Welcome everyone and thank you for joining us this evening for a special local voices program 100 years of girl guiding in West Vancouver. My name is Kendra Sakamoto and I am a customer experience librarian here at West Vancouver Memorial Library. While I recognize that we are all in different places this evening, I would like to acknowledge that for those of us on the north shore. We are on the traditional ancestral and unceded territories of the Squamish, Tsleil-Waututh and Musqueam nations. If you are uncertain as to which ancestral territory you live on, I encourage you to visit who's.land to learn more about the traditional lands on which you reside. Nature is an incredibly important part of the girl guide program teaching girls about the natural world and the importance of protecting the environment. Here in West Vancouver we are extremely fortunate to live amongst an awe inspiring natural landscape. I am incredibly grateful to live on these beautiful lands that the Squamish, Tsleil-Waututh and Musqueam nation peoples have been the caretakers of since time immemorial. For tonight's program we will be joined by Laura Anderson and Daphne Hales. Laura Anderson is president of the West Vancouver Historical Society, serves on West Vancouver's Heritage Advisory Committee. Laura conducts the Society's Oral History program, produces heritage and community related events, and she writes and edits family histories and memoirs. Welcome Laura. Welcome to Local Voices, our community conversation series. West Vancouver Historical Society launched Local Voices in partnership with the library to explore what we value about the place where we live. It is fitting that Local Voices returns with a story unique to West Vancouver, the centenary of guiding in our community. Guiding goes back 100 years in West Vancouver, which was incorporated in 1912, only a few years earlier. Our origin story, that of West Vancouver, the municipal and commercial entity, I mean, is still within living memory. If we factor in the stories and memories of our parents, grandparents, and increasingly our great grandparents. So we can say that the history of guiding reflects or parallels the story of West Vancouver. Daphne Hales, dedicated guide, researcher and local historian, is here to tell the story of guiding. We will see how that story illustrates the value and significance of our community history. Daphne will talk about Phil Mundy, who with her husband Dawn climbed most of the mountains in British Columbia, and who gave her name to the Nature House at Lighthouse Park. Thanks to Guiders Mae Loudon and Pat Bonham, a guide leader before she became West Vancouver's first female mayor. Daphne will tell you about Gladys Davies, whose family owned the Blue Dragon Inn at Horseshoe Bay, and who became West Vancouver's first female counselor. Women like Phil and Gladys, and all the guide leaders who came after them, including my own mother, help girls become women of character and self-reliance. The contributions of Guides and Brownies leaders, and of the Guides and Brownies themselves, help build our community, and continues to do so today. I'm sure many of you here have your own stories and memories and experiences as Guiders and Brownies, or as parents of same. We look forward to hearing those stories following Daphne's talk. This is how community history takes shape by gathering our personal stories and memories and contributing them to form the greater story. We are creating our legacy to future generations. Thank you for your interest and for your contributions to West Vancouver's story. Tonight, we are also delighted to have with us Daphne Hales. Daphne has been involved with guiding in West Vancouver since the 1970s. Originally from Liverpool, England, Daphne began her guiding career as a Brownie in the late 1940s. Having spent the war years as an evacuee child in Peterborough, Ontario, she was determined to return to Canada after university. She has held several positions with the Girl Guides of Canada since 1972, including leader, provincial camp advisor, vice chair of the local tree foiled guild, and chair of the Girl Guides of Canada Phil Monday Nature House and Lighthouse Park. Welcome Daphne. Thank you very much. It's lovely to be here with you all. First of all, a big thank you to the library and to the West Van Historical Society for inviting Girl Guides to share our story with you. So many wonderful women have been involved in guiding here in West Van over the hundred years, and all of them would have had stories to tell. Often funny, sometimes frustrating, but good stories of camping and hiking, giving service, learning new skills, and making lifetime friendships. Each of us would tell you a different story, so mine isn't the only version, and forgive me if I leave out important people, events and memories. I'll tell you about just a few of the local women involved in guiding in the early days, some of whom I actually met, and a bit about guiding here in West Van more recently. One thing we would all agree on, if it isn't fun, it isn't guiding, as the founder said. So Girl Guides has been around in West Van for a hundred years, and for those of you who might not know how it all began, I'll briefly begin at the beginning. Once upon a time, in 1857 actually, a young lad, Robert Baden Powell, was born in the south of England. He was one of several children. His father died when Robert was young, and his rather unconventional mother seems to have pushed the children hard to do well. Robert, known as BP, was an adventurous lad. At boarding school, he was always sneaking off into the woods, snaring rabbits, skinning and cooking them, just to show he could. He joined the army, and in South Africa during the Boa War, he became famous for holding the fort in the town of Mafeking for months until the British troops arrived. He got the local boys involved in helping in all sorts of cunning ways to fool the enemy outside the walls, and it was this in particular that made him feel boys weren't given credit for their ability. So back in England, he wrote a book called Scouting for Boys and tried out his ideas. He held a camp on Brownsea Island just off the south coast of England for boys of all levels of society, all wearing the same uniform and all being treated equally. It was a huge success, and his ideas of learning to be independent and ready to serve one's country were taken up by little groups of boys all over England and by many of their sisters who tagged along with their brothers, eager for adventure. In 1909, BP held a rally at the Crystal Palace in London to discover just how widespread scouting had become. Thousands of boys registered to attend, and girls showed up along with the boys in several units, and right at the end came a group of girls all on their own. They were late and hadn't registered, but they gate crashed. Now here's where the legend begins. Apparently BP said, who are you? And they said, we are the girls' scouts. And he said, well, you can't be, there aren't any. And they said, oh, yes, there are, and we're them. In fact, he did know that girls had belonged to some of the groups and thought good for them. But when he realized the extent of the girls' enthusiasm for this game, as he called it, he recruited his sister Agnes to start a separate movement for girls. He suggested the name Guides after the men he had worked with and admired in India. So Agnes, rather more prim and proper than her brother, picked up the reins and the Girl Guide movement was officially born in 1909. Mind you, Agnes' idea of girls was that their duty to the country should be to hold hearth and home together and raise good citizens. The girls didn't think much of that and were out skinning rabbits with the best of the boys. And if they didn't have a leader for their little group, some of them parceled up their skin rabbits and mailed the smelly things to scout headquarters so they could earn their badge. By the next year, 1910, a unit of Girl Guides had opened here in Canada in St. Catherine's, Ontario spearheaded by Mrs. Malcomson on the right. She had been at the Crystal Palace Rally and then the idea spread like wildfire. After all, girls in Canada then were used to the pioneering life rather than to Edwardian drawing rooms and they took to guiding like ducks to water. Administration was soon needed and here on the left we see Lady Pellet, the imposing lady in the centre. She was our first dominion commissioner. We talk about West Van opening its first company of Girl Guides in 1921 and that's true, but in fact we had a Girl Guide here before that. Her father was the lightkeeper of the little squat lighthouse at the mouth of the Capilano River on the West Van side and Dorothy Harris was a Girl Guide. In 1911, she had joined Phil Monday's company in Vancouver, which Phil's mother, egged on by her eager daughter, had started the year before. When the Harris's moved to the light station shortly after, Dorothy's father rode her once a week across the often rough first narrows to Stanley Park and then Dorothy walked along Georgia Street to her guide meetings and we complain about the drive to town. Thanks to Dorothy's granddaughter, we have a photo of her with this guide company in Stanley Park.  Other photos show they went to camp at Gower Point on the Sunshine Coast in 1916, making their own tent poles or shears, setting up their old fashioned canvas tents. There's Dorothy's dog with them. Just look at the uniforms, long sleeved blouses with wide midi collars, huge bloomers, the long braids. So we're actually celebrating more than 100 years of guides in West Van. But there was a pause after Dorothy. Maybe the community here was too small, too isolated. But finally in 1921, a small company of guides started in West Van. And three years later, it was sponsored by members of the IODE, the Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Empire. This was a patriotic group intent on service to King and country with the feeling that women had an important role to play. So this was the ideal group to sponsor the equally patriotic girl guides. Mrs. Malcomson back in St. Catharines was a member of the IODE and the idea percolated across the country that this organization could help to encourage the new girl guide movement. Nearly all our early leaders in West Van of guide units and of brownies when they came along were members of the West Van IODE Duncan Lawson chapter. Here they all are smiling away. And our first West Van girl guide commissioner, none other than our first female municipal councillor, also a member of the IODE, Gladys Davies. Here she is sitting on the left of Reeve Gisby at the dedication of the memorial arch just across the road from the library in 1925. She's in her girl guide commissioner uniform, severe navy suit, large leather gauntlets, sturdy black lace up shoes and the hat. A navy felt large brimmed hat turned up on one side and held there with a light blue cocaine. What an awe inspiring sight. In fact, Gladys wasn't nearly as stern as her uniform and posture indicate. She was much loved and played a large role in guides. She was an early role model for the girls, a businesswoman who ran a tea house in Horseshoe Bay. The Blue Dragon Inn was a popular destination for West Vancouverites, who would take this train that you see on the left from 14th Street out to Glen Eagles, and then walk down into Horseshoe Bay to Gladys tea room. Marine Drive didn't go that far then. And Gladys was doing her civic duty as a municipal councillor. She took various roles in guiding. By 1929, she was deputy provincial commissioner for BC. Here's the newspaper article announcing her election into that position. She was the first of many West Vanguiders who helped at provincial and national level too. The captain of that first guide company, of course, they all had military titles in those days was Ruth Robinson, a teacher at Hollyburn School. She opened the company in 1921 in September and by Christmas, 40 girls were enrolled. It was popular. She was lucky enough to meet Lady Baden-Powell when she visited Vancouver in 1923 to inspect the local guides. Here's the photo from the province May the 8th, 1923, with Ruth Robinson and Mrs. Protherow, both of the first West Vancouver guide company. And Phil Monday is here too, staff captain of the first Vancouver company. You can see Phil in the middle and look at the picture on the right. Phil then in 1923 lived way up Grouse Mountain with her husband Don and little girl Edith. So every time guide company meetings happened, Phil hiked down the mountain to Lonsdale, caught the streetcar down Lonsdale, caught the ferry across to Vancouver and walked to her guide company. And then reversed the procedure later in the evening with Don hanging a lantern in the window so she could see her way up the mountain. And there, bottom right, you can see our spunky Ruth Robinson, our very first guide leader. One of the girls in that Ruth's guide company was another Ruth, Ruth Jackson, who herself went on to marry a blue bus driver. They got their friendly reputation early on those blue bus drivers. Ruth said that Bert drove them all to the May Day Parades, for instance, and helped to carry all the paraphernalia. And there's Ruth at her very one of her early camps. I met Ruth twice, and she gave me old photos and some handwritten memories that she had jotted down. Her family moved to West Van in 1923 and rented rooms at the old Fortune Cup Inn. What a strange place, she said. Their rooms were one behind the other. So you had to walk from the front room through one bedroom to get to the next bedroom. But it did have a big room downstairs where the girls held a series of teas to raise funds for their activities. And here's one of the original posters. See the Fortune Cup Inn is mentioned, cost 25 cents to come, and there would be entertainment. And this Ruth had made and kept all these years. Ruth joined Guides as soon as she arrived in West Van. They met in the basement of St. Stephen's Church Hall. Very basic, dirt floor, wooden benches along the walls, near where the ice rink is today. She walked through the forest, she said, from Dunderave to get to the meetings. On one memorable occasion, the Guides were putting on a banquet for their parents, doing the planning, cooking and entertainment as part of their homemaker's badge. Ruth's patrol was the White Rose Patrol, and she cajoled her mother into lending Ruth her wedding china with its border of white roses. Ruth piled it all onto her brother's wagon and pulled it to the Masonic Hall on Bellevue at 17th, where the banquet was held. Her patrol won the Best Decorated Table Award, and the china got home safely. It was so neat to read the report of that banquet in a 1926 newspaper, and then to have Ruth tell me in person the details of this event from 70 years earlier. And here she is dressed for another of their teas, a Japanese one this time, and the advertisement she had made for it and kept. This homemaker's badge was very much in line with Agnes and BP's vision of guiding, as were the many fundraising teas. Teas were polite and ladylike, but the fundraising was for the other activities, the camping and the hiking. Same goes for cookies today. Guides are often known for their cookie sales, but the cookie sales allow the fun stuff to happen. Ruth said they camped at a farm in what is now the British properties. A pheasant farm, someone told me. Anybody got any ideas where that could have been? And they camped at Eagle Harbor, presumably on the four acre property given to guiding by Mrs. Brock of Vancouver. She was the Vancouver guide commissioner and had given the land to guiding on the understanding that if Eagle Harbor became too developed, the land could be sold to purchase property further afield. Ruth's company did lots of hiking, not surprising with these mountains on our doorstep. One time she said they hiked over to Cyprus Creek from St. Stephens at 22nd and uphill quite away.  Darkness fell and they decided to head home. So they hiked on until they came to one of the flumes, which the lagers used for floating the huge tree trunks downhill. And the girls crawled down that flume all the way to West Beach Beach and then walked home. Our mothers weren't worried, Ruth told me. We knew what to do. We were girl guides. In 1927, Ruth was selected as a junior leader to go to the first countrywide Dominion camp. It was held in Victoria and Ruth took this wonderful photo of the big weeks and imposing lot. On the left, our West Van district commissioner is there, as is the provincial commissioner, one from Quebec and the national or as she was known then the Dominion commissioner. I have to compare it with the photo taken 70 years later, the one on the right, when the national commissioner of the day visited us and came to an event in Lighthouse Park. Again, we have four commissioners, local area, provincial and national, looking a lot more friendly and a lot less stuffy. Ruth also went to the first camp held at Wilson Creek on the Sunshine Coast. It was rented from a farmer in 1927 and later purchased partly with the money from that Eagle Harbour sale and named Camp Olav after BP's wife who had taken over from Agnes as the chief guide. It was quite the journey to get there. First the girls crossed over to Vancouver by ferry, then they got themselves to the Union Steamship dock where this photo of happy campers was taken.  They disembarked at Davis Bay where the farmer met them and took their baggage in his horse drawn cart while the girls walked to the camp, which was just forest and field, no buildings except for a couple of old cottages and a barn. Here they all are around the flagpole in their horseshoe shape, looking very grim, all in full uniform. Phil Mundy now in her 30s was one of the camp leaders. Here she is second from the right standing up and helped to run the camp with a Mrs. Deal. Ruth on the far left was a young junior leader and stayed in a tent with the young woman who was the first Ada. Here's the two of them. As you can see, they wore their full uniform the whole time too, though our daring Ruth has rolled her sleeves up and her stockings down. A former neighbour of mine, Betty Grant was at that first camp, and remembered they stuffed their palliasses with hay from the farmer's barn, put up old fashioned tents like this one. But the weather was fine so they slept outside. She awoke the first night to heavy breathing and footsteps approaching. When she was brave enough to open her eyes, she found herself looking at the farmer's cow. Ruth described the latrines in detail. They must have made a real impression. The farmer had dug a long ditch with wooden butter boxes anchored on poles over it and upside down with a hole cut in the seat, and canvas stretched around one and then the next so that the opposite sides were open to the world. She remembered the strong smell of lime, but it was a wonderful campsite with its beautiful stretch of beach and it's still in constant use today. Except during COVID of course. Ruth stayed involved in guiding all her life as a leader, division commissioner for West Van, and then provincial camp advisor. During her term in that position, she and the ever helpful Bert were instrumental in finding the wonderful Fraser Valley property known as Suna for our provincial training centre and campsite. When a second guide company opened later in the 20s, Joan Durbin was the captain. We didn't know anything about her, but thanks to the late Rupert Harrison and his stash of old newspapers, we have come to know her a bit. Off his own bat one day after I had asked him a question, he went through every newspaper from 1921 to the 50s, looking for Girl Guide articles. What a treasure trove.  I discovered she ran her own private girls school in Dunderave. She was a talented musician in constant demand at recitals, and she took the time to run a Girl Guide company. Her campfires and the singing around them were memorable. The girls adored her and were distraught when she decided to return to England. She had even taken them camping to camp to the camp at Wilson Creek in 1928. Ruth acted as her second in command, and a youngster called Lucy Smith was one of the guides at that camp. Thanks to Rupert's newspaper collection, we have the article from The Times announcing the camp and the price. $5 for a week, $7 for 10 days, including transportation. Ruth and Lucy both told me that Joan's camping skills were a disaster, and a big week was coming to test her. Ruth and the girls rallied round, and although Joan failed the test, the girls worked so hard they were able to stay at the camp. Goodness knows what Joan is doing in this photo which Ruth took, hiding from the tester perhaps. The second commissioner for West Van, after Gladys became the commissioner for the whole of the North Shore, was the regent of the local IODE, the Elegant Sybil Small. She, like Gladys, played many roles in guiding. Among others, she was the BC delegate to the 1929 Girl Guide Annual Meeting in Toronto. That must have been quite the journey. She reappears several times during the 30s as a leader and again as commissioner, and much later in 1952 Sybil had the dubious honour of being selected by the local Times newspaper as Man of the Year, there being no category for women. The youngster I mentioned at Joan's disastrous camp, Lucy Smith, had become a guide just that year and stayed in guiding all her life. Things were changing, the uniform was a little less formal, and the activities changed as life changed. Not for nothing had BP said this is a movement, not an organisation, so it never stands still. Where once keeping up a good home and looking after children were paramount, soon guides were branching out into sea rangers, learning ways to help their sister guides around the world, as well as giving service locally. Lucy vividly remembers Gladys Davis enrolling her, and it wasn't long before Lucy was a leader herself. Here she leads her company through Ambleside at a May Day Parade in the 30s. She's on the right of the float. Guides were always heavily involved, running a better baby competition, decorating floats, providing the first May Day Queen, and for years the entourage of the Queen of the Day. Lucy went on to become a sea ranger leader, and here she is with a group of her sea ranger, climbing the rigging on a visiting ship in Vancouver Harbour. By the 1950s, they held large regattas at Lost Lagoon in Stanley Park. Here she is with her group right there beside Lost Lagoon. She took the sea rangers and others from around the province on a cycling tour on Vancouver Island one year, and by the time they got back to Nanaimo, the trains and the ferries were on strike. Luckily, Lucy worked for a marine company, thanks to her sea ranger experience, and she persuaded a tugboat captain to load them and their bikes onto a barge and take them back to Vancouver. Then she had to get everyone home by bus all over the province, leaving their bikes hanging on nails at the bus depot. When the train strike was finally over, Lucy and one of her sea rangers went to the bus depot and rode the bikes two at a time to the train station and saw them all loaded onto the correct trains. There's a lot of behind-the-scenes organising that goes on in Girl Guides. 1939 and the King and Queen came to open Lionsgate Bridge, and here's another instance of the behind-the-scenes work. Guides and scouts would line the route through Stanley Park as the Royal Family enthusiastically supported both movements. Lucy was asked to get there early, to dig a hole in case any brownie got caught short, and she dug it behind a concealing stump. Then the woman in charge came along. Nice hole Lucy, but it's right where the scouts will be standing, so off went our Lucy to dig another hole. This next photo is only West Van History by Association, but I just have to tell you this story. Here's our redoubtable Lucy on the right, with her good friend, Autance, worn from Vancouver, known to all as Hort. She's the girl in the centre. As teenagers, they were sea rangers together, and here they are camping at Camp Olav in the 1930s. At the beginning of the Second World War, Guiders in England had met to discuss how best to help, and the Guide International Service, the GIS, was created. The Guiders had realised there would be thousands of people in Europe displaced by war, as sadly there always are, and this was where guiding could help. Guiders from all over the British Empire volunteered to do a shift, a year or more at a time, and an extensive training for the Canadian contingent was held at Queen Margaret School in Duncan. Hort and Betty Fleming from BC were selected to go to Europe and worked literally for years in displaced persons camps, running little schools and nurseries, helping in the hospitals, organising supplies, and filling out reams of forms to help families be finally on their way to new homes in Scandinavia, Australia, Canada, where Guiders would meet and befriend them. The GIS ladies worked in those camps until well into the 1950s. But meanwhile, back here in the Second World War, guiding slowed down. What with war work and holding the fort alone at home, there wasn't much time to be a guide leader. We still did have two companies, one in Ambleside and a new one in Whitecliff. The girls knitted socks for the troops, collected silver paper, magazines, and also children's clothing to be shipped off to Europe. Frida Hanford became a leader and Lucy offered to have Frida act as her quartermaster at a camp for experience. Lucy said she was horrified when Frida listed cream of tomato soup on the menu. This was a newly available luxury item which Lucy felt had no place at guide camp. Lucy volunteered to drive the West Van Ambulance during the war. A converted Fargo truck, like the one on the left, provided by St John Ambulance. She had to prove to a policeman that she could change gears on our steep hills. In the early 1940s, the Girl Guide Dominion annual meeting was held in Vancouver. And Phil Mundley and Lucy decided that a picnic supper on the banks of the Capilano River would be fun for the visiting dignitaries. The Rangers collected firewood and started cooking a stew and a pudding when suddenly the heavens opened and it poured. Being Girl Guides, a backup plan was in place in case of rain, but no one had thought how to move a very heavy hot stew pot simmering away on a campfire. Not to worry said Phil, we'll borrow the St John Ambulance. So Lucy nipped up to the West Van Municipal Hall and drove off in the ambulance. She told me no one queried why she was taking it or why she would wearing her Guider uniform and the pudding, the stew and seven or eight dignitaries were transported safely back to Vancouver. The fifties brought an explosion in the population of West Van and consequently in schools and therefore in guides and brownies. At its height, we had over 500 members here. Joan Smart was one of the mums asked to help revitalize Girl Guides, along with Ruth Thompson. Both in turn acted as division commissioner with Joan going on to be the national training commissioner, while Ruth was provincial camp commissioner. These women really helped our girls travel to nationally and internationally. In 1957, a world center for guiding was opened in Mexico called our Cabana. And Ruth decided to take a small group of West Van girls that same year. They went by bus nearly all the way, except for a stretch by train between Seattle and Los Angeles. She said when people saw the word Canada on their uniforms, they were so welcoming. Ruth was astonished to find on arrival at the beautiful Cabana that they were the very first Canadian group to visit. In 1964, this journey was repeated, but by bus all the way, five days and nights each way on a bus. Betty Anderson and Joan Thompson took a contingent of West Van girls. Joan, on the right, had found herself officially in charge of a brownie pack at Pauline Johnson School during the war at the tender age of 15. Certainly didn't put her off. And Betty on the left was one of the most vibrant enthusiastic women ever. She started brownies in Horseshoe Bay in the 50s, followed by guides later that year. And she was our division command camp advisor. In the 60s, she ran marvelous week and 10 day long camps at Camp Olaf, taking over the whole site for camps for 150 to 300 girls. On the trip to Mexico, the West Van girls stayed with a group of girls scouts in San Francisco on the way down and had so much fun with them, they decided to stay a while on the way home, having first wired home for more money. Allison Spears on the right was on that trip and is still in guiding today as an area trainer. It is Allison who made our incredible division badge blanket, which is in the exhibition here in the library. In 1955, Lucy helped fill Monday run the very first all Canada adventure camp at Lake Ohara in the Rockies. What an incredible experience to camp with that by then famous mountaineer and botanist Phil. A hundred girls were chosen from across the country and a few from the states. All these shears, the long poles, had to be carried in and out. The pack horses were spooked by them and wouldn't carry them. And Phil insisted that what was carried in must be carried out. So there's Phil, now an energetic 61 year old, carrying her sheer with her big backpack on her back. West Vans Catherine London was on staff to our division commissioner of the day. There she is in the back row second from the right with Lucy in front of her in her big hat and down sitting on the left is Phil herself. Here's Catherine's patrol. Many West Vans girls but mixed with girls from all over the country and the states. They did some fantastic hiking. 93 of the hundred signed up for for a three a.m. hike up to see the sunrise over a particular peak. And all 93 showed up, including a Texan celebrating her 16th birthday by building a snowman in the first snow she had ever seen. Two years later, Lucy was chosen as the Canadian representative to a huge guide international camp in the Philippines. And she was invited to lead them singing the world song at the opening ceremony, which you can see on the left. And here she is with a new friend, one of the Filipina Guiders on the right. And thanks to the nurturing of these terrific leaders, followed by hundreds more, our girls have been selected for many international camps. Norway, Denmark, the US and the UK. Here's a group actually camping at Brownsie Island, the original site where BP held his first camp. So these are some of the memories I have of these pioneer Guiders in West Van. Ruth Robinson left early, but she started it all. Joan Derbin unfortunately went back to England. Sybil and Gladys stayed with Guiding for many years. And the others, Ruth Thompson, Lucy Smith, Phil Monday, Joan Thompson, Joan Smart and Betty Anderson stayed involved their entire lives one way or another. And here's a little of what Guides in West Van have been up to since those women held the stage. By the 1970s and 80s, West Van Guiders were taking a group of girls to Archibania every three years. And later some crossed the Pacific. Exchanges with Girl Scouts in Jiba, Japan took place several times. And we in West Van have entertained girls from the UK, the US, Sweden and Papua New Guinea to name just a few. International Guiding for a fostering peace among nations and supporting Guides in other countries has always been extremely important. Also in the 70s, Kari Madal and Kay Halstead started a really popular hiking club for West Van Guides. It had a hundred members, but only 30 could go on each of the monthly hikes and only if they were properly dressed. Those who weren't were sent home. The 80s saw the arrival of a new branch of Guiding, the Pathfinders. They took the place of the last two years of Guides with a much more independent program. Here they are snow camping and doing really good strong service projects. This lot are hauling Ivy out of Lighthouse Park. Many of the provincial camps for hundreds and national camps for thousands of girls were planned, and several lucky West Van girls were selected to attend them. Many of the provincial camps required minimal experience, so every girl had an opportunity to go to one. And we planned an exchange across Canada with girls from Whitby, Ontario. We are at the Parliament buildings, and we were billeted in Hull. They're all speaking French, said our wide-eyed girls. And in Oshawa, a tornado rushed through the camp. We were up all night, but the girls thought it was a great lark. And one last glimpse of film. Our Guides since the 1920s had made expeditions to our beloved Lighthouse Park. And in the 60s and 70s, Phil led annual nature workshops in the park for Guiders, so that they could then teach their girls an appreciation for nature. Guider May Loudon remembers one walk to the seashore, which got no further than an earless log, where the fascinated audience listened to Phil's description of all that was going on inside that log. May was inspired by Phil, and in 1985, asked if we could use one of the Second World War huts in Lighthouse Park as a nature centre for Guides. Pat Bonham was a girl guide district commissioner then, and municipal councillor, and she helped us create the Phil Monday Nature House. Here it is in the park. The last glimpse we have of Phil is when May took the ferry over to Nanaimo, where Phil, in her 90s, was living in a senior residence. May went to ask her if we could name the building in her honour. But Phil was nowhere to be found until someone pointed out that she was leading a nature walk outside for the other residence. So many people I find they don't see anything really, but actually you can see everything from under your feet to the sky above you. If you keep your eyes open and your ears open, it's very important to keep your ears open too. What could you hear? Well, you can hear the birds, and you can hear the wind in the trees, you can hear the creeks. That is very important too, because it's a very noisy creek, you usually find it's a wild one to cross. She was delighted with the idea of the nature house, and it has been the scene of many workshops for the girls, as well as many meetings and events. We open the small nature room to the public on Sunday afternoons as a way of saying thank you to the municipality for letting us rent the building. We also planted a native plant garden at the rear as a gift to the municipality in its 75th year. Pat Bonham was mayor by then and graciously accepts the garden from May Loudon, along with our offer to keep it weeded and well tended. That was the year West Van won the Communities in Bloom award, and we got the plaque for Best Community Garden. In 2001, the nature house committee had a triumph when Jane Goodall accepted our invitation to spend an afternoon with our entire North Shore guiding family. She is on the stage with some of the girls giving her a guiding t-shirt, and we spent a wonderful afternoon with that amazing lady. On the right, you can see the nature house committee. We just had such a good time with her. In 1985, for the 75th anniversary of guiding in Canada, we buried a time capsule at the community centre. Each unit added a bag of treasures. So here is Jennifer reading out a list of what her group has put in the time capsule with Bev Thompson, the division commissioner of the day. On the right is Councillor Rod Day hammering the lid on, and over on the left Pat Druggie and Mayor Derek Humphries actually buried the time capsule. And then we dug them up in 2010 on the 100th anniversary. And here are the same Pat Druggie and Jennifer down in the bottom right helping to open them up again. It was astonishing to realise how life had changed in those 25 years. There had been no personal computers, no cell phones, no GPS systems. We still used film in little canisters. And the older girls had been concerned about the Cold War and bomb shelters in the schools and a new disease called AIDS. After a lot of booing and eyeing and examining all these treasures, everything was stuffed back in the cylinders, along with contributions from the 2010 girls, and they are buried again, awaiting the light of day in 2035. And here's Betty Anderson at the event chatting with Allison, the girl she took to Mexico 47 years earlier. A few years later, Sparks joined the mix, the five and six year olds. They too camp and learn how to make s'mores. Cooking treats outdoors on fires has always been popular. And here's one of your own historical society members at a brownie cookout. Look who is on the very left with her signature smile. Sparks helped us plant bulbs in the new native plant garden behind the Phil Monday house. There they are with their trowels hunkered down in the dirt. And so guiding goes on. Still a valid worthwhile activity, teaching girls to be independent, accepting of all, learning leadership skills and teamwork, helping others and having lots of fun. The program keeps up with the times, but never loses sight of the underlying principles. Where else can you have the opportunity to do service in your community by making gift bags for seniors during COVID upon the top left, pulling Ivy out of Lighthouse Park and replanting with native species and learning how to make camp gadgets, learning how to make LED flashlights for going to camp. And then going camping in the snow. Here are the Rangers who've dug out an entire kitchen with long counters and campfires in the snow. And where else can you make poppies for the veterans? By Zoom, top right, every brownie at her own house or just with one friend, or in the library, making poppies and painting rocks with messages on. Where else can you go also hiking and kayaking, learning about the seashore, learning about water safety and then learning leadership skills. Going off on international trips and making new friends. All in by joining one group, Girl Guides. So I pay tribute to those early women in West Van for their enthusiasm and resourcefulness in getting guiding started here. And I take my hat off, except thank goodness we don't wear hats anymore to the women today who are keeping it going as well as ever. It's been difficult to pick out a few names from the many from all walks of life who have helped with guides. They sure aren't women with time on their hands. They've seen the value of this all round experience for girls and have fostered it through the years and gained a lot themselves.  Thank you so much. That was absolutely fantastic. So we do have some time for questions. So if people would like to put their questions into the Q&A box at the bottom of your screen, Daphne would be happy to answer some of your questions. And while I give you folks a chance to type in your questions, we are honored today to be joined by Mayor Mary Ann Booth. And Mayor Booth was a longtime Guider and would like to share her experiences with us as well. Well, that was so inspiring. Thank you so much for that wonderful presentation. I was a guide in the 1970s. I still have my guidebook, which I dug out. And my most memorable experience with guides, which won't surprise anybody, is the camping trip and going to Manning Park, I believe it was. And unfortunately, and this is a common experience as well, it poured rain for three days. But you know what? I still remember all the fun I had and all the great girls that I hung out with that weekend. And I have never forgotten the guide's motto of be prepared. And as mayor, that has served me very well. So thank you so much for sharing that with us. All right. All right, it looks like we have Daphne back with us. So let's see if we have any questions. All right, so one question is coming in. Was Nesta Mod Ashworth a Guider with Phil Monday? If you know, you might not know. She certainly was a Guider in North Van. I'm not sure if she actually was with Phil in a company, but they knew each other for sure. Nesta was a wonderful woman and all the kids loved hearing her story of actually being at that rally at the Crystal Palace. Isn't that fantastic? So we have another question. What is your most memorable and favorite guiding memory if you can pick just one? What mine? Yes, yours. I can remember like our mayor, I went camping in the rain in North Scotland and it rained and poured and poured all week. But the farmer had cut a whole lot of saplings for us and we made the most incredible kitchen counter that I've never forgotten. It seemed to go on for miles with places for the bowls to sit for washing up and sticks at the end to hang the tea towels on. I was just so proud of that thing that we built. It was wonderful. That sounds fantastic. Yeah, the north of Scotland definitely gets rain to rival ours. Yep. What else are you guys doing to celebrate the 100th anniversary? Oh, we're doing a lot. We're having various fun activities, we hope, but it all depends on COVID, of course, whether we can actually do them together or not. One of the things we're doing is a big service project for West Van. We're going to be planting 200 trees and shrubs in one of our parks, which needs a bit of environmental help. And having got rid of the invasive species. So we're working with people from the parks department to do that. And it's wonderful. I come to the library to see if we can do this talk after Laura very kindly invited me to do it. And the woman who's helping me was a girl guide. And then we'll go to the parks department to work with them on a service project. And guess what? She went all the way through guides and was a guide. And it's just wonderful to find that they're still keen to help with guiding and help the girls today. And we're going to be giving a delegation to council to thank council for the many ways they have helped over the years.  Every time we've had an important anniversary, we have had a female mayor or a female counselor on our council who was also a girl guide leader at the time. So we have a very strong connection with our council in West Van and we'll be happy to go maybe virtually by zoom to the council meeting on September the 13th. Oh, that sounds fantastic. Alright, so another question. What is your wish for West Van guides in the future? My wish for West Van guides is that every time there's a little girl who wants to join, there's a leader ready to accept her. We nearly always have waiting lists of girls. We have some incredibly wonderful girl guide leaders that we could always do with a few more. So that's my wish for the future is that we have enough of both sides to make it all work. Yeah, that makes sense. Well, this was absolutely fantastic. I'll just give another moment for people to type in any last questions. Lots of wonderful comments here about bringing back fond memories. There are lots of people watching who've had wonderful experiences as well. We have to hear them. Yes, we will definitely share them all with you. Yeah, super. When we get them all. Good. So I would like to thank everyone for joining us this evening for such a wonderful presentation and an amazing look at a piece of you know West Van history and and how that history is carrying on into the present and the future. I would also like to extend a huge thanks to Taryn Urquhart, who is the Arts and Special Events Programmer here at the library. She put this program together and it would not have happened without her. And the wonderful display upstairs in the main gallery, which is just a lovely thing for us to see and to have guiding recognized so well by the library. So thank you, Taryn. Yes, we do have this exhibit on display at the library. It's called the West Vancouver Girl Guides Centennial Celebration, and the exhibit will be up through August 31. So please be sure to stop by the library and check it out. It is absolutely spectacular. All right, I think that is it for questions, mostly just really great comments that I will definitely share with you Daphne as when we're done. So again, thank you everyone for joining us this evening. And I hope you all have a wonderful night. Good night everyone.


In the last class we had looked at water solid propellant rockets on this class let us look at water liquid propellant rockets now remember I told you while discussing about the history of solid rockets that around the beginning of the 19th century solid rockets kind of became obsolete primarily because if you look at gun powder and the specific impulse that gun powder used to give it was around 1500 okay and during that time there was the science fiction about how to travel to outer space okay and that kind of caught on and people were interested in space travel and things like that so then they realized that if they have to go for such a kind of mission using gun powder or solid propellant essentially both were the same at that point in time they could achieve this mission so they started looking for different kinds of systems in order to get there and liquid propellants suddenly became popular the reason why liquid propellants became popular is if you look at solid propellants solid propellants both the fuel and oxidizer are in the solid phase and they are stored together in the same chamber and that is also the combustion chamber as you had seen. So therefore there is an issue of compatibility and you cannot choose the best if you choose the best they might still not be compatible now in liquids the advantage is you can store them separately right you can store them in separate tanks and therefore you can choose the best fuel and the best oxidizer because there are no issues of compatibility there and therefore that was thought of as being able to give higher specific impulse and therefore possible to make interplanetary missions and other things like those liquid rocket motors and in 1903 constant and Zheol Kovsky Russian school teacher he came up with a paper which talked about exploration of space with reactive devices wherein he discussed about how to escape from Earth's gravitational field okay and what are the rockets that are to be used and he also talked about how to use multiple stages how they would be beneficial and all those things then in 1914 an American by name Robert Goddard he was a professor of physics he got a patent for the design of a rocket motor combustion chamber nozzle feed system and then multiple staging he also talked about the liquid hydrogen liquid oxygen systems and he carried out a lot of experiments on liquid high liquid oxygen and kerosene systems between 1920 and 1940 never really built a system that could fly and it was tested in that sense tested for a short range but not for a long range and in Germany Hermann Oberth around the same time he proposed a design using hydrogen and alcohol fuels with oxygen okay for interplanetary applications all this was catching up and you know people in the 1930s were doing all sorts of crazy stuff as putting a liquid rocket motor on a car and trying to run it and trying to see how fast it goes so they were involved in all these kind of immature activities which was in a sense helping the rocket motor develop faster now with the advent of the world war the Germans very seriously thought about building a rocket motor that can hit the enemy and the result was v2 one run develop the v2 rocket motor which was alcohol plus liquid oxygen and these missiles were capable of hitting from Germany to Britain and Britain had absolutely no difference during that time against these incoming missiles and it was like very scary to be in that situation wherein you could do nothing when an incoming missile comes and hits you it is believed that the Germans also developed a much longer version of the v2 which was capable of hitting from Europe America the eastern parts of America that is especially the coastline New York and cities on the coast eastern coast but this was in the late years of the war that is around 43 44 they never really tried it or they never really fired it primarily because they were at that time losing the war and they did not want to anger America further by firing these missiles at them they would not have hurt anything in America because they could only reach the coast and if they fired it they would only anger Americans more rather than hurting them so they did not want to do fire these missiles and after the war all the Russians and Americans kind of took away things that they could the Russians were able to get to the papers and other things the Americans caught hold of one brown and one brown was instrumental in designing the Saturn 4 right Saturn 4 mission where they put man on the moon this is how liquid rockets developed and liquid rockets there are different kinds of liquid rockets monopropellant and bipropellant if you use a single propellant and it disintegrates to give you high temperature high pressure gases that constitutes a monopropellant system and if you use explicit fuel and oxidizer combination that gives you the bipropellant system in the bipropellant system there are different kinds one is hypergolic and the other is non-hypergolic what we mean by hypergolic is the fuel and oxidizer as soon as you bring them in close proximity they will start igniting and reacting. So hypergolic system that is a system which uses hypergolic propellants does not need any ignition source whereas a non-hypergolic system will need a ignition source and you have cryogenic and earth storable propellants what we mean by cryogenics is the cryogenics is the science of low temperature now if you cool hydrogen and oxygen to very low temperatures they then become liquids and you could use them as liquids if you can store them at those temperatures and they would give you better specific impulse we will see that as we discuss later in the course now that is a cryogenic system that is systems that use these kind of liquids which are cooled below the ambient temperature if you can keep the liquids at the ambient temperatures itself then they are known as earth storable liquids and lastly you have pressure fed and turbo pump fed systems we will see what these are a little later that is how the propellants are expelled what is the mechanism used to expel the propellants is the last classification okay now let us look at a mono propellant thruster if you take a look at this figure here you have a mono propellant thruster here it consists of a large helium gas bottle then you have a pressure regulator the pressure in the helium gas bottle is very high typically around 350 bar and then you regulate the pressure and bring it down to something like 25 to 35 atm and then you have a propellant tank remember this is a single propellant so therefore you will have only one tank and there is a diaphragm here the reason for the diaphragm is most of these systems mono propellant systems are used essentially in satellites where there are near 0g conditions so it would be difficult for the propellant to flow down as such and therefore you need a diaphragm to push it in a particular direction the pressure acts on one side of the diaphragm causing it to push the liquid out in the other direction okay and here you have a large number of thrusters connected to it okay these are called as thrusters this portion here it consists of a combustion chamber and a nozzle that is known as a thruster and the rest of the systems here are known as feed system in between the thruster and the tank you have something known as a solenoid valve in the solenoid valve you can supply a particular voltage and the valve will open okay if there are two kinds one is always closed and always open you want to use the always closed version because upon giving the correct voltage it will open and allow for the fluid to pass through through the thruster in the thruster you have a catalytic bed okay catalytic bed made of porous alumina pellets coated with iridium now because of this catalyst the propellant breaks up and reactions do take place and you get high temperature high pressure gases okay now the typical propellants that I used here are hydrogen hydrogen peroxide hydrogen is nothing but N2H4 and this is H2O2 okay this breaks up into H2O2 whereas this breaks up into NH3 ammonia plus N2 and H2 okay I am not balance this you can balance this okay depending on the amount of ammonia that is formed you get varying ISPs okay and the typical ISPs that you can obtain with this systems is somewhere between 1600 to 1800 Newton second per kg now these systems are typically used for on-off applications they are not used but they are used in a on-off mode that is they are pulsed so these are operated in pulse mode that is if you take a look at thrust versus time it will be something like this will have a large number of pulses like this okay and the typical thrust that one can get varies from something as small as 0.1 Newton 20 Newton 0.1 Newton is how many grams something like 10 grams 10 grams of thrust they are very small thrust but remember these are on satellites there is no sensible atmosphere so you would want to use this for station keeping that is to make sure that it is placed in the same orbit as you want it to be so you need only a small for corrective force to get it back into that orbit that is why these are designed for very small systems okay and typically during the life of a satellite these have to go through millions of cycles in fact the life of a satellite is not determined by its electronics and other things but it is dependent on how much propellant you can carry on board if you can carry a large amount of propellant then you can do station keeping for a larger time and therefore the life of the satellite will be longer okay now let us look at the next set of systems that is by propellant systems if you look at this figure here this shows a pressure fed by propellant system you have helium gas bottles here and then pressure regulator and two tanks one for the fuel one for the oxidizer and you have solenoid valves and then it comes into the thruster okay now notice that the pressure inside the thruster is around 20 to 30 atmospheres in the previous case it was a very small pressure of around 7 atmospheres so here the pressure is large and the gases the propellants coming here the liquids that come here react vaporize and react and form high temperature high pressure gases and then these are expanded through a convergent divergent okay this is a schematic of a pressure fed system and typically pressure fed systems pressure fed systems have low thrust are designed for low thrust in the range of something like 2 to 200 kN and the next system that is the turbopump fed system is usually the large thrust producing system as opposed to the previous one in this case also there are helium gas bottles in the previous one pressure fed system all the pressure was given to the tanks from the gas bottle itself so the tanks were operating at a very high pressure the tanks were pressurized to a large pressure if you look at the previous one you see here that the pressure in the tank is somewhere around 30 to 40 atmospheres whereas in this if you notice it is around 3 to 6 atmospheres much lower pressures what happens then if you store the liquids at a much lower pressure the weight of the system comes down because the weight of the system depends on what is the pressure it is designed for okay so the weight of the tanks come down and you can get the required pressure that you want in the engine through a set of pumps now these pumps will have to be operated by a turbine and the turbine needs part of these gases to be fed into a gas generator here and then pass through the turbine so typically you can get very high pressures at the end of the pumping and the pressures inside the combustion chamber can range from something like 50 atmospheres to 200 atmospheres so therefore you want to use this in large thrusters okay so the thrust of turbo pump phase system is much larger something like 70 kN to 7 MN okay very large thrust systems and if we were to plot in this plot what is shown is on the x axis it shows the total impulse in kN second what do we mean by total impulse that is total impulse is equal to f x t that is the thrust into the operating time why is the operational time important because if you look at the tank size the amount of liquid you want to store in the tank that depends on how long you want to operate it for if you are looking at a very short time of operation then probably a pressure fed system would be better okay now on the y axis you have the system weight shown here you have total impulse on the x axis and on the y axis the system weight this is on a log log scale and if you notice here if you just use cold gas okay if you just use cold gas then the variation of system weight versus total impulse goes like this you notice that within this small region here it is better than the monopropellant system that is if you have a very small total impulse to be delivered then you can use a cold gas system that is high pressure gas just pass through a conversion diversion nozzle that is a cold gas system then you have the monopropellant system which is better than the cold gas system in this range right from this particular total impulse to this one if your total impulse goes beyond this then you need to go in for a monopropellant system and if it goes beyond this you need to go for a bipropellant system up to this the monopropellant system is better sorry the pressure fed system is better than the pump fed system because you have a smaller impulse to be delivered so the tank size will be smaller right so even if you pressurize it that will have a particular weight but beyond certain point if you want to increase the burn time and the thrust then the tank size goes up right and pressurizing it will increase weight much more the pump fed system has a dead weight or an inertial initial weight that is of the pump and the turbine and the gas generator and all that so it is not useful if you have a lower total impulse to be delivered that is in this range it is not useful but beyond this it is better than the rest of the systems so which is why we will tend to use for a large burn time and large thrust we tend to you go in for pressure fed system turbo pump fed systems and I try to put together here a list of different engines and what are the ISPs that are delivered by them and what is the kind of feed system that is used if you look at the first one it uses liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen and it gives a specific impulse of around 4,250 Newton second per kg okay and it uses a pump fed system is thrust is somewhere around 70 kilo Newton if you go for a smaller system that is thrust of 3.87 kilo Newton you go in for something like a pressure fed system okay smaller ones you can go in for pressure system as you see here up to 6 kilo Newton's you have pressure system pressure fed systems this is the only exception probably and larger systems are typically using turbo pump fed system now let us go on to the next we have discussed about liquid rockets and solid rockets let us now look at what a hybrid rocket is as the name suggests this is a combination of solid and liquid rockets okay so here typically you have fuel in solid phase oxidizer in liquid phase we do not have the other one that is solid oxidizer and a liquid fuel because all the oxidizers solid oxidizers that are known to us are crystalline solids okay now if you want to make a propellant grain out of a crystalline solid crystalline solids are typically salts that you have come across if you want to make a grain out of it it will have a lot of cracks and the structure will not have very good mechanical properties therefore you cannot use it as a propellant grain because if you make a propellant out of it it will all crumble up and you will not get the desired performance from it so therefore you end up using solid fuel and a liquid oxidizer because here you can use any kind of polymeric material that is the typical fuels that are used are hydroxy terminated polybutadiene rubber then polyethylene polypropylene wax okay so there is a scope for using a large number of different fuels and cheaper materials here and oxidizers typically are liquid oxidizers are that are used in liquid rocket engines is what you tend to use here now why did this hybrid rockets come about if you look at solid rockets solid rockets are very simple device they are start and forget kind of devices that is if you start the solid rocket motor it is very very difficult to stop it okay it is not impossible to stop it it is difficult to stop it unless it is designed to be stopped at some stage it is not possible to stop it as okay so solid rockets to stop restart is possible also the you cannot throttle the thrust that is you cannot change the thrust produced by the solid rocket motor it is designed for a particular value and it stays that way okay so in solid rockets okay and if you look at solid rockets both the fuel and oxidizer are always in close proximity okay now during during the making of the propellant and storing it and transportation all this there is a hazard of explosion there is a risk of explosion because you have both fuel and oxidizer in close proximity and risk of accidental ignition so therefore it is not very safe okay whereas if you look at liquid rockets they have there you can start stop restart remember when we talked about monocropellant thrusters for satellites we wanted to pulse the rocket motor that is it will be on for a certain period of time and then be switched off and again switched on like that so it has start stop and restart facility which is very simple in liquid rockets because these are liquids you turn off the solenoid valve then the liquids won't flow and there will be no thrust okay whereas in solid rockets it is not possible as such and in liquid rockets you can throttle the thrust that is you can change the flow rates of oxidizer and fuel and therefore get a different thrust through the rocket motor remember a specific impulse is something that is set depending on what choice of fuel and oxidizer you make and if you remember our thrust equation was something like this F is equal to m dot V right now even if these things are fixed let us assume for the time being this is fixed V is also fixed V in some sense is the specific impulse we will see that a little later now if you change the mass flow rate you can get a different thrust okay so throttling is possible in liquid rocket engines but the trouble with liquid rocket engines is that you need to separate pipelines to separate storage tanks to separate pipelines and then you have to have all the pressure relief valves solenoid valves all of them for two pipelines okay so it is a little more cumbersome or complicated and you need to machine these things very very carefully in liquid rocket motors now if you look at hybrids if you look at hybrids hybrid is a combination as I said between solid rockets and liquid rockets now here is a schematic of a hybrid rocket sorry schematic of a hybrid rocket pressure fed system again you have one liquid that is the oxidizer stored in a tank and you have gas bottles here and here you have the solenoid valve and this is the fuel grain okay the oxidizer is sprayed on to the combustion chamber here or the port here and the fuel vapors and oxygen vapors mix and then they burn here to produce high temperature high pressure gases which are then expanded through a nozzle okay this is how a hybrid rocket works you can inject the liquid at high pressures because you are pressurizing the system okay and therefore the combustion chamber pressure can be controlled right now in a as opposed to solid rockets it can because you are dealing with one liquid here you can do both this right so you can do both start stop and restart possible and throttling is also possible because if you stop the flow of the liquid then the rocket motor will switch itself off okay because you are supplying you are not supplying the oxidizer and therefore it cannot burn on its own the fuel cannot burn on its own and it will switch off so both of these are possible and as compared to liquid which wherein you had to have separate pipelines for fuel and oxidizer this has only one pipeline requirement so piping is less complicated and it is much more simpler than the liquid system and because here you are storing the fuel and oxidizer separately it is much more safer than solid systems but all this is fine if you look at any literature or if you look at all the systems that are being currently used most of the chemical systems that are currently used fall under these two categories only okay you will not find any thing using hybrids the reason for that is one of the problems with hybrids we will discuss that a little later is it has very low burn rates fuel burn rates are very low and therefore you cannot get a very large thrust unless you go in for a larger surface area we will discuss that a little later so it cannot give you high thrust okay and it is also seen that in these systems that the oxidizer to fuel ratio keeps varying as you operate it we will discuss also that a little later in the course so because of these two drawbacks hybrids are never been used in any real life application the only application wherein it has been used in the aerospace industry is the recent spaceship one program what is spaceship one program you it was a challenge that was put up that somebody has to be transported from earth to a low earth orbit and then brought back sub orbital flight and back to earth and the task has to be repeated within the next 15 days okay with the same systems that was the task that was given and spaceship one was able to do it this was designed by Bert Rotan and it was able to accomplish this task spaceship one used into and polymer combination as oxidizer and fuel and it was available to do this mission but there is a slight problem in this as compared to the regular machines that missiles or launch vehicles have to accomplish if you take a look at what missiles have to accomplish missiles will have to hit their target within a very narrow spread they call it center Arab probable that is CEP that for a strategic missile that is a long range missile is usually in terms of a few meters okay now solid rockets and liquid rockets have been the design has been mature enough and people have been using it for a long time and they have been able to deliver that kind of accuracy in missiles whereas hybrid rockets are not yet really there so that they can accomplish any of this and if you look at launch vehicles launch vehicles need to put the satellites in a very particular orbit okay there is a small band in which it has to be put it has to have that particular velocity and that particular altitude only then is it deemed as a successful mission otherwise you put it in some other orbit and some other velocity it is not considered successful mission and the satellite will be lost which means a huge loss in terms of money okay post to that the spaceship one program was something like this you just have to take it to a suborbital fight and come back it did not matter whether it was a few kilometers higher few kilometers lower and what velocities you entered at them okay there was another factor that was very important that it carried a human being on board and remember this entire task was a non-governmental task not that human beings have not traveled to space and come back most of these were government funded and therefore there was an elaborate security as well as safety taken into account even with the other systems but in this case it was an amateur effort and still they were able to ensure the safety of the person going there and coming back primarily because they use hybrids hybrids are very safe okay and therefore they found a use in this kind of missions they also plan to have this kind of space tourism in future where in they just want to take people and make them feel the lower low gravity sensation and then bring them back okay so such missions probably will have hybrid rockets on them but otherwise on the regular kind of missions hybrid rockets have still not been used okay. I think we will stop here in the next class we look at what are the efficiencies involved in terms of air breathing engines and non-air breathing engines and what is propulsive efficiency and what is overall efficiency how do we derive them okay thank you.


of rockets targeting the south, the center, the east of the country from Beersheba through Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, according to Hamas, over 5,000 rockets fired so far. Numerous direct hits resulting in casualties and great damage. Communities under complete lockdown, the entire country under lockdown, really, with citizens instructed simply not to leave their homes, the shelters. Declaring a state-of-war readiness, reservists have been called in. The head of Hamas military wing, Muhammad Def, announcing it is the beginning of a war urging Arab Israelis, West Bank Palestinians and armed groups in Lebanon to take up their arms and join. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Defense Minister Yav Garland convening security chiefs for emergency meeting this very hour. The security cabinet will convene later on in the day. We need to say clearly there is a lot of information circulating at the moment on social media, some containing extremely difficult visuals and content. We are aware of it all. We get all of this from all sides of the border fence, and yet we will be reporting only verified information here. It is Saturday morning, October 7th, 2023, Jews across the nation, ready to celebrate the holiday of Simchat Torah. It was 50 years ago this weekend when the 1973 Yom Kippur War broke out. Today, Israel, once again, under a surprise attack, a surprise war. Joining us here in studio for this special broadcast, I-24 News correspondent, Handa Selhout, Lieutenant Colonel of the Reserve Jonathan Conriquez, international spokesman of the IDF, and Mr. Rafael Oshami, former senior intelligence officer at the IDF, will of course bring all the latest information and the sounds from the ground, the witnesses from the ground. Again, it is all happening as we speak in much uncertainty and clarity about what is currently happening. But, Handa Selhout, maybe we can begin with you to try and clear the clutter. What do we know about what is happening right now on the border fence communities? Well, look around two hours ago, three hours ago, Hamas launching a surprise attack against the Israelis. And Hamas lived the commander for Hamas's military wing, giving a rare statement to media that was broadcast through all Arabic media outlets saying that this is a revenge operation against the Israeli military. This is something they have been organizing for months, if not years. We haven't heard from him since 2014. He is a revered commander among the Palestinians. There were infiltrations from Hamas fighters in the south, horrifying scenes throughout those southern communities, as those fighters just opened fire and unleashed on Israeli civilians there. More than 5,000 rockets fired from the Gaza Strip today. Fighters are still trying to infiltrate an Israeli tank lit on fire near the border fence. A lot of really intense images, reports of kidnapped soldiers, dead soldiers, still we are unable to verify this information. A lot of different types of images circling. But what we do know is that Israel was really taken by surprise during this attack. Remember back in May when there was a targeted assassination, Israel targeting a Palestinian Islamic jihad commander. They were vowing revenge. So Israel had time to evacuate. All of those southern communities really increased their home front command mobilize reservists. This time it was not the same. So Hamas probably learned from that instance that a surprise attack was the way to go if they were going to launch this operation against Israel. They have coined it the al-Aqsa flood. This has been emanating from them since the beginning of the year, saying that they were running out of patience and the scenes over the last week of Palestinians really being beaten near the gates of the al-Aqsa mosque. A lot of Israelis going to the al-Aqsa mosque known as the Temple Mount to them. All of these things adding up in Hamas's eyes to an unacceptable situation where now they are revolting and hoping this will be the last operation against Israel. But the Israeli military will fight back and it will be something unprecedented. Yes, well orchestrated attack, no doubt about that. Which brings me to ask you, Lieutenant Colonel Conriquez, how come? It's not just the scope and scale that came as a surprise, but the mere attack that came as a surprise, the abilities of Hamas, this infiltration, again a situation that is happening as we speak and the idea for us yet to gain control over, how come? Many, many questions are there to be answered. I suggest focusing less on Hamas propaganda and nonsense of al-Aqsa and focusing instead on the murdering of Israeli civilians. As of now, once Hamas crossed the border went into Israel and sent their terrorists, not fighters, but bloodthirsty terrorists into Israeli cities to butcher Israeli civilians, the media war is on. The media war is on and yet to know Israeli official is speaking at the moment. Indeed, and that is unfortunate and I also think that it's unfortunate that Israel has not yet gotten out images of the results of the heinous attacks conducted by Palestinian terrorists, not fighters. Palestinian terrorists coming out of Gaza, led by an arch-terrorist, Muhammad Def and the rest of the Iranian ring of proxies. This isn't about al-Aqsa. This is about Hamas planning and executing so far, unfortunately, it appears quite well. A pre-planned attack into Israel, something that they have basically taken a page out of the book of Hezbollah, similar type of tactics. The only thing really missing is close air support, which Hezbollah has and Hamas doesn't, but we're seeing very similar tactics, similar way of thinking, heavily media focused activities and we will see videos, gruesome videos of killed Israelis and we will see videos of Israeli soldiers in various conditions. That is part of what we're doing now and what I think will shape the future here is the amount of Israeli casualties and their condition and whether or not there are abductees in Gaza, civilians or soldiers, that will be a very important indicator of where this is going and the second thing will be what's happening on the other fronts. As far as I hear now, the other fronts are relatively stable and quiet. There's readiness in the north and Judea and Samaria seems to be stable at the moment, but that is something that needs to be actively monitored and anticipated. I don't think that this magnitude of a Hamas attack in the south is something that the Iranians and the rest of their proxies are not aware of, did not condone and are not prepared for, which means, which lends to the assessment that there will be more events to happen. I think that the IDF, the Israeli government, is in an unprecedented situation here where the level of attack, the atrocity and the casualties that Israelis have sustained will force Israel to conduct a response that has not been seen before. The level of attack is unprecedented and Israel will have to respond in an unprecedented way. There are various tools on the table and I think that there definitely is a time now to quickly shift from routine security, burning of fields, rockets, et cetera. This is a different stage. The terrorists have really escalated the situation to somewhere that we haven't been before and there must be a very, very heavy price paid by Hamas leadership and everybody down from there. Lieutenant Colonel Conriquez, obviously, as you've mentioned, more questions than answers at this point in time, but Mr. Yerushalmi, before we ask those many questions to be asked, what is happening now on the ground from the IDF standpoint? What is the focus of the security apparatus at these crucial hours? I suppose that the main focus right now, because we still rely on the iron dome for the rocket attacks, is taking care of the different points where the terrorists have been filtered into our cities and villages. There are places where we know for certain that Israelis have been taken hostages, meaning the terrorists came into a village into at least two houses and they are holding their civilian hostages. Israeli special forces are surrounding these two places, trying to free the hostages. We also know that in Silwan, in Jerusalem, are the first signs of an uprising in Judea and Samaria, meaning that the dormant cells of the Hamas and Islamic jihad are waking up there. We know that in the north, in southern Lebanon, there is a very important armed presence of Hamas in Palestinian refugee camps and also other Palestinian organizations that might come into action without counting the Hezbollah. The Hezbollah might still play it safe for now, stay out of it for now, but there are other factions that can operate. So, there are many signs for the IDF to operate on all fronts. Of course, we are now in the worst nightmare scenario. They are in the drawers of the planning and strategic branches of the IDF operations to mount facing such kind of scenarios. Nightmare scenarios have been taken into account. The problem will be now the decision at the political level. At one o'clock there is the meeting of the security cabinet and it's the political level that has to decide to what level of response they will allow the IDF. The IDF is ready to strike and strike hard. We know that this strike will be very dangerous for our troops. We will lose soldiers in that war. We are going towards a war. The Minister of Defense said there is a war. The Hamas has declared a war. A long war. There is a very important call of reserve forces from the IDF. Tens of thousands of soldiers are being called to reserve. It's not the first level of reservists joining, but more than that. Yes, but it's a lot of people already and they are massing them, of course, along the Gaza border. It remains now to be seen what is the efficient answer, because to strike hard, to bomb a lot of places in Gaza, we've done it in the past. We've destroyed buildings. We've destroyed offices. A large-scale aspiration will not be enough. I think the main mistake of the different governments, we can't even pick up one. Most governments of Israel made two mistakes. The first mistake was believing that the Hamas was a possible, even indirect, partner for any kind of negotiation. So if we had any doubt what are the Hamas' intentions, we have no more doubt today.  There is here no liberation of the Palestinian people. It's pure jihad. It's religion. And the last mistake I'm just saying not to have eliminated those leaders who are now leading this operation against Israel. Yes. As we speak, a scene of slaughter, no other way to put it, in southern Israeli communities. And we do want to tune in now to Israel's police chief, Yaakov Shabtai, as citizens of Israel's south, are essentially begging for help. Let's tune in. Yes. The chief of police wrapping up short statements. He's the first Israeli official to speak, saying loud and clear Israel is in a state of war. And again, this joins hours now long of Israeli residents who are, with a lack of a better term, simply begging for police, for the IDF, to help them as they're facing not just constant barrages of rockets, but again, the presence of Hamas terrorists in Israeli communities walking around streets of Israeli cities down south. And we do want to go now live to I-24 News correspondent Nikol Cedek in the city of Yavne, one of many cities to be bombarded since the early hours of this morning. Nikol, the Home Front Command, instructions could not have been any clear. Simply stay home, lock the doors until advised otherwise. Exactly, Ellie. I mean, we continue to hear just these interceptions happening overhead. In fact, I just left a bomb shelter about five minutes ago. A family right nearby has been letting us come use their family bomb shelter. It's something that they've been having to walk into about every 15 minutes since about 6.30 this morning Israel time. Now, the family says they've never experienced something like this with sirens going off that frequently here in Yavne. Now to put it into perspective exactly where we are, we're about 15 miles south of Tel Aviv, less than 30 miles away from the Gaza Strip. So they say this is really unprecedented and there was a direct hit actually on a home here in Yavne. I'm gonna have our camera zoom in so you can see just the fire and the smoke that's still in the building. One person was injured and taken to the hospital. We don't know the extent of their injuries at this time, but we're told by firefighters and police who were inside the house that everything is completely charred. You can see even some of the windows were completely busted out. So we spoke to a neighbor actually who lives right nearby. He said he's never experienced something like this in Yavne. He said his daughter is now experiencing trauma and she actually took herself to the hospital as well. And so that's what we're also hearing so many reports of just people experiencing such trauma in this area because they're not used to something like this and for them to have to go into their bomb shelter every 15 minutes or with a family with four kids and multiple other people and they're welcoming everyone who's around because once that siren goes off, you barely have any time to go into someone's house and get to your safe place. So that's exactly why the home front command is urging everyone to stay in their safe place, lock their doors and really, really hunker down right now during this, this period. And I can't believe I'm saying that, Nicole, but this might be one of the easiest scenes that we've seen since the early hours of this morning. Obviously the life of a family completely turned upside down, but compared to again what we're seeing now, that might be the case in so many different places right now across Israel as we still do not have a clear picture of the amount of direct hits of casualties of the scope and scale of the damage. The chief of police speaking short minutes ago and speaking about 21 active scenes, the term active scenes alluding to direct confrontations with those terrorists who infiltrated Israel from the Gaza Strip. This situation is still ongoing and again, unclarity still rains. And Nicole, just for our viewers here at Israel, let's do, give the clear instructions of the home front command for the coming hours. Reminder, it is the morning of holiday of Shabbat. Many people were planning to celebrate the holiday of Simchat Torah. The situation on the ground suggests otherwise that's an understatement perhaps, Nicole. Exactly. And so everyone is just encouraged right now when you do hear those alarms really just stay in your house because you have depending on where you are throughout Tel Aviv, you have about maybe 15 seconds. If you're right near the Gaza Strip or about a minute and a half, which is closer to where we are in central areas here in Tel Aviv, but that is still no time at all. And I can still hear actually interceptions happening overhead as we speak. You can even see every once in a while the thin line of the iron dome intercepting those barrages. So we continue to hear them. But with so much action happening in the area until you hear the exact siren, that's when we're going to head into the bomb shelter because that's when you know it's the clear message that that's actually happening in your exact area. Right. Nicole Tzedek with the rest of the I-24 news team down south. You will continue to bring us all the latest from the ground. Stay safe and much more from Nicole and all the other I-24 news teams throughout the country, throughout the day, of course. Thank you, Nicole. Mr. Oshalmi, 50 years plus a day. Once again, Israel is surprised. How do you explain this? I will not go as far as to say to give grades or deem it as a failure, but it was obviously lack of proper intelligence when it comes to Hamas intentions. There was the only similarity because on the ground it's completely different from the Yom Kippur war, of course. But the only similarity is what they used to call in Hebrew a misconception, the misconception. And there were a few misconceptions. Of late there was an impression and that impression was confirmed by experts in the security services that the Hamas were willing to kind of negotiate an appeasement in exchange for socio-economic help to the Gazan people and work permits. The Israelis even gave more work permits for Gazan workers. There was a feeling that the lack of popularity of Hamas in Gaza would push the Hamas to better the conditions of living in Gaza with the help of the Israelis, with the help of Arabic countries. So overall, there was a complete misconception of what the Hamas is about and what are the Hamas' intentions. Nobody saw it coming. They saw it exactly the other way around that we are going to kind, which was of course a mistake of more than 20 years. A lot of people in my branch, in my domain, always considered the Hamas as 100% and 200% pure terrorist organization that you cannot expect anything from and you should not negotiate with. That's the misconception, generally, in intelligence. Now on the ground, there's some many questions have to be asked after. Now we have to concentrate on defending ourselves against this attack, but after that, we will have to understand how come such a scale of an operation was not detected in the preparation stage. How come so many rockets can be shot to shoot that many rockets at the same time means that the troops were deployed and organized in such a way that the launching places were ready. You just had to wake up and in a few minutes you would join them. So why was it not detected? How come that a week ago when there was a show of strengths and a kind of maneuver by the Islamic jihad, the intelligence services didn't see that it was a smoke screen for preparing this attack? How come that we have so many drones, satellite images, spies on the ground, informants on the ground, we didn't find, there is here a problem with the intelligence for sure, but also I'm afraid in the first moments now of what is happening, a problem of readiness on the ground of the troops, of the friends with people begging for help in villages of Israel when the army and police taking some time to provide that help. A whole lot of time, if I may, and we're seeing all throughout our conversation here, the visuals, the images coming out from the ground, terrorists, again walking around Israeli streets, Israeli territory, Israeli towns, fully armed. And Hamda Selhut here with us in studio, Mr. Farid Ushami was talking about the misconception on the Israeli side. And yet, as he mentioned, there were signs on Hamas' side that something is going on, let it be those rocket fire towards mostly sea area recently, those launches or this parade, this parade to show the arms capabilities of Hamas a short time ago. So, and as you have mentioned, Hamas have been building up preparing for this moment for quite some time now. Hamas has been preparing. And remember, this has been the deadliest year for both Israelis and Palestinians, more than 200 Palestinians killed by the Israeli military, combatants and non-combatants, more than 30 Israeli civilians killed by armed Palestinians. The level that this situation is going to get to is going to be something that is never seen before, something we've never seen before. Mohammad Leif, the military commander, calling this a revolution, calling on Palestinians from the north to Jerusalem to the West Bank to get involved in this. And Arab-Israeli citizens as well. Correct, correct. Arab citizens from the north. This is going to be something that the Israeli military is really going to have to strategize how they are going to respond to this. It is also worth noting that Palestinians inside the Gaza Strip, a lot of them are civilians. A lot of them are people who are not involved in this conflict.  The infiltration of the border is something that is really going to have to be looked at, something that's going to have to be examined, how they were able to get there. The Palestinians were also able to take Israeli military vehicles and are now driving them in the streets of Gaza. Reports of several hostages among the Israeli forces as well. We're nearing the end of our broadcast and I really do want to conclude it by your statements, Jonathan Conriquez, former spokesperson for the IDF. A lot of unclearity. What should we focus on this hour? I think we should focus, I think Israel should be focusing on closing down the Gaza Strip, indicating to Gaza and all of the other terrorists watching and the entire world is watching. All of the other terrorists in the Iranian proxy network are watching and the severity of our response, not just the early stage of the response, but what will come after and what will come after that comes after will be watched. And this, I think, as difficult as the time is, and we're going to see horrible images of Israeli casualties, as difficult as this is, we should see this as an opportunity to significantly change the status of the Middle East, to significantly change what Hamas and other Iranian proxy organizations have been able to do and accumulate along our borders. And if this isn't a wake-up call for Israel, then I don't know what is. Yes, if Israel will not change the situation in the Middle East, the Middle East will change the situation for it. No doubt that we are facing prolonged hours, days of tough times and Israeli resilience should be underlined during those hours. We will continue to bring you all the live updates from the ground throughout the day. See you at the top of the hour. My name is Khanna Rivkin and welcome to this newest edition of Discover Bufferry. There are a wealth of beautiful beach fronts to enjoy in Bahrain. 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Constituents of Kastri's South, Thalos and Loshans. It is the time of year again when we should be wishing each other best wishes, regardless of our feelings towards that person. It is a time to forgive, to show tolerance, to show respect, and to display charity. A time for us to all forget our worries and sorrows and be merry and joyous. A time of caring, warmth, and good cheer. A time of hope for the coming year. It is for this reason that I want to thank everyone for the love and support that I have received for the past year. It has been an incredible year. It was a tough year, but I got through because of you, particularly my constituents. From the old cemetery to Marigo, I have been given encouragement and inspiration to continue the fight for effective representation. I know your trials and tribulations, and I ask for God's providence to guide you and carry you through your difficult days. I will always be there to assist as much as I can. But for the next few days, let us offer the best in us, as we should love and share goodwill with others in our family, our community, and our country. Let us commit to contribute more to the well-being of our community and our country. Let us acknowledge that it is through Christ that we can achieve and do all things. Let us be grateful for what we have, the skills that we have been given, and to build a faith that we need to fight against injustice and inequality. I want you to always remember that no matter what contribution you can make, big or small, it will make a difference and bring joy to someone. So for this Christmas, let us all just reach out to someone and make a difference. Next year will be an exciting and interesting year. Let us resolve to show more love and caring. Merry Christmas to all.