Good day, mate. Forty here. I'm looking at an article in the Washington Post about people turning to content creators for mental health support during the pandemic. So during the pandemic, viewers have turned to content creators for mental health support. And I'll throw down the link for this in the chat. And so we live very much in an era of expertise. So what expertise do content creators have to to provide mental health support? And apparently, you'll never guess, most content creators are not trained mental health professionals. Which is true. Good point, fair enough. But there's no empirical evidence of a strong and definitive nature that mental health professionals are particularly effective at their job. That's what that's what's missing from this Washington Post essay. So here we go. During a live stream hosted by Abdullah Elian, I've never heard of this guy, but he's an official Nintendo brand ambassador with 884,000 subscribers. Wow, someone's binging. Yeah, actually, I'm not I'm not binging on Recala. It's just that my set designer, I spent thousands of dollars on a set designer and he wanted me to to, you know, brighten up this this presentation and he thought a good good packet of Recala would would do the trick. So the caller's there just for the exciting visuals. It's also delicious. Sugar-free lemon Recala.  So anyway, Abdullah Elian, have you ever heard of this guy? He's an official Nintendo brand ambassador. A viewer donated $5, along with an accompanying message. I'm going to take my life now, the viewer wrote. Yeah, I thought thousands of dollars for a good Hollywood set designer. Absolutely worth it. Okay, Recala's consumption truly makes one see a man of the people. So certain things tend to happen as soon as you go online. You tend to become more spontaneous. So you do things more quickly than you would otherwise. You don't tend to think as much about what you're going to do. So you make more impulse purchases online. You tend naturally to become more grandiose, to have a more exaggerated sense of your own importance than in the real world. You tend to become more of a narcissist seeking admiration. And you tend to share things, dark things that you wouldn't normally share in face-to-face interactions. So that's the danger of this online world is that people will say all sorts of horrible dark things that they wouldn't say face-to-face. So here, someone donates a $5 Super Chat with the message, I'm going to take my life now. That's disturbing. But that is the nature of the online world. People are both more spontaneous and they are more morbid. And that's why we've got the perils of the e-personality. So Elian, who makes YouTube videos under the name Abdullah Smash, said he immediately erased the message from the live chat so other viewers wouldn't see it. And on a side monitor, he instructed his team of moderators to check in with the viewer. He kept his stream going. It wasn't his first time handling this kind of situation. So yeah, I didn't know how I'd handle that kind of situation that is disturbing. But in my real life, people with suicidal ideation, I tell them to get help. And then I tell them to stop calling me. When they're calling me, I had one acquaintance who was talking about suicidal ideation. And so I told him, I don't want to hear it. Stop. So Elian trains his moderators to move concerning comments to private chats where they can listen and deliver professional recommendations for therapists or hotlines. That's all great. But I'm all for expertise. I love expertise, but there simply is not empirical evidence that mental health support is particularly effective. All right. You can really, you can only help someone who wants to be helped. And if somebody wants to be helped, then usually they are not so mentally troubled. My directive for moderators is to reach out and see if we can get them to talk on the side. We're not experts. Moderators are not therapists. You have to be able to give resources the viewers need. My team reports back all that stuff. It feels good having that support system. Like this is a this is a live stream. It's not a mental health support system. The support system may be a side benefit of being part of this community. But what we primarily do is discuss political, cultural, religious, and personal issues. But it is, it is a relationship. Like you say things, I react. I say things, you react. I do it for you. You do it for me. We do it for fun. We do it for free. We do it for all the right reasons. With loneliness and anxiety on the rise during the global pandemic, gamers and popular streamers alike rely on comfort content more than ever. This is just a symptom. So to get down to root causes, it's not the pandemic. It's people who feel ill at ease with themselves and with other people that need excessive amounts of comfort. Fans tune in nightly to watch their favorite content creators. It helps them cope with isolation. Problem is that while streamers offer companionship and entertainment, they aren't trained therapists. Why is that a problem? It's like saying the problem with national football league players is that they're not trained physicists. So a lot of people get comfort from watching their favorite sports teams and sporting heroes compete.  There's not much empirical evidence that they consistently provide help. Will you ever do a gaming stream? I don't think so. I haven't yet. It's not that I look down my nose at it. I've got such a busy life reading books and reading essays about books and the other things that I like to do, it just seems like adding a vice to my life to add gaming. Gamers and streamers help viewers maintain a sense of normalcy at an uncertain time. Maybe this is just like one type of community so we can discuss heretical ideas in this conversation that you often can't talk about in real life. But stream chats and discord servers can take a dark turn when viewers share their intimate mental health struggles. Well, all sorts of things can take a dark turn. If you can have human interactions, any human interaction online or offline, they can take dark turns and people might start opening up about mental health struggles. Responding during these sensitive times is a big responsibility. Is it really?  I mean it's not really your responsibility as a live streamer to provide mental health care for troubled viewers. Not necessarily have any expertise. And not necessarily that there are any people out there who are particularly skilled and helpful. Mental health experts say professional and medical intervention is often necessary. Well, there aren't any empirical blood tests or radiographic tests for mental illness. It's a highly subjective arena. And the evidence is simply not there for either therapy or medication as being robustly effective. So whether it's exercise or therapy or medication, it all has a result that's just a little better than the placebo level result. So that's what this article lacks is this sense of proportion that we don't have empirical evidence for mental health care being consistently particularly effective above a placebo level. I wish that wasn't true, but that's the reality. So this article just seems so one sided. Responding during these sensitive moments is a big responsibility. It's cool that Luke has got a contract promoting Recala and Yasso Ice Cream 40 has become an influencer. Yeah. While growing their audiences, every content creator's dream that growth can make it a more difficult task to handle or even notice individual cries for help. Well, would you say the same about an actress or a model or an author or a politician or a sporting hero? Okay, they develop a growing audience. Is it really their responsibility to handle and notice individual cries for help? I mean, if you can do it, that's a beautiful thing. It's not your responsibility as a live streamer. Like help where you can help, but in areas of mental health, it's very tricky. So you might help one person and then you might get deluged by other people and maybe way beyond your own abilities. So Al Jahn says it's not uncommon to have messages about suicidal ideation in his live chat. So if I encounter that in my live chat, I'm just going to ban people. I don't want that. He often sees teenagers opening up about personal problems in his channels, private discord server. Yeah, that's a tricky thing. And Al Jahn sees messages about family troubles and abusive situations as moderators step in. This keeps the chat a fun place to hang out while his team gets support and resources to those who need it privately. Okay, support is something you should look for on your deathbed. Otherwise, if you're still breathing and kicking and living, you shouldn't be looking for support. Okay, support is for dying people.  This language, it's not that we have that much definitive information about what creates mental health so that we can then prioritize it. He includes workouts and eating healthy. It enables him to deliver what his audience needs at such a critical time. It's such a pretentious article. My entire life is about making everyone else happy. That's the facade you have to put on. Oh, poor boy. At the same time, you have to take care of yourself. Waking up, working out, physical health will absolutely turn into mental health. They're connected. Oh, great. Thank you for that, Al Jahn. I would never have known that. Mental health experts.  I mean, how do we know that they are experts? They've got degrees. They've passed accreditation, but do we know if they even make much of a difference with people? But while gaming and live streams offer comfort, it's only the first step in getting real support if people are really struggling. Apparently a large portion of the gaming community relies on streamers for support, but they need better access to mental health care services. We tend to have much empirical evidence that mental health care services make a robust difference in individuals' lives. So have you heard about rise above the disorder? That's rad. It's an international mental health platform that provides free support to those who need it, connects people who can pay to therapists. Yeah, look, please display your frame credentials behind you. So I think the only credential I have is that I graduated from Alexander Technique teacher training after three years.  So I think that's about the only credential I have. When I look at a person reaching out to a content creator, I don't see them doing something wrong so much as doing the only thing they can do or turning to the only person they can go to. The unfortunate reality is that this person is most likely ill-equipped to be there the way viewers need them to be there. Well, who is equipped? It's such a subjective area. That context is what's missing. So some people are going to improve by going outside and getting exercise. Other people are going to improve by going to church. Other people will improve by taking medication, and other people will improve by going to a 12-step program. But we don't have robust indicators of which types of mental health consistently work. So this content creator notices one fan who is posting consistently troubling messages and reached out directly encouraging them to seek therapy. So yeah, I've had people on this channel consistently post troubling messages, and when they do, I block them. And if they reach out to me directly, yeah, I tell them to get therapy or see a psychiatrist. I have a general sense of worry for viewers' well-being, and whether my advice is truly beneficial. Well, I don't know if I worry. I talk about what works for me and what I've read, and then let it go. I'll try to urge them to see a professional. Well, this is what's missing. The empirical evidence, you know, professional health care. There's no robust evidence that professional health care is better than unprofessional health care. So it talks about a smaller stream with only 9,500 subscribers. He finds it easy to respond to every message. We're not here to provide mental health support or any type of support. If they don't have a place to go, is that going to make their day worse? I always try to trade carefully. I never want anyone to think I'm trained to help anyone else. I'm not licensed. Well, it's not like licensing and training is empirically, obviously, robustly going to make you better at providing mental health support. Michelle Ruth, a licensed counselor in London, says she understands why a viewer might feel they have something in common with a creator they love. Instead of creators trying to act to stand in therapists, she says streamers should continue to send viewers to professional resources. In other words, come put money in my pocket and in the pocket of my peers. You know, we're professionals. While some commenters might be joking or looking for attention, it's not a moderator's job to tease that out. It's only their job to provide links to therapists or hotline numbers. The treat everyone as if they're being serious. It's a huge pressure for creators, but the consequences if they get it wrong are massive. Well, it's not on creators to take care of their audience's mental health needs or other needs.  What should I do?  So I'm not sure the consequences if they get it wrong, a massive, it's not their duty. Oh, Rune says, but Mr. Ford is an amazing mentor. He's very inspirational for some of his viewers. Thank you, Rune. I just I try to do the best I can, but try to have an understanding that there's a limited number of things that I can control, which are basically just my reactions to life. And then I can share with you my own experiences, my own readings, but I can't control or direct your life. It's up to you to do the things that you need to do. It can be expensive or difficult to get professional mental health. 40, my posture is a bit out of work. Okay, bro. Yeah, we got an essay. I've got an exercise for you. This, this exercise I found is the easiest way to get back in whack. And that is to expand your field of awareness. So right now, I'm seeing both sides of the room simultaneously, as well as everything in front of me. So when you expand your field of awareness so that you're seeing both sides of the room, what happens? That is, I started going up. So without that exercise, I'd be like this. But now, as I see both sides of the room simultaneously, as I'm increasing my field of awareness, I'm going up. So my back is lengthening. Now my, my back is widening. All right. In other words, I'm letting go of needless compression and weird contortion patterns. So expanding the field of awareness, I find is, is the most helpful tool to improve your posture, improve your use of yourself, to get some length back into your spine to let go of interfering tension and compression patterns. So another thing you can do is listen for every sound around. So if you're listening, as though your life depended upon it, you wouldn't be listening like this. If you're listening as though your life depended upon it, you'd go up as you expand and broaden, widen and deepen your, your awareness. You naturally will start going up and your spine will naturally start lengthening. This is, this is what life looks like when you're, when you have an expanded field of awareness, as opposed to when I'm just getting sucked into my, my phone. Another thing I find helpful is learn to turn, rotate your head from here. I'm going to look at the ceiling from here and look down at the floor from here. So as opposed to, see, then I lose my neck. See how I'm losing my neck? My neck is compressing. I'm just doing this normally. But if I choose to hinge from up here, I'm not losing length in my neck, not losing length in my spine. So I'm maintaining expanded field of awareness. And then another trick I love to do is to let go of everything I think I know. So just now I just let go of everything I think I know, and you might have seen my face soften. So when I let go of everything I think I know, I let go of any unnecessary tension and compression around my eyes, my forehead, my lips in my neck and back. My, my breathing becomes easier. My back unlocks, lengthens and widens. Now you have to keep coming back to it because you immediately start reverting to everything that you think you know. But if you deliberately take a time out and just go into a state of letting go of everything that you think you know, you will move out of all your, you know, dogmatically held assumptions.  Because all beliefs are just unnecessary muscular tension.  So you're moving into a state of awareness rather than judgment. Now you don't want to be in a state of no judgment all the time. Obviously we all have to make constant judgments, but unless you need to make a judgment, you're much better off being in a state of awareness rather than a state of judgment. So it's easier to just move into a state of awareness rather than judgment by deciding, I'm going to let go of everything that I think I know. So that way I'm no longer defended against you. I don't have all these barriers of my strongly held beliefs. And it's not interfering with my breath or with tension in my neck or face or shoulders. It improves my breathing, my voice quality, everything goes better. And you're simply in a state of awareness. Look at that wonderful bird flying by and a little bit of breeze through the palm trees. I love being in a state of awareness rather than a state of judgment. Okay, in the news, massive jury watch. So when do you think we're going to find out about the Derek Chauvin jury? Right? I mean, didn't the OJ Simpson jury come back in about two hours? So I want to be in a state of awareness for when the writing starts up here in Los Angeles. The world's most famous atheist has been canceled by the American Humanist Association for his lack of true faith in the holiest of humans, transgenders and blacks. So the American Humanist Association is withdrawing an honor from Richard Dawkins. Regrettably, Richard Dawkins has over the past several years accumulated a history making statements that use the guise of scientific discourse to demean marginalized groups and approach antithetical to humanist values. His latest statement implies that the identities of transgender individuals are fraudulent, while also simultaneously attacking black identity. So Richard Dawkins had his 1996 humanist, meaning atheist of the year award canceled for his shocking lack of true faith in intersectional verities. So Dawkins recently tweeted in 2015, Rachel Dolezal, a white chapter president of the NAACP was vilified for identifying as black. Some men choose to identify as women and some women choose to identify as men. You'll be vilified if you deny that they literally are what they identify as. Yes, the words of the prophets are written on the billboard walls. Trans people are sacred. And Steve Saylor notes, prosecution demands jury convict Derek Chauvin of first degree grinchism. So in the closing argument, a prosecutor said, while some believe George Floyd died from an enlarged heart, he actually died because his heart was too small. No, because ex-officer Derek Chauvin's heart was too small. Mr. Floyd died because his heart was too big. Mr. Chauvin's heart was too small. So if the heart doesn't fit, you must acquit. Now, isn't this interesting? Officer Brian Sicknick, Capitol Police officer who engaged with the rioters. Coroner announces he died of natural causes. So isn't this two and a half months after January 6th insurrection?  Now, on the one hand, the autopsy finds no evidence that he died because of an allergic reaction to chemical irritants. Now, the conspiracy theory is all these chemical irritants are really quite dangerous, but they don't want people to know that. So they're trying to cover that up. But anyway, he suffered two strokes at the base of the brainstem caused by a clot in an artery. And you still trust the New York Times? Come on, Rustin, how many times have we been through with this? If the New York Times, okay, let's do this. Let's just do this once and for all. Let's just go to the sports section of the New York Times. And let's go to a story here. Okay, so the New York Times says that the Mets split a double header, I think April 17. So when I read in the New York Times that the Mets split a double header on April 17, do I trust that that is accurate? Yes, I trust that that is accurate. So if Rustin tells me there's life on another planet, do I trust Rustin on that? No, if Rustin were to tell me there's life on Mars, I would not trust Rustin on that. But if Rustin was to tell me something about an area where he has expertise, I would trust him. So when the New York Times reports the stock market results or the sports results, I trust that those are accurate. You know what I mean? I know the bias of the New York Times. I have a pretty good idea of your bias. And I think I have a moderate idea of my bias. Everybody is biased. The New York Times is biased. Steve Saylor is biased. Fordy is biased. Rustin is biased. Yeah, there's a lot of good information in the New York Times. It's a left-wing publication. I expect it's going to come with a left-wing perspective. And I expect that I'm going to be able to pick that up and deconstruct it and take what I see as valuable. What is a better New Source than the New York Times? It's not like we live in a world where we have choices of perfection and I'm settling for the imperfect New York Times. No, we live in a world of imperfection. Every New Source is imperfect, inadequate, and biased. Everyone. So what is a better source of news than the New York Times? Twitter. Steve Saylor's blog. And I love and admire Steve Saylor, but we live in a world of imperfection. So where do we go? I read the mainstream media and I read the dissident media. And when they have different perspectives on the same topic, I like to read both perspectives. Sometimes I side with the dissident media. Sometimes I side with the conventional media. Tell me a better New Source than the New York Times. I'm waiting. I mean, is Russia today a better New Source? Is the Gladstone Observer in Australia a better New Source? I don't know. The Times of London, the Wall Street Journal, American Renaissance, 4chan poll. I don't know a better New Source than the New York Times. There may be one, and I look forward to checking it out. And I know the New York Times got a left-wing agenda, and so it's easy for me to go through it.  I did. I don't remember doing that.  I don't think it was an insurrection. I think that's a gross overstatement. I thought it was a riot. But it was a relatively benign riot. It was nothing as dangerous as what Antifa and Black Lives Matter routinely do. There wasn't nearly as much property damage and damage to people. So we had a police officer shot Ashley Babbitt. We had other people die of natural causes of medical emergencies.  The Shitter Diatribe was you don't go and defecate on places where you are not allowed. You don't get to just pour into Capitol Hill. You don't get to pour into my home. You don't get to pour into Rustin's home and defecate all over it. So I don't celebrate people behaving in a criminal fashion. I don't celebrate people behaving destructively. I don't celebrate people breaking windows, destroying property that does not belong to them.  I think I'm fairly consistent on that.    And I hate creating an unnecessarily tense atmosphere where people make hair-triggered decisions that then result in some people dying. So I think that what happened on January 6th was a disaster for the Trump crowd, for the right wing. And I think that what Black Lives Matter and Antifa have been doing have been a disaster for the United States of America as well. I don't like criminal behavior. I don't like criminal rioting, whether it's done by the right or the left. And I don't like inaccurate reporting.  Okay, so shitting doesn't have to be literal. They were busting down windows and they created a mess and they did not belong there. What they did was illegal and it created a massive backlash that makes life more difficult for the rest of us on the right. Now, I do recall someone talking about literal defecation happening on January 6th. I don't have those pictures. I'm primarily talking about the metaphorical messing up property that does not belong to you. I think that's disgusting. And I think it's also disgusting when people say that Officer Brian Sicknick that he was being bashed to death by these protesters. I think there's any evidence of that. Now, what they did seem to be evidence of was that these January 6th rioters were fighting with police and exchanging blows with police. You fight with police, right?   You start putting police on the grave pressure so that they have to make head-triggered decisions on whether or not to draw their weapons and shoot. I don't think I would have been appalled if protesters of either the right or the left trying to invade a government building if police open fire and shoot them all. I'm fine with that. If it's right wing protesters, left wing protesters trying to enter places where they don't belong and the police won't look, we're going to open fire unless you desist. And then the protesters keep coming on, then by all means restore law and order, even if it means if necessary, shooting people who refuse to obey police direction. So one of my favorite things about the Joe Biden era is all the racial healing. So Steve Saylor knows, won't we promise that America would lapse back into a peaceful torpor with boring old Joe Biden in charge? Wait, I noticed no one responded to my repeated question, what's a better news source than the New York Times? No one can give me an answer. There's no other publishing news entity that comes close to providing the depth and the breadth of news that the New York Times does. So why would I abstain from reading the single best source of news? Even if it does come from a left wing perspective. So we've had this outbreak of mass shootings last week or so, Austin, Shreveport, Kenosha, Columbus, Laplace, Louisiana, Detroit.  So it seems to me I'm not an expert here, but all the denigration of police, incentivizing police to step back from enforcing the law, all the adulation of Black Lives Matter, all the harsh scrutiny delivered to the police has resulted in law enforcement in general backing off in many urban areas. And as a result, bad people are going out and doing a lot of bad things. So normally you would expect violent crime rates to steadily drop because we have improving medical technology and improving law enforcement technology. So the natural trend is for violent crime to drop about 2% a year. But we had an explosion with the arrival of Black Lives Matter in 2014 and another explosion with the summer of George Floyd. And now we're looking at another explosion after the Derek Chauvin trial. Another consequence of police backing off enforcement is that people are driving recklessly. So we had a massive, we had an approximately 20% rise in murders after George Floyd's death in 2020. And we had an approximate 20% rise in traffic fatalities. People are driving much more recklessly because the police are backing off, police are getting a lot of scrutiny and criticism for enforcing the law over what's called minor traffic offenses.  As a result, a lot of bad people are driving recklessly. You've got a massive increase in traffic fatalities, also pedestrians dying in traffic fatalities, and massive increase in murders, which all logically flow from incentivizing police to step back from enforcing the law. So police no longer so interested in enforcing the law. And as a result, bad guys are out there doing a lot of bad things. And who knows what's coming this week when we get the jury decision with the Derek Chauvin trial. So you don't want to threaten people, you don't want to fight people, you don't want to punch people who have guns, right? And you don't want to put people who have guns in a situation where they feel under great stress and duress, because you are greatly increasing the odds that then people with guns will make bad decisions. So if people with guns make bad decisions, yeah, that's largely on them.  And the January 6th rioters, by putting law enforcement, by putting people with guns under great pressure, they played a role in the shooting of Ashley Babin. And it could have gotten much worse. Because as far as I'm concerned, police officers who are protecting government buildings, and if they tell a crowd to disperse and inform the crowd that they're going to shoot and the crowd keeps pushing, it would not surprise me if law enforcement fights back. Then push people with weapons into a corner.


This clown should be ashamed of himself, just like all of these other vegan actors on YouTube. David Laid comes across with this young, naive persona, and it suits his lives very well.  You know, we've seen in the past people like raw alignment, raw vana basically crash their entire careers when they stop following the diet. David being lackadaisical about everything while developing his viewer base and having fitness as the main focus gives him the ability to sell whatever product he wants. Another thing I want to keep you guys updated on as we completely transparent with is my diet that I said I was based on a vegan diet before. So I could say that for about a month and a half I was 100% vegan diet, you know, not a single animal product, not even honey, like milk, just nothing whatsoever. I thought I was drinking milk before I stopped taking consuming dairy for a while now. But yeah, basically I'm no longer completely vegan. Oh, hey David, what happened? I thought you were vegan for life. And like I said, I feel very, very good and I don't really plan on stopping for like at this moment on I see myself essentially doing this for life unless I run into some weird unforeseen health complication which I doubt will happen but I mean I'm not saying for a fact I will but at this moment I don't see why I wouldn't continue so. That clip did not age well but for some reason he continues to defend this vegan nonsense. I got to the point where I felt like I was in line to you guys, I felt amazing at first. I felt really, really good and then I started feeling not so good towards the end and that has nothing to do, you know, I'm not shunning or putting out a vegan diet like in the slightest. I'm basically I'm just saying that I'm not educated enough in the sense of just knowing all, you know, the nutrients, how they work, how to optimize the ambush once the council, the other one out, etc. He says he doesn't know much about nutrients but he's smart enough to buy his meat from an Amish farm. The meat that I've been eating at my house recently is basically, like, get it from an Amish farm where, you know, there's a humane treatment, etc. All that, and I just really know that it's high quality meat. Someone who understands why you would buy local grass-fed meat also typically understands the nutritional qualities of meat and that you shouldn't be limiting it let alone removing it from your diet. This is so contradictory, he's obviously lying. It's like me pushing a vegan diet after eating two pounds of beef, which is funny because that's what David actually did. If this doesn't blend right now after that modification, I'm literally going to quit everything and eat those two pounds of beef. In his vegan day of eating a month ago, he was making a vegan smoothie while throwing out two pounds of beef on his counter.  You just want to let you know that I'm not basically eating a vegan diet. Basically, what my diet now is essentially is way, way more plant-based.  So, I went from just eating an extreme amount of meat to completely vegan to now, you know, a half a medium in the middle. These keywords, plant-based, more plants, less meat, very obvious, scripted, new world order, plant-based agenda, propaganda nonsense. You know these clowns are very clever at telling people that they're omnivores eating meat, but appearing as plant-based. Dude is probably still eating a pound and a half of beef per day, claiming to be plant-based because it's non-descript. It has no specific definition. You can follow a regular diet and claim you're plant-based. Americans are plant-based because a standard American diet is 75 to 80 percent of calories from plants. Standard American diet's plant-based, you know, it doesn't sound right, but that would be true. So, I probably didn't do it in the best way. Like I said, I did it in a very extremist way, which I recommended that if you guys wanted to, you know, do it. Don't do it in an extremist way, and I did that too. And after just a little bit more research, I've noticed that the common trend of basically people, you know, going into the vegan diet and feeling really, really good at first, and after, you know, I don't know, a few months or a month or six months or whatever, depending on the person, just them really not starting to feel that good at all, and maybe just slowly resort back to eating meat. And I think what I learned from that experience is, I mean, I already knew this beforehand, but I'm like an extremist and I love doing things in an extreme way. Just, you know, testing these diets, testing these things out, basically just like trying to find what I like. This is ridiculous, and you might be wondering, why don't any of these people who feel like crap from following a vegan diet tell the truth about it? Why do all of them say the same goddamn thing? That a vegan diet just didn't work for me, but I'm still eating mostly plants. It's because they're all reading the same script. David, maybe you need some more of those liquid IVs and you'll be a more convincing actor. I found out about liquid IVs the other day, which I want to go get one, and they're insane.  He was literally injecting vitamins and minerals into his body and his shoulders still exploded from a lack of animal nutrition. I have some relatively unfortunate news. So I basically, long story short, I ran into my shoulder about a week and a half ago. And I try to remember, one was the very first time that I hurt my shoulder and then I realized it was literally a year ago. So if you look back at my videos, you can hear me complaining about my shoulder because I was wrestling and then I was in a certain position where my arm was all the way back and then I just heard this loud snap, crackle, pop sound and then my shoulder was basically in shambles and since that original injury about a year ago, I pretty much re-injured it, I think like three or four times up to this point and it gave me just the most silliest thing. You can be like, I can be in the shower, right? I have my phone in there. I'll be like listening to a podcast and the phone will slip and I'll literally throw my arm down to catch really quick and just that abrupt motion will just, you know, cause me to injure again. So this very last injury that I've gotten is definitely the most painful. That's a very odd story to tell. Dropping your phone in the shower, maybe that's a code word for something else. But what happened, David? I thought a vegan diet was so anti-inflammatory that it would heal your lower back. What's wrong with you? What's wrong with you? You're looking smart.    Another reason I decided to be vegan essentially is that to my understanding, vegan diets have substantial anti-inflammatory effects and the lower back issue that I'm trying to heal right now which is arthrosis in my facetioins. Arthrosis stems from arthritis. Arthritis stems from inflammation for a prolonged period of time. So just intuitively common sense. If I could do anything I can to reduce inflammation in my body, that's, you know, logically going to accelerate the healing process. Would you look at that? One month into the vegan diet, his shoulder crumbles apart.  Why wouldn't he post clips of him talking about his injury in the past from some vlog? I'm sure if he did injure his shoulder in the past, he would be talking about it in some capacity. Seems like he's just trying to shift the blame away from the obvious downsides of the vegan diet. As with this deception that these actors convey, they have to tell some truth. Oh, yeah, my shoulder burst into pieces, but you should still go vegan because it obviously wasn't the vegan diet even though that's the only lifestyle factor I changed. I have absolutely nothing against a vegan diet. Like at all, I'm not saying that the reason like I felt bad because like a vegan diet is intrinsically bad. It's, that's literally not the case at all. I'm just simply, I didn't go about it the best way. And yeah, so I mean, that's essentially that. I'll probably maybe elaborate more in the comments if you guys have any questions. Watch my video on animal versus plant protein on why your body can't recover and repair tissue on a vegan diet. I've also done videos on all of these vegan athletes getting injured, especially the one on the game changers. Every single athlete gets injured within several months to one year of the vegan nonsense. So is there a best way to go about a vegan diet? You don't have to have good pattern recognition to see how all of these vegans are a different page in the same exact book. What's funny about David is that he's obviously not natural eating two pounds of beef per day, but he's talking about how great a vegan diet is as hypocritical as you can be. So I mean, this was kind of a fast paced, a bit unusual in, you know, how rapidly this happened. I wonder if David had to give his check back to Big Broccoli or they didn't pay him that much. Who knows? But thank you guys for joining me today. You can please drop a like on the video. Leave me a comment down below. And of course, above all, share the video on various social media platforms if you can. If you guys do want to support me further, you know how to do so down in the description. I'll see you guys for tomorrow's video.


Well, we grew up in the Yakama Valley. My dad and cousins and uncles, we all raised hops, although Paul was the oldest. He's a year older than me, and then Donna Ray came along, I think, three years later. I think we just had the best growing up. It was magical. We were so blessed to live like that. Then when he went to Gonzaga, he took ROTC, and afterward he applied into the Navy and went to Pensacola to start his training to be a pilot. I think he got into the flying with dad, having been a pilot, and so he would go there and he'd take us up. I think it probably spurred that interest for Paul, and he loved flying. I know that when he finished Pensacola and he then learned to fly this Skyrider AK-1 big single-engine bomber, and he would fly off of the carriers. When he truly did believe in that war, he felt he was called to serve his country. He had been over there. This is his third tour, and this was his last mission. He was leaving the next day, heading home. He was retiring from the Navy, and they were going to start a family. He and his wife, Chris, he wanted to fly, and his commander says, no, no, no, no, no. This is your last mission. It's not good luck for you to fly. Paul says, oh, no, I love to fly. Just let me do this one more time. So he flew, and then his gyro went out. I don't think he could tell if he was up or down, and they were flying through clouds too. And they looked, and they looked, and they never heard from him. He just disappeared. At that point, Paul was just missing in action. Dad and mom were waiting to hear from him in the States saying, I'm here. I'm done. They were waiting for the news, and then a car pulled up, and two men came out of the car. Dad said he knew the minute he saw them. We didn't talk about it at home because Dad didn't want to talk about Paul at all. It was like Paul didn't exist. That was how my father handled his pain. He just couldn't bring it up. So nothing could be talked about as a family. So when they finally said that he's presumed dead, and we can now have funeral, it was a relief. Now we could celebrate his life, having a mass said, prayers, saying goodbye to him as a family at the graveside. What I figured was the only closure we were going to get. It felt like closure. It felt like closure before that, when you never hear a word. And then in the spring, mom got a letter stating that they were pretty sure they had found remains of an American flyer who had flown over this island and had been shot down. And pretty soon I got the notice that said, yeah, we found these remains. They've been sent to Hawaii. They've been verified. Lorraine called me two weeks before Memorial Day. She said, are you sitting down?  And so then we got into the van that they had for us. And I'm so happy to have Lorraine's family there and my husband there. And pretty soon in came this plane. And oh gosh, it was so impressive, you know. This is Paul coming in to us, to be here. And then they unloaded a pall from the cargo area. And they had young Navy cadets pick up the casket and brought it over to the hearst and put it in.   And it's glorious to have that. I just, I thought, I have to get closer. I have to feel him. And so that's when I asked the funeral person, if I could, I need help me because I could really feel him. I think the big word is closure and that finally we'll have a place for Paul. You know, not somewhere vague where we don't know that island. But now we can, you know, we have a place where the family can go. That's closure for all the cousins. And have him at rest finally. Okay. So here we were, Arch enemies, right? That we can go beyond that and work together. How wonderful for the Vietnamese, because from what I'm gathering, they're the ones who gathered this, the remains of Paul and sent them. They're getting their fallen soldiers and they're going through these same feelings that we're going through, that Lorraine and I are going through. The welcoming them home years later. We're all one family on this earth. If we can heal from the hatred of that war and the ugliness of that war, we can come above anything really.


What's the thing that makes you the most optimistic? OK, well, I'll say things are headed here. Let me let me give the Gene Ebbstein the Gene Ebbstein case for radical optimism, which I always love. This just like speaks to my soul. But so this was his thing that he said was he was like, I hope I do it justice. But he was like, OK, if you were sitting around in 1845 and you said to your buddy, you went, you know, I think in 20 years, slavery is going to be abolished. They'd be like, you're out of your mind. Like the slave trade is like at the height right now. Like slavery is it's just been an institution for all of human history. Like what in what world could you imagine that in the next 20 years across the West and in the United States of America, there's just not going to be slavery anymore. But that crazy guy would have been right. I think he does one for the Soviet Union, too. Like if you have been saying in the 80s, the Soviet Union was just going to be gone within the next 15 years. It'd be like totally crazy. Unthinkable evidence in history. And so like it is not there. There are moments like that where things that were seen as like just inevitable institutions are just gone and they don't come back, you know. And so I would say right now, like, look, in the year 2002, and I remember, you know, I'm old, me and Zagor, old, you're not. But now you're at a point where I could go back 20 years and still I was an adult then. But I remember the whole year of war propaganda leading up to the war in Iraq. And like that was just it. It didn't matter if you got your news from Fox News or the New York Times or MSNBC or anything. It was just unanimous. You know what I mean? That it was like, hey, they got these nuclear weapons. They're friends with the terrorists. They helped us do 9-11. We can't let them hand these weapons off to the terrorists. You know, the weapons they don't have to the terrorists who aren't their friends. But they sold the story. And there was just no one else. Like, I mean, there were other people, but they didn't have like a platform. But now it's like you have Joe Rogan and Tucker Carlson and then just like a million different shows that have. There's shows you don't. We don't even know about that have half a million followers. There's there's probably 50 shows that we all don't know about with half a million people watching that show all the time. And so much of that, those dissident voices are getting out there now. So I'm like, I think for the first time, maybe in human history, the monopoly of governments over the the, you know, like receiving of information has been broken. I think they're freaking out about that quite a bit. But I think this is see, this is an enormous white pill. And I just hate I also just hate pessimism. I hate it. It's like the. So I was going to say this is more what I say on my show. I was going to say, it's the gayest thing out there. OK, is pessimism allowed to say that or show you will probably get hate mail, but I think that's OK, I don't mean gay like being. OK, anyway, but it's just like, it's just I don't. I just think there's like no, like I got little kids. There's no option for me to be a pessimist. Like that's just not an option. That's like, you know, I use this example sometimes, but it's like analogy or whatever thought experiment. But like, it's like if there were like five men with guns trying to break into my house because they want to kill my wife and kids and I'm there with with a gun and I just sit there and just be like, I don't know, man, there's like five of them and there's only one of me. I just I don't really think I'm going to win. You know, it's like what? Like I got a wife and kids. I don't have any option to feel that way. I'm going to right away start. You know, it's like, OK, what are we doing? All right, get in the attic. I'm going to snipe them off from here. I'm going to, you know, I got a thing of gasoline. I'm going to make a bomb real quick or whatever.  So it's like, you don't have an option to just like feel bad about the future. Yeah.  You know, I made a at the end of the decade, I made a kind of like, what was the 2010s all about? And it was called the death of the gatekeepers. That was when it all started. And during covid, we saw them try to come back and they certainly did. I think what was revealed in the Twitter files and all that shows how close we were to having that information landscape kind of captured across all the major platforms. And so it didn't happen, though. You know, Elon bought X. He calls himself a free speech maximus. I don't think he is, but he's at least trying to do something different. There's also now technological solutions.  It's a distributed network. I've got a documentary about Bitcoin mining that I'm here in New York for. And that's that's another major white pill is the the loss of control over money. I mean, how much more libertarian like could you get there? So between speech and money being uncontrollable at this point, I'm pretty optimistic. I think for me, it's a little bit different. I like the idea of like the disruption of the information industry, the disruption of the gatekeepers. But I think for me, the thing that gives me the most optimism about the future of libertarianism is actually oddly enough, the dirtbag left. I think we're currently seeing this weird fracturing of this sort of wokeness culture that I think for a long time had really seized people's hearts and imaginations. And, you know, I'm 27, a ton of people my age were just like totally wrapped up in this. And there was a little bit of this sense that I know this, you know, analogy has really been used far too much, but the sense of like burn the witch and looking for heresy and then trying to stamp out heresy and trying to ruin people's reputations and livelihoods to the fullest extent possible in this almost like as if your your heart was just seized by this fervor, this passion for this, you know, new religion of wokeness. And I think the thing that we're seeing that is so wonderful now is people are realizing how many false promises that religion, you know, gave them, they're realizing a lot of the lies there. They're realizing the degree to which some of these mob dynamics can really turn on them. And, you know, if you're in this constant pursuit of moral purity where it's not even clear what these morals are based on. Boy, have you really been sold a false bill of goods and landed yourself in a very difficult situation. So I think the irreverence of a lot of the dirtbag left and the sort of people from within the left who are willing to look at their own side, their own teammates and say, hey, what you're doing is just crazy.  To some degree, I think we're in a moment where, like, if you would call the 2010s this era of, you know, extreme overwrought earnestness, I think to some degree, the 2020s are thus far the era of, like, there's absurdism that's on the rise. And I think you see this a lot with Genzi. You see this a lot with the dirtbag left.  And I think also to some degree, as people get older and like all of us have kids and so, you know, whether you like it or not, we have skin in the game. There's more at stake. There's a sense of I care what the future looks like. I care that my son has a good life. And I think to some degree, you also see there was a lot. And not just care, but like care like more than I've ever thought cared about anything I would do anything to it. And I think, you know, any parent feels the same way. But I think there's this sense of like, even if it took, you know, millennials or people of our rough generation a longer time to get to that stage and maybe they did that later, they're doing it. And I think to some degree, you see people who maybe in their early 30s were obnoxious, you know, lefty activists who now are raising kids and seeing kind of the error in their ways and thinking, Oh, actually, I suddenly value different things than what I valued before. And I think when kids are taught things that parents disagree with in public schools, or maybe even not things that parents disagree with, but things that aren't phonics and aren't math instruction, there's a certain amount of like, well, an awakening that happens.  And I think that we're seeing a lot of this wokeness crumbling right now. And I'm kind of delighted by it. I look forward to the ash heap and hopefully people will gravitate toward more freedom, you know, and sort of learn the appropriate lessons from that. I don't know if they will. It's it does seem it seems to me like there's there's like there's several different layers of like unsustainability with this country right now. Like there's like the financial level of like where you could just look at like numbers on paper and be like, this can't keep going. Like, I don't know exactly when this has a car. But yeah, like these entitlement programs, like just look at the numbers on them. This doesn't work. And there does seem to me to be something about wokeism that is just inherently, you know, like this this can't continue like this.  But like, how do you have a life afterward with this? And and it does seem to me that one of the big like the one of the big reasons why the kind of not even right wing or but the the anti-woke crowd, let's say is is winning in a lot of ways is just because to to be woke is also it seems to be miserable.  It's a religion with no absolution. It's a religion with no redemption.  And I don't know, I at my core, I am a huge optimist. And I think people frequently try to do good. And I think people also frequently sort of yearn for a greater, more robust sense of morality than the weird version offered to them by wokeism or wokeness. And so I sort of look at the degree to which some of this is fracturing and splintering. And I begin to feel really good about it. I'm wondering, you know, how much more DEI bureaucracy will various industries have to deal with before we essentially realize we're paying a ton of middle managers and have seen amount of money. Hey, thanks for watching that clip from our new show, just asking questions. You can watch another clip here or the full episode here. New episodes drop every week. So subscribe to recent TV's YouTube channel to get notified when that happens. Or to the Just Asking Questions podcast on Apple, Spotify or any other podcatcher. See you next week.


When I have joining us on the news, it is time to talk about these floods and the possible preventions and preparations the project manager of like a conservation centre at the Damola Oguneson. Glad to have you on the news. Thank you for having me. So far, the floods have sent about 1.4 million people out of their homes, destroyed over 70 hectares of farmlands and killed more than 500 people. What do you think the government should probably have done? Well, it's a multi-phase approach. You're looking at land proper land use planning, you're looking at an effective disaster management process, you're also looking at putting conflict process between the aquatic life and the human beings because nobody is talking about that. Nobody is talking about an hippo getting into homes of people and injuring them. We only thought it can only be just the flood water but there are other issues which have to do with conflict between the aquatic life and human beings.  What do we need to do and what will be the last long solution about this? Are we looking at effective watershed management? Are we looking at effective water basin management of our water basin authorities? And more importantly, what is the local participation? How do you involve local people in ensuring that they safeguard themselves? Everybody is told to leave the flood plain. To where? How do you protect your properties? And these are issues that will be properly stated by, you know, different authorities from the humanitarian ministry down to local, each state management, disaster management agency, and the local management system that helps an effective and participatory flood management procedure. Okay, let's look at the impact of the floods on agriculture and, of course, food production, which has been very, very devastating and has resulted, you know, in the loss of crops and, of course, livestock and other essential agricultural infrastructures. Where do you see this going? It is a huge one because we are looking at most people. This is towards the tail end of dry season of wet season for most people within the middle belt. And that means almost harvest time. And this is going to mean we have to really take account of these people in the first instance, be able to give them a soft landing so that they can farm next year. That's the first thing. Second is, how do we look at the shortage that will come out of this? So we are looking at a situation where we already have challenges about resource issues between farmers and edas, which is one of the major issues that we were thinking about. Now, the flood actually affects both the edas and the farmers. So we need to take account of what could have come out of the farmlands. That would be the shortage. So we need to start looking at what measures are we looking at in the short term. For the next year, we must be able to take account of the farmers who have lost a lot, give them buffer, give them a bit of cushioning this year so that they can prepare for next year. Don't forget the trauma itself, it cannot be quantified. So how do you prepare them to be able to farm for next year? These are things that we need to be very strategic about. But in the immediate, we need to take stock of the shortage that these flood will have cost and how to mitigate the shortage. So what's your advice for Nigerians as the flooding proceeds? Well, there are short times in the long term. So in the immediate, we have to take a look at what enforcing physical land use of the floodplain. What should be permanent and what should be just temporary? Second is the issue of dredging and that must be done cautiously so that the volume of water coming upstream will be contained. The fourth one will be to start looking on the long term and that is how do we make sure that our watershed catchment area are not eroded such that the runoff that comes will be so happy and uncontrolled. More importantly, is also to look at what do we do with our ecology problems. And these are things that this one should have been channeled into. So I think I will look at dredging down watershed protection and also to have representative of disaster management at local level. I think that's what the issues are. We don't have a response, a local response and we don't even know who is affected. The speculative figures that we are having, is it based on GIS mapping of the floodplain? Are we taking account of the people that are acting in the floodplain? So I think going forward, we need to first be able to delineate where these floods have been getting to over the last 20 years. And that helps us to take account of the various infrastructure and various resources within the floodplain. And on the long run, we must be able to provide both soft and hard engineering solution to the flooding problem. More importantly, how do we make effective use of the flood water? Don't forget, the flood water itself is a resource but we have not used it effectively. And the negative that we are coping with and more importantly, the issue of climate change. It's real. We need to take into cognizance how we continue to empower people at local level to be able to mitigate and adapt to this effect of climate change. Thank you so much there. Thank you so much, Mr. Alguncay. So we really appreciate it. Thank you for having me.


Welcome to the course on nanostructured materials, synthesis properties, self assembly and applications. We are in the module 4 of this course and we are working on photo catalysis right now and we had two lectures on photo catalysis and today is the third lecture on photo catalysis and this is also the lecture 3 of module 4. So, in photo catalysis in the previous lectures we looked at the basic ideas of catalysis in the presence of light and how a UV light and visible light catalysts, catalyzed reactions through the generation of electrons and holes and two important criteria are the electron and hole should be generated efficiently and the second thing is the electron and hole should be separated from each other, so that they do not recombine and release of photon. So, this recombination has to be prevented and this charge separation is an important part in the design of new materials which will allow for enhanced efficiency of the photo catalyst. Now, the photo catalysis as we see you can have high surface area, small crystalline size, the especially we are discussing for titanium dioxide and in this case the anatase form of titanium dioxide is very important. There are three forms of titanium dioxide the rutile form is the high temperature form whereas, the anatase form is the low temperature form and we require the anatase form for high photo catalytic activity. So, the anatase form is very important then T I O 2 photo catalysts can be prepared with high crystallinity it can be prepared with high porosity. So, porous structures of titanium can be prevented and the activation through a light source is possible in T I O 2. Let us look at the conditions affecting the photo catalytic activity of T I O 2. Now, T I O 2 is normally prepared through an alkoxide through solution methods we start from a titanium alkoxide and typically we take titanium isopropoxide and when you hydrolyze it with water you get this kind of hydrates at low temperature and then when you heat it further you calcine it you get the anatase form of T I O 2. If you heat it further that is you further calcine you get the rutile form of T I O 2. Now, if you look at the properties if you have at low temperature you normally have the amorphous form and at low temperatures you have low very low surface area in this case you have a large when you have large crystallinity especially like in rutile. So, if you have the surface area which is low and you may have very large surface area both are possible the activity the activity goes down if the surface area goes down. So, the activity will be large when the surface area is very high and the activity will become small when the surface area is small. In crystallinity if you have very high crystallinity then which you get at high temperatures and in the rutile form you will get this high crystallinity. In the anatase form somewhere in the middle you have reasonable crystallinity and reasonable surface area whereas, in the rutile form you have high crystallinity and small surface area. And the difference between rutile and anatase in their band gap anatase has a band gap of 3.2 electron volts and rutile has a band gap of 3 electron volts. So, if you decrease the surface area the number of active sites also decrease. So, what you want is very a balance between crystallinity and surface area and that you achieve in the middle because if you have very amorphous type of Ti O 2 which you will get in the initial stages of the hydrate formation then your active sites will be low although you are having a high surface area because of poor crystallinity. So, it is good to work in this region where you have the anatase form of Ti O 2. Now, Ti O 2 is a very efficient photo catalyst, but you need ultraviolet radiation UV light normally we would like to use visible light and to use the solar spectrum we would like to use the visible light and the material should be active under visible light. Visible light is in the lower energy region compared to UV light. So, visible light active photo catalyst is really needed for practical applications and will be economical if we have efficient visible light catalyst. So, how do we modify the normal Ti O 2 which is a UV light photo catalyst to make it into a visible light photo catalyst and that can be done by doping the Ti O 2 with different materials like non metals, transition metals or organic dyes. All of them can modify the behavior of Ti O 2 with respect to the incoming radiation and all of them you have to choose appropriately the type of non metal or transition metal or organic dye to control the band gap of Ti O 2 or effectively generate electron and hole pairs by using visible light instead of ultraviolet light. You can also increase the activity of the catalyst by loading a metal oxide and we will see examples of these. The metal oxide typically reduces the chance of recombination of the electrons and holes which are produced during the photo catalytic reactions. So, hence there are several ways by which people are trying to use dopants to modify the band gap or to effectively create electrons and holes in the using visible light because Ti O 2 is available in large amounts in the earth and Ti O 2 is environmental friendly. So, it is a very challenging problem and important problem to convert Ti O 2 to a visible light photo catalyst instead of a UV photo catalyst. Now, how do you make titanium dioxide if you have to make it in the lab? Titanium dioxide is of course, available in nature also, but you want to make titanium dioxide in the lab or in industry in bulk quantities. So, how do you make titanium dioxide which is active and hence you want to make anatase form of titanium dioxide. So, people have found several methods like the hydrolysis of chlorides or sulfates of titanium salts and they have used the sol gel method which is a very popular method and we have discussed in our earlier lectures or they have used the hydrothermal method where you use a steplon or steel containers to create a pressure in either aqueous medium or using a solvent and some pressure is created and reaction occurs under pressure at temperatures around 100 to 200 250 degree centigrade or may be sometimes up to 300 350 degree centigrade. And there is another method which is the micro emulsion method where you use titanium salts and appropriate surfactants to make micro emulsions where you can make nano reactors using these micro emulsions which are present in solution depending on the type of surfactant and solvent you can control the size of the nano reactors. And then you can do reactions using the titanium salts and hydrolyze them within the nano reactors to give you nano particles of T i O 2 which are of the anatase form after certain calcination step. So, people can have used all these methods to make titanium oxide nano powders in large amounts and in the anatase form. Now, this is another technique by which T i O 2 can be synthesized this is the metal organic chemical vapor deposition or M O C V D in general as it is told where you have your material which can be titanium isopropoxide as discussed earlier. So, it is an alkoxide of titanium and that passes through a heater and there are several other heaters and temperature sensors in the furnace. So, there is a furnace through which this titanium isopropoxide is passed in the presence of oxygen and argon and then at this temperature which you can control the titanium isopropoxide can be calcined over a substrate and T i O 2 is generated on top of a substrate and if you want some metals to be doped or metal oxides to be doped then you put this metal oxide or metal as a dopant here and the temperature should be sufficient to volatilize this dopant and then the dopant mixes with the incoming stream of the titanium isopropoxide and forms T i O 2 on this substrate along with the metal or metal oxide dopant. And this kind of system can generate large amount of very high quality films of T i O 2 on the surface of appropriately chosen substrates. Substrates can vary from silicon to glass to quartz and variety of substrates you can choose depending on what is your application of this photo catalyst. Now, so how do we modify T i O 2 because we just discussed that we want to modify T i O 2 which is a visible light UV light catalyst in general, but we want to use visible light. So, how do we modify this T i O 2 by doping metals metal oxides and what happens when you dope metal and metal oxides to the band gap or to the valence band levels or to the conduction band levels. So, this is a kind of a graphic to show you that when the photons fall on the photo catalyst which has got some metal particles on top. So, it is a metal doped T i O 2. So, we have modified T i O 2 with a metal the metal particles are here and this is the titanium dioxide particle and when light falls on this particle T i O 2 then electrons and holes are generated. Now, the electrons if they can migrate to the surface and meets the metal the metal is a efficient conductor. So, this will take away this electron quickly and so the electron this electron which is produced here is separated from the hole and that is what is one of the important points how to separate electron and hole and because of this metal dopant the electron has this tendency to go to the metal and the metal it is a good conductor and then it removes the electron. So, the electron and hole are separated. So, both the properties generation of electron and hole pair and transport of electron and hole away from each other such that they do not recombine both then can be met which makes then this material this metal doped T i O 2 will be good for photo catalyst. Now, you can also doped a semiconductor. So, cadmium sulphide is a semiconductor and this is your original T i O 2 particle. So, assume that you have cadmium sulphide particle doped doped in T i O 2. Now, T i O 2 has a band gap of 3.2 electron volts and this is the valence band and this is the conduction band level of T i O 2 whereas, cadmium sulphide has a smaller band gap of 2.5 electron volt. So, in it can take lower energy and create electron hole pair. So, cadmium sulphide can be triggered to generate electrons and holes with lower energy of 2.5 electron volt whereas, T i O 2 will require 3.2 electron volt. So, lower energy if you give you can still generate electron and hole because of the presence of cadmium sulphide. Then this electron can migrate to the conduction band of the T i O 2 and the hole this hole is generated in the cadmium sulphide. So, when the light falls on cadmium sulphide the electron is goes to the conduction band and the electron is transferred to the T i O 2. So, the electron and hole are separated now on 2 different particles. The hole is retained on the cadmium sulphide and the electron goes to the T i O 2. Now, this is so this was a metal doped T i O 2 this was semiconductor doped T i O 2 and then you can have an organic dye doped T i O 2. So, if a organic dye is doped in T i O 2 then what happens is this energy level of the energy gap of the organic dye to create an electron when light falls is suppose it is in the visible then this electron goes to the excited state of the dye the dye is now in an excited state and then the electron from the conduction levels or the higher orbital is transferred to the conduction band of T i O 2 and then you can have some acceptor molecules which will take over this electron. So, the from the conduction band of T i O 2 the electron can be accepted by say an acceptor and that acceptor will get reduced. So, a will get reduced to a minus because the electron will be transferred from the conduction band of T i O 2 to the acceptor. So, 3 particular cases we looked at modification of T i O 2 metal doped modification of T i O 2 semiconductor doped modification of T i O 2 and then organic dye a doped T i O 2 which we call dye sensitized solar cells is a very important area in which you are using a dye to start this mechanism of electron being generated and then electron whole being separated. So, if you look at the band diagrams you can create different types of levels. So, suppose this is the original levels this is the conduction band of T i O 2 and this is the valence band of T i O 2 and when you are doping transition metals it is possible to have choose a transition metal such that you now have levels which are lower than the conduction band of T i O 2. So, the electron will be here because lower in energy than this and you can have a hole in the lower energy level or you can have a non metal doping T i O 2 then you have a energy level which is higher than the valence band of T i O 2. So, this is the valence band of T i O 2 and so it is higher than the valence band of T i O 2 and the electron this energy may be close to the conduction band of T i O 2. So, either you can lower the conduction band or you can increase the energy of the valence band electron or hole valence band hole. So, the hole will be here and the electron is here. So, these are two modifications to the bare T i O 2 which is shown here. So, this is also possible and this is also possible. So, this kind of changes in the band diagram by doping is called generally band gap engineering and you can also sensitize or increase the efficiency of titanium dioxide nano particles by using metal particles through their plasmon resonance. Now, we all know when you have metal nanoparticles the conduction electrons of the metal nanoparticles can have collective oscillations. Now, these collective oscillations of the conduction electrons can sensitize the T i O 2 nanoparticles and this has been observed for silver gold copper nanoparticles where they exhibit plasmon resonance in the visible range. So, you shine light in the visible and the conduction electrons of the metal nanoparticles like silver or gold then get excited and you have this collective oscillations and then this excitation acts like an antenna the metal particle acts as an antenna because this collective oscillation is generated by trapping the visible light energy or the solar energy and then it can enhance the catalysis of T i O 2. Once the silver nanoparticles which is doped on top of T i O 2 acting as an antenna catches the visible light radiation and then it can create electrons and holes in the T i O 2 to which it is connected. So, this is what is shown here. So, you have this metal particle and you have the T i O 2. So, this is the conduction band of T i O 2 this is a valence band of T i O 2. Now, what can happen is the if you use UV light then you can excite this. So, you can create electron here and hole here in the T i O 2 and when you create electrons here then another property of the metal is that it can quickly take away the electron and then it can reduce any species for example, oxide can oxygen gas can be reduced to this kind of super oxide ion. Now, this reduction is possible because the electron generated in the conduction band of titanium or T i O 2 is quickly transferred to the metal and the metal then the electron in the conduction band of the metal can get will will reduce this oxygen and the hole which is in the valence band can be used to oxidize some species. So, this is another possibility where you are using UV light, but the metal is enhancing the application of the electron and the hole that is the reducing and the oxidizing capabilities are enhanced by the presence of the metal. In the previous case these surface plasmon are basically acting as an antenna to trap energy in the visible spectral range and then it helps in the sensitization of the titanium nanoparticles. In this case you are not using the visible light you are using UV light, but you are efficiently removing the electron and hole because of the conduction properties of the metal and the metal then can quickly reduce some molecule which may be oxygen and give you this super oxide ion. Now you can have so here the metal nanoparticles act as an electron sink as I mentioned earlier and it promotes interfacial charge transfer and basically it reduces the probability that the electron created in the conduction band of T I O 2 will interact with the hole on T I O 2 because the electron is being removed from there. So, the metal is acting as a electron sink now you can also have more complex nanostructures where you can have metal decorated on core shell nanoparticles. So, core shell nanoparticles we know that there is one particle and it is covered by something else. So, the particle inside is the core and the material which is covered outside is the shell. So, here you can have metals like silver gold or alloys like silver gold or copper nickel or you can make a large number of alloys of various sizes say between 5 to 150 nanometers. Then you take this metal particle inside and on the outside this gray part you put your titanium oxide and there are methods by which you can make this shell out of pure titanium oxide. So, the smaller particles the better you will have higher catalytic property the efficiency will be high. So, if you have small particles of T I O 2 and you make a shell around the metal nanoparticles then you will get a structure of this. So, that will be core shell nanoparticle, but in this case it is metal decorated core shell that means on top of the T I O 2 you again have either some metal or metal oxide. So, either metal or metal oxide you can choose one of them and depending on that you will have now plasmon enhanced separation of electron whole pair. So, this metal nanoparticle will be activated by the light and you will have this plasmon surface plasmon because of the oscillations of the conduction electrons and that will couple to that T I O 2 and then you will get electron and holes and if you have a particle like a metal like platinum then the electron will quickly get separated on to the platinum and then the hole will reside in the core and the electron will move to the surface. So, you have effectively separated the hole and the electron if you use an oxide like ruthenium oxide then it does not take up the electron like platinum does, but it will remove the hole. So, then the electron will remain in the core and the hole will go to the surface.  So, hole will be removed from the metal or if you put metal particles like platinum on the surface of the T I O 2 then electrons can be removed more effectively and then the hole will remain inside the core of the core shell nanoparticles. So, this is a very efficient and interesting design of core shell metal oxide nanostructures where you have a three materials designed you have a inner core which is made of a metal nanoparticle like silver gold platinum or something and then you have a shell of titanium dioxide on top of that you have some decoration of small particles of either metal and metal or metal oxide and this particles on the surface which decorate the surface of T I O 2 act as a sink for either the electron or the hole. So, as we discussed if it is platinum particles on the surface it will act as a sink for electrons and then the hole are inside the core and the electron is on the surface. So, they are charge separated. So, the efficiency of the photo catalysis is enhanced the opposite is the hole goes to the surface and the electron stays in the core that is possible if you use ruthenium dioxide as particles decorating on the surface. Now, if you have metal particles covered with T I O 2 covered with S I O 2 or T I O 2 then the visible light is not active because T I O 2 will not activate the will not generate electron or holes because the band gap of T I O 2 is 3.2 electron volts and the visible light is insufficient in energy to create electrons and holes. So, this is not possible. However, if you shine UV light and you have the metal and you have T I O 2 then you can have electrons and holes, but the metal core shortens the electron hole pairs. So, they recombine and hence you do not get charge separation easily and so this is not going to be a very efficient photo catalyst. Although you will generate electron and hole, but the lifetime of the electron and hole will be very small and they will quickly recombine. So, this is also not a good situation. Now, the third situation is that you have a metal particle inside then you put a layer of something like silica this brown part and then on top of that you put titanium and titanium is a efficient UV photo catalyst and this titanium which creates the electron and holes the because of the silica coating the electron which goes towards the metal will not be recombining with the hole. So, electron hole recombination will be prevented by the presence of an intermediate thin layer of silica. So, this is another design of core shell structures where you have made titanium to be active in the UV efficiently. Of course, still it is not active in the visible with this configuration, but it is active in the UV and the efficiency is high by putting a silica layer in between the metal core and the outside titanium which will actually create electron hole pair when UV light shines on it. So, these are three models one model not effective in visible light, second model not effective in visible light and also not effective efficiently in UV light and this is a model which is not effective in visible light, but very good catalyst in UV light. Now, if what is the role of the metal oxide you can dope metals we studied have different role and we looked at several cases of metal doping how it can remove the electron if it is outside and what it does if it is in the core. Now, if look at metal oxide and choose a metal which can have variable oxidation states. Now, these can lot of all transition metal oxide show variable oxidation states for example, iron shows oxidation states of 2 plus 3 plus sometime 4 plus and in extreme cases even 6 plus. So, you can have iron at with various oxidation states similarly, you can also have cobalt with 2 plus 3 plus or vanadium 4 plus 5 plus etcetera. So, if you choose a metal oxide which can show variable oxidation states and dope it with a titanium Ti O 2 then it can be a very good photo catalyst in the visible range. So, how does that happen you have again the large sphere showing you Ti O 2 particle and the band gap of Ti O 2 this is the conduction band and valence band and now you have doped this titanium dioxide with metal oxide. The metal oxide that you have chosen is iron oxide. So, iron oxide will have possibilities of being in iron 2 plus 3 plus 3 plus 4 plus and. So, if you have this kind of oxides on top of the surface. So, what can happen. So, if you have electron and hole generation even with less energy you can create these levels where electron in the conduction band can go to the iron 3 plus and iron 3 plus will get converted to iron 2 plus. So, you start with Fe 3 situation. So, iron is 3 plus, but iron 3 plus when it gains an electron becomes iron 2 plus and if you have a electron which is coming you can do this reduction. Now, if you have iron 3 plus here. So, if you have a hole iron 3 plus will get converted to iron 4 plus. So, in the presence of electron iron 2 plus iron 3 plus will get converted to iron 2 plus in the presence of hole iron 3 plus will convert to iron 4 plus. So, both are possible because of the variable oxidation state of iron and the dopant also creates addition level. So, these levels are created additional levels. So, although C I O 2 has this band gap, but the actual band gap will be due to the smaller the intermediate levels which are introduced by the metal oxide dopant. And then this gap is lower in energy than this gap and if this falls in the visible light region then it will become a visible light photo catalyst. So, this kind of band gap engineering then creates the dopants create additional levels and lowers band gap from the ultraviolet to the visible region and hence this catalyst becomes active in the visible region. So, here the important thing is you have chosen a metal oxide with variable oxidation states. Now, the dopant also acts as electron hole trapping center because here you can see this acts as a electron trap because it is removing electrons from here. And this way you if you can choose some other material it can act as a hole trap. So, you can have dopants which not only lowers the band gap from UV to visible, but they are also acting as electron hole trapping center. Finally, they also can be used as carrier agents to facilitate migration of electrons and holes to the reaction sites. So, wherever reaction is occurring because of the presence of these metal oxides on the surface they act as good carrier agents because they help in the migration of the photo generated electron and holes. So, two things are important as usual charge transfer events how the electron and hole are created and then migration of these charges to the surface both these effects enhance the efficiency of the photo catalyst. Now, this is a case where it is photosensitization using you visible light. So, how you are going to use visible light using a dye which is acts as a photosensitizer. So, in the previous case you brought down the band gap by adding metal oxide as dopants and then visible light became useful to make it act as a photo catalyst. So, T I O 2 with the iron oxide dopant became a photo catalyst in the UV, but here you are not using a metal oxide you are using a dye which is organic compound. So, you see this large molecule with the aromatic rings and some pendant substituents you can see that this dye which is sulphurodamine B this particular dye can be used to sensitize T I O 2 because the energy levels of this sulphurodamine dye is in the region of the visible light. So, using the energy levels of the dye of the sulphurodamine B you can excite the sulphurodamine B using visible light such that the electron goes to a excited state and this S R B excited is the excited molecule and then the electron in this state can be transferred to the conduction band of T I O 2. So, the visible light is basically taken up by the dye the sulphurodamine B dye here and electron gets excited and in the excited state the sulphurodamine B then transfers an electron to the conduction band with which it has an interface. So, the dye is doped on to the T I O 2. So, this electron is transferred to the conduction band and then that electron can be further used for reduction. So, it is then acting as a catalyst because it will do this reduction reaction and if some molecule is there which can pick up an electron then that will get reduced. So, what happens to this molecule after it loses this electron the sulphurodamine B excited molecule after it loses an electron it becomes a radical cation. So, after removal of the electron the electron goes to the titanium dioxide and then the sulphurodamine B becomes a radical cation and then it reacts with oxygen further and then that forms another radical cation and which finally decomposes to form a smaller molecule. So, this organic structure gets decomposed. So, that is also a catalytic reaction that means you are trying to remove an organic dye you are broken the organic dye by exciting the organic dye with visible light and this photo degradation of the organic dye through a radical cation in the presence of oxygen can be seen and the final degradation products of this chromophore. Chromophore is something which can give out light. So, because it flourishes sulphurodamine B is has a property of flourishing and so it is called a chromophore and is organic compound. So, here we are more interested in seeing that how titanium was photosensitized using visible light and the dye breaks down and gives rise to some products plus may be some ions like sulphate ion ammonium ion and gases like carbon dioxide or water vapor and this electron of titanium is also used for reduction. So, this is a case of how organic dyes having a particular difference in the energy levels in the ground state and excited state can be used in conjunction with T I O 2 to act as visible light photo catalyst. So, important thing very important thing is that this energy gap should be such that it can be this molecule can be excited with visible radiation and then only you can get this S R B star which means the excited sulphurodamine B is the ground state of sulphurodamine B is the excited state of sulphurodamine B and from the excited state electron transfer to conduction band of T I O 2 and then it becomes radical cation and further undergoes degradation in the presence of oxygen and this electron can be used for reduction of some other species. So, this was another case. So, we studied cases of metal doped titanium, core shell titanium decorated with metals, then a core shell titanium with an interfacial layer in between how it can become efficient UV photo catalyst. Then we added metal oxides where the metal has variable oxidation states and how that can enable titanium to be a visible light photo catalyst and then this was a dye sensitization. So, the dye an organic dye is used which has particular energy levels which can accept visible light and hence it is a visible light photo catalysis that can be observed using the sulphurodamine B as an example and the electrons in T I O 2 can further reduce other agents. Now, this another property the previous one we photo sensitized using visible light. Now, let us look at another problem where we can do photo catalysis using UV light and with the dye, but this is another mechanism. So, under UV light the energy will be absorbed now with T I O 2. In the presence of visible light T I O 2 cannot accept the radiation because of the lower energy, but the sulphurodamine B accepts the radiation. In this case the UV region the higher energy light is being accepted by the T I O 2 nanoparticles because it matches the energy. So, 3.2 electron volts is in the ultraviolet and so you will have electron generated in the conduction band and holes in the valence band and so this electron can then reduce oxygen and this hole can then act on the dye. So, here we are looking at addition of a hole on the dye to create again a radical cation of sulphurodamine B. This again is simple from here what we studied in the previous slide that the radical cation then acts with oxygen to give you another radical cation and that breaks down to give you small molecules like diethylamine, N N diethylacetamide etcetera and then in the presence of holes or hydroxyl radicals it gets converted to this simple molecules or ions. So, in the previous case the radical cation of sulphurodamine B is formed by the removal of electrons from the excited state of sulphurodamine B and you get the radical cation. The same radical cation in this case you obtain not by removal of electrons, but by addition of hole and so two different processes one acting in the presence of UV light and one acting in the presence of ultraviolet light in the presence of sulphurodamine as a dye or an organic reagent how the same product of the dye occurs can be understood because in this although the mechanism is different in this case the sulphurodamine B degrades through the addition of a hole and in the previous case the sulphurodamine degrades by removal of electron and then goes oxidation and then degradation. So, two different things using similar materials T i O 2 and sulphurodamine B as the organic dye, but the different mechanism of the degradation of the dye is due to the different energy that you are supplying in one case you are supplying visible light in the other case you are supplying ultraviolet light and hence the mechanism changes and the degradation happens due to electron in one case that loss of electrons in one case whereas, in the other case it is addition of holes, but both cases lead to the radical cation of sulphurodamine B and then further reduction further degradation in the presence of oxygen. Now, let us look at few other case studies where we will see what is the role of network of corner shade octahedral units of metal cations. So, we will see when you use metal oxides other than T i O 2 these are not T i O 2 or these are other oxides why they are photo catalyst in certain cases especially when you have corner shade octahedral it shows high photo catalytic efficiency. Then what is the role of the dipole moment and distortion in symmetry how it affects the photo catalytic properties then effect of the electronic band structure that is the overlap of the orbitals of the metal oxides. If there is good overlap the bands will become broad and things will be different and so effect of overlapping of orbitals leading to changes in the electronic band structure then what happens when you have a mixed configuration of metal oxides. So, we will look at some of the case cases which have these different properties. So, in this particular case this is the basically you are looking at how the overlap of the metal particle metal and the oxygen their orbitals overlap and if it is good overlap or bad overlap what happens to the photo catalytic properties. So, these are not T i O 2 now we are discussing other oxides say this is a tantalum based oxide and it can be having a third element also. So, there is some rarer tantalate or barium dependent tantalum oxide etcetera. So, this is rarer tantalate L A T A O 4 in which case you have an orbital of tantalum 5 D or band of tantalum 5 D all the orbitals of 5 D overlap to form a band of tantalum 5 D which looks like this and this is the energy scale and this is an oxide. So, you will have oxygen levels and the oxygen levels are here much below the tantalum 5 D levels which means this band has been formed from the 5 D orbitals of tantalum and this band has been formed from the 2 P orbitals of oxygen. Now, when you have lanthanum also lanthanum appears to have very sharp band or narrow band this is called a narrow band because the width of the band is very broad here in tantalum where compared to that this is very narrow is almost like a discrete energy orbital. But now the energy of the lanthanum 4 F orbital which is a very narrow band is lying somewhere in between within the energy levels possible for tantalum 5 D band when such a thing happens that the orbital energies are similar then there is good overlap of bands. So, there is excellent overlap of the lanthanum 4 F and tantalum 5 D bands and good overlap of these bands increases the activity of the catalyst. And that is overlap of that is the case shown here where the highest activity is reported because it has excellent overlap of the lanthanum and tantalum orbitals and bands. Now, here you see that this narrow band has shifted down this is the case of cerium and so it will have moderate efficiency whereas in this case where the precedomium compound the narrow band of corresponding to the precedomium 4 F orbitals is much lower and has no overlap between the tantalum 5 D orbitals which are contained in this band with the precedomium 4 F orbitals. So, there is hardly any overlap and if it there is no overlap then this acts as an electron trap. So, once electron comes it stays here and so it can act as a electron trap especially in the 4 F orbitals of precedomium. Since it is a narrow band the more wider the band there is more delocalization the more narrower the band then it is complete localization and very little electronic movements it acts like a electron trap. So, from the band structure this kind of diagrams are called band structure diagrams and give you a lot of idea about the possibility of the movement of electrons the conductivity of electrons through electrons and the band gaps and difference in what is what will be the optical band gap all this you can understand by looking at the detailed band structure for these oxides. So, one thing is clear that better the overlap of the orbitals higher is the activity and poorer is the overlap of orbitals or bands then the activity will be very low and the electron will be trap and the electron will not be able to reduce anything because it is trap there. Now, also possible that you can have a high activity without even a co catalyst co catalyst sometimes is added which helps in reducing the band gap or helps in effective electron transfer or hole transfer. Now, zirconia has a band gap of 5 electron volts and it is a unique photo catalyst that shows a very high activity and the reason of this is it has a high negative flat band potential. So, if your flat band potential is very high then your it should be negative the high negative flat band potential will lead to very good photo catalysis. So, this is an example zirconia is an example of that another very important thing is corner sharing octahedral unit. So, many many structures are known where the metal oxygen bonds are within an octahedral and these octahedral are corner shared or edge shared or phase shared. Now, the most important and a large number of compounds are known where there are corner shared octahedral units of the metal cations. So, if it is a tantalate you have ta osix octahedral. So, niobate you have a niobium osix octahedral and these niobium osix octahedral or tantalum osix octahedral are corner shared. Now, if they are corner shared then it appears that the activity is very high because this corner shared octahedral as shown here will help in migration of electrons and holes and this will be this has been shown to be very good photo catalyst for a water splitting reaction. The reason is the tantalum oxide is highly connected corner shared octahedral units whereas, the rarer the lanthanum also has an octahedra, but it is not connected to the tantalum octahedra in such cases the photo catalysis is very high. There is another example where you have two types of octahedra tantalum oxide and another rarer toxide, but when there are two types of octahedra and they get interconnected then the activity for the photo catalysis decreases. So, what it means is you need one this tantalum oxide or niobium oxide whichever is going to act as the main site for photo catalysis should have this corner connectivity of octahedra and it should not be interfered by some other octahedra say of a rarer. So, if it is unhindered then the activity is very high if it is hindered by other octahedra then it becomes inactive. So, this is very important the role of corner shared octahedral units and the presence of linear chains of these octahedra is very important. If you have distortion in octahedra and if you have dipole moment then what is the effect on the water splitting or photo catalysis activity. Now, the activity for D 10 metal oxides is strongly dependent on the distortion on their structure and you can see that whenever you have a distortion then you will have local internal fields which will contribute to electron hole separation on photo excitation. Now, if you have distorted gallium oxide like this which have a net dipole moment they were found to be photo catalytic activity. So, dipole moment will be generated as a cause of distortion. So, whenever you have a distortion you have high dipole moment this is 0 dipole moment very low activity is high dipole moment and this is high activity. So, distortion high dipole moment high and so it will lead to higher activity. So, there is another case how you can increase the activity by better overlap of metal oxygen orbitals and you can increase the bandwidth by having good hybridization or overlap of metal oxygen orbitals and that will also give you increased mobility of the photo generated electrons in the conduction band and lead to high photo catalytic activity. So, these are some of the examples of oxide photo catalyst based on D 0 metal ions. So, you can see titanium anatase and very good photo catalyst you can see a lanthanum doped sodium tantalite where you have T A O 6 of the hydra and these are linear and shows very high efficiency. So, with these examples I will come to the conclusion of this lecture today and then we will have our continuation of this lecture in our next class. Thank you very much.