Okay, hello and welcome everyone to the Limitless Careers Week and this afternoon's panel is the Physics in Medicine and we're celebrating National Careers Week in the UK. And these sessions are organised by the Institute of Physics and a fantastic opportunity to learn about all the different types of careers that physics can open up. So my name is Dr Yolanda O'Heaney and I'm a researcher at the University of Manchester. And so my research is developing new MRI techniques to look at the brain. And specifically, I'm interested in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and how we can use MRI to kind of help to better understand diseases like this. So I'm also joined by four fantastic speakers from all over the world in science and their jobs look at physics and medicine in all sorts of ways. But they have, they all have got one thing in common and that's that they do physics and physics has helped them to get here. So we'll hear from each of the speakers and have a chat about their exciting careers. And then it will be over to you. So please send lots of questions. So when if you have any point, if you have a question, add it into the chat function and we can pick it up and we'll do our best to answer them. So this afternoon speakers, we have Lauren Byrne. So Lauren works as a medical physicist in the Galway Clinic in both radiotherapy and nuclear medicine departments. Her role involves calibrating and testing machinery and equipment in these areas such as PET CT scanners, spec scanners and radiotherapy treatment and machines. So she'll be telling us more about this. So she and her colleagues are also responsible for handling radioactive material that is used during certain scans or procedures and ensuring that all the correct protective measures are in place.  Our second speaker is Sophie Martin. And so Sophie from a young age was fascinated by the ways in which mathematics could be used to describe the world around her. She graduated from Imperial College London with a master's in physics in 2020 and is now taking a PhD in University College London. Sophie is keen to use her skills to help to tackle the problems of health care by imaging and modelling processes in the brain for dementia research. Physics really plays a key role in the tools required to obtain and analyse images. Our third speaker is Heidi Hernandez and Heidi is a trainee nuclear medicine technologist at the Royal United Hospital in Bath. She completed a bachelor's in science in biomedical science in the University of Plymouth and is currently studying part time for her MSc in nuclear medicine by the University of West England. Alongside studying, Heidi works in a nuclear medicine department at the hospital where patients undergo specialist scans after receiving radioactive injections. Outside of training, Heidi loves to travel and hopes to visit South America once the pandemic is over. And then last but least, our final speaker is Jamie Muburn Crook. And Jamie is a meteorologist. So he'll be telling us more about this. And so what he does is he accurately measures radioactive material to make sure that nuclear medicine and power plants are safe. So he began working in the National Physics Laboratory at the age of 16. Some of his work includes this anti-biral material used for the pandemic, creating CE certified PPE for the NHS staff, as well as winning the apprentice of the year for his work in 3D printing for cancer research. So outside of the lab, he enjoys playing rugby and dog walking. So we'll shortly be over to Lauren to start our session. But don't forget to ask as many questions as you have. And if you have a specific speaker that you're interested in getting a response from, just put that person's name in the chat. So over to Lauren. Hi, everybody. So as Yolanda said, my name is Lauren and I work as a medical physicist in the Galway Clinic. So it's in Ireland. Because once the start, I'll just give you a quick outline of kind of how I got into the job I'm in. So I studied physics when I was in school for my final exam. And I absolutely loved learning about how I could describe the world around me with all these equations and how I could kind of understand everything that was you know, from the very, very small to the really, really large. So I ended up studying a course called theoretical physics in university, which was kind of sounds complicated, but it's basically a very mathematically, a very mathematical look at physics. So how we can use maths to explain what we see in the world. So I did enjoy aspects of the course, but towards the end of it, I just felt a lot of it was quite abstract. And I kind of wanted something. And I suppose that I could kind of really understand how it applied to the world around me. So this is what motivated me to look into more applied branches of physics. And then through a bit of research and speaking to people that worked in the field, and also touring hospital departments, I decided that medical physics sounded like it would be a good fit for me. So this led me to do a master's in medical physics. And after that, I was able to work as an intern for a couple of months, and then finally secure a full time position as a medical physicist. So that's kind of the intro of how I how I came into the job. But I suppose the bigger question is what do I actually do? And so my job is mostly to do with using radiation in hospitals. And radiation is a form of energy, just like visible light. But the ones that we use in hospitals have higher energy. So I'm sure a lot of you have heard of x-rays, and then gamma rays are kind of higher energy again. So if we can actually just move to the next slide, please. So there's kind of two big areas you can work in as a medical physicist. So one is diagnostic physics. And this is concerned with using radiation to take images so that we can diagnose a patient. So for example, you might have an x-ray to determine if you've got a broken bone. So I'm sure a lot of you are familiar with that. So that's like the images there on the left. The other two scanners then the one in the middle is called a PET CT scanner. And the one on the right is called a gamma camera. And these can take images similar to those at the bottom, which are just kind of other ways of determining what's going on inside the patient's body. So the other big area then that you can work in is radiotherapy. Just the next slide, please. So radiotherapy is focused on using radiation to actually treat patients. So for example, the majority of them would be cancer patients. And we can do that either using the big machine that we have there on the left hand side. So it's called a linear accelerator. And this kind of treats the patient externally. And it uses it's kind of like a big extra machine. It just uses higher energy in order to kill the cancer cells. And then on the right hand side, you can see a different type of treatment using radiation. So these little seeds that you see at the top, they're actually naturally let give off radiation. And we can place these inside the patient, and it can kind of treat the cancer from the inside out. So these are kind of the two different like approaches, I suppose to cancer treatment with radiotherapy. So I work kind of between the two areas between the diagnostic side and the radiotherapy side. So my job has a lot of different parts. And so I'm responsible for making sure that all these machines are working correctly. So I have to do a lot of different tests on them to make sure things like, say, the, you know, mechanically the machine is working correctly, or that the the radiation that's coming out of it is the correct amount and the correct energy that we want, depending on what it's for. And then another big part of my job involves troubleshooting. So I might get a phone call from the machine during a treatment and they say the machine is cut out and we just figure out what's wrong. So I kind of have to go and figure out if it's something that I can fix. So maybe it would be like a communication error between different parts of the machine. And then I could fix that. But then if it's something that's bigger, so say maybe a part has to be replaced, I would be responsible then for getting in touch with an engineer and getting them to come and fix that before that's able to be used clinically again. So I really like this part of the job because you can get a phone call with an error you've never seen before. And you kind of have to use your knowledge and your your skills to, you know, figure out what's what's going on and what the best action to take is. Next slide please. So the another part of the job that I do is dealing with the radioactive materials in the hospital. So these are materials that emit radiation naturally.  And but they naturally emit different types of radiation. So the seeds from the last slide are one example. But we also this can also come in like a liquid form that might have to be injected into patients for different types of scans. So you can see there in the first picture on the left, this is the area where I would prepare those injections. And so as you can see, there's like a really thick lump of glass there. So that's to protect the eyes. And the actual vial that contains the liquid is in case in that that big gray thing, it's a lead shield to protect the person that's preparing those injections. And you can see in the middle picture that the injection itself is actually in paste in in a protective shield as well. That's to protect their hands during the handling of that. So handling and disposing of that material is it's really important that that's done correctly. And that would be kind of the responsibility of the physics department, as well as kind of making sure that the signage like in that photograph is correct and the waste bins as well. So I suppose that's a very, very quick snapshot of some of the things that I do. And the best part of my job is that I get to work in kind of a technical and scientific role. But all the work that I do has such a clear focus. So everything comes back to, you know, being able to give the patient the best care, whether they're getting a scan, or they're having treatment. And, you know, whether it's maths that I have to do, or whether it's equipment I have to fix, everything comes back to giving the best type of treatment to the patient. So I really like that there's that individual kind of helping an individual on people on an individual level, as well as kind of the greater societal impact I suppose. And so yeah, that's me. That's kind of a brief idea of what I do. And I just hand back to Yolanda. Thanks so much, Lauren. It's so interesting to see that both you're very much hands on with the big machinery and then also the traces and so on that you use to help to see the results, which is fascinating. So now we can pass over to Sophie. Yes, hi, everyone. I'm delighted to be on the call today. I hope you can all hear me okay? You can? Good. So I don't have any slides, but I thought I'd just talk to you for five minutes or so about my journey into my PhD position at UCL. So I thought it'd be good to just start with a summary of kind of like my school journey. So I essentially grew up loving maths, loving physics, and I have to say, even though I've ended up doing medical physics as my PhD, I wasn't a child who knew that this is what I wanted to do. I kind of just followed what interested me at the time. So during school, that was very much the mathematical sciences. I really liked problem solving, and just the kind of curiosity that came with science and finding out more about our world and how things worked. So I kind of just followed that passion throughout school. And when I got to college and exam time, I started to think a little bit more about what I'd want to do for university and kind of why I was so driven by by subjects like maths and physics. So I did kind of apply to do physics at university, which meant I needed to take subjects like further maths, mathematics and physics. I also took history, because I was a student who kind of liked to have that balance of not just always looking at numbers constantly, but getting to kind of explore my creative side and writing and stuff. So I tried to keep up a good mix. And then I got to university and really, really enjoyed physics. So unlike Lauren, I did a straight physics degree, so not a theoretical one, which meant that I had a lot of opportunity to work in labs and carry out experiments in kind of like first, second and third year. And that was really cool, because you start thinking a little bit about kind of the scientific process and how to design experiments and how to kind of quantify things like quantifying certainties and how you present your results. So it was getting a little bit more technical and hands on. And during university, I actually carried out several internships. So this is kind of how I kind of knew that I wanted to do a PhD. I took my summer holidays as an opportunity to try out different things, whether that was kind of engineering roles at car companies like Land Rover and Jaguar, or kind of data science roles in energy companies. I just wanted to see all the different ways I could apply physics. And when I got to third year and finally, like the final years of university, we had a few modules on medical imaging. So kind of like what Lauren talked about, how x-rays are used to diagnose people and all the physics involved in how x-rays actually interact with those particles in our body. And for me, that was like the moment I knew that I wanted to kind of use my physics for, but in a way that I felt would actually like help people on a day to day basis. I think it was a revelation to see how the power of physics in terms of like medical imaging and understanding how we work and how we operate. So from there, I kind of applied to a degree, which well, a PhD course, which I'm on now, called a CDT in AI and medical imaging. So it's essentially bridging the gap between machine learning and medical imaging. So I'm sure quite a few of you may have heard about medical imaging. It's quite a popular term at the moment. And my research is all about kind of uniting the two and seeing how we can train machine learning models to help diagnose diagnostics. In particular, I'm looking at dementia. So Yolanda actually mentioned Alzheimer's in her introduction. And it's quite a big problem with our ageing population. You know, they're predicting an increase in the number of people living with dementia. So my research is all about how we can kind of better predict that earlier on in the pipeline and kind of see if we can kind of fight that battle. So yeah, that's a brief intro about me. Thanks so much, Sophie. And it's really nice to hear the different interfaces or the different experiences that you've had to be able to come to the conclusion of like physics has led you to medical physics. So that's that it's a nice trajectory that you've shown us there. So Heidi, would you like to introduce yourself? Hi, everyone. Thank you for having me here today. So I'm Heidi and I'm a trainee nuclear medicine technologist. And so I work in my department full time, but then part time outside of work. I'm also studying for my masters in nuclear medicine. So I absolutely love my job. It's really interesting. No two days at the hospital are ever the same. And basically what we do in our department is we see patients from all sorts of walks of life for different tests and scans. So nuclear medicine tests are very different to having an x-ray or a CT because nuclear medicine tests look at how your body is functioning or not functioning in some cases, whereas x-rays and CTs tend to have a look at your anatomy. So what's actually going on with how your body's looks like on the inside. So the main way that we do our tests is we usually inject patients with something radioactive. And a lot of the time we inject them with a substance that is labeled with something called technetium. And that's the radioactive bit. So what we do is we inject the patient, let that circulate around their body for a few hours, and then we bring them back and we scan them under something called a gamma camera. So a gamma camera is a really interesting bit of equipment. It's basically this massive radiation detector that picks up all of the gamma rays that are coming from the patient to basically form an image of what's going on inside. So I actually have an example of what those scans look like if we could go to the next slide. Perfect. So this is a whole body bone scan of a prostate cancer patient. So basically what we're seeing is a nice picture of the patient skeleton. And that's because we've injected them with something called HMDP, which has been labeled with that radioactive agent. And what the HMDP does is it goes all around the body, but it combines itself with calcium and helps in bone remodeling. So that's why we can see the whole of the patient skeleton, because a little bit of that injection has been taken up all over the skeleton. However, the bits that I've circled in red, where it's a little bit darker, that's what we like to call in nuclear medicine a hot spot. And it's basically where more of that injection has concentrated itself because there's more bone remodeling. So the bone is kind of being repaired in that area. And that could indicate anything from a fracture to infection or metastasis. So when cancer has gone to the bones of a patient. So quite often doctors like to use this type of scan when staging different sorts of cancers. So that's just one sort of scan that we do. And there are so many more and they're all so different and interesting. Unfortunately, we don't have enough time to talk about them all today. But I encourage you to have a look at Hopkins Medicine, the website that you can see at the top there. They explain a lot of the different scans, go into a bit more detail about them. And also the BNMS website is a really good page. If you're interested in a career in medical physics, it's another really good page to visit. And they've got some great videos and that kind of explain a little bit about more about what we do in Nuclear Medicine Day today as well. So me personally, I've had a bit of an unconventional route into this career. And when I was at school, secondary school, I always really, really loved science. And in particular biology was my thing. And I always knew that I wanted to work in healthcare. I did study physics, but I actually never thought it was something that I would need to use, especially going into healthcare. So I decided to study biomedical science at uni. And I found it really interesting. But when I got to the end of my degree, I realized I don't want to work in a lab. I want to work with patients every day. So after uni, I did a few different jobs whilst trying to figure out what it was that I really wanted to do. So I briefly worked as a dental nurse, and then I took a job as an administrative assistant in the hospital that I currently work in. After a year of doing that, I saw a job going as a dexer operator. And if you've not heard of dexer before, it's basically a bone density scan that uses X-rays to measure how strong people's bones are. So I got that job, and I really, really enjoyed it. And it was my introduction into kind of radiology and medical imaging. So our dexer scanner was based in our nuclear medicine department. So working there, I got to meet lots of nuclear medicine texts, and they told me about what they did. And I got to see a few different scans. And I thought, oh, this is really interesting. It's a nice mix of both science, which I loved at school. And patient contact, it's like the perfect mix. So when the department started advertising for a trainee tech, I decided to jump at the opportunity. And yeah, here I am. So I feel really lucky because every day I get to come into work and do something that I really, really love. And also, we're just helping patients as well at the same time. And it feels really nice to feel like you're contributing and making a difference to somebody's life, especially during like the pandemic at the moment, it feels nice to help people. Yeah, so that's me. Thanks for listening. And I look forward to answering some of your questions later on. Thanks so much, Heidi. Are you in the hospital at the moment and just trying to locate you?  That's how you know that you're in a hospital, I think. Well, this is really very interactive. It's great. So over to you, Jamie, would you like to introduce yourself to everyone? Yes, thank you very much. So I'm Jamie, I'm a nuclear metrologist over here at the National Physical Laboratory. And if we go to the next side where we can start looking at what the nuclear is, what radiation is. So today we've heard quite a lot of like gamma x-rays and the kind of idea is everything that we know of in the world is either mass or energy and energy tends to be travel along these waves and much like a wave on the sea, you can have long, slow waves or you can have short and sharp waves. In the low, we've got kind of our microwaves, our radio waves for our phones in the middle we've got the visible light that we see and at the really, really, really high energy, that's where we've got the gamma rays. Gamma rays are fabulous because they can travel through people really easily, which is why we use them for medical imaging so we can see what's going on. The problem we've found at MPL is whilst travelling through people that they can interact with the person and they might not necessarily travel in a straight line. And what this means to the doctor is they can end up with quite a fuzzy image. So if we take Heidi's images, for example, they're brilliant at showing where the cancer is. But if I was to ask you where exactly is it on a cell by cell basis, that's when you start going, oh, I don't know. And if you went into an operation to remove the cancer and the surgeons they're going, oh, I don't know, that can mean that they have to remove extra tissue just because you really want to be safe, rather better safe than sorry. So if we switch to the next slide on some of the work I've been doing, we take this pelvis phantom in the bottom left hand corner and this mouse phantom in the middle right or just in the middle top section. That is where we've 3D printed like fake bones which interact with the gamma rays coming up very similar. We can write correction factors and we can try and improve the imaging. And if the surgeon is getting clearer images, they know where exactly the cancer is, they can leave some of the healthier tissue behind and therefore the patient, but they've got more of their own tissue behind and they can just have a nicer life going forward. The surgery isn't as impactful on the patient. So beyond that, the kind of things I've been kind of work with and stand for. So a lot of my stuff is 3D printing related in the top right as the pandemic kicked off this idea of we needed PPE, but beyond that we needed PPE that works. And there was quite a famous story about a shipment coming in from Turkey and we actually had to say no to it because it didn't meet standards. So MPL is a national measurement institute or someone who works very closely with standards. We came up with this C certified design so people could print off their own face masks at home and provide them to hospitals with whilst knowing that it's going to be accepted because it met a C certification. And yes, as we can see on the far right hand photo, I've printed off about five or six hundred of these for going into hospitals. So those are some of the things that I've done historically. If there's anything on there that catches your eye that you'd quite like to ask me about, please drop it in the Q&A. I'm more than happy to ask any questions, answer any questions even. And the final point I'd like to raise is I'm even I'm a very different person in how I've got into science. We earlier had a question where you naturally good at school or naturally academic. I was naturally good at tests, no, naturally good at learning, naturally rubbish at tests. I could not do them to save my life. I'm dyslexic, which again doesn't help. But what it meant is dyslexia is not something we're which makes people worse, but rather an imbalance where you may be worse at spelling or time management. But I was in my case, I was quite good at 3D thinking. And it really helped when I left school at 16. And so leaving school, I was 16 years old in 2018. And this is a timeline of what I've been doing since I've left. So that's my kind of final thought is you can actually go into science and make a real impact even if you were just leaving school, even if school's not for you, that doesn't mean that science is. Thank you. Thanks so much, Jamie. It's such an interesting variation of the different work that you do as well. And I have to say that I'm dyslexic as well. And so numbers and timekeeping are not my thing. No, numbers are my thing, but writing is not my thing. So I suppose we all have to kind of play on our strengths as well. And I think that that's a really important and really important point. Thanks so much for sharing. So I have a few questions for the panel and I see that lots and lots of questions have come in on the Q&A. So keep them coming as things come up. But first of all, I'm really curious to know for each of you, what's the thing that really like motivates you with your job at the moment? Like what's the thing which gets you out of bed in the morning? So perhaps perhaps should we go over to Lauren first? Great. So I suppose the biggest thing for me is when I did physics in school and university, I kind of thought of, you know, that when I taught a physics, I thought of working somewhere like CERN or, you know, that these big particle accelerators, I'm not sure people are familiar with them, but, you know, working in a lab, you know, you think of Einstein, Newton, all those type of people. And I didn't really think that this kind of impact you could have on it kind of individual people was something I would get in a physics career. So I suppose one of the biggest, even though it's not the only thing I like about my job, one of the biggest motivators for me is that kind of connection to helping people and, you know, being part of somebody's journey and something that's, you know, being part of a patient's treatment, you're kind of a link in the chain of of helping get that person hopefully get better. So I think that's like the biggest motivator for me. And Heidi, how about you? Well, there's there's a few things, really. I think number one is just that I know that every day is going to be different. I've got quite a short attention span. So I don't like to be doing the same thing for too long. So although we might be doing very similar tests every day, it's the patients that really make it different. And you never know who's going to walk in the door or quite how your day is going to go. Some patients need a little bit more help. Some cases are a bit more difficult, or you come across things that you might not know. You come across things that you might not have even expected on the patient's referral form. So that's really what I love is just kind of going into the unknown every day and being excited by what I find. But also just the fact that it's the kind of job where you can continually carry on learning as well. There's always new developments going on and there's always a course that you can take or a way to kind of just keep your brain taking over. Ray, and how about you, Sophie? Yeah, I'd have to actually agree with Heidi, especially that last point about kind of technological advancements. And I suppose even though I'm perhaps less closely interacting with patients themselves and people walking into the clinic since I'm doing research, it's nice when you do get that interaction with clinicians and often with research in medical imaging and kind of medical physics. There is a high focus on translation. So how we can actually implement the ideas that we're discovering at our desks per se, but in the actual clinic as well. So it's for me quite exciting. And I suppose one of the big things I've loved as I've started my PhD is just seeing the breadth of application of physics in imaging technology. And it makes me quite excited about the future actually because the power of what we can do with this radiation that we're hearing about today is kind of endless and exciting. Yeah, it's amazing the scope of thinking about fundamental physics, but then applying it to healthcare. That is really cool. And Jamie, do you have anything else or what gets you out of bed in the morning? In a nutshell, I love what I'm doing. So for me as a child, I grew up in my granddad's workshop where we'd build things. We'd take a challenge and we'd solve it. And I love the process of solving a challenge. So after leaving school, I was like, but what's the biggest challenge I can find? Oh, cancer, that's pretty big. And it's the actual manner in which we solve it. That's what I love. Yeah, cool. And another question that I wanted to ask each of you was maybe thinking about when you're younger or even now, who really inspired you to kind of go into this field? And because I know that I particularly got into or I chose to do a physics degree at university because I saw, I don't know if some of you have seen him on the TV, Jim Alcaleli, and he did a programme called Atom. And that was the first time when I was like, oh, whoa, the scope of the universe. And so I wonder who perhaps inspired you, whether that's someone famous, someone personal. But if we go to Heidi. So I would actually have to say my science teachers at school really inspired me, which I think is a nice thought looking back. Yeah, they were just really motivating and so knowledgeable. Yeah, I'd have to give it to my science teachers at school because otherwise I think it's quite easy. If you don't have the right teachers, it's quite easy to get kind of a bit bored, but they were great. And does anyone else have particular inspirational figures in their lives to get to where they are now? Yeah, Milanda. So I actually, it's almost the same as I do. Like when I was under the age of 16, I loved maths, but I never really knew what physics was. I kind of thought physics was, you know, measuring things with the ruler and measuring curvy lines with the string and that was, you know, that was all I knew about physics. And it was actually the physics teacher in my school, who had been my science teacher at the time, convinced me to take it as a subject for my final exams because he just thought I'd like it and be suited to it. But lucky enough because I didn't, I didn't really know what it was. And I took a chance and ended up loving it. But yeah, so really teachers and having, it's not even just a teacher, but having somebody that can just let you know, you know, what's involved. I think a lot of people maybe think, oh, that's not for me. That's too hard. But I'm kind of like what Jamie was saying earlier, that you don't have to be like, you know, like a Einstein to, to love physics, to be good at it and to get into a job that you love that's related to it. Does anyone else have any, any other, any other shout outs that they'd like to mention? The people I'm really enjoying watching at the moment, Brian Cox does a show of the infinite monkey cage. That's fantastic. And also Elon Musk is a great person to watch on YouTube, just because he's got this charisma about him, but also the inspirations go out and solve the problem. Those are two good YouTube watches. Yeah. And also, I mean, recently, I've been listening to a lot of podcasts and there's one called Sean Carroll's Mindscape, where he kind of just talks to people about science and it's not necessarily like technical aspects, but it's kind of our interaction with science on a day-to-day basis. So like games, kind of like thinking about decision theory and probabilities that we encounter from day to day. So I quite like those, those kind of applications of science where you're very familiar. And in terms of my, my kind of inspirational journey, it's interesting because physics was one of the most like the toughest subjects I'd taken at school. I found it really difficult, even though I was good at the math side, physics exams are notoriously quite challenging. So I definitely struggled during revision time to kind of just boost my grades and stuff. So for me, it wasn't like it was the easiest subject, but what drove me to still take it on towards university was just the fact that it was so broad. I felt like I didn't necessarily know what I wanted to do with my job. So why don't I take something that kind of opens all doors and allows me to essentially pick later down the line. So it was quite a practical choice for me to just take something that would allow me to go anywhere. Right, now we've got lots of questions have come in. So we'll try and get to as many as possible and I'll try and kind of combine some of them that have come in as well. So I think firstly, quite a few different people have been asking, so what GCSEs did you enjoy, let's say, and also which subjects did you take at A level? So just to give people an idea of your different trajectories to get to where you are. So does anyone want to jump in first? So GCSEs wise, some of the more interesting choices aside from triple science and double maths was graphics, electronics, psychology, because I loved creating and being explorative. I think that's how you say it. So yeah, the whole idea of you don't need to enjoy science at the moment to become a scientist. You need to enjoy the scientific process where you think about what's going on in your life and looking for the answer. I think those are the two big things that really underpins every good scientist. Yeah, definitely. And I would add to that about the curiosity because often in your science lessons and maths lessons you are able to get to an answer. There's an answer there. But actually, when you get further down the line with exploring science, you actually realise that there's so many unknowns and that's really what we're delving towards and what we're trying to understand better.  So Heidi, which pathway did you take? Could you just tell us your GCSEs and what you enjoyed? Yeah, so I think my choice of GCSEs and A-levels are probably a bit different to everybody else's. So I did triple science at GCSE.  I did business, photography and French as well. So kind of a bit random. And then for my A-levels, I actually did biology, French and sociology. So I didn't even do physics at A-level. And then obviously going into Biomed at uni and now kind of life has led me into medical physics. It just goes to show that you can really learn something at any stage of life that you're at. So although I didn't do kind of physics at A-level, I've still managed to get to grips with it in the workplace and really come to love and joy and learn something about it. Yeah, I suppose there's so many different pathways that are available to take. Which route did you take, Lauren? So as I mentioned, I'm from Ireland. So we don't have GCSEs or A-levels. So we have kind of, I think exams are in a similar time. So like the kind of junior cycle exam, which when I did it, there was like 11 subjects. And I think eight or nine of them are predetermined. So you don't have a whole lot of choice. So my choices for that, I think were like art and music. I think I did. But, you know, we had to do maths and science. That was part of the curriculum for everybody. So then we had a little more choice toward our leaving set exams, which is kind of the equivalent to A-levels, I guess. So we had to do at least seven subjects. So I actually did eight. I did three sciences as well. And I did accounting, which was quite random. I just liked the numbers. So yeah, I think I always knew that I liked kind of maths and I enjoyed science, but yeah, it was kind of, it was kind of something I liked, but it wasn't. I suppose it's a bit different because we have a bit less choice and definitely, yeah, there's less like options in terms of subjects we can pick as well. So yeah, the Irish cohort, maybe we don't have much variety, but that was kind of what I did anyway. And Sophie, what was your route? So, I mean, in my school, we didn't have a huge number of options. We only had two. I had to take triple science and maths in English. Out of my options, I chose arts and history. I had to also take a language. I did a little bit of French. And so it was a bit of a mix, I suppose. I really liked history at GCSE and I continued that on. So I suppose if there's anybody who is wondering whether they can kind of mix the science with the kind of literature subjects, you absolutely can. Even at university, there's opportunity to kind of do extra modules. So I did a bit of philosophy and explored that kind of area as well. Great. And so I have a question here that is in general, does medical physics involve a lot of patient contact and communication? So perhaps I've had your, Lauren, what do you have a response for them? Yeah, certainly in my job, nuclear medicine, the main kind of thing that we do is dealing with patients every single day. And I don't want to speak for Lauren, but we work very closely with medical physicists and they quite often come down if we have a problem with the camera or like something's a little bit tricky with the patient and their injection and they come down and help us. So I think medical physicists do get some patient interaction as well, but Lauren, I wonder if you want to give your side of the story. Yeah, sure. So I suppose I would say there's a little bit. It kind of depends. Like Heidi said, a lot of it would be kind of secondary. So like the people that are on the ground, the radiographers or the therapists might call us when a patient is on the bed and you might have to come down and kind of, you know, affix something or figure something out in that context. The main way that I would be interacting with patients is through kind of a radioactive therapy. So it's called Svego. So basically it's kind of like what Heidi mentioned where you have a radioactive element and it's attached to calcium and it's to treat when there's cancer in the bone. So because I'm going down when that's been administered, I would get to kind of interact with patients there. But that's just our hospital is quite small. So there are a lot of different types of therapies where physicists would get to kind of deal with patients a bit more, but definitely not as much as people that are, you know, the actual radiographers that are taking the scans or the therapists that are administering the radiotherapy. Great. Thanks. Now, I've got another question here, which is talking about how your work has changed in the pandemic and whether you think that scientists and medical scientists are more highly regarded now. Perhaps Sophie, would you like to take that one? Sorry, I just asked a real question. Could you repeat what you were using? So thinking about how your work has changed in the pandemic and whether... Yeah, yeah, I saw this on our reading. Yes, yeah. And when I say it's just again, they've changed like if scientists are more highly regarded now in the wake of the pandemic. Yeah, absolutely. It's a really good question. And I think obviously with everything going on, all the eyes are kind of on science at the moment. I think it's really touching people's day-to-day lives. And I've found myself speaking about science more than I ever have with my family, which is kind of nice in a way. I think it's nice because it's pushing science to be more transparent. I think maybe people in the audience might also agree, but as a child, I just felt like sometimes scientists just spoke loads of fancy words, but we're trying to cover up the truth or just make things more complicated than necessary. And I think with everything going on now, there's a push for us to kind of think about how we communicate, what we're doing more, and be a bit more open and honest. So I quite like that aspect. And as far as my day-to-day, I suppose it's been strange because I started my PhD this year in the pandemic. So I haven't really experienced life outside the pandemic as a PhD student. I'm hoping that when I'm able to go into the lab and into the office and interact with people, I'll also see another side of research through kind of just social interaction and learning from others. Great, thanks. And Jamie, I've got a question for you about kind of advice for giving yourself the best chance to get an scientific apprenticeship. So for those who are thinking about taking a similar route to you that you have. The number one thing is enthusiasm. When you're going in on an apprenticeship, you are very much at the bottom of the pile. You have to recognize that you haven't had as long a time in training. You have to recognize that you won't have the knowledge that everyone around you has, but so does everyone in the company. They know that, and so all they really want from you is someone who's eager to learn, someone who's going to listen, and someone who's once trained up will be an active part of the team. So yeah, my advice for anyone going from an apprenticeship is be passionate, be enthusiastic, and also don't be afraid to communicate how you're feeling and don't be afraid to ask questions. I think asking questions is the number one thing for any apprentice to do. Great, thanks Jamie, really sound advice. And we've got a few questions about perhaps the harder parts of your job. So I would like to know what's first of all the hardest part of your job and second of all perhaps have there been any times when you thought oh perhaps you won't be able to go on to the next stage? Because I know certainly for me I found university quite difficult and when I was an undergraduate I thought I don't know if I'll be able to succeed now, but then I found out about kind of the medical side of physics and it really sparked an interest in me and it made me continue to be motivated in this area. So do you have any of you have a similar feelings about part that's very difficult or through your journey what's perhaps been a tough time? Everybody open at the same time. Well, I think working clinically there's challenges that we face every day. Sometimes we don't get because our radioactive injections they come from a different hospital. They're not made here. So sometimes there are problems at the radiopharmacy so we don't get our injections or things arrive late. So that can be quite tough but I think the most important thing kind of in any scenario is just surrounding yourself with really supportive people that you can go to for advice. So I know my colleagues here are absolutely brilliant and even with uni work at the moment if I've got any questions I can go to them and they can kind of help me out or share their experience. So yeah, I think it's always really important to have good people around you and Lauren did you have something to add as well? I did. Yeah. So I'm actually really similar to yourself, Yolanda. So in terms of the path and I would say that when I was leaving school I was really passionate about physics and really interested and definitely just had the love for it but kind of over the course of my degree toward the end. I just didn't have that same kind of love for it because I think the area of physics in my head. I thought it's really math. I love math's perfect but actually I like to see the application. So toward the end I kind of, you know because I just wasn't in the right branch of it. And I think I kind of had lost a little bit of that spark but exactly the same as yourself as soon as I kind of thought about the medical side of physics and realized that this was a job that you can do. So you get to do physics but you have a really clear kind of focus. Yeah, it really kind of inspired me I suppose and I think like you said it's the motivation and the passion side of it like even if it's difficult you're motivated to work through that because you have the passion and you know for the area you're in and I think that's the key difference. In terms of the day-to-day job then I think for me the kind of most difficult part is probably just the responsibility like there is a lot of things that you know there's going to be a direct effect on a patient if you do something wrong but having said that and kind of timing what Heidi mentioned having you know you're working as part of a team and everything is checked so much and your colleagues are there to support you so I think even though that is difficult there is definitely supports there to kind of counteract that as well. Now I have another question which is actually a good one for this session because it's what's the difference between a medical degree and a biomedical degree? So perhaps Heidi if you want to take that and if anyone else wants to jump in after Heidi as well. So yeah well I did biomedical science so we learn all about disease and the human body so anatomy and medicines as well it goes into all that kind of thing. I think medical science and biomedical science degree are the same thing but nuclear medicine is slightly different because that's more to do with the radioactivity and the different sorts of like physics that come into play within medical physics as well. So it's biomedical science is kind of like very broad and then nuclear medicine is kind of a more specific kind of thing that we do in hospitals I guess. I didn't know if anybody else could explain that and a little bit better. Because also I always think about there's a lot of people who do in science degrees consider whether to do medicine or not and so I think that say for example I did consider for a very short amount of time and I thought no it's not quite for me but what I do now is developing techniques which the doctors can use. So it's almost like looking at healthcare from a different angle as instead of from the patient aspect it's actually from like the tools aspect and from how we can understand the body in terms of like the research side of things. So I think that that's something that I never knew when I was at school that was available. Yeah. I was just gonna say I agree with you on that actually and I was similar in the sense that when I kind of decided science was for me at A level or college I still felt like I didn't wanna go down the medicine route and become a doctor per se in the kind of conventional sense. So yeah, I can relate to that definitely and it's interesting now because I guess with the machine learning side in a similar way I'm kind of more focused with the tools and kind of higher up the chain in a sense and it's quite exciting but I think I find like just the way that technology is kind of revolutionizing that side of things quite exciting but it's something that I didn't necessarily know existed before ending up there, if that makes sense. I thought physics was physics and you could be a doctor you see with Ivor or you could become a doctor or you could do physics and chemistry but it's been really nice exploring and the kind of intersection between the two. Great, now we're coming to the last five minutes or so so I think perhaps it might be a good idea to try and get through as many of these questions as possible if we can just do a quick fire, a quick answer for each of the questions that I posed to you. So first of all, Jamie, someone asked how long does it take to do a 3D scan and what are you 3D scanning, 3D printing, sorry, 3D printing? So I have just managed to sneak an alter in there but it's about 50 millimeters cubed per second. Yes, I think that's right. We run about 60 millimeters per second in going along the x-axis and we are extruding a tube, like a tube of material about 0.4 millimeters. What that means realistically, so when we were doing the pelvis earlier that was probably about two weeks worth of printing but naturally we fail quite a lot. So we try, try and try again and we can spend up to three, four months on a project before we're really happy with it and ready to take it to the clinical setting. Great, thanks. And Heidi, what's your biggest achievement so far? Sorry, it's a big one. I know, that's really tough. I would say being accepted onto the nuclear medicine course at UB, so obviously I'm still in the middle of my masters and still doing that but even being accepted onto the course and getting onto it, feels like quite a big deal for me especially seeing as I haven't done physics in the past it just goes to show that if you, if you work really hard at something then then you can do it and you can be successful. Great, that's really great. And Lauren, how do we produce gamma rays? So it's kind of similar to the way an extra machine works it's just that, I'm referring tonight the kind of treatment machine that we use for radiotherapy. So you basically have to get an electron which is like one of the particles that makes up atoms which make up all of us and fire it really, really fast at a target of some kind and when it hits it, it'll cause the target to kind of produce what we call photons. So these are kind of pockets of energy and or gamma rays, it's the same thing. And they'll, we produce basically a lot of them and that creates a beam and that's what we use to treat. So that is a very simplified version if you saw the inside of the machine you thought you want to describe it in that but that's my quick answer. Great, thanks Lauren. Sophie, I've got a bit of a harder one for you I've reframed the question but do you think that the science is kind of an inclusive place to work? That is a very heavy question but it's a good one. I think it's becoming more so definitely and I think that there's definitely intersections that still kind of require quite a lot of work honestly but I think that as everybody's kind of as light gets shed on the different intersections of society I think there's efforts to make science more inclusive. Yeah, definitely. And I think lots of people are working quite hard to make it as inclusive as possible and I think also what's necessary to say is I think one of the things that motivates people in the field that they're working in is when you're passionate about something. So if you're really interested in working in this area then I think keep pursuing it as well even though there might be a few different challenges. So Jamie, which part of your job do you enjoy the most? Just every day where I'm solving the problem earlier I said I loved the idea of solving a problem and that's the number one thing for me just finding the biggest challenge I can do and knowing I've made a dent in it. Yeah, great. Now Heidi, do you think that science literacy is important and also the study of, sorry, that's the same question in the second part of the question but do you think science literacy is important? Yeah, I do think it is but I don't think it's something that you have to kind of be a natural at. I think when you go onto like A-Levels and University and stuff that sort of things just kind of develops naturally the more kind of scientific papers that you read and people that you talk to you kind of start to build up this vocab that you didn't have before. So don't worry if you look at research papers now and you think what the heck is all of these words? That comes with time and the further you go in your studies you won't even realize it you'll just suddenly kind of start to understand what these people are talking about. Yeah, and I think also to add to that is you often hear about science capital as well that science isn't just about studying the books that it's also like being curious, maybe going to museums, doing your own experiments all of these adds to kind of your scientific toolbox that we have that we can take with us. So I'm just very aware of the time now. So I think I suppose just to close perhaps if each of you would say you're the most enjoyable part of your job. So Lauren. Sorry, I was off unmuted. I think my favourite part of my job it's been said already, but it's the variety and it's the problem solving for sure. That kind of challenge. It's great. Heidi. So I absolutely love working with patients. I think if you love science and you know that you want to work with people then a career in nuclear medicine or medical physics is definitely a good choice for you. Sophie. I probably say alongside problem solving and kind of the knowledge that is going to help people in the future it might contribute to that. I think just the potential the potential for new technology and coming up with new ideas. Right. Thanks. Sorry, Jamie, not to miss you out. I'd say the nonstop learning and the nonstop questioning. Yeah, brilliant. And from myself, I really love using the physics. So every day I do MRI coding and then when you actually get an image that you can see, I think that that's really it's amazing to think that we can see inside of the body. And so just to wrap up then thanks everyone for coming to the session and thank you to Lauren, to Heidi, to Sophie and to Jamie for your fantastic presentations and like it's so interesting and so varied. So before you go everyone at home or at school or wherever you might be please would be really grateful if you could give us feedback about how you found the session. So if you can just scan this QR code that's on your screens right now it will take you through to a short survey. So do please let us know what you think and have a great weekend everyone. Thanks a lot.


Hello everyone, I'm Seth Rose and I serve in the House of Representatives. I just want to welcome everybody here. Today is really an amazing day for this community. Obviously we have a lot of roadways that are areas of need in Columbia, but we can certainly scratch this one off the list. And to me this isn't just a ribbon cutting for a hawk traffic signal that's about to be put in to operation behind us, but also it is a signal, a ribbon cutting for things to come for this stretch of Millwood Avenue from Gervais down to Gladden. This has proven to be a deadly stretch of road. In the last four years there's been three pedestrians that have been killed, and I say pedestrians, multiple pedestrians. And I truly believe that the improvement with this hawk traffic signal, in addition the over half a million dollars investment that's going to come to this stretch of road behind me is going to save lives. And there's a lot of people to think. I'd like to start also by thinking city staff. I see Robert Anderson in the back. He's never one to come to the front, but I can tell you he is an amazing employee. And I would call him a public servant. He works very, very hard. So I want to thank Robert Anderson and city staff for all you do. We have our city councilman here. We have Howard DeVall, Moe Bajora, the mayor, Steve Benjamin's also present. And I'd like to also thank DOT staff. There's a lot of people with DOT that are responsible for this. But I want to say thank you to Lori Campbell who's present here today, who helped with the study. She's just been amazing. Tony Magwood, who's in the back from a DOT who does an amazing job. And Rob Perry, we have Rob Perry here today. We'll hear from him briefly in a little bit. But with that, we're going to have a list of speakers. As you know, we have the hawk traffic signal that is going to be put into operation. But the CTC board, which is a board that is appointed by the legislative delegation, is allocated close to a half a million dollars for improvements that are to come. We think those improvements, we believe they will be become implemented in the spring of next year. They'll first go to city council for vetting and public information. We'll have meetings, community meetings about what the community would like to see done based on the DOT plans for the improvements behind us. But with that, I want to welcome the CTC board chairman, Mr. James Brown. Good morning, everyone. Again, my name is James Brown. I'm chairperson of the Richland County Transportation Commission. The commission consists of 12 members appointed by the local legislative delegation. Our job is to look at the tax rebate that comes back to Richland County for road improvement projects. Normally we get requests from different entities from the city of Columbia, as well as the state, as well as Richland County. This particular project came us two months ago. Access to actually helping the project based on the fact that it's a safety issue. We brought it for the committee. The committee looked at it. At first, we had certainly not concerns, but we had to try to put some money in place because our fundings are limited. But after talking and hearing from the community, hearing from the city and everyone involved in the project, we saw need that we need to fund this project based on the nature of the safety issue. So again, we appreciate all that the rest of you all done in making sure this happened. We just played a part in putting funds in place for half a million dollars to the other portion of the project for this particular area. Thank you. Thank you, Representative Rose and Mr. Brown. And all of you who have come here to celebrate this quick action. I had the benefit of serving on the CTC committee 20 years ago, Mr. Brown. It's never acted this quickly before. This is a rapid response to an urgent need as we work and speak every day as the council meetings about ways in which we can not only be safer, but how we can encourage pedestrian activity, how we can become a more of a walking, biking community. And it's very difficult to do when you have major thoroughfares separating key neighborhoods in our city. So making this investment is essential to our overall strategy of making the city more livable. I mean, if you may know may not know that all of our community development block grand dollars that come to the city now are divided basically between only a handful of neighborhoods for neighborhoods. This is one of those neighborhoods that all the funds that we're using for facade redevelopment and enhancement in the city this year all comes to this neighborhood. We're focusing intently on the housing opportunities, making sure we have not only affordable housing, but the transitional housing for folks in this neighborhood. So it's a major point of emphasis for the people at the city and for your leaders at city council. Well, I obviously thank Mr. Duval and Mr. Maduro for their leadership, the rest of city council. Mr. McDowell couldn't be here right now. He's dealing with an ailing mother. So I know he'd be here if he could be. So I should keep his mother in your prayers. But we're here with you. We're here with you on the way. We're going to keep following with not just the leadership and word, but also, indeed, thank you to all of you for your working leadership. Thank you for having us here today. As most have mentioned, this is a collaborative effort. And first and foremost, I want to thank everybody to help make this happen, whether it be SCDOT or leadership from commission, like Commissioner McLaughorn or Secretary of Transportation Hall, who's always challenging our engineers to find ways to improve safety. Or the city of Columbia that has partnered with the DOT as well as the CTC. So it takes a village and we moved really quickly because it was important.  It's high intensity activated crosswalk.  But it really is to the pedestrian. It's no different than the other crosswalk. You just press that button and it allows you to safely cross the road. For the motorists, when you start to see that flashing yellow light, that's your warning that pedestrians are about to be entering the roadway. Once it turns solid yellow, the motorist needs to prepare to stop. And once it's solid red, that means pedestrians are going to be crossing this crosswalk. So the intent is to alert the motorists of all the pedestrians that will be crossing at this location. And why is that important here?  And we've had pedestrian fatalities and it's our goal to reduce those anyway possible. But like Representative Rose said, and some of the council members and the mayor and the chairman of the CTC, this is just phase one. Phase two will be to resurface this section roadway and add some additional improvements to again improve the safety of the pedestrians that traverse this section of roadway. So again, I thank all the elected officials and appointed officials that made this happen. And I also thank the district one staff, Lori Campbell and Robert Dickinson that they've really been trying everything they can to push the needle in improving safety in the city of Columbia. Thank you.


Mortal Kombat X is the number one selling console game in America. Now, Jason comes to combat. Don't get any blood on me. Rated M for Mature. Get early access to Jason Voorhees in the combat pack available now.


Should you record all your YouTube videos at 4k, 2k, or 1k 1080p? Look at the beard, look at the guitar strings, and look at the grass at the different resolutions. YouTube has a filter. If you search for New World MMO, my video does not come up. But if I add a 4k filter, look, my video is the third result. As gamers get 4k monitors, what's the first thing they're going to do? Search for 4k videos on YouTube. If you make 4k videos, you will more likely appear in search results so you get more views as people upgrade to 4k monitors. I think that's an excellent reason to invest now in making 4k videos, so you will get into the top search results. I recorded this at 4k and set the YouTube player to the different resolution so you can see how it looks when you're zoomed in. Here is the full scene from which I created these screenshots to show you the difference. You can see the video by clicking that eye right there. That will take you to this full 4k video about New World so you can see it for yourself. Simply toggle this to the different resolutions so you can see it on your monitor. Now you have to have a 4k monitor to really see the 4k quality. So if you don't, it'll look the same as a 2k if your monitor is only 2k. I will share some pro tips about 4k videos while playing some gorgeous 4k footage that I recorded in the background. Tip 1, when you upload your first 4k video, do not upload it as public. Upload it as unlisted because it can take a long time for YouTube to render the 4k. If you spent all that time and effort to create a 4k video, spend a little more time and wait for your audience to be able to enjoy it at 4k. Don't make it public right away because it'll start at 360p, then it'll get 1080p, then it'll get 2k and eventually 4k will become available. A 10 minute 4k video can take 5 hours before the 4k resolution becomes available so be patient. Tip 2, do not upload your 1080p or 1k videos as 4k by upscaling because there is no benefit to the user. And if you're doing that to try to cheat the system to get into the 4k search results, your audience, when they discover it, will really be pissed off and blacklist you and more likely not watch your videos because they won't trust you anymore. YouTube is about trust, be honest, if you're uploading a 4k video make sure it really is 4k native resolution. For that you need a 1080ti graphics card to get high frame rate and a 4k monitor which is a very expensive investment especially if you go for the 144hz 4k monitors which make gaming a lot better and you can also get a cheaper 60hz 4k monitor. But don't go for anything less than a 3080ti GTX or RTX because your frame rate, it's very hard to get a high frame rate at 4k unless you have that graphics card. Make sure that your video editor also supports 4k output. My version of Adobe Premiere did not and I had to go look for a new one before I could make my 4k videos. Not all video editors support 4k. I am using DaVinci Resolve 17, a free video editor with full 4k support. Here you can see I'm outputting at 60 frames per second 3840x2160 Ultra HD and that's natively supported with DaVinci Resolve 17. No plugins, no extra extensions. Then pick a game that looks great in 4k. New World behind me is one of those games. Not all games fully utilize 4k. So find one that does so that you can really impress your audience and make your investment worthwhile. Do some experiments. Look at the gameplay at 2k, 1k and 4k and if you do see a noticeable difference, definitely your audience will appreciate it. I would love to hear your thoughts Freedom Family on the 4k versus 2k or 1k recording. Which will you be using from now on? Down there in the comments below and share why. Freedom Family helps each other grow together as a family. That is the spirit of freedom. So tell us your best practices so we can all help each other grow together. I will be making only 4k videos from now on. So I'm really eager to hear how everyone else is feeling about 4k. If you missed any of my videos, click that I to see a playlist of the George show in case you missed any episodes. Who am I? I am the George of the George show, the CEO and founder of Freedom and we're launching Dreamscaper the full release in two days on August 5th. I hope you will enjoy the game. We launched it in early access a year ago and now August 5th 2021 is the full release on Steam. And we have many other games coming for you Freedom Family. We have To The Rescue and Airborne Kingdom and Ruin Raiders, God Strike on the consoles and many other titles coming soon. Hope you'll enjoy all the games we were publishing for you and head on over to 110.tm so you can earn 110% revenue share for all the videos you make about the games we publish. Dark Deity, our latest game we publish, has over a thousand videos on YouTube now that cover the game. Coromon, that will be coming in early 2022, has over 2,000 videos on YouTube already covering the game even though it hasn't launched yet. So make videos about the games we publish. Get 110% revenue share. This is for all YouTubers, not just Freedom Partners. Anyone can take advantage of this. You can sign up on the 110.tm dashboard to get started. Okay, Freedom Family. Until the next episode of Glorious 4K, I am George and you've been watching... Who you dreaming but love here. Click that I to partner with Freedom and join the Freedom Family so we can all grow together. You get many perks like position music, you also get Epidemic Sound, a lot of other access to royalty free videos, sponsorships, and many things to help you grow. Just click the links down there in the description below to get involved in our community, our forums, our Discord chat servers, meet our graphics team, meet our community team, all of that on Discord and the forums. What are you waiting for? Get started. And we will grow together as a family because this is the Freedom Family. You are part of it, we are all part of it, and we're all growing together. To get more George, click that big F. That will subscribe you to Freedom Central, home of the George show. And PewDiePie gave one of you, Freedom Family, a big shout out. Click that video to see the shout out and to see our new 3D sets for you. And click that video to see what YouTube recommends you watch next.


to team keep it clean what's going on is saying we're even here with another video and in this video we got news that's not surprising news it's not anything shocking nothing that's gonna break break the football bank and nothing that's insane we got news that the Browns are looking to trade Brock Oswala now the brain the Browns I don't even know the reason that they took Oswala in the first place but I'm speechless for that one I don't know why they even picked them up in the first place I don't even think it's anything that they should should have done I have always said it y'all know that I feel like Brock Oswala is extremely over he's not even overrated anymore I mean he was overrated at that time when he was a free agent I thought he was overrated and I thought he did not deserve the money that he got and I know a lot of people gonna be like engraving your Ravens fan Joe did the same thing happened with Joe Flacco Joe Flacco is a completely different situation Joe Flacco he actually what was up the reason that the Ravens won the Super Bowl Brock Oswala was not so if your quarterback and if you go back to the old Ravens the old Super Bowl they won back in 2000 they didn't win because of quarterback they only won because of the defense but in Flacco's case they won because of him they got through the playoffs because of him with all those what 11-12 touchdowns and no interceptions and he there was some there was some passes that should have been picked off but the cornerbacks dropped but anyway so it's a different situation that Brock Oswala didn't even play in the Super Bowl he didn't even play well during the season I thought that he I thought he might have had some potential during that season when the Broncos won the Super Bowl but he looked just he was terrible he was terrible one of the few games why did see him win with the Broncos was when the refs absolutely said you know what we are going to give you this game we're not gonna let the Patriots win this one because we're not feeling them right now but anyway so Brock Oswala is the Browns are trying to trade them and it's like a lot of people been saying like man if the Browns are trying to trade you then that's that's pretty sad that's pretty sad but I mean let's see what happens with him I'm not sure what's gonna happen with that guy it could be a lot of things I think the Browns are just gonna end up cutting their losses I mean they got they they have enough salary cap to where it's not gonna be a big deal I mean they took first of first and foremost you know what let's back up cuz I'm being rude it's been three minutes and I'm being rude let me introduce myself me I mean Graven Viz this is my YouTube channel engraving vids and I'm a Ravens fan but on here as you can see like we have been we we talk about all 32 teams in NFL we don't just talk about Baltimore I mean we can sit up here and talk about Baltimore all day all night all the time but we don't we talk about everybody we talk about each and everybody so if you're new here make sure you subscribe if you're always here make sure you stay subscribed and I appreciate everybody that's in here turn your notifications on to turn notifications on so you don't miss any of these videos and also leave a like on the video to it's 15 people in here but only 12 likes come on we got to fix that man but anyway really quick Tony B said or tone B said Joe Flacco is overrated I don't think he's overrated anymore people used to call him a lead and now he's this and he's that he's not Joe Flacco not even considered top 10 right now so he definitely ain't overrated I think people Joe Flacco he he was overrated before not anymore people realized like hey that dude he ain't all that if when he's in the playoffs he's all that but if he's not in the playoffs he ain't all that he's just regular Joe and Joe Joe Flacco is too inconsistent to be well I can't say too inconsistent to be overrated but his inconsistencies they're the reason why he's not one of the top guys if he played the way if he played the way he plays in a playoffs in a regular season oh yeah he'd be one of the top guys easily but if the way that he plays in a regular season in order to play in order to play in the playoffs you got to play good in the you gotta you got to play good in the in the regular season but like I said we like I said in the video from earlier today if Flacco goes down if he is down for even longer than what it appears to be which it seems like he's heading in that direction who knows we'll see we appreciate him in Baltimore we appreciate him because we know what a bad quarterback situation is like we know what it's like having somebody that shouldn't really be out there starting we know because it's like we know what Flacco can do and he has done it before but he just doesn't do it consistently that's our problem that's our problem with Flacco he doesn't do it consistently but anyway we talking about Flacco we talking about Brock Oswald and the Browns looking to get rid of I think they're just gonna end up cutting them I think they're just gonna end up cutting them and I think that he's gonna be gone I think he's gonna be a free agent and like I said they have the cap room to do it so it's the cap room is not an issue for Cleveland they always got like plenty of space in cap room every year them and Jaguars Bucks usually have a lot those guys usually have a lot of cap room but anyway first off let's back up and go back to the Broncos Broncos win a silver bowl Brock Oswald they didn't really do anything but then we had to for after this after the season free agency Brock Oswald he's a free agent oh man who's gonna pick him up Broncos I think they offer them maybe like maybe like a 60 million dollar deal I think I'm not a hundred percent sure I don't remember the exact numbers of the deal but they offer they offer them a deal they try to keep them but then the Texans offer them like 80 million and Brock had to think about it and he turned down a Broncos deal so he was still a free agent didn't end up signing with the Broncos and they said that hey you know what this is the max that we're gonna offer you no more we will offer you less if you take it but we're not gonna offer you any more than this and like I say I believe it was 60 million so they offer that to Brock Oswiler he declined it and he decided to stay in free agency so then along came the Texans they willing to give this guy 80 million dollars Brock Oswiler 80 million dollars when I first heard about I'm like wow like you can't know a you know you don't you can't be serious you can't be you can't be you shouldn't be serious about that but hey they did it they did it and he accepted their offer he went to Texas and stunk it up it went to the Texas and stunk it up so there were a couple couple games where he did alright I know the Patriots game where he made some plays and I know my boy Meach brought out that there was some drops in that game where if they would have been catches then the Texans would have still been in that game against the Patriots but I mean is what it is so Brock he that he just he didn't do good he didn't do good he he stunk it up for most of the time shout out to the cops on the road I had to make sure I was doing a speed limit and I was I am but anyway he stunk it up man he didn't do good and I talked about it before there's a clip if you want to watch it as you can find it on YouTube there's a clip look look at a Brock Oswiler's 2016-17 his post game highlights and there's a clip of video where he's literally saying like the same thing after every game I gotta play better we got to cut down on interception but after every game he still goes out the next game and does the same thing so the Texans were like you know what we got to get rid of this guy this is not our guy he is not our future he shouldn't have been our present and unfortunately he's our past so they said we got to get rid of them they put them on a trade block in Browns for some reason I don't know why Browns they said you know what we'll get you come on with us come with the Browns come to Cleveland and I didn't know why they did that I was like Cleveland they they traded for Brock Oswiler like why for what and they I think they gave the Texans like a no Texans gave them a draft pick and they traded for Brock Oswiler so they were like you know what just as incentive for taking this guy's contract off our hands and taking this terrible player off our hands we'll even throw in a draft pick if you guys pick them up so they did that Browns got them Browns take on the cap the cap hit Texans are free free of Brock Oswiler they don't never have to hear about them again they can arrest or race them from their wreck or they can't really erase them from their record books but they can try to erase them from their memory and they're done so now Browns pick them up Browns got Brock Oswiler they go out draft the Sean Kaiser Kaiser looks the part Oswiler does not they they said that Brock Oswiler is not going to play in the third preseason game and that's only because they trying to keep them healthy because they trying to trade them now they trying to trade them now so Kaiser is their guy I'm happy that Kaiser is their guy I love when you draft guys and you give them a chance I love that I love that if you draft somebody and you give them a chance it's the best thing in the world and I hope Kaiser goes out and kills it except when he plays Baltimore I don't want to see that but I hope he goes out out there and kills it so I mean we'll see and I guess the Browns I guess they took notice of the depth chart that I put out in Madden 18 about the Browns depth chart because that depth chart is nice man people sleep on the Browns they may be like a 76 overall something like that but that team is nice man we can you can do some work with Kaiser I like playing with him but anyway so he's that guy now he's that guy and Brock is on the chopping block on a trading block but I think he'll soon be on the chopping block I know Jaguars got their situation down there and Jacksonville but I can't see them taking on Brock Oswiler because I feel like he's a slower Blake Blake Bortles I feel like he's a slower Blake Bortles and that's it's not really a that's not really a good thing so that's not a good thing at all it's not a compliment but I he's I think they're gonna just get rid of them think they're gonna get rid of them just cut them take their losses we don't care by the contract they got enough cap room to swallow that ain't gonna be anything but anyway appreciate y'all thank you look out for some more Madden videos today I got one of my favorite plays I shouldn't even be giving it out but somebody been asking me about it since madden 17 so I'm gonna give it out it's I guess it is a money play because that play is money for me and if you use it the right way it can kill it'll it'll take your game to another level it's a great play I love it it's oh it's this beautiful it's beautiful but anyway appreciate y'all watching thank you thank you thank you again like I say if you knew here make sure you subscribe to the YouTube channel if you're old here make sure you stay subscribed to the YouTube channel and turn your notifications on so you don't miss any of these videos or any other videos and he madden videos and he vlogs when I finally start editing those again or just anything I appreciate y'all I sincerely do man thank you thank you very much and on that note I'm gone man we out


Next to the Run Validation button, you will see two additional buttons, Complete and Incomplete. Currently, Incomplete is grayed out. These buttons contribute to the reporting rate summaries that we can access, either within the reporting rates module of the reports application, or within any of our other analysis applications. If I click on Complete, it will give me a prompt asking us, are you sure this data set is complete? We'll click on OK, and it will run the validation rules. We might want to fix this data whenever it prompts us that these rules have been violated. Notice now at the bottom that Complete is grayed out, and Incomplete can be selected. By clicking on Complete, when I run my reporting rate completeness, this data set will be considered complete and contribute to my overall reporting rate. I can go ahead and click on Incomplete. It will then give us a prompt to say, are you sure you want to remove this data set's completion status? If we click on OK, then this data set for this particular period will no longer contribute to my reporting rate completion. We'll just click on Complete again, and we'll reload the data set. We'll select the same data set and period, and we'll just scroll down to the bottom. Here at the bottom, you can now see who completed the data set and when they completed it. You can click on See Details to see additional details about that user. This will allow you to contact them directly if required to follow up on any of the information that's been entered.


Yeah, the value of teaching American history is that it works so closely with a group of teachers and it provides sustainability. And sustainability in the career of a teacher is incredibly important. Sometimes you feel like you're alone as a teacher in your classroom. And when you have that network of support and it's ongoing and it's centered on a theme and a particular rationale, that makes a teacher feel incredibly rewarded for having that experience. But more importantly, that translates into student success and students will only benefit from a teacher having that kind of quality interaction with professionals around a sustained program that will keep them going. The network and the broad availability of resources in the form of other teachers and other grants and what is available online is astounding and I hope that it continues and I encourage teachers and educators throughout the country to look at this program because it does sustain teachers and if you sustain the teacher, the teacher can better sustain the student so that that translates into success in the classroom for the student.