The Bellagio Hotel in Las Vegas. It's theCUBE, covering UiPath. Forward 4, brought to you by UiPath. Welcome back to theCUBE live at the Bellagio in Las Vegas. Lisa Martin with Dave Vellante. We are with UiPath at Forward 4. The next topic of conversation is going to be a good one and that's because it's automation for good. I've got two guests here joining Dave and me. James Dreskowski, strategic account exec at UiPath joins us and Brian Klatschkoff, head of automation at Densu. Guys, welcome to the program. Yeah, thank you. Thanks for having us. So we're going to dig into automation for good, which is going to be a really feel good conversation. We're going to get into what you're doing. But Brian, I wanted you to give the audience an overview of Densu as an organization. Who are you? What do you guys do? Sure, so Densu is a large network of advertising agencies for about 45,000 people large, 10 billion plus in revenue, going across about 125 markets. So we're a large enterprise advertising media, creative, CXM type business. We're really focused on helping to elevate our client's value when it comes to their value proposition around marketing, advertising, and media. So you think about that as a business that maybe it's hard to understand where automation might fit in. On the other hand, it's like a lot of moving parts, a lot of arms and legs. So how are you applying automation to the business? Sure, so when we first started doing proof of concepts level approaches, we approached things in a traditional, hey, let's go look at the shared services groups, why are we having invoice processing delays, things like that. And we started being a bit more prescriptive and proactive about how we were applying the limited POC budget we had to go after these problems. And we started doing some root cause analysis to understand the interaction between the back office functions and the mid office functions. And what we uncovered was that we could actually be really good custodians of budget and enable people at the same time by solving for problems at a root cause analysis level. So what I mean by that is maybe an invoice is coming down the pipe and it's not getting processed because it's missing critical information that could be easily added six processes upstream. So what really helped elevate the conversation that we're having around automation for good and be a catalyst for what we're gonna talk about a bit later is we just started connecting people from the mid office to the back office helping them understand, hey, if we actually follow process properly, put the right controls in place with our PA to generate critical data elements on those invoices, Shayler in the back office doesn't have to work through weekends because there's not a pipeline back load of invoices from the process. So we actually connected those mid office people with the back office people and it really drove that human connection to drive the change management within our automation journey. And that's kind of been the crux of what we've wanted to do over the past four years finding ways to elevate our people's potential by integrating automation and AI into their actual day to day work. So tech for good is a theme that you hear a lot and as a media company that kind of, we're not gotcha media, you know, we more want to tell the story of tech athletes and I think we've done a pretty good job over that over the past decade, but so techs under fire constantly, it was basically big tech, we hear Facebook hearings today and so forth, but so automation kind of early days, oh, you're going to take away my job. I think generally speaking with the fatigue of Zoom and the perpetual work day, people begin to understand that, hey, maybe automation is a good thing, but automation for good, what is that James? Yeah, well, it's not doing technology for the sake of technology. You know, at the end of the day, when we implement solutions with our customers like Densu, it's about what's the impact, what's the change, what's the benefit and what's unique about Densu is because they've grown through requisition and there are lots of different companies come together, you have to focus on the people first because there is no one process or one system that we can look and just automate that system or process, so automation for good is about focusing on the people and how do we take the solutions and the programs and the technologies we have and make an impact so that somebody's day is better, their job is better, the process they're doing is easier and they can focus on more of the things that make them different. Specifically, as we'll uncover in the conversation, we looked at a program that Densu is doing around working with different types of people as far as people with autism and what was the impact we could do there and that's uncovered a journey that we've been together for the last two years around seeing how we can make an impact with those types of folks who might not get the same types of opportunities as everybody else. Brian, talk about the catalyst for that program at Densu a couple years ago. Sure, so it goes back to that foundational layer of elevating people's potential. So the testimonial that we had from our own employees around applying automation and meaningful ways to progress their day to day came from an employee in the mid-office who said, I didn't go $160,000 in student debt to copy-paste stuff from Excel into this proprietary platform that we use for media and that really resonated with us as leaders in this space and with our executive leadership because there was a gap between what our people's skills were and what they were actually doing. They wanted to do mad men type stuff. They wanted to be the Don Drapers and the Peggy Olsons of our industry and they were losing that opportunity because we weren't tapping into the skills that they had to drive human-centric solutions for our clients. So taking that concept, we looked at the partnerships that we have with our outsourcing providers and Autonomy Works, which we're gonna do in a session later tomorrow with the CEO, Dave Friedman. We're gonna spend a lot of time talking about how the unique skill sets of that company and those people can actually elevate them to do more tech-enabled work but also enabling our own team to focus on building solutions with the skills that we have by allowing them to use the skills that they have to do the machine learning training of models and things like that, which they really excel at from a detail-oriented perspective. And that's not only a feel-good story but it's great for our business because the resources on my immediate team are building product, they're building solutions and we can rely on an excellent partner in them to help us with the maintenance overhead that we're creating through those solutions and eventually through Automation Cloud driving better outcomes through positive, negative reinforcement within machine learning. And there's specific examples with individuals with autism, correct? Correct, that's right. That's some color to that, what is that all about? Yeah, let me tell you a little story. So when they first brought the conversation to me, I was terrified because the type of work that they were outsourcing was very repetitive, rule-based, and I'm like, this is perfect for Automate, this is exactly what we automate. I was terrified that the program we were going to work on together was going to eliminate the program. And so I was cautiously, you know, approached it. How ironic. I was like, oh yeah, that sounds like a great idea. And I hung up, I was like, oh, how are we going to figure out this one? But through the conversation, and we just started brainstorming and putting our heads together, what was interesting is because of the way that automations work, as far as being very structured and repetitive, it lends itself well to workers with autism, it's exactly the way they think. And what we actually found after kind of coming up with the collaborative ideas, hey, wait a second, we were already doing these kind of botathon hackathon type programs with the Densu employees, teaching them the skills how to build automations for themselves. What if we kind of modified it and adjusted it to cater to these types of individuals who learn differently, we have to approach it differently. And we went through the program, we adjusted everything. And what was incredible to see was they thrived with the ability to learn how to work this way. They built things that made them more productive, that created more capacity. They could do more with less now, work with more customers, do more work for their customers because they had this almost assistant that was kind of like them. And it was just so rewarding. We talk about, again, what's automation for good all about. It's about that personal reward. I mean, for me, we didn't sell any more licenses or it wasn't about the commercial transaction. It was about catering to the segment of the workforce that first of all, it was very educating, enlightening to me to see how many folks are out there that are unemployed. And I got to meet these first 15 individuals that couldn't have been more amazing and more smart and more diligent and hardworking. And the numbers are something in the lines of between 50 and 90% unemployed because they just don't get the same opportunities as people without autism. It's kind of the world set up for us. So to know that we could do this kind of program together to go have an impact in this community was the reward in and of itself. And we've since been working together on how we continue to expand that. How do we take that forward and bring that everywhere? Because that's the end of the day, I think, beyond revenue, this is the stuff that really matters, especially in an organization at Densu, that this is important. And I think building on the missed opportunity piece, around 50 to 90% being unemployed, that's a missed opportunity for business as well. So those skills are so niche and they're so necessary for us to thrive within an environment that's moving as rapidly as we are. Because we just can't keep pace with the change of feature sets that are being released coupled with maintaining existing solutions that we've built. So it's in cross enabling people to really compliment each other's unique skills and strengths based off of strong, true partnership. So it really became a beautiful three way partnership between Densu, autonomy works and UiPath that we continue to evolve as UiPath makes additional releases with emerging tech that we're especially hearing about right now. So we have a ton of different ideas that we can bring that into the fold and what resonates with us the most is hearing different perspectives on how to apply that coming from that working group. So just a different way of thinking about things and the diversity of thought really resonates with, hey, are we actually applying this thing the right way? Should we be thinking about this differently? Because you get a lot of yes people when we come and talk to people about how to apply this technology. And when you have somebody with a different perspective it's able to help us figure out what our long term strategy is actually going to look like but taking advantage of the resources and partnerships that we already have in place. In terms of that strategic vision how do you think this three way partnership that you mentioned is going to influence that percentage of those individuals who are unemployed? Any predictions on how much you can bring that down with automation? I think that depends on Dave's staffing plan. But the goal is to grow, right? So this is a startup out of Chicago that has a healthy amount of staff but finding ways to apply those skills in new ways with technology that's emerging. The horizon is your end point, right? And I think with the advent of low code, no code machine learning coming into this type of a platform it's only opportunistic. There's only things ahead of us to do that. We just have to make sure that we train people properly and give them that opportunity because they're going to run with it with the right leadership and those skills. Yeah, what's exciting also is what started as an idea and a conversation that's now turned into a pilot program and a little bit of expansion of the stuff we're working on together, we've taken some of the excitement and spread it beyond that now. So we've got partners like ENY and PwC and Reverture that are saying, and Special Eastern and Automatic who helped in the initial program saying, how can we help? What can we do? How can we broaden this? And how can we go out to the larger community and make a bigger impact? So I think it's exciting. We know we can see how fast RPA and these types of technologies are causing change. We got to make sure that people don't get left behind especially someone is this important part of a segment of a workforce. If we can equip them with these skills to be relevant to their current employers or future employers, I think it's critical. Another moment for me during this process was it took for granted what working actually means. It creates independence for us. So you get a job, you get paid and generate income. You have the independence now to go live on your own, provide for yourself. A lot of these individuals I learned are still living with their parents because they can't get employment. They don't have that independence that we take for granted. So I think, again, that's the essence of what Automation for Good is all about is being able to go make an impact like that to that community. And it's, we talk about cultures and brands and it's also great to work with an organization like Densu because they get it, right? Their product is ideas. It's human capital is their main ingredient of what they generate value for their customers. And so be able to take that and help people is just, I think, what it's all about. Well, you're lucky both to be in a business that the incentives are aligned.  And a lot of big companies, it's almost like, oh, okay, we got to do this. I don't mean to overstate this, but we have to do this because we're big and we're rich. And if we don't, we're going to get attacked. And it's not about like a check box and to put somebody in charge of it. Oftentimes a woman or a person of color and I shouldn't be negative on that. That's fine. That's good to do. But it just seems like there's a nice alignment with Automation. AI could be similar because, I mean, AI could be used for really bad automation. Okay, maybe takes the perception as it takes jobs away, but it's a really nice alignment that you can point at a lot of different initiatives. So I think that's really a fortune to see. That's what defines a partnership, right? It's that alignment of long-term interests that you make the investments now and the sacrifices now to drive that. It's not just commercial. It's not just transactional. We were talking about the opportunities for these types of people and for us as a customer and for UI path. It exists within that AI conversation that you were just talking about because from a technical perspective, you want to mitigate as much algorithmic bias within your training models. That's what these people are doing. It's helping to train models much more rapidly and effectively and objectively than we could have done otherwise. And that's having that as part of our extended partnership within our network is going to accelerate the type of work that we want to do within the releases that we're seeing coming out of this conference because we don't have to worry about, oh, well, we got to focus on tax forms and training the models to notice a signature because autonomy works has us covered there. They're enabling us to do more. We're enabling them to do a little more. And that's the beauty of this intersection between the partners. Brian, I presume you talk with prospective customers of UI paths and presume also that you probably looked at some of their competitors. If you think about what differentiates this fast-moving company, we talked this morning about the cadence of releases. Very fast. Yeah, it's a lot. Why UI path for Dense? UI path has been a tremendous partner for us since about 2017. And we've been able to move on that journey with UI path. We've been able to help understand the products roadmaps and move at a similar pace as each other. So we're really lucky in that we have the flexibility as an advertising and media company that we're not beholden to internal audits, external audits, and really defined regulatory bodies. So we made a decision six, seven months ago to collapse six UI path on-prem instances and migrate to cloud with the sponsorship of our global CTO and our AMER CTO just because it was the right thing to do. And because it enabled this type of partnership with external providers. So being able to move at that similar pace from a release cycle but also from a feature adoption perspective, it just makes the most sense for us. And we have that liberty to go do those things as we need to. Yeah, so the move to the cloud, you're able to take advantage much faster because what did we hear this morning? You release every six months. Which is a typical for an on-prem. And then, but you got to prepare for that. I don't know how many N minus ones you support, but it's not infinite. You got to move people along so people have to prep. Whereas now in the cloud, there's the feature, boom. Yeah, so being investing automation for good topic, it's about automation for good across people in general, within and internally to us and externally to us, for our clients, for our employees and for our partners. The automation cloud enables that to happen much more seamlessly because we don't have the technical debt in place that requires people to VPN into our network and go through the bureaucracy of security, legal and privacy, which we've already done by the way, but those conversations bureaucratically still need to happen with automation cloud. We're able to spin up autonomy works employees in real time and give them the right set of access to go pursue the use cases that they want to and that we need them to. So that technical debt release that we've experienced through the automation cloud is what's enabling us to do this type of good work. That makes sense. Less friction, obviously greater scale, easier to experiment, fail fast. We went from 12 separate programs to one program in a matter of a couple of months. It was wild. And I imagine you're only really scratching the surface here with what you're doing with automation that really the horizon is the limit, as you said. Guys, thank you for joining us, talking about automation for good, what you're doing at Denso RPA with Autistic Adults. There's probably so many other great use cases that will come from this. Guys, we appreciate your time. Thanks for having us. Thank you. Thanks you guys. Awesome. For Dave Vellante, I'm Misa Martin coming to you from Vegas. UI path forward for.


Michael Crane and welcome to this episode of Fort Worth Forward. We're coming to you from JD's hamburgers on the west side of Fort Worth and we'll have Gigi Howell with JD's hamburgers today we'll be talking to her as well as Orlando Carvalho who is with the Fort Worth Museum of Science and History and Terence Butler with Academy 4. Let's get started. My first guest today I'm very excited about great hamburger spot on the west side of Fort Worth called JD's hamburgers. It's Gigi Howell who's the operating partner of JD's hamburgers. Welcome Gigi. Thank you so much for having me. Thank you for being out here at JD's. I know it's such a beautiful spot. Thank you. And this I would say this this area is going through a renaissance. Do you agree? I would agree with that and I'm super happy to be part of it. It's it's amazing that you're here and if people aren't familiar tell tell them where you're located. So we are at 9901 Camp Booy west boulevard which in my family this is highway 80. Yes that's right that's right. We are located just near Margie's original Italian kitchen which a lot of people are familiar with the old naughty pine the old last call the last call was what this is called a gathering spot for the biker group Trula Chasers which raised a ton of money here in Fort Worth and Tarrant County for MHMR still our next-door neighbors and we're just getting to know everybody in the area and having a great time being out here. Well it is an amazing little spot that most people probably don't know about and I think there's a lot of history here Westland is what it was called and it was kind of at one point in some little municipality or before becoming for part of Fort Worth I don't know all the history. So it was basically just an area that a lot of people moved and gathered here in Westland on the west side of Fort Worth. My family in particular great-grandparents great two sets of great aunts and uncles my grandparents when they moved to Fort Worth they settled here in Westland so I grew up out here on the weekends in the summers just running around Mary's Creek crawdad fishing kitchen frogs whatever and it was certainly one of those times where the street light comes on and you go home and I think in the area back when they lived here you might not see your kid for a couple of days because they're just at someone else's house that was nothing it was never a worry people just all got along here they had an area where they they voted they went to school they did plays the adults did plays for the kids in the community here and it was called the Westland Civic League and if you're ever out of the restaurant you'll see quite a few pictures inside but I think that this area kind of went through a stage where it wasn't the the family place that it was where everybody gathered together and so my partner Burke and I we love this area we want to see this area come back we want people to know what their next-door neighbors names are and we'd love to be a spot where people gather and that's what we're hoping to become for the area that kind of philosophy why you picked this area absolutely you know with the family history here Burke and I have been wanting to do something together for a long time there hasn't been the the one spot that came up that we were like let's do it when he brought me here before the transformation yes I think most people probably would have been like I don't know but we looked at each other and we were like yeah let's do it I think we can do it so we're happy to be here well it is a beautiful spot and it is this area that spent some time over here in my district too that is transitioning into what was can be again and it sounds like we're in the middle of country that you're you're explaining but we're really not we were like less than a mile from 820 yes and on Camp Booy or highway 80 as I call it to and you've mentioned Margie's you've got Dylan's craft across the street I Dane's craft barbecue Dane's craft barbecue that's right sorry I've murdered that one but just a lot starting to come over this side and we're just very close to Lost Creek and then out to the rest all the west of part of Fort that's going to develop out absolutely we've got so many new rooftops in the area we've got Walsh Ranch Lost Creek that you mentioned has been here for a good long time we've got Montserrat Montserrat we've got all saints high school over here on sports and more rooftops coming in the area I'm actually going to be moving into the area in about a week so I'm happy to thank you there you go so I just think that we have a lot to offer the community a gathering place hopefully part of a revitalization of the area and we just look forward to being able to serve the community here well that's wonderful you have been in the hospitality industry for a long period of time why do you like it what do you do you kind of tell us a little bit about yourself so excuse me I believe that some people might think it's crazy but I absolutely love being in the restaurant industry the hospitality industry I think that one I love food so that that bodes well for me I have you got to love food right we're gonna do this 100 people probably too right yes so I love to serve people I love to make people happy I love to be the person who anticipates their next need and I meet it before they even know and that's what gets me going and so having a food platform is definitely the best way to do that for people and so I've just always loved it I I started you know for extra money in a restaurant back when I was a teenager worked for Ed Lowe of Celebration Restaurant who taught me so much about serving people and just taking care of guests my grandmother growing up she always thought that the best good manner you could have is making people feel comfortable I agree with that a hundred percent and so that's what we want to do here and and I don't know it just it's it's what melts my butter so to speak I just I just love serving people that's great this this is a fun spot my family been here we've been here several times yes because the burgers are good the the fried okra oh yeah eyes are good yeah yeah I'm getting hungry right now thinking about it but I you know we've done a lot of spotlighting on this show about small businesses and I'm putting on the spot a little bit because I talked to Burke a lot during the process of getting this open but if you had advice I mean I truly believe that that small businesses are our backbone we have to do what we can to support them and make sure that they can open easily and thrive here in the city of Fort Worth but if you had some advice to give to someone that's thinking about starting opening and and running a small business what would you say to them I would say there's definitely got to be a lot of planning before you even take your your things to the city I think that the city has been helpful in most aspects and and sometimes been a bit of a roadblock and and we're coming off of a really strange time with the pandemic and so I feel like there's a lot of confusion at the beginning of trying to get stuff started there was for us and and I think that if you have all of your financing all of your ideas and thoughts everything collected before you even go to the city I think that that that provides such a good platform for you both to get together in your relationship and move forward that's good good advice I would say too you kind of brought up this idea of having in essence your paperwork all together and I think some people go I have an idea let me let me just do it but there's some steps you got to do in between you may have your own financing we got to look for financing and you know putting those ideas on paper where someone else can believe in your dream just as much as you do things also important right absolutely when Burke and I first started talking about doing something that we have had several other ideas that like I mentioned earlier that maybe those things weren't going to transform into what we what we dreamed I am very guilty of making storyboards sure I mean and I'm talking I have boards around the house that it comes to a point where they're like okay are we done with this one can we get this one out of the way so we started that way we put everything down on paper we put our dreams on paper we put our thoughts and beliefs down on paper then you have to bring in an architect and then you have to bring in people that can help you envision your dream that they're on the same page as you and and when I say that you can't just have the idea you can't because when you get to the city they're going to say well we need this this and so do your research on the website and and even through your city council people in your area use those things to get prepared to go before the city and I think that that will help tremendously that's great well I wish you all the success here thank you so much keep having some crane money coming towards you help me help me pay the light bill pay the light bill yeah because it's a great spot and I really appreciate all you're doing thank you so much revitalize this part and just just being a part of Fort Worth well thank you and we appreciate everything you do here for us too thank you I appreciate it thanks all right thanks good to see you too thanks so much welcome now I'm here with Orlando Carvalho who has done a lot of great things for the city of Fort Worth but now is the president of the Fort Worth Museum of Science and History welcome Orlando hey thank you Michael it's great to be here thanks well I have long been an admirer of yours and I know recently you were asked to step into this president role with the museum how's that going how did that sort of come about well back in March I received a phone call from a few of the board members who I know and they asked if I could step in as the interim until a new permanent president was found cities weren't interim president yeah but that's okay that's okay and uh and so uh you know given the history of the museum and my own knowledge of the museum I was happy to to go ahead and step into the role and Michael's been a great experience I discovered a great team there at the museum and for the last eight months that I've been there I think we've been doing a lot of great things well I know you've been doing a lot of great things there you know I grew up going to that museum you know summer programs where I learned a lot of science you know I still remember learning the planets from from the classes there where you know you you learn Mother Venus eats many juicy stakes using no plates and that's still one Pluto was a planet so I don't know what they're using now but what are some of the things in the program that you have that and I know there's there's really a focus on being all inclusive that's right and what that looks like across our city as it changes well speaking of all inclusive Michael we um recently opened up a new playground at the at the museum that is right off the children's area okay what was there previously was called the waterworks okay and I think a lot of people like yourself probably remember it in the course in the summertime it was a lot of fun to go out there as the kids and run around in the fountains and and which is why it was called the waterworks a lot of a lot of water a lot of splashing but with the ice storms that we had the last few years it really damaged the plumbing that that that supported all that and so the museum made the decision that instead of trying to correct all that we were going to put a playground in it and it's an all inclusive playground meaning that it's fashioned after the playground that's over by trinity river dream park yep um a lot of the same companies that supported dream park supported our playground um which we call galaxy park yep and um it's really a part for like physically challenged so they can enjoy the playground that's right for all kids and so if they have like physically physical challenges disabilities whatever uh they too can still enjoy the playground and um it's uh we're really excited to have it open we we had the ribbon cutting on october 8th and um i was there you were there that's right that's right michael i almost forgot that that's right you know you helped us cut the ribbon i did i did so uh so no it's um it's a another kind of step in the right direction yeah to make the to make the museum good for everyone we um we also are going to be opening in the next few weeks a new um mother's area there in the children's area mother's room where you know a mom or a dad or whoever if they need to take their child and um change the diaper whatever you know they'll have a very nice comfortable room they can do it in and we're also opening up a room that um is for in the case of sometimes children get a little bit you know uh worked up too much sure a little sensory about that i don't think that was me as a child so we we actually working with caltown pediatrics we have set up a room where um it's designed for a parent to be able to take a child in there and just calm the child down okay and and and get the child back into a good place that then they could kind of come back into the museum and enjoy everything so those are going to be opening up here in the next few weeks we're almost finished with it and uh so we're yeah we're trying to uh we're trying to bring a lot of um new accommodation for children uh of all types well i i that's wonderful i hear you talking about accommodations and are you are there any planned exhibits or new exhibits that you're paying as part of the programming no thank you for the question um so back in june we opened up two new exhibits one that was called a century of clothing and one that was um a the transformation of weaponry and both exhibits uh feature artifacts out of our collection okay out of the museum's collection so a century of clothing you'll see clothing that dates back to the 1800s okay um women's dresses men's clothes etc and in the transformation of weaponry you'll see everything from knives and spears and swords and saber sabers and things like that all the way up to some of the firearms that were used in the 19th century early at 20th century again all coming out of our collection then in september we opened up a um a medical exhibit that has medical artifacts again out of our collection that kind of shows the history of medicine and again it goes back to the 19th century showing the various tools and any instruments and the things that the doctors had to use and also dentists and um and also what they believed you know how they thought the circulatory system worked and the biology of the body and everything and it takes you up to kind of where we are today wow so those are three new exhibits that just the summer you know came online and then most recently on michael we had the uh we call one story one tribe and we feature the robe of synthia and parker yes and of course here in north texas everybody knows the story of synthia and parker quanta parker who was her son uh part of the comancha nation how synthia and was captured as a little girl but she was only nine years old by the comancha tribe brought back to where they lived and um and ended up growing up becoming a comancha um you know part of the comancha tribe right and um married a chief of the of the tribe and had koana and um kind of it was an ambassador too right that's right with the different tribes and with the other people that were around that's right and then um and eventually she was captured by the texas rangers and brought back to her anglo family but uh in all that a robe that she had a bison robe that she had um you know was preserved and eventually came into the museum and we have now put that robe on display at the museum it hasn't been displayed in decades and uh at here and forward that's been it's been um at some of the museums like the comancha tribe has and everything but but it's the first time we've had in the museum in a long time and so so we're really delighted to have that there's there are artifacts about about um native americans about the history of synthia and so um so these are the new exhibits that we have you know four new exhibits and we're working on more we have in fact we have a mesoamerica pottery exhibit that's going to be coming online here right before Thanksgiving that'll feature all the clay and pottery that goes back to the pre columbian pre the discovery pre discovery of north america by christopher columbus and uh so you know obviously very very old artifacts that we'll have on display that's that's amazing i i went and saw the green book exhibit that was there for a little while which is interesting to sort of put in perspective of african americans trying to travel across the united states where they could stay where they couldn't stay you know where they were allowed etc so it's interesting as as we have to know our history to under and understand our history to make sure that we're moving forward you talk a lot about the programming in there but y'all do a lot of outreach too we do in a different way you want to talk about that the office you do in fact to kind of set up the outreach let me talk about the museum school the school you went to yes um so for those who may not be familiar with uh the museum school or even the museum the museum school is how the museum began so if you go back to 1945 when sixteen uh women teachers started the museum what what is now the museum they really started as an after school program okay and uh and so from there it then grew into the children's museum and then grew into the museum what we have today so our our beginnings are in the museum school and everything that we do now is an extension out from the museum school so uh so in addition to all the classes that we offer at the museum for kids that are three four five six years old the classes that you attended etc we also go out to the schools we have a discovery lab that we take out to the schools we have other various programs that that will will go to the schools and basically the idea is how do we bring the museum to the schools and to the kids and some are for the younger kids some are for the older kids but it's taking advantage of all the the products and the capabilities and the teachers that we have and bring it out to the schools that's that's wonderful i would say i probably speak for most of the viewers they really know the museum because of the omni traveling there when there are kids to see omni this in the early 80s i i if i remember correctly it was just a new way of seeing films and in as immersive as you can get and i i know that there you have an exciting project lined up that will replace what was the old omni and and make it a more modern immersive experience for people do you want to talk a little bit about that make it make it a new omni yes yes yes so um so michael to your point i still remember the first time that i went to an i max theater it wasn't here at the omni it was when i was living up in northeast but i still remember my first time going to an i max theater and how impressive it was to see the film and everything so i can definitely appreciate how people feel about the omni and just what a wonderful experience it was so um so as you said the omni was originally built in the early 1980s in fact it was opened officially in 1983 okay and um and it remained open until until the pandemic shut the shut the omni down second grade or something at that at that point is that right um no i can only imagine i had to be a great it had to be a great experience for a second grade for sure and um so the omni um was open all those years very successful to your point and um so when we had to close the omni with the rest of the museum with the pandemic um to reopen the omni became very difficult and it became difficult because uh we lost a lot of the technical expertise um that had you know had left the museum gone on to other things so we lost a lot of that technical expertise the equipment itself had deteriorated a bit um from just you know sort of lying there of electronics equipment if you're not using it continuously has a has a funny habit of deteriorating and um and the theater itself really needed a refresh the seating and and just the whole venue just sort of needed a little bit of modernization so as we as we began to look at that we realized that rather than try to open reopen what we had was there the opportunity here to do a renovation do something new and um and so that was the um the uh initiative that we went down on and what we discovered and pursuing that is that in today's world um i max is kind of yesterday's technology i mean it's projection based technology in today's world you really want to be digital um just like our ipads our laptops our iPhones you want to be digital and there is a company called Cosm that we began working with and they produce literally a digital dome okay and it replaces the i max think of it as the flat screens that you might have in your home or in a conference or whatever think of a dome that's just made up of those flat screens except these flat screens unlike the ones in our homes that are like four feet by two feet these flat screens are 10 inches by 10 inches and they are placed on a steel skeleton that is produced as part of you know this procurement they're placed on that steel skeleton with magnets okay and then of course everything is wired from behind and those uh flat screens that led technology digital led technology projects the image just like your flat screen projects it at home right and therefore you get a tremendous amount of brightness you get a tremendous amount of contrast you get high definition the visual picture that you see is just orders of magnitude greater than what we had with with an i max projection so recognizing you know the how cutting edge you know this technology is we um we we went ahead and started looking at how can we bring this to bear and so long story short we put together a plan to do a complete renovation of the inside of the omni okay one of the things we're going to be doing in that renovation michael's we're going to make it compliant with the american with disabilities at a da and so now those steep stairs with the i max there were not that way at all that yes that's true and and and within the lobby for those who remember the omni within the lobby there were many levels to the lobby so we get rid of all that we get rid of all that it's all going to be one level one level into the precue area and then into the omni itself the omni will still be a theater so it'll still be theater seating right so you're still going to have like those steep stairs on the side but we do have elevators and things like that for people that are in wheelchairs or whatever that um they can access uh the theater with the elevators and i think you talked to one about being a history museum keeping that old part where you can see the the the movies being loaded up and the and the the projector going up into the to the where it into the theater itself and so that would be a kind of a museum that people can see as they're going into the that's exactly right when you when you the way we have it designed when you walk into what'll be a precue area before you walk into the theater and in fact this was true today and in the old omni when you go into that precue area you can see the technicians loading the films and getting everything ready well all that equipment will still be there it'll be behind glass it'll be as you said an exhibit of the of the first generation of technology but of course there will not be anybody in there doing anything because you know this will now be a digital theater but michael i have to tell you what i'm most excited about with making this transition to this technology is that the theater now becomes interactive okay because with this dome we can do anything with this dome that you could do with your ipad or your iphone so whether it's remote streaming whether it's a zoom call you know that type of thing having having people come in remotely to speak to an audience putting up powerpoint putting up other videos you can have multiple windows use it for corporate occasions corporate events conferences you could use it with lecture series sure so the old omni was an omni where you was a theater where you went there to basically watch a movie right watch watch a film in this omni you'll still be able to do that you'll still be able to watch videos and in fact you know you're you're going to see spectacular videos that we'll be able to show in there but in addition to that in addition to that we'll have all these other capabilities that will will truly make the omni multi-dimensional which we believe the original founders the original folks who had division for the omni they gave it that name because they were thinking it was going to be all things well now it really is going to be all things and we're excited about that well we're excited about too is happened last week city passed a resolution to provide some funding i think you're in fundraising mode for this now is that correct we we are we're you know round numbers we're trying to raise around 20 21 million dollars okay and um you know with the with the wonderful gift the wonderful grant that we got from the city and thank you michael of course and and all the other council members of mayor parker and david cook um in addition to that with everything else we've been working we think we're within about three million okay of having all the money raised okay and uh and so we continue to work that very busily um because ideally we would love to get started early next year with the renovation and how long will that renovation take it'll it'll take about 18 months okay so once we get started figure 18 months later we'll be able to open so if we get started at the beginning of next year we're hoping to be open by about the middle of 24 24 so june july of 2024 is when we think we'd be open great well orlando thanks for reading how can people find you if they want to find the museum and what's your website and or maybe they want to donate as part of that sure um the easiest thing would be if you just go online and you do a search on the fort worth museum of science and history uh you'll see our website pop up go to our website our marketing team does a great job of putting all our information out there on the website including contact information etc so that's probably the easiest way to get to us okay appreciate it thank you for being here thank you like yeah of course going to see you great to see you too see you thank you and now i'm happy to introduce to you tarence butler an old friend of mine that is vice president of development for academy four welcome hey good morning michael good morning how are you doing i'm doing well i'm doing well what an honor to be here on your podcast to share about academy four well academy four does great works and i appreciate all you're doing why don't you tell our viewers what is academy four yes academy four is a fourth grade mentoring program it happens during the school day and how we do that michael is we uh go out to local churches in the community and then the community then they actually reach out into the community and get those volunteers so for instance i'll give you an example if there's a hundred children at a fourth grade title one fourth grade school the church normally gets about 60 percent and then they go out into the community and that looks like you know people they work with you know high school students you know people in their neighborhood they reach them they what's the program excellent question we have our own curriculum it's leadership development okay and so we talk often about the math gap and reading gap and those are very very important but what we don't talk a lot about is the relationship gap that social emotional connection that our children need okay and what what it's so important about fourth grade that you do this in fourth grade fourth grade it's really michael it's four things right so children at that age that nine or ten year old age their minds are moving from concrete to abstract thinking so it's the first time they can talk about or think about not talk about but like leadership they're becoming individualistic for the first time so you have you have children yes you know when they're around that nine and ten year old age you know they've they've listened to mom they've listened to dad that's where their morals and values are being shaped but now they're actually like reaching out to others you know for that and so that's why we want to be the positive influence at such a critical time well you know my children and unfortunately i think there was academy one for them or maybe something because goodness ainsley has my dna and my wife's dna fighting it out and she's already already critically thinking about that but i i think what that might lead into is you're starting in fourth grade is you you know they always talk about that you from you know up until third grade you're learning to read right at third grade you're reading to learn absolutely so then you can start introducing these leadership and other concepts in fourth grade is that kind of the idea absolutely and what they've even seen a couple more points about the fourth grade is there's been studies with fourth grade and fifth grade and the fourth graders fared so much better than their fifth grade counterparts and this is funny too fourth graders still like adults and that the erosion of those those those relationships and them thinking they know right everything starts to happen about fifth grade or sixth grade yeah and we're what you're talking about is like how we impact right because we these are title one schools so explain title one school yeah people that very very good that is 60 percent or more students that have free and reduced lunch in those schools okay so let me give you a percentage i believe it's we have about 23 percent poverty in in the u.s so eight out of the 10 students that we serve at academy four or impoverished so that would equal in a 30 person classroom that would be 24 of the 30 students in poverty wow we serve wow yeah and i know you're very active in a lot of my schools in the district i know west cliff elementary one or i know you're active and i think the program is 90 minutes a month right so tell me about that impact that happens in 90 minutes absolutely and i'll even share with you because we get the question 90 minutes once a month how does that you know impact but it does so in those in that 90 minutes the first thing that they're doing is they're doing something we call spark clubs okay and what that happens there is we're sparking that child's imagination we're at jade's hamburgers right so there's a cooking club there and so there's cooking and it shows them how to make meals you know that they can make at home nutritious meals there's stem there's karate we have first tea we partner with first tea so there are several of our schools yeah one of my favorites are the investigators club so we partner with fort worth police and other police forces uh in in in and around tarrant county and canine comes mounted patrol motorcycle police and so the police are interacting with these kids in a fun learning environment you know not when there's you know problem problem yeah and sort of positive parts too for kids can understand all the parts that happen in investigation it might be a dog it might be absolutely other pieces that happen that's awesome that's awesome what else are you doing serving fourth graders how else are you serving fourth graders yeah so you know we have academy four but i want to tell you about other things that we have an academy for because people you know all the time ask us and it's a fair question fourth grade but then they go to fifth grade right and so we worked with teachers in the school and we have a follow-on program and it's called leaders five so the last lesson is serve and leaders are crossing it start with the listen which i know i can do more of and then it ends and serve and so after uh the child has gone through that nine month period in the leadership program they come back the next year and they serve a first grader or a kindergartner in that school and they do that on thursday so they bring a little mini academy for friday to the school we also had you know the question what about middle school you know the the wheel sometimes and you know some of the harder areas start to come off in middle school so we had actually a good way to put it the wheels start coming off in some way shape or form a middle school as i have middle schoolers now but yes right i think i understand that part and so we looked around to see if there was a middle school program that fit what we're doing that we were doing to see if we could come alongside and partner we couldn't find it so we piloted a program at lennard and it's called meet in the middle okay and so we started that this year and it is doing very well and we know that academy four um leaders five you know meet in the middle these children can have like their best day but if they go home to hard circumstances and i want to be clear their parents love them right they're working hard but what tends to happen is you know like i said that that social emotional time is is can be cut short because they have to go to sleep or cook a meal or help the kids with the homework and you know go to bed and so um we have we started something as well and it's called four families so we have uh enrichment for parents okay and we also want to bring wraparound services to help those parents and um that's that was kicked off last year as well and then one of my favorites we've been around 11 years uh and it's called full circle scholars so i said a little earlier that we have high school students that come and mentor in our schools so that um that pipeline or or tier that they came through they they come to uh become mentors excuse me and and they can be juniors and seniors at these local high schools and um if they people that have gone through the program before that's exactly bring them back to help exactly that's why they're called full circle scholars okay and so they come and they do that in their junior and senior year and then they write uh to us for scholarship and so last year we gave out nine twenty five hundred dollar scholarships to those full circle mentors to use to go on to matriculate to college or in a program or something absolutely and several of those students are first gen uh college students that's amazing well i'm glad to hear you over in Leonard i love that school and piloting that program there that's also part of the district and around the las vegas trail area and some of those kids as you said too i love that you said that their parents love them absolutely but time is of sometimes an issue with them they're working multiple jobs just trying to make ends meet and so maybe they don't have all the time uh they should as a parent to make sure they're mentoring so i'm glad these services are available you mentioned some of them but some of who are some of your partners that you're partnering with yeah so we partner with like i said first tea uh kasaminyana uh williams true in uh 3m so there's an array of of different like organizations that we you know hope farm river tree and do they provide financial resources and also time resources where they'll come and help with the programs well that's a great question really what makes up making our budget is you know through some of those companies i name but really through foundations and individuals and if someone want to get involved is there how could they help yeah i always say it's two things to that makes academy for run people and money so they can literally go to our website and i believe that you're gonna just share that and they can also look at all the schools there's 40 schools some of those schools are in austin but most of those schools are in the dfw area so they could go right onto the website and look at those different schools and sign up to be a mentor well great well how can people find you what's the website yeah it's uh www.academy4.org good and you also mentioned too you know uh the greatest gift catalog ever you're a part of that this year absolutely we're getting towards christmas time which we featured them about a year ago which was really really nice so i'm glad you're a part of that this year and and hope some funds will come to you that way too yeah and uh this week thank you for prompting me uh if someone gives through the catalog the the gifts are matched 100% that's amazing so we're we're excited to be partnering with the greatest gift catalog ever good well terrence thanks for all you do i'm proud to call your friend thank you for a long period of time i appreciate all you do in fort worth thank you thank you thank you for joining me today for this episode of fort worth forward come out to jade's hamburgers and try the food it's amazing it's also got great atmosphere as well as donate to academy four and check out the fourth museum of science and history for all their latest exhibits and programming now i'm going to place some cornhole boom still got it


25 years ago today, on June 25, 1996, its heiress bomb exploded outside the northern perimeter of Kobar Towers, Dharan, Saudi Arabia, a facility which housed United States and Allied forces supporting the coalition, air operations over Iraq. Today, we gather to commemorate the 19 brave warriors, including 12 valiant nomads, who made the ultimate sacrifice defending our freedom during this attack. To the families of our fallen heroes, words alone cannot express our sympathy for your loss and our sincere appreciation of you and your loved one's outstanding service and sacrifice to our country. While heroic stories of sacrifice or gratitude on behalf of our nation for the loss of your loved one may seem insufficient to the measure of the emotional consequences you've endured, please know your loved one's sacrifice has allowed our country to be what it is today, a place of freedom.


We just saw beautiful data sets, but these data sets need to be managed. And these data nets need to be organized. And this is what I would like to show you with our technology of TruOcean. About North IO, just a few words. So we were founded in Kiel in 2011. We are a specialist developing cloud-based technology for geospatial applications. And three years ago, we decided we are going into product direction. So we have with TruEarth and TruOcean now a cloud-based technology for managing very, very large scale geospatial and also, in this case, hydrographical data. With our technology, we are on a vision. We are on a mission. We want to emphasize the race from ping to cloud. So our goal is to shorten processes. Processes, especially in the offshore domain, they are expensive. They are costy. And with our technology, we are going to reduce many of these steps, especially if it terms of data collaboration. Just a few words about the offshore wind domain. It's enormous. And it leads to a democratization of the whole topic of underwater data. So in Europe, we are planning for almost 400 gigawatt of offshore wind installations in the APEC region, almost 1,000. With the advancement of floating offshore wind technologies, we are even allowing us now in the Americas to have complete new area coverage. So this means we are having to go from prototypes into process workflows. And this is still for the underwater domain something new. What are the industry challenges? On the left side, what you can see here, we have an enormous amount of data acquisition. We have more infrastructure going out. We have wind turbines. We have new infrastructures in terms of underwater cables, underwater gas pipelines going out. And we have the topic of data acquisition. We have autonomous systems.  We want to send autonomous torpedo systems into our oceans to gather data. And we're getting satellite coverage. And this is something especially in the Earth domain, which is not a problem for us. But if you're going out there, then you need bandwidth. So it means we are bringing cloud technologies into the world of ocean data. But still, we are facing challenges. We are having data silos. We are having proprietary data formats we are dealing with. We have lots of manual data processing. The data transfer is often happening via hard drives. So I think that's still something we don't have to do anymore in 2023. And our solution to this is the TrueOcean Marine Data Platform. I'll tell you a few words about this one. What's our goal? We are lifting maritime and highly complex sensor data into the cloud. We are making data accessible. We are making data findable. We are making it shareable and also understandable. And this is not that easy. I mean, we already have on the classical geospatial world a zoo of data formats. In the maritime domain, that's getting even bigger. We are talking about sound velocity profiles in different kind of more text formats. We're talking about multi-beam echo sound data, GSF, XTF, S7K, so very complex binary data formats. And we are having hundreds of this kind of formats, not even having one very focusing standards. We're having side scan sonar data, which is imaging of the ocean floor. We're having magnetometry. So it gives us a magnetic signal. It shows us what is lying in the sediment. We're having sub-bottom profiler, which gives us an information about the layering of the sediment itself. And many, many other satellite data types, for example, laser scan, we just saw, also very important. And this data is highly complex, and it's not so easy to work with. So what is our ocean data platform doing? On the one side, I think one of the most important things is we are cloud agnostic. So our technology runs on Kubernetes. It's microservice architecture running on Kubernetes. We can run it on every cloud in the world. We can run it on prem. We can run it hybrid environments. Was one of the main important design decisions. We have flexible performance. We are in the cloud. We are not limited to some kind of local service systems. We can just scale it if we need it. We have a competitive edge with our technology because we are faster. We eliminate data transfer waste. So we're bringing data into the platform we can share. We can collaborate on the platform itself on the data. And we have geospatial expertise. We understand with our technology all the specific kind of binary data formats. How does it speed up offshore projects? So it brings data to one space. See it as a geospatial data hub. We enable data management and data sharing. We enable simply setting up an SFTP server, an R-sync server, web map, web features service, OTC API. So getting data in and out, that's one of the most important parts of our technology. We are connecting. We are bringing stakeholders together by having a user rights and role management system. Due to cloud, we are scalable. If you need one terabyte, if you need one petabyte, in the end, it doesn't matter. We are converting the data, also this binary data, in a spatial data format. So it means we are using Parkett. So Apache Parkett, maybe you have heard about, GeoParkett, even the geo version of it, so that we can do computation on scale. We're also doing AI topics. I will come to this later stage. And we are comprising with the GAIAX principles, to being data sovereign, and to have a high data security. Just a few screenshots. So data accessibility, finding data, it's one of the most important things. So with our technology, you can simply search the data. So drawing up a rectangle, drawing up a polygon, and find all the different kind of binary formats with the concrete and very high dense information in there. Data management. So you see here, it's like SharePoint OneDrive approach, but with geospatial intelligence behind. So as soon as we are uploading data into this folder structure, it gets automatically analyzed. So we're extracting the metadata information. We're extracting the sensor coverage from it. We visualize the data. So we directly transform also this binary, this hydrographic data, this laser scan data, into three-dimensional representation. We're able to visualize it in a classical web GIS way. We do data processing and analytics. So we work on the point cloud level. We don't work anymore on the raster, on the data set that is actually created from the point cloud. But we do computation because we have the power of the cloud on the point cloud level. Here's one example of a vertical curvature, a gradient in this case, a slope that we can calculate inside the point cloud. And the output is a point cloud with a slope integrated. And we are working heavily, for example, with NVIDIA on AI topics. So what we are investigating now is how can we use physics-based AI for modeling hydrographic data and for enriching hydrographic data. In this case, what you see here, it's a multi-beam data set, so a very large-scale 10 million point cloud. Usually, you measure every several hours, the so-called sound velocity profile, to correct your data. We use the physics AI to model for every of this 10 million points its own sound velocity profile to correct the data with it. So very, very new approaches. You need huge computing power with it. But in the way we do it with our technology, we allow this. That's our partner network, some of our customers, so many also bigger companies involved in our work. And we are looking forward to organize maybe with you, your ocean data. And feel free to visit us at boothB3018. Thank you very much.


The big six countries in the Husea are facing challenges in measles elimination due to inadequacies and inequalities in MCV1 coverage, with geographic and socio-economic factors contributing to these disparities. Inequalities were evident in all countries except Thailand, and equity-oriented changes in policies need to be implemented to increase MCV1 coverage and reduce childhood mortality among disadvantaged populations. This article was offered by Yajing GAO, Ashish K.C., Junie Chen, and others.


lecture on Hierarchical Memory Organization. In my last lecture, I have given enough background for Hierarchical Memory Organization. We have discussed the basic characteristics of memory devices which are used in a computer system and we shall see how the performance of memory system can be improved by using Hierarchical Memory Organization. We shall start with the first level of memory hierarchy that is done with the help of cache memory. So what is a cache memory? Cache memory is a small first storage device that is introduced in between CPU and the slow main memory to improve average access time. So this is the basic idea normally as you know you have got your CPU central processing unit. I have already done this diagram CPU and it usually directly communicates that means before the cache memory was invented the CPU used to directly communicate with the memory and IO devices. And this memory is known as main memory or prime memory. The reason for calling it main memory or prime memory is that to execute a program it is very much essential that the program is present in the main memory. That means for the execution of a program to fetch data it is the memory which is accessed. So that is why it is called main memory or prime memory. But as we have seen that main memory which is usually realized by using dynamic RAM is slow and we have also seen the speed of processor is increasing at a high rate. The speed of dynamic RAM is not increasing at that rate. So the gap is widening so we have to bridge the gap and that can be done by using cache memory. So what will be done that CPU will not communicate with main memory directly. First it will communicate with the cache memory which is much faster and usually it is realized by using static RAM. Static RAM is used to realize this cache memory. So it is much faster may be one order of magnitude faster compared to main memory realized by using dynamic RAM. But one point you must understand the cache memory size is smaller it may be faster but it is much smaller in size. That means a small portion of the main memory is present in the cache memory. Then question will arise how do you improve the performance. Performance can be improved by exploiting spatial and temporal locality that is inherent in program execution. And this will help us to improve the performance even with a small cache size and we shall see how it is being achieved. So here I have shown the main memory which is byte addressable and let us assume the total size of main memory is 2 to the power n bytes. Where n is the number of bits that is being generated by the CPU as address. That means the number of lines that comes out from the processor is n. This is the address bus and so you can have a main memory size of 2 to the power n bytes which is shown in this diagram. So main memory organization is shown here starting with 0, 1, 2. So you have got 2 to the power n minus 1 bytes. However, whenever you organize it in this way you can see that a word will comprise of several bytes. So may be suppose you are considering 32 bit CPU. In such a case you will be accessing 4 bytes. So this is the word 1, 2, 3, 4. So 4 bytes will be accessed simultaneously. So this will form a word and which will be accessed simultaneously. That means although the unit of reference is byte but access is done by the CPU in terms of words. So this thing must be clear to you. So for a 32 bit CPU 4 bytes are accessed. For a 64 bit CPU 8 bytes are accessed simultaneously and accordingly the memory has to be organized. Now let us see what is being done in case of cache memory. So side by side we are trying to implement a cache memory but cache memory will have much smaller size. Let us assume the total number of lines usually it is specified in terms of lines. Total number of lines is m 0 to m and in a particular cache it is assumed as m 0 to m. Assume that it has got k words in each line which is called block. That means you have got one block in one line. So this is a block I shall discuss about the other bits. So this is a block which comprises several words may be let us assume four words. It is not mandatory that a block must have more than one word. Only one word may be present in a block but as we shall see to exploit the locality of references more than one word is present in a block. So few words are present in a block that is what we shall assume. So we have assumed that there are k words in each line. Then we are and as I have already mentioned the transfer between CPU and cache memory takes place in terms of word because here CPU will want one word at a time. On the other hand whenever the data which is not present in a cache that means it is a since a small portion of the main memory is present in the cache you cannot expect that you will always find your instruction or data in the cache memory. So whenever the data or instruction is not present in the cache memory it is called cache miss. On the other hand if the corresponding block is present in the cache it is called cache heat. So question arises how do you identify cache miss and how do you identify cache heat that we shall discuss in detail. But one point you have to remember that whenever the cache miss occurs you have to get the word that is required by the CPU from the main memory. So from the main memory the blocks are transferred. Now you can see the transfer is not in terms of word that means whenever there is a miss not just word is read from the main memory. But a block is transferred so here the transfer takes place in terms of words I mean sorry in terms of block. A block if several words are present in a block all the words will be transferred one after the other although CPU will require only one word at that moment that means once the block is transferred to the cache memory only one word will be used by the processor at that moment. And the other words which is being transferred from main memory to the cache will be used subsequently. So the basic operation can be explained with the help of this flow chart although everything happens in hardware. But for the purpose of explanation the way the cache memory works can be explained with the help of this flow chart. So first thing that is being done receive address from the CPU that means the CPU generates an address which has been stated as RA receive address from and that address is applied to the memory system. And then what has to be done the memory has to find out whether a block is present in the whether the block containing RA is in cache that means the as I told you have to find out rather the memory system has to find out whether a particular word which is being asked by the CPU is present in the cache or not. So, if the answer is yes then it is very simple the corresponding instruction or data which is present in the cache memory is delivered to the CPU from the cache memory. So, here since the cache memory is faster whenever it goes through this path it is quite fast and the operation is for completed. Now, the what happens whenever the corresponding word which is which has been requested by the CPU is not present in the cache. How that can be identified we shall discuss little later, but let us assume it is not present then we call that cache miss. So, cache miss has occurred. So, what has to be done the memory system will automatically access the main memory for block containing the RA that means the received address. Then one thing has to be done the block which has been read from the main memory has to be stored in the cache memory. So, you have to allocate cache slot for main memory block. So, once a block is read it has to be stored in one of the blocks one of the lines. So, you have got m lines in one of the lines it has to be stored. So, question arise that means that is called allocation of a particular line which to which line it will be stored. We shall discuss later how that is being identified that is a that is another important thing you should understand. You have got m lines it has to be one of the lines has to be allocated for the word for the block that is being transferred from the main memory to the cache memory. Then deliver the RA deliver RA word to the CPU. So, once you have transferred the block to the cache memory and stored it in the allocated cache slot the requested word can be transferred to the CPU and load main memory block into the cache slot. So, it will be done together. So, whether you load it in the cache slot first or you deliver to the CPU that is immaterial because once you have read it from the main memory it can be immediately transferred to the CPU and then of course, it can be loaded into the cache. Why these two has been separated? The reason for that is you can see that your bus may be the by width of the bus can be same as the size of the word. So, if you have to transfer multiple words it will require multiple memory cycles. So, which can be deferred if necessary for later time. So, and then that is that is being done. So, this is in not cell the way the cache memory works. Now, let us consider several issues. One important issue is the size of the cache with respect to the main memory. We have seen that small it should be small enough. So, that the average cost is closer to the main memory. So, if the cache size is very large then cost will be high and not only cost will be high. Whenever you make the size of the memory larger it will be slower as well because you know if you look into the details of the implementation of cache memory which is realized by using static RAM. There is a decoder portion address decoder that address decoder will be more and more complex as the size of the memory is larger and that makes it slower. So, it has to be small from two viewpoints number one the cost should be smaller because cache memory is costlier second is it has to be fast. So, from that consideration the size of the cache memory should be small, but another is it should be large enough. So, that the speed is closer to the cache memory. So, this is another requirement. So, if we want that the cache memory should be smaller from one angle another angle is cache memory should be larger. Why it should be larger? Then most of the time the processor will find the instruction or data in the cache memory and so the access time will reduce the speed will be closer to the cache memory. So, these two are conflicting requirements. So, you have to do optimization. So, it should not be too large it should not be too small. So, the cache size is between 1 K to 512 K. So, you may be asking why such a wide range? The reason for that is in the early years when memory was very costly when cache was introduced fast size of the cache was pretty small. And as the advance with the advancement of field site technology the cost of cost as well as performance of cache memory has improved cost has reduced performance has improved. And as a result in as the with the advancement of time the cache memory size has also increased. So, as a result you will find in modern processor size of the cache memory is not 1 K 1 kilo byte here byte is not mentioned. So, you will consider always in terms of byte. So, 64 K or 128 K or 256 K or 512 K these are the typical cache memory sizes which are present in the modern contemporary processor. So, it has been found that this gives optimum result. So, satisfying these two contradictory requirements you have arrived at some compromise which gives you optimum result. That means it is that it is not very small not very large and it gives you speed closer to the cache memory, but cost closer to the cache sorry speed closer to the cache memory and speed also closer to the cache memory. That is number one issue second issue is where can a block be placed. So, I have already mentioned about that question you see you will be reading a block from the main memory and you have to allocate one of the cache line to store that block. So, that this is the question and that question is answered by what is known as mapping. So, as there are fewer lines in cache than main memory blocks suitable technique for mapping of main memory blocks into the cache line is necessary. So, you have to develop you have to use appropriate mapping technique and it has been found that the mapping functions can be divided into three basic categories. So, here the first one mapping function first one is known as only one place corresponding to one block of main memory to one or two a block of main memory. That means, so if you read a word from a main memory say may be from here and it will always go to a fixed line that is fixed. So, there is a kind of 1 to I mean it is not really 1 to 1 it is because many blocks of main memory will actually map to one of the locations. So, it is many blocks will map to one block. So, it is a many to one mapping. So, it is a many to one mapping because you have got many blocks of main memory and each of them although the line is fixed, but to where it will go I mean that is fixed that means several such for example, this block may also map to this location to this particular line. So, but that is fixed that is not changed. So, this is called one place is fixed and that is known as direct mapping I shall elaborate this technique in detail little later. Then second possibility is that you can have few places that means there are few alternatives you are introducing some flexibility that flexibility is that instead of always storing in a particular line you can have more than one alternative 2 or 4 or 8 limited number. So, you can store either in this line or may be there is another alternative line you can store in this line in one of the two lines in one of the two places. So, you can have few places. So, this is little more flexibility that is being added and later on we shall see how this improves the performance and at what cost. Then the third alternative is any place actually these two have changed places actually any place will be associative mapping that means few places is known as set associative mapping. That means one of the sets can be used for placing and last alternative is any place that is your associative mapping fully associative mapping. That means a particular block from the main memory can be stored anywhere that is known as associative mapping and or full I mean fully associative mapping or associative mapping. So, these are the three alternatives which have been explored and we shall see their advantages and disadvantages. So, these three techniques that I have mentioned has led to three possible ways by which you can identify where a block has to go. First technique is known as indexing that means there is a fixed place one place for a particular block in main memory where it can be stored that is done by technique called indexing. Second is done by limited search that is set associative that means some search will be performed within the cache to identify where it can be placed. Then full search that means to which line it has to be stored by using a full search it will be found out and it can be stored in appropriate place by based on some policy which I shall discuss little later. So, this is done by first breaking down an address into three parts what are the three parts. So, the address which is generated by the CPU is this is the address which is generated by the CPU. Now, this can be divided into three parts first part is block offset what do you mean by block offset within a particular block how many bytes are present this will be specified in this part that means suppose we assume that a particular block a particular block has got four words and each word of four bytes let us assume then how many bits do you require in the block offset. So, for four words you will require two bit to identify which one of these words and two bit is required to identify which byte of the four bytes. So, you require four bits. So, you will require four bits to as block offset whenever you have got four words in the cache and each word is a four bytes if you have got only one word present then say one word as I said that is also a possibility. So, in such a case this particular bits will not be required. So, you will require only two bit as part of the block offset. So, essentially the block offset bits identifies different bytes that is present within a block. Now, the main part is used for the purpose of identifying the block. So, this is known as block address. Now, this block address is present and this block address is again divided into two parts. Second part is known as index. This is the index question arises what do you mean by index and how many bits are to be present in the index. Actually, this index finds out say you have got m lines present in the cache 0 to m. So, how many bits do you require to identify one of the lines? You will require log to m lines and that is actually specified by the index. So, index specifies the address part which identifies which of this line is present in the cache. I mean one of the lines it points to the line where there is a possibility of storing that particular block. So, indexing that index from the index field it points to the cache memory. Now, why do you need the third part? So, you have already identified a particular place in the cache where a block can be stored, but as I said it is many to one mapping there are if there are if the number of bits present here depending on the number of bits present here there will be so many alternatives. Say if the number of bits present here is say n not n is usually specified at the that address size and this can be say k. Let it be some number l. So, you can have 2 to the power l different blocks which can be mapped to the cache memory line having the same index. So, one of the 2 to the power l blocks has to be will be present here question actually arises which block of main memory it is. So, that has to be found out by by technique known as by putting the tag as part of the cache memory. So, here you are storing the tag this value this is known as tag is known stored along with data not only data, but tag fields that is the higher order bits are stored in the cache memory. So, what will be done this will be compared with this tag and if they match then you know that particular block which is referenced by the cache memory. I mean which is referenced by the processor is present that means cache heat will occur if this matches with this tag. On the other hand if this does not match with this tag field then it is miss that means this is hit if it is not then it is miss. So, you can see the role of the 3 different fields I have discussed in detail and later on when I shall discuss about the different different types of mapping how they are used we shall discuss. So, we find let us consider a following system addresses are of 32 bits which is generated by the CPU the block frame size is 2 to the power 4 4 bytes that means this is the size of the block which has been assumed to be of one word let us assume 32 bit processor. So, the cache is 64 kilobyte that means you have got 2 to the power 16 bytes that is present in the cache and since 4 bytes are present in each block and what will be the total number of lines which is also called block frames that is 2 to the power 14. So, for each cache block brought in from the memory there is a single possible frame along among the 2 to the power 14 available that means 2 to the power 14 available this is the size this is the number of frames or lines which is present and we have to compare the tag to identify whether a particular address that has been generated by the CPU is present at that moment or not. So, this is being elaborated here as you can see your address is 32 bit and these 2 bits 0 1 is used as byte of set I mean block of set then R is the number of bits that is used for the purpose of indexing. So, since you have got we have already seen that you require 14 bits for the purpose of indexing. So, 2 to 15 14 bits are used for the purpose of indexing and remaining 16 bits are used as tag. So, the number of blocks in main memory is 2 to the power s that is the number of blocks. So, in this particular case it is 16 plus 14 30 2 to the power 30 is the number of blocks in main memory and the number of lines in cache memory is m which is equal to 2 to the power r and so the this is how the address length is s plus w s is the block address plus the block of set. So, together forms the address length. So, you can see we have this is what will be stored in the cache memory your data will be present which is 32 bit assuming that 32 bit processor then 16 bits you will require as tag field you see there is another bit is present v what do you really mean by v there is a now your cache comprises 3 fields first part is data where useful information that will be required by the CPU is stored then as we have seen you will require to store the tag corresponding to different frames or lines one tag is required for each line. Now, another bit has been added v that is called the valid bit why do you need this another additional bit need from that arises need for the valid bit arises because whenever you turn the computer on your cache is blank there is nothing no information no useful data is present in the cache.  So, you have to take into account that situation as well. So, that means when the computer is turned on the valid bit of all the lines is set to 0 that means what is done in the beginning all the valid bits of the line all are turned 0 all are 0 all are 0 now suppose the CPU generates an address whenever the address is generated by the CPU using the index field it will point to a particular line let us assume it points to this line and if the valid bit is 0 which will immediate indicate that the corresponding data or instruction is not present in the cache memory. So, that means if v is equal to 0 then cache miss. So, what will be done then at that time you will be fetching it from the main memory as we have seen and after you fetch it in the main memory from the main memory and you store your data here and store the tag field here then it will be set to 1. So, there will be a tag field present here and data present here once that is stored then the valid bit is 1 is set to 1. Now, next time whenever if the index field is same then that time not only this valid bit will be checked, but this tag will be compared with the higher order bits of the address to check that means the tag field has to match which I shall elaborate with the help of this diagram. As you can see here you have got 32 bit address these two are block offset or byte offset which is identical at this moment because one block comprises only one word. So, that is why byte offset and block offset is same in this case and this index field is used to point to a particular frame in the cache. So, this has been pointed. So, what it does it first checks whether the valid bit is 0 or not. If it is 0 then this hit will be 0 it is an AND gate if it is 0 output will be 0 that means it is a miss only when it is 1 then it is hit. Now, in addition to that it will compare the higher order 16 bit with this tag field which is the tag field that is being stored at the time of bringing in the block to the cache memory. So, this tag field will be compared with this higher order address lines of the which is known as tag field of the address and if they are same then this will be 1. So, the tag has to match and the valid bit also has to be 1 to get a hit that means if the tag does not match even when the valid bit is 1 it will be a miss because it is a many to one mapping. So, there is a possibility that particular cache line does not corresponding to this address. So, in such a case in spite of the fact it is a valid bit is 1 it will not get hit because the tag field is not matching. Now, question arises you can see the relationship between the number of lines number of bits which is given here where I is the cache line number cache line number means that is the cache line number in the cache memory. How do you find out find it out I is equal to j mod m where m is the number of lines that is present in the cache. Now, it is very easy to do it whenever I mean do it by breaking it up in this manner that means you have to take j mod m. So, we have seen in our case the j is the number of blocks that is present and we have found out that that is equal to 2 to the power s j is equal to 2 to the power s 2 to the power s and on the other hand your that m that mod m m is called 2 to the power 2 to the power 2 to the power r. So, how do you how it can be easily found out. So, this will be equal to 2 to the power s minus r. So, that is actually the value of j main memory I mean sorry that is how you can find out this is i is equal to 2 to the power s mod to the power s. So, this i is found out that index is found out by this. So, this will be equal to this by this. So, that is how you can get this value and this is the relationship and i is equal to j mod m that is used for the purpose of direct mapping. Now, you can see here how the mapping in the mapping takes place in direct mapping as I was told as I have told that it is a many to one mapping. So, you can see a single cast line is being mapped by so many main memory blocks. So, these main memory blocks can be assigned to this cast line 0th, mth then 2 mth, 3 mth in this way 2 to the power s minus m. Similarly, the first cast line will be mapped by 1 plus m plus 1 plus 2 m plus 1 in this way it will go up to 2 to the power s minus m plus 1 and the last line m minus 1 line that will be mapped by that m minus 1th block of the main memory or 2 m minus 1th block of the main memory and in this way it will go up to 2 to the power s plus 1. So, you can see this is how the it takes place in case of direct mapping. Now, let me elaborate this particular thing has been shown in this example you can see this is the different main memory blocks which are mapping to a single cast line. So, in this particular case you have got 16 kilobyte of main memory and 4 kilobyte of cast memory. So, you have got 4 kilobyte of cast memory and 16 kilobyte of main memory. So, you can see accordingly the byte of set is 2 bits and 14 bit is required to I mean that is the total number of bytes in the cast memory because it is 4 kilobytes and out of which 12 bit is required for the purpose of 10 sorry you require 0 1 10 bits because it is 4 kilobyte that means you will have 1 k lines. So, 1 k lines for addressing purpose you will require 10 bits. So, 10 plus to 12 and you have got only 4 bits for the tag field. So, what does it mean that 4 bits in the tag field means 2 to the power 4 different blocks of the main memory can map to a single cast line. So, you can see this is 16 different blocks of the main memory can map to this and that can be found out from the tag field. Tag field identifies which one of these blocks is present. Let me explain this with a much simpler example. Suppose your main memory has got 2 to the power 5 blocks let us assume you have got 2 to the power 5 blocks and your cast memory has got only 2 to the power 3 blocks. So, that means you have got 8 lines. So, 8 lines are present here. So, this is your cast and your main memory has got 0th and 2 to the power 5 minus 1 this is the I have considered block I have not stated in terms of words or bytes. So, it is in terms of blocks only. So, one of the 2 to the power 5 blocks will be here. Now, it is divided into 3 fields index and then data. Now, suppose the first an address let us assume the address here the index fields will be start with 0 0 0 and it is 1 1 1 and here it is 0 0 0 0 0 0 and it is 1 1 1 1 1 5 lines. Now, suppose the block address that is generated by the processor is 0 1 0 1 0 this is the address which is generated by the processor. Now, where it will search where it is 0 1 that means this part it will be done. So, this part will be used these 3 bits will be used for the purpose of indexing. So, this is 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 then 1 0 1 1 1 0 and 1 1 1. So, 0 1 0 it will point to this indexing will be done here. So, once this address is generated it will search this line indexing is done by this field. So, this bit will be initially it was 0 now it will be set to 1 and you will write 0 1 this is the tag field in this and the corresponding data that is present in this location 0 1 0 1 0 will be stored here. Now, suppose subsequently the CPU generates another address that is equal to a is equal to 0 0 1 0 1. So, in such a case it will index bits will sorry index bit will point to 1 0 1 1 0 1 is this 1 and then this 0 bit will become 1 and it will write 0 0 and corresponding data will be stored here. Now, suppose the address that is being generated next time third address that is being generated is 1 0 0 1 0. So, 1 0 0 1 0 address has been generated 0 1 0 is matching with this. So, it will point to this now you can see this is this bit is 1. However, this 0 this is 0 1 and this is 1 0. So, this at this moment there will be a cache miss in spite of the fact some data is present here, but it is not matching with this address the third address being that is generated. So, this will be a miss and this will be replaced by 1 0 at this moment and correspondingly the data which is being stored here will be will be replaced. So, this is how it will work. So, I have illustrated with a very small main memory and cache memory. So, in real life processors obviously, the number of bits that is present for I mean that that is used for addressing indexing and number of bits in the tags will be much larger. Now, this is how it is done in direct mapping and as you can see it is quite simple directly from the address bits you can find out you can you can you can you can separate out the index field which will be applied to the cache memory then comparison can be done I mean with the tag field and by checking with the checking the valid bit field it will identify whether the heat is there or it is miss, but this direct mapping has a number of disadvantages. The various disadvantages are number 1 is fixed cache location for a main memory word. So, as I have already mentioned that direct mapping gives you a fixed location for a given main memory block. So, for a given main memory block this a particular line is fixed. So, two words with the same index bit index, but different tag value cannot reside in the cache simultaneously. So, this is a serious restriction because only one can be stored. So, two words with the same index, but different tag value cannot reside in the cache simultaneously. What does it mean? That means for example, these two words these two words a 1 0 1 0 1 0 and 1 0 0 1 0 these two are generated one after the other. If it is a direct mapping each times say suppose alternately this is being generated each time there will be a miss. That means since two locations two two main memory having the same index field cannot reside simultaneously this will always lead to a miss. So, this particular restriction can be overcome by using other type of mapping as we shall see. So, as I have explained with the help of this example this is vulnerable to continuous swapping. So, continuous swapping will take place in such a case and this can be overcome by using other type of mapping like say associative mapping where it will do full search. So, this is another extreme in the earlier case our restriction was that only one address can be used one frame or line can be used to store. Now, in this case the extreme is that you can store any block in any line that is your associative mapping, but in such a case what you have to do you have to compare the tags of all the lines simultaneously with the tag that is being read that is coming with the processor coming from the CPU. So, you have to do what is known as parallel search that means you have to search in parallel in all the cases. So, you can see although I have shown only one comparator you will require the number of comparators will be equal to the number of lines or number of frames that is present in your cache memory. So, this associative mapping allows any main memory block to be mapped into any cache line. So, this is the flexibility you are getting, but this makes this cache very costly and this type of cache is known as content addressable memory or CAM because you are using a part of that address to be stored in the memory and used for checking and obviously, this will give better performance and but it is extremely expensive to implement. So, we find that the we have got two extremes direct mapping and fully associative mapping. So, both of them have their own advantages and limitations. Now, in my next lecture I shall discuss about another technique which is known as set associative mapping which tries to achieve best of both the words that means good features of direct mapping and good features of fully associative mapping. It will try to incorporate in that particular technique that is known as set associative mapping which I shall discuss in my next lecture. Thank you.