Why did the worthy Lincoln so long deceive the southern commissioners by promise after promise not to make war, but to evacuate the fort and meet them as a sensible president would have done, in friendly negotiation for peace? South Carolina was right, and acted nobly in the affair and was as justifiable therein, as was Anderson in occupying the fort before he had a reason for doing so. Being by his overt act that, the United States forces under him were at enmity with South Carolina. But then you say South Carolina should have first tried Lincoln before determining to secede. I think she saw with prophetic vision the end from the beginning. She took Lincoln at his word. That itself was oppression and tyranny sufficient to burst us under the closest ties of union that could exist in any country. You say we should give everything a fair trial. I disagree. If I saw a serpent in my path and it should attempt to make battle or declare its hostility by displaying its horrid fangs, do you think I would coolly stand by and give it a fair trial and test its friendship? I would be impelled, even had I never seen or heard of such a creature before to crush it immediately, and so South Carolina has sensibly said to the administration, Serpent, bite a file. As to your eulogium on Lincoln, I have not much to say. If he pleases you well enough, you're easily satisfied. I take it that he is a disgrace to the chair he occupies, and to judge from his conversations he is devoid of all sense of refinement and etiquette. To look at his executive powers as displayed thus far he had better be a bae than helmsman of the old ship, and what if his efforts at speeches? In the language of Logan I appealed to any white man to say, if they, would not be a disgrace to many a country squire, and yet such a man elevated to the highest position in the gift of the American people. There was a time when the soundest and most learned men of the land were made presidents. Now a man's capacity for the office seems to depend on the meanness of his intellect and the number of rails he can split in a day. And so great were his maul and wedge propincities that he withheld not his hand from splitting the tree of liberty. But let us inquire upon which side humanity stands in this contest. You complain much of several local depredations committed by South on private boats, etc. I ask in candor if it was not in retaliation for like-outrages committed by the North. I am certain as to its being so in several cases. The very first boat, thus ill-treated, was one belonging to the South on its way down the Mississippi and attacked at Cairo. To retaliate they determined to attack northern boats coming up the river. And what have your noble Ohioans done lately and repeatedly with RKA boats at Galliopolis? Thrice have they overhauled the same boat and twice kept every pound of freight on her timbers. But this is not all. Your humane Lincoln has closed the Southern ports and is daily robbing vessels on their way in and out of the same. During the last week he stole one hundred and fifty thousand dollars worth of Southern tobacco and thus the program continues. Very humane indeed. Again he is no invader. No indeed. By no means. Yet hundreds of citizens are now fleeing from wheeling and other towns invaded for personal safety. Scarce a day passes, but someone stops here who has thus escaped. If they remain on their own soil and round their proper hearthstone the very humane doom of a murderer awaits them. The North don't intend to make invasion at all, yet four thousand federal troops are now in Parkersburg breaking up printing presses, putting innocent people in jail, and doing other humane acts too numerous to mention. According to my letter from father I understand they don't have the first principles of civilized warfare. They intend to hang all their prisoners. O humanity, humanity! And now that we have seen that neither reason, justice nor humanity is on the side of the North, let us look at the subject in the light of expediency, admitting, for the sake of argument the while, that it were right or just to wage the war. And viewing it from this standpoint we ask, what does the North expect to gain by it? Does there live a man so lost to reason and common sense, as to imagine that the union of the seceded states with the northern states can ever be affected again? And if it could be done by force, how long could a republican government exist as a military despotism? And who would not prefer banishment or death to such a life? What satisfaction could the North themselves have in such an event?  But this war will not be permitted thus to terminate. The South can never be conquered. You yourself know their spirit too well to believe otherwise.  Like their mighty Henry they cry, give us liberty or give us death, and still more I don't think they can be exterminated. Eight million of people armed in the holy cause of self-defense, for their liberties, honor, interest in lives, with a laudable ambition, and an unyielding perseverance, are invincible by any force the North can raise to send against them. Besides, to continue the sentiments of Henry, the battle is not to the strong alone. It is to the vigilant, the active, the brave, especially so when, as I said before, the forces of Lincoln are not composed generally of men of the first rank of society, except a few officers desire us of fame, but the off-scouring and rabble of the land, men who have nothing at stake, not even their own lives, we might say, since they care so little for anything. So that not withstanding the immense number, and here let me remind you of the disparity of forces of which you said so much at Sumter, stubborn facts of which you speak, the South has nothing to fear, and moreover, as certainly as I believe there exists a God of justice and mercy, so certainly and conscientiously do I believe he will defend the South from the vandals of the North.  The fall of Ellsworth and the shattered walls of the once presumed impregnable Sumter abundantly testify that God is on their side, and if the Lord be for them, who can be against them. So I heartily say God speed them. They shall have my prayers, but let us take one more glance at the expediency of this matter. Are not the North fighting for a patroclus grave in this struggle? What matters an abstract banner, especially to the matter of fact Yankee, and then behold the inconsistency of the North in another point? They have, through their representatives for many years cried, no more slave territory, and indeed many of them, such as Seward, etc., have declared that slavery must be abolished, as both can't exist under the same government, yet now they are fighting to the death to keep or get back slave territory. O consistency! And finally at this point, will it not cost millions of lives and millions of money to accomplish their infernal design? Even could they do it? And can the North afford this? Even now it is costing Lincoln's anarchy, for I can't call it government, one million dollars per day, a matter of record. Suppose then the war should last a year, what then? Union or disunion? Alas, farther separations. Continue it then two years more, what then? Ditto and ditto it will be, should it last as long as the War of Roses, for we have no houses of York and Lancaster to unite, sign and settle the dispute by marriage, one or both. Annihilated. And now I ask how, in the name of reason, justice, or humanity, can you lift up your voice in defense of the North when they are the cause of all this accumulating mystery? When they have deprived the south of her constitutional rights, driven her to the necessity of a separation, and now raised her arm against her as an enemy, declaring either to subjugate her, to overrun her with their vandal hordes, or exterminate from her soil every living creature. And when, O bloodiest picture in the book of time, they are ready to repeat with a triple vengeance, the untold horrors of the Spanish Inquisition. They are madly, blindly rushing. They know not where. The blame of dissolution rests upon her, and the still more awful responsibility of a civil war will hang as an everlasting incubus upon her shoulders. Then let her beware ere she cross the Rubicon. Let her pause long upon its brink. And shall we all perish by her fractisital hand? Shall the blood shed by brother in deadly war with brother flow ignominiously through our rivers to the ocean, and be carried by its waves to stain the shores of nations that, for long years, have been centering their fond hopes on America as the grand ideal of the government they too would someday enjoy? Shall such hopes be blasted as soon as fondly cherished? And now that Italy has trampled upon the tyrannical miter, torn from her long subdued neck the yoke of papal bondage, passed from the darkness of superstitious bondage into the light of religious freedom shall we sink back to what she was by casting ourselves into the whirlpool of civil war? Shall we not only put out but shatter the lamp of liberty a lamp whose effulgence was beginning to scatter the shades of despotism from off the earth? Shall we extinguish the brightest star in the constellation of human freedom? The united voices of humanity, justice, and reason answer? No. The cries of myriad free men, living and of millions yet unborned, rend the air with a universal negative, and from the vaulted canopy of heaven there swells back the solemn echo God forbid as if augmented by the mournful strain of ten thousand angels hovering in amazement over the conflicting scene. Oh, then let the North beware! Mrs. Tompkins says that if you can justify your brother Ulysses in drawing his sword against those connected by the ties of blood, and even most of it, you are at liberty to do so, but she cannot. And should one of those kindred be stricken down by his sword, the awful judgment of God will be meted out to him, and if not repented of, the hot thunderbolts of his wrath will blaze round his soul through eternity? On the contrary, if the vice versa should occur, she thinks those kin would be justified because in self-defense. As to Mr. John Marshall's being promoted in the Army of Lincoln, she thinks that fact explains itself. He spent much of his time previously seeking, or at least expecting, promotion and failing in a laudable way in defense of his own kindred and the home of his bosom companion he resorted to Yankedom, and so, as it were, his birthright for a mess of abolition pottage. This helps confirm my view that many take positions in Lincoln's army with the expectation of military promotion and the hope of an easy conquest of the South. Oh, how deluded! But as for many of them, God forbid them, for they know not what they do. But I must bring these desultory remarks to a break-off. So begging pardon once more for transgressing the limits of formality and hoping you may live to see the verification of many of my remarks, I have the pleasure of signing myself, the secretary of your Aunt Rachel, P.S. If you should write again, please use white paper. It almost gives me the blues to read your letter.


Welcome to this course on Transition Metal Organometallics in Catalysis and Biology. We have been discussing ring closing metathesis reaction in details in the last few lectures and what we have noticed over and over again through various examples that we have studied that ring closing metathesis indeed is a very powerful reaction for constructing large macrocyclic compounds and what we have also observed that whenever there are possibilities of several types of ring closing metathesis occurring on a substrate having multiple alkene moieties then the one which is giving larger macrocyclic is the one which is favored and this is easily explained by the reason that the rings with less ring strength are the ones which would be preferable in the course of ring closing metathesis reaction. So continuing with our discussion on chiral form of ring closing metathesis, more particularly a better known as asymmetric ring closing metathesis or ARCM, we are going to be looking at some more examples of ARCM in this lecture and then continue further along those lines. So asymmetric ring closing metathesis or ARCM, this is what it is properly known as and we are going to be looking at a particular example using a chiral catalyst and this also uses a molybdenum imido carbene complex with elaborate ligand scaffold as is drawn over here. This has a bulky mesital moiety bound to molybdenum with two diastropopyl phenyl imido and the carbene moiety is with dimethyl phenyl substituents as is shown over here and these catalysts facilitates ring closing between these two olefins resulting in six-membered cyclic compound and the corresponding product this becomes as is shown over here similar. Now the scope of these as ring closing metathesis is further expanded in a next example that we are going to look at which involves ring closing metathesis as well as cross metathesis. These are tandem reactions where two reactions happen. The first one obviously is the cross metathesis followed by ring closing metathesis which results in larger cycle and another interesting aspect of this example is that depending upon the reaction condition one particular product is favored over the other. We are going to take a look at these nice examples of tandem cross metathesis and ring closing metathesis reactions which in short is known as tandem CM or CM reactions. This is nicely illustrated in the following substrate. These are acrylate ester or alkene derivatives. Upon reaction it undergoes cross metathesis followed by ring closing metathesis to give large microcyclic structures as is shown over here and this is a dimeric structure. In this dimer formation what happens is first the reaction of two of this unit happens through cross metathesis and then to give the dimer and then RC ring closing metathesis to give the microcyclic structure. Now the reaction can also give a mixture where a trimer is obtained along the same pathway and this is the trimer and these are useful compounds and used in synthesization of pyrenoporphine derivatives used in the synthesis of pyrenophorine derivatives. The interesting aspect is that the product distribution is dependent on time and concentration. Product distribution depends on time and concentration. For example, higher concentration favours trimer over dimer and example at one millimolar substrate concentration that is a dimer to trimer ratio is 1 is to 1. However, at 6 millimolar substrate concentration, trimer is exclusively formed. This is an interesting reaction where we see that two metathesis reactions occurring in tandem sequence together in a sequential order tandem order one by one. So, we see that for this acrylate ester substrates we see cross metathesis between the substrates giving a dimer and then the RCM giving a macrocyclic. So, these macrocyclic can be derived from dimeric structure as well as from a trimeric structure and these are useful compounds required for the synthesis of pyrenophorine derivatives. What is more interesting is to note over here that the formation of this dimer and the trimeric structure are very much dependent on the substrate concentration used in the reaction. For example, higher substrate concentration favours the trimer formation and this is illustrated by the fact that at one millimolar substrate concentration both the dimer and trimer are formed in 1 is to 1 ratio. However, when one goes to a higher concentration for example, say to 6 millimolar substrate concentration then one finds formation of trimer to be exclusive. So, this is a nice example of tandem cross metathesis ring closing metathesis reaction or in short called tandem CM RCM reaction. So, we are going to look at some more tandem reactions for example, the next one that we are going to look at is ring opening and ring closing metathesis reaction or it is called RORCM or in short ring rearrangement metathesis reaction or called RRM reaction. So, ring opening and ring closing metathesis RORCM ring rearrangement metathesis RORCM reaction. So, this also is an interesting reactions where we would see that two reactions are happening ring opening as well as ring closing. So, this is observed in case of this cyclic alkene derivative. So, the first thing is ring opening and where the ring opening occurs in the cyclomethane ring as is shown over here followed by a ring closing that occurs with the alkene generated from this to with that. So, the first step is one can think of a ring opening metathesis which will sort of give and then the next step would be ring closing. So, that would involve this olefin reacting with this giving a six-membered ring and finally getting a structure which would be so what if one were to look at the outcome is that a smaller five-membered ring is cleaved and the six-membered ring is formed. So, this is a simultaneous two metathesis reaction occurring. The first is RORM and next is RCM and together these two reactions this RORM and RCM together is referred to as RRM or ring rearrangement metathesis reaction. So, this is a nice example of two sequential metathesis reaction that occur to form a six-membered ring. So, we are going to also look at some more examples of this ring opening, ring closing or RRM reaction as we proceed through today's discussion RORCM ring opening, ring closing metathesis or RRM ring rearrangement metathesis reaction examples. Here is a nice example in which a bond in fragment undergoes RORM kind of rearrangement and here what happens is that first the ring opening takes place and then the ring closing occurs resulting in the following bicyclic compound which is shown over here. So, the first is the ring opening ring of this to give and then ring closing between one of these olefins to give this macro cycle five-membered and six-membered macro cycle as is shown over here. So, this is RCM and together they would represent RRM which is ring rearrangement reaction. We are going to take a look at another example of this RORCM and RRM ring opening, ring closing metathesis or ring rearrangement reaction examples and this is observed for this cyclic compound styryl allyl ether compound as is shown over here and this in presence of ethylene and catalyst gives first the ring open product around this and then the RCM product between this, so RORM then RCM to give the following product as is shown over here. So, this is another nice example of RORM and RCM occurring over here. So, if one sort of looks at it, so during the process of RORM, so in the process of RORM this would open up and then there will be being closer which will be affected by these two olefin resulting in the six-membered ring as is shown over here. So, this is RCM and this is RORM and together they would be called as RRM or ligand rearrangement reaction. What we had done today is that we have looked at ring closing reaction various aspects of ring closing reaction including tandem reactions of ring closing reactions with other metathesis reaction in particular we have looked at cross metathesis ring closing reaction or CM or CM or we have looked at also various examples of ring opening, ring closing metathesis or RORCM in short they are also popularly referred to as ring rearrangement reaction. So, with this we come to an end of our discussion on ring closing metathesis reaction. We have looked into various types of ring closing metathesis reaction, various types involving the a chiral versions then we have also looked into the chiral variety what is prominent in this reaction is the fact that ring closing metathesis reactions usually are extremely useful for preparing large microcyclic compounds where the ring strain is not too acute and hence these reactions are favored. We have also seen that ring closing metathesis can be applied with other metathesis reactions for example cross metathesis reactions as well as ring opening ring closing metathesis reactions for preparing target molecules with scaffolds which are useful for other special kind of applications. So, with this we come to the conclusion of today's lecture where we have finished our discussion on ring closing metathesis reaction particularly we have observed that how these reactions have been put in use and we have also looked into their tandem variety. So, with this I conclude our discussion on ring closing metathesis reaction, we are going to be taking up another new topic which is alkyne metathesis when we meet next for this course. We are going to be talking about alkyne metathesis. So far we have restricted on all types of metathesis reactions which are known for olefins, but we are going to expand the domain of metathesis reaction and we are going to be looking at alkyne metathesis reaction which also by its own right and merit falls in the overall class of metathesis reaction. So, with that I once again thank you for being with me and I look forward to being with you when we take up this alkyne metathesis in the next class. Till then, goodbye.


Hey everyone, my name is Jason Dobies, I'm a TMM in the Cloud Platforms Business Unit at Red Hat, and today we're going to be taking a look at using the operator framework to install applications into our OpenShift 4 cluster. The operator hub is a new tab in the UI and gives us access to all of the operators that can be installed into our cluster. Once they're installed we can use them to provision custom resources depending on what it is the operator provides for us. For this example, this operator will only run inside of a specific namespace as compared to being installed on the cluster itself. So we're going to install it into a demo namespace we've created. The AMQ Streams operator is going to give us access to the data streaming platform provided by Red Hat. It's based on the Apache Kafka project and it's going to give us access to a number of services and resources related to managing not just the creation and running of a Kafka server, but all of the extra pieces surrounding it in terms of configuration, in terms of supporting services, and in terms of actually creating resources that run on the Kafka server itself. When we switch over to our demo operator project, we'll see the operators have been successfully installed. So we'll take a look inside of there and see the variety of resources that are available to us. Now for the purposes of this demo, we're going to set up just a basic Kafka cluster. It's going to set up all of the resources necessary to run it in addition to standing up the services themselves. You'll see the basic OpenShift YAML that you're used to seeing in the past. What we're going to do is leave the default. So our cluster is going to be named my cluster. It's going to go into our demo operator project. And once we create, it's going to begin the process of pulling down the images and installing them. Notice how the kind of there is listed as Kafka as compared to something like a pod or deployment that we're typically used to in OpenShift. One of the benefits of operators is it uses custom resources to be able to talk in terms of the business logic being deployed. Instead of having to think I have a pod of a particular image on it, I can tell OpenShift, give me all of my installed Kafka installations, and let me work in terms of the actual object itself. Now you'll notice it's kicked off the creation of a number of resources, supporting resource types like secrets and configuration maps. You'll also notice that the ZooKeeper nodes had begun to start. If we had DuckEnd, we would wait for all three of those nodes to begin before it actually begins the creation of the Kafka brokers. Operators give us access to this level of advanced installation logic where we can stand up one service before standing up another or trade data back and forth as necessary. Hopping out to a shell very quickly, we can see that the majority of these servers have begun. So we'll hop back into the UI and take a look at the resources themselves. If we jump back to the installed operator section, we're going to go through, we're going to also create a Kafka topic inside of our newly created cluster. Again, it's going to prompt us with the traditional OpenShift YAML. We're going to just simply rename the topic name itself to Hello World. It's going to be deployed into my cluster, which is the cluster we just created through the operator. And again, that lives in our demo namespace operator. Once we've created the topic, the operator receives an event that this new Kafka topic object has been created. And it takes whatever steps are necessary to create that inside the Kafka cluster itself. We head back to the project itself and take a look at the services. Again, we'll see that the ZooKeeper cluster is running, as well as the Kafka cluster itself. We go through and we select a single pod from this list. We can RSH in and take a look around to make sure our topic has been created. Once inside the cluster, we use the tools built into the image itself to take a look at all of our topics. Now, we use local hosts, but obviously we could have gone to the service level itself and had the load balancer pick one of these instances. But for simplicity, we're just going to say query the Kafka server itself or the Kafka instance itself and make sure that the topic that we created is there as expected. As we can see, the Hello World topic was not only created as a resource inside of OpenShift, but is also present inside the Kafka cluster. Hope you enjoyed this walkthrough operators and all the power they give you in OpenShift 4.


It's going good? It's going amazing.  Who's got a mask going up?


Here we are zooming in to the globular star cluster Westerland 2 in the Gum 29 H2 star forming region, 14,000 light years away. It's only 2 million years old and contains some of the most massive, hottest young stars in the Milky Way. The Hubble Space Telescope was used to conduct a three-year study of this cluster from 2016 to 2019. This study sought to investigate the properties of stars during their early evolutionary phases and to trace the evolution of their circumstellar disc environments. They found that the most massive and brightest stars in the cluster are found in the core. Westerland 2 contains at least 37 extremely massive stars, some with up to 100 solar masses. These stars do not have planet-forming, circumstellar discs around them. The study found that the stars near these giants also exist without circumstellar discs. Further from the center, they found that most of the stars do indeed have these dust cloud discs. One explanation for this situation is that the blistering ultraviolet radiation and strong stellar winds from the central stars erode the discs around neighboring stars, dispersing the giant dust clouds that one day may have formed to planets. This cluster will be an excellent target for follow-up observations with the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope.


After a slow start to this one, what did it take in the second half to kind of turn things around? You outscored them 37-21 in that third quarter. Orlando's a scrappy team. We knew that. They were going to come out in a job, especially after they went against the Knicks. They were rolling a little bit. Coach Mo's got them rolling over there, so we knew they were going to come out with confidence. We took that punch, and we did what we did. We gathered up and played our basketball. Season high in scoring.  Bruce Brown goes down during the game, too. But with your performance, how satisfying was it to contribute the way that you did? Whatever it takes for us to win. That's what I'm here for. Five minutes, 10 minutes, whatever it takes. Today I was first enough to play and contribute and give my guys some shots. James, how big was the markers for you guys on the stretch? You had those two baskets the final minute to kind of seal a win. He been doing that forever. Like I said, I'm happy he's off my scouting report and on my team now. He's tough. He's been hitting clutch buckets like that his whole career. Maestro James Harden was not reluctant to find him during down the stretch and shows a lot of character in his leadership as well. What worked for you guys on that 10-0 run towards the end of the second quarter and then into that big third quarter? Just believing our defensive schemes and executing it. We wasn't really executing. We wasn't really talking. Like I said, as soon as we buckled down, realized that this team was in here for real, then we figured it out.


Type 1A supernova redshifts provide a measure of the scale factor back to near the earliest galaxies. The cosmic microwave background provides the scale factor for the surface of last scattering. We can tie scale factor and time together, given the vacuum energy, radiation, baryonic and cold dark matter contents of the Universe. So we can say, with a fair degree of accuracy, that decoupling started around 250,000 years into the expansion, and the surface of last scattering occurred around 370,000 years into the expansion. But how did we get to the cosmic microwave background? Where did the matter come from? And how did a fractal landscape form? To address these questions we need to go beyond the surface of last scattering. Back to the time when atomic nuclei formed, called nucleosynthesis, kicked off by neutrino decoupling, and back further still to the time when quarks and protons were created from radiation, called baryogenesis. It is in this time frame that cosmologists propose that a super rapid increase in the size of the Universe happened, called inflation. In these earliest times, the Universe was radiation dominated, and we have a fairly simple relationship between time, scale factor, temperature and energy that we can use as we cover each of these key areas.