Now, let's get into a little Q&A. Ah, that's my best part. Yes, Simon Dixon does live in Twitter Spaces. That guy is there constantly. This is a good question, but Tim, Dan, can you tell a bit on how we should navigate crypto if and when 99% of crypto has become securities? What will be a good hold then? I can't remember. Securities are not as evil as people make them out to be. Securities are equities. Equities are stocks. Those are all securities. They're registered and they're overseen by the SEC. A masterworks what they're talking about is they're all securities. And let's just say, for example, everything besides Bitcoin becomes a security. Is that the end of crypto? No, it just means that a lot of these projects, they're gonna have to go before the SEC and go, okay, we'll register. All right, now we're gonna pay a fine. You know, this already happened. I don't know if you guys remember this. I know Beardy does. If he's here, it's kind of late, might be working. But I mean, this has happened before. And this is a story, you know, when EOS, this is back in 2019, they settled with the SEC because they said, okay, you know, the ICO was a security goddess, right? And they paid 24 million, but they raised 4.1 billion. So again, I'm like, is that the worst thing that could possibly happen? So now it's gonna be a big pain for the exchanges, right? Because they're gonna have to register it as a security platform. And of course, all the different crypto projects are gonna say, okay, if you wanna say, fine, whatever. And you know what that means? And I've said this, this is my 30th time saying, I think, but if you've got a crypto project that is not, well, doesn't have a lot of funds within it to actually talk and deal with the SEC and the lawyers and the different hoopla that has to go through it, well, they're going to fall by the wayside. How many crypto products do we possibly need? Let's be honest, we have over 5,000, I think now. And of course, we talk about more or worthless. So what'll happen is that those crypto projects will go away, most will just die and no one will even know, that'll be that. But the ones that don't make it are on the cusp, like I said before, the bigger crypto projects that are flush with cash and didn't go ahead and spend it on an arena for a name or Super Bowl commercials, just saying. Those are the ones that'll say, okay, we're going to absorb you just like how Facebook, now called Meta, absorbed tons and tons of businesses and just started to acquire everything. And then you're gonna see a consolidation. Sounds a little scary, but it is probably what'll happen. Then of course, they'll also absorb all those developers which are like gold these days. And then before you know it, we'll have a consolidation of probably the top, I don't know, 30, 40 crypto projects that need to be here.  Probably not, and that's it. So good question. All right, so Wayne says, does that mean each one have to be set up as a business with a CEO to label it as securities? I don't know the actual structure. I've never brought a company public, but if that is the case, then that is the case. But I mean, right now, I mean, how many crypto products have a figurehead or have a business structure in the same way that you would see like any organization, right? There's somebody at the top who could be a figurehead or a CFO or somebody who is like the chief technical officer, there's a lot of those. And then of course, HR and this, just if you think about like the top 20 different crypto projects, how many actually have the structure just like that? And I got to ask you the question then, is what are we doing here? I mean, as far as like with crypto, is it just Silicon Valley, Silicon Valley 2.0 which is some minor decentralization which really is an decentralization? Are we trying to improve things and do better things? I understand that people are here to make a profit. I got you, we're all here for the same thing, but it would be nice to actually, make the world a little bit better place and just going, hey, I just made enough money to buy another Lambo.  How much stuff do you need? Right, I'm sure right now people are like, you know, I would just settle for a Burger King value meal these days, because I lost everything.  Great, meme order one. Lucas, to be more specific, they would need to be applied before the token was even created, which would be even better. Let's take Lucas, let's extrapolate that. Wouldn't that be fantastic? They'd have to go to the SEC and say, this is what we plan to do. And the SEC can say, okay, well, you're a security or not.  So you go to the CFTC, well, this is more of a currency. Go to the OCC and so on and so forth. So they do that beforehand. How many different products would actually make it to market? That's the question. Now that's a double-edged sword because some different products who have low funding, they're not gonna be able to make it. And that part would suck, but how many different scams are out there? I guess it's just one of those things where it's like, you can down if you do it, you can down if you don't.  I wanna say it's over $2.8 billion, roughly, which in grand scheme of things, is that everything? No, but it is for somebody. I will tell you that on the flip side, it might be good for to weed out the things. Unfortunately, here's what we're stuck at. The next question though is do we really need, like that's, I think the beauty right now, if you're on the fence about which products in this and which one's gonna make it, Bitcoin so far seems to be a lock as a commodity. Even good old Gary has said, it's pretty much out of our jurisdiction. Where's it gonna go? It's gonna go to the OCC or the CFTC. And in that situation, Bitcoin will probably flourish. And if that is a situation, again, and they actually have to regulate these exchanges, guess what happens? Bitcoin ETF gets approved and Bitcoin's price goes to the roof, just saying. Photocon, will the banks still be here if cryptocurrency becomes mainstream? You think we will ever be having a decentralized fundamental system without regulation? I don't think so. I think there has to be at the very least audits. But I think since we're so early, these constant audits, and this was, I wanna show you guys something, which was not here. Okay, this one right here. It was a good point that was brought up as far as regulation. I wanna show this to you. So I tweeted this out, because I wanted just to put it here because I know everybody's gonna blame me. As soon as the regulation comes like crazy hard, which I think is what's coming. It was like, see, Rob said he won regulation, now he got it, and they're whipping and putting people in chains who own Bitcoin. That's not what I wanted. Here's what I wanted. I just wanted some clarity. I just wanted to clarify. Oops, this isn't it either. Let's see. That's not it. Yeah, I gotta stop tweeting so much. Let's see. Ah, this is it. Okay, I said this. To be clear, I wanna curb the regulation that gives us clarity, what a currency commodity security is. Just some guidelines on centralized exchanges are a must after the FTX debacle. Unfortunately, the regulations coming will go way beyond that. So that's all I'm asking for. Just show us your audits. Just show us everything on the up and up. Also, are your co-mingling funds? Also, where are you getting this yield from? Are you really an exchange that is gaining yield from, I don't know, staking and lending out?  That's all I want. I don't think that's too much to ask for. And there was a great quote. Ah, Jordan, that's the Shark Punch or Johnny Crypto, the usual suspects as usual. But this gentleman, Bernard Butow, I think I said it right. And he is a retired engineer. I wanna say nuclear. He said, I was listening to a, just let this sink in. I was listening to a Crypto 101 podcast and a topic of regulation can't come up. Participants were promoting self-regulation to head off heavy-handed government regs. I'm not sure if the Crypto industry is mature enough for that. I was like, I gotta tell you, it's true. Because right now, everybody's so greedy that they can't. And he said, I worked in the US nuclear industry for 40 years. We were highly regulated, but there was differences in the way individual nuclear power plants were operating. So the industry initiated its own internal monitoring organization. So I think that would be a pretty good leeway or a compromise. Okay, give us a little bit of clarity. Here's some audits, but the best exchanges will be the ones that'll have, just like CZ talked about, we'll make everything a little bit more transparent and we'll have these audits or Merkel trees to where everybody can see what is actually on the platform. I think it goes far, but not far enough. We'd also like to see like, not just the profits, but the liabilities as well. So he says that I go, that makes sense. And then here, again, talking for somebody who's got some knowledge. It was called the Institute for Nuclear Power Operations. It was compromised on members from the best managed plants across the USA. Why can't we do that with exchanges? Get the best ones that exchanges and start to make some self-regulating rules. Regulator assessments were conducted using members, IMPL members and members from other plants other than the plant being assessed. These teams spent three weeks assessing how the target plant was conducting business and wrote an assessment to help each plant assess up their game, thereby continuously upping all plants performance. That makes sense. Perhaps a similar morphed approach could be used for self-policing dexes and centralized exchanges sniff out scams like FTX. Anybody got a problem with that? I think that's sage advice. And I'm gonna say Bernard, thanks for lending us some of your knowledge moving forward. Thank you. Markey, legend. What do you think about cash app? I use it because there's some people that's all they use is cash app. So I just use it when I need to. But that's about it. I don't really buy a bunch of my crypto on that. Usually it's just Coinbase right now. CS says, could a decentralized registration, could a decentralized exchange? Maybe could a decentralized registration be possible? That sounds kind of intuitive. I don't know if that... You were talking about dexes as far as like regulated dex. It's gonna be very tough unless you have everybody who just comes to table and go, okay, here's one inch and here's Uniswap and here's PancakeSwap and all of them get together and go, this is the industry standards we wanna do and go from there. But you can't KYC and AML your way out of that. That's inevitable as also. So I'm just talking about the interim, the centralized exchanges. JF says, Rob, you speak Spanish. Good to know that you have a pool in PR as well as when Bitcoin hits 100K screens. So my Spanish is terrible. But right now I go to class every day, two hours a day in the mornings and that's what's been pushing my videos back a little bit. So I think it's, doesn't matter how old you get, it's imperative that the place that you're at, you make sure that you learn the customs and try to communicate with the people as best as possible. Puerto Rico, most people speak English anyhow, but I feel like it is a deficiency that I have. So I want to shore up any kind of weaknesses and that's one of them. Let's see. Hello, this is pain. It is pain. I know people, I gotta tell you what's amazing to me is how many people call the bottom. They go, okay, FTX, good, we found it out. We're good, we're out of here. Nothing to see here, folks. And they're like, that's the bottom. I don't think that's the bottom. I could be wrong, I hope I'm wrong, but who knows? I made the lieshift, that's right. Thank you, welcome. Murro, how to win the ledger? That's a good question. It's pretty simple. Like this video you're watching right now, that'd be great. And then there's a tweet, which I linked the here. I'll just put this out here. There's a link in the description. That's the actual tweet you have to go to. And all you gotta do is you gotta like, like comment and share the tweet and I'll draw the winner tomorrow. And if you're having problems with that, let me just put there. There's the link to the tweets so when the ledger in the stonebook. Okay. And that, that, that. Yes, exactly. Well, central banks hold Bitcoin on its balance sheets. We'll see. I think we were doing a pretty good job until of course this fraud happened with FTX. But I gotta, I need to stress the point that there was no fraud in any of the projects themselves.  It just, that's not what it is. It was all, again, what comes down to people and greed. And that's pretty much what it is. Change my heart. Yeah. Youser says, if Binance fails on quitting crypto, if Binance fails, we're in some pretty big problems. But that would be something amazing, wouldn't it? Don't rule it out though. So for everybody who's like, I think Binance is safe. I'm gonna leave my crypto there. I don't know if you guys have heard me talk about these things called the rules. A collective groan comes across the audience. Here's the rules. Don't invest more than you can afford to lose. It's all gone. Everything's a scam until proven otherwise. This is right below me. Don't leave anything on exchanges. You've done your job, you've done your hard work. You use them, you paid them. Now take the crypto off. Don't use leverage. Why are people using leverage? 50 hundred X. Are you that good of a trader? Are you that awesome?  Chances are no. And then lastly, take profits along the way. That's it.   Touching as little as possible. That's from Darth Boomer. Which is an excellent point. All right. Jack in the cracks is, can I come visit you for the weekend?  This is just a green screen. I'm at my mom's basement. And that's it. However, so everybody knows, next week we'll do another Puerto Rico meetup. I will see you guys at the smokehouse. Steven, hopefully you're good with that. And I buy the first round as usual. So we'll go from there. If the market's real bad, we'll all do shots. All right. Rob is a confirmed Fed. Just an agent. Just an agent. Please keep comments courteous. No, no, no. Let them all rip. Gemini set yield to 0%. Well, that's smart. Joseph says, hey, Rob, any suggestions for new Cardano ISPO's, initial stake pool offerings? Ray ISPO is over now. Just, I have a Cardano stake pool. That's about it. But not really too much there. Let's see. Sorry. I'm on a samurai. Honestly, I can't see this getting worse than it already is. Everyone is down hard for most part. That's a good point. I think mentally people are down. You know what? What's the price today? How are we doing in the exact, our market? Are we above a trillion? I'm just kidding. I know we're not.  Well, not too great. So we're down, down a point. We're down 20, 10% for a week for Bitcoin. That's pretty good. It's weird. Binance coin is down 18%. XRP beat Bitcoin. It's only down 8.9. Dogecoin is only down 4%. Ah, my Cardano's down almost 12%. Polygon down 14 for the week. Polkadot, die. Shiba Inu, fantastic. 41% for Solana. Ouchie. 16% for Tron. I gotta tell you Tron still holds out. I think they actually are sponsors of CoinDesk for some reason. So Tron's doing quite well. Yeah. Good point, Modern Samurai. I can't see it. I just think it's like a slow burn sometimes. We just kind of move sideways. We lose a little bit. And then of course we hear another story and then people are trying to shore up their losses and go, well, it's only one place that's pretty liquid. That's crypto. But again, I mean, how much more can we lose? I don't know. I mean, we all, it's amazing how everybody says, I'm here for the long haul, I'm gonna make it. But once those negative percentages start rolling in, it starts to wear on you again and again and again. So we'll see. It's like a, it's like squid game. See who can make it. Who's the strongest? I mean, Adios, thanks for stopping by. Yeah. Any thoughts on Exodus wallet? Some people like it. I haven't had a problem with it. I don't use it. So I can't really sell it too much about it. But nobody's that I've known has a problem with it so far. Does that mean it's awesome? No. Max says, Sam won't be arrested. He'll have some escape goat that takes the rap. I think he'll be arrested. The question is how much will he be indicted? Will he be charged? And on what kind of charges will they bring against them? And the next question would be, how much jail time do you think he'll spend? It's very rare for billionaires to spend any kind of time in jail. However, Sam's not a billionaire anymore. So, hey, who knows? Anthony's got a good question. He says, Hey, Rob is staking.cosmos near on ledger wall at 100% safe. What if the projects went belly up? How do you like it with this case? If they go belly up, staking is out the window. You don't get anything and that's it. So the real question is, are we talking about the staking rewards? The staking rewards only work out. And let's be honest. If you were staking Solana, I mean, you were looking at 5.6% yield, not too bad, right? However, you just lost 40% of the value of whatever that you got for rewards. So it's like, yeah, was that a big deal? But as far as like staking, I don't like to stake outside of wallets besides ledger. It just don't. Cause it's pretty safe. There's only one exception I have and that's the dead list wallet for Kodano. I just love the wallet. I know people hate it sometimes because it's so slow, but it's just easy to use and it's like it's running a node. So I'll just do that. But yeah, and also I'm gonna think of it. If you're trying to figure out like, how do I stake with my ledger? That's a great question. There's this website and it's free. Dan teaches crypto and if we go to module five, how do I, how do I stay cryptos? How do I use the MetaMass wallet? How do I update the firm room and now you click on module five? I'll show you how to use the MetaMass wallet and simple swap and how to update the firmware for your nano ledger. But we'll also talk about how to stake Kodano, how to stake Avalanche and on-stake it. How do I stake on-stake Polkadot? How to stake on-stake Adam? I still have to get that, the near video out. I thought I had that out. I just didn't do it. So yeah, let's check that out. I'll show you how to do it. Very simple stuff. Dark Matters, SPF was never a crypto buff. He saw crypto as a get rich, see nothing more. Let's have a come to Jesus right now. How many people out there look at crypto and go, this is gonna change the world? This is here to help those African, Middle Eastern parts of Asia countries who they have an issue with having their crypto inflated away or stolen from the government or some other nefarious purposes and crypto specifically will say Bitcoin using as a currency. That's why I got into it. How many of you can honestly say that? How many can say that?  Let's be honest. We are here for that. We are here for change the pocket book. However, I gotta tell you, as time has gone on, especially all the things that I've seen right now, it does make a lot more sense just to look for the projects, crypto projects, people that are in the space that actually just want to do good and having screwed up too badly. I think wouldn't it be great to get a hold of a project that does both things? I think Bitcoin does that. So with Bitcoin, you can numbers go up. That's awesome. Then also it can be a store of value for those people who get everything inflated away. Say like a Turkey or Venezuela, which ever use that same example, or maybe it becomes the currency, a sovereign currency of a specific nation because everything's being inflated away. Again, I think I could do pretty well. That's why I know some people hate Cardano. I like Cardano. And of course, one of the big ones I really like is that world mobile token. We talked about yesterday, doing good things and appreciating. I think you can do both things. There's some projects that are just straight up cash grabs. I don't just don't get it. And even I fall victim to that too. I'm like, ooh, dollar signs. But in all honesty, is that really the best thing we can possibly do to move things forward? That's the question. Oh, no, he's a philosopher. I get you. All right. Best thing to do is buy on ledger, hold on ledger nano. Yeah, that's true. Because call me sometime when you have no class. I need all the help I can get. Ah, Lori says, Lori Sykes, you really think there will be regulation? It would make legitimate which the US does not want. That's why Gary Gensler and the gang are doing nothing in the crypto community is doing, killing itself. I think, so I think there's a dichotomy here. There's a separation between what is good for the government and what is good for the bank since people are like, what's the difference? And you got a point. I'll give you that one. But in all honesty, let's just go down that path and say, okay, the CBDC gets rolled out, which it's going to be rolled out. We've already recovered this yesterday. There's gonna be a digital dollar. It's gonna be a 12 week test case. It's going to not use actual digital dollar, but just made up, especially numbers. And they're gonna, I think it's a city group mastercard and Western, not Western Union, Wells Fargo and a couple other international banks that are going to be participating in this type of thing. Let's say it does do pretty well, right? That's great. And of course, now that will make the dollar a little bit more stronger because we have a new type of system, which makes things a little bit cheaper and well, hopefully cheaper and easier and faster. That's the whole point of this whole thing because Swift system sucks, whatever. That's great. And you can move funds around and it keeps the dollar strong. However, what does that do for taxes? See, the thing that I always look at is there's so much money sloshing around as far as like capital gains, short-term and long-term capital gains. The government doesn't want you sitting on your cash.  That's the whole thing with the Federal Reserve. So like for me, when I look at things, I'm like, do they really want us to do that?  And of course, the best way to do that is go, hey, here's an opportunity, invest, invest, invest, invest, invest. And here's an easier way to do it. I think people under 40 years old are probably a little more comfortable as far as the digital age and investing into equities on Robinhood as opposed to calling up a broker. Hey, Pete, can I get a thousand shares of Dapper Dan? Or whatever it is. So I just think, I look at it and go, there's too much money sloshing around. I think that'll be it. Now, as far as Gary Gensler and things like that, you may have gotten me on that one. That was tough. Because Gary's got a lot of ties into the black rocks and the big banks and things like that. So maybe just that situation. Not for sure. I will say this. Lastly, is that if America does away with it, that's cool. But guess what? They leave innovation, a big chunk of innovation and forced to go overseas. And what happens to that? I don't know if they want to lose this type of innovation to the global economy. I mean, China has no problems with that. Russia has no problems with picking it up as well. And I think there's other big countries out there that would just love for America to collapse that one. We'll see. Not for sure. But hopefully they have, I think there's a reason why Joe Biden, President Joe Biden put together a task force and said, maybe we should take a look at this before things go sideways. Mr. Solis is probably using that post 9-11 GI bill for Spanish classes. No, I'm not. I already used that one up. But I could have used that actually. Now I can. Lucas says this is not the bottom. I speak French when we're in Spanish. Oh, okay. Panas says, Coin Bureau made a very good video about ledger history. If you need to be more aware, already about safety. Go check that video out, folks. Why nano S over nano X? I think it's too confused. Whoops. One got a lot of space and one doesn't. Here, let me show you. Just the one with the buttons on the top. Yeah, yeah, yeah. So this one right here, the nano S, that's what it was. This doesn't have much storage. So you can put three or four different types of crypto on there. And just, it's not like you're putting it on there. You just have your private keys and it's cryptographically safe. The other one, the X, you can download, I mean, mass, I mean, 10, 12, 15, I think even up to like 20 different cryptos, the actual applications and then store things on there. Now you can take things off and it'll still be there and put things back on on an S. That is true. I just don't like screwing around with it. It's want everything right there, make it simple for me. You know what I really like to do?  I mean, not all the time, but you know, numbers go up a little bit and just go, good thing I took it off there. Now I don't have to worry about it. And I can just skate. Very nice. And that's it. Omar Pettis says, how do you know it's not a bottom and not a black swan event? So that's the thing. Almost got a good point. A lot of people say, well, it was a black swan event for FTX. I'm like, I suppose maybe a grace one event. I mean, do we not see an inevitable collapse of the massive yield that was going on and the circular nature of the yield that was being produced and just those things. It doesn't really matter. The thing is, if it was a black swan event, a grace one event, or just the crypto market going down, I believe that we haven't hit bottom because of all the unknowns that are out there, plus the fact that we're gonna hit a recession next year. I'm almost certain of it. I could be wrong. Let me know what you think about that in the comments, but our industry is so fragile. What's our market cap right now? I know it's under 900 billion. I wanna say it's teetering at 800. Yeah, $864 billion, which is peanuts. Any little thing that happens collapses. So like, when I talk about contagion and the things that I'm talking to you guys about, the reason why I talk about it so much is I just think that as we start to see more and more things come out, we're gonna start to see more of the market start to regress.  They're not gonna make it. It's okay. This isn't for everybody. So again, just like we thought about, we said, oh, well, you know, with three O's capital, that's it. Or with Luna, that's it.  And then of course, three O's capital, okay. Okay, that's that three O's capital. There's maybe some contagion. It looks like it's gonna be under control. And all of a sudden bing, bing, bing, bing, bing and the dominoes fell. The same thing's happened with, I mean, FTX was the domino from three O's capital. It was just, it's all interconnected. And now we're just getting to this six months later. So I'm just thinking to myself, I mean, what else is out there? I, black swan, gray swan, whatever you wanna call it. Numbers go down. I'll make it that simple. Let's see. Dr. Payne says, if you thought about switching from I trust cap to a self-directed Roth and you put your crypto in a ledger. First of all, I've looked into a self-directed Roth and people say, oh, it's very simple. It's very easy. It's not as easy as one might think. First of all, as I understand it, you have to have a corporate structure to do those types of things. Second of all, you have to file up a lot of different paperwork that you wanna do. And of course, you can do all these things and go for it. Go right ahead. I'm just not gonna do it. Period. I know people will say, well, Rob, the ethos, not your keys, not your crypto. Yes, I understand. However, for everything, there is risk. And for me personally, if I lose, because I've been using, I've been using I trust for two years now. So if I lose the $7,000 that I put in there every year, because that's the maximum I can put as an American citizen, that's even through a backdoor Roth IRA, mind you. And now that $14,000 I put in is actually worth less, I think it's worth like $7,300 now, because of the things that have gone down. I'm just like, I'll be okay. And that's it. There's no fees, there's no, I mean, there's not, there's no fees, excuse me. There's no monthly fees. There is transaction fees and that's how they make their money. So that's about it. But if someone's got another option for me and said, no, Rob, there's a self-directed Roth IRA and you can do it right now and it's super simple, show me. Let's see, Rob Smith goes, I'm gonna speak English easily despite having no knowledge of any other language. Go figure. Where else are we? Yeah, he says, this is a pretty good one. I got a great idea. Why not replace the Fed with a smart contract? It's no human intervention gonna be a... That's pretty good. That would be good. Hopefully nobody hacks it. Gary Johnson's got a good point. The bottom one, you realize that the value of supply is not being affected, just buying and selling to each other. Yeah. The real question is though, is the people that have things in the background and just say, you know what? I think we're gonna go really down farther and they started selling. Who knows? I mean, look, Gary, I'll just tell you this, man. I mean, how many people said June was the bottom and they said it forever? That's the thing. Roger Morris. Crypto is a laughing stock. He's not wrong. I will tell you this. Roger's got a good point. Even my brother texts me.  I was like, oh, good one. And, you know, right now it is. You have to take the shelling. And good luck at Thanksgiving for everybody going there to talk to your family when you red-pilled them last year.  That's just how it goes. And of course, take the lumps, take the hits and just say, yeah, it's not working out too well. And Roger's got a point. It's a laughing stock. A lot of people are laughing at us. That's okay. He who laughs, lasts, laughs best. Does that mean that's gonna happen? No idea. Got a pretty good feeling though. We'll see if I'm right or wrong. Man, who needs Binance? I don't. I can't even use it. I use Coinbase. And you know what's funny? Like last year in the bull market, I got laughed at for using Coinbase.   However, I was using Coinbase and I was using Voyager and Celsius. So who's laughing now? Yeah. That's why we self-custody, right? I gotta pull in a pond. A pond would be good for you. Classic Caddyshack comments. What's your view for the future? As far as like in medicine or like crypto, I guess we're supposed to stick with crypto. With crypto, I think I see a lot of massive pain. I see a lot of regulation that's gonna disrupt people. And when I hear about the regulation that's coming, it's gonna be excessive, I think, because they're gonna jump all over it. It's just like, the guy that overcompensates and buys a Lambo, we'll say. And he's doing a little bit too much, too fast and he just shouldn't need to. And that's what's gonna happen with Gary Gensler and all the people in Congress as they try to protect us from ourselves. That's gonna happen.  And then for me, it's just like this. I always said the same thing. Show me the rules so I know the game and I can bend the rules to my whim. Same thing with taxes. I mean, just give me the tax laws and I will play within your regime and I will find the loopholes and the things that I need to do, not the loopholes, but the deductions and things that I need to take to make myself successful. It's no different. So that's what I see for the near-term future. And then I see, I always see things in the four-year blocks. I see a recession next year. I see the regulation really crushing crypto for a while and that's going down. I see 2024, a Bitcoin halving in around March. That's, I think, that's not, that is a lock. There's gonna be a Bitcoin halving in 2024 and in 2025 or maybe in 2026, we're gonna see some new all-time highs, but I could be wrong, could take us to 2027, I have no idea. But along those ways, just remember, there's always a, even if we're in a bear market the whole time, which I don't think it's gonna happen, but if there was, there's bear market rallies. And that's why I'm always harping on everybody to take some profits. If you bought Bitcoin, I don't know, at $15,500 and today it's at $16,700, maybe you wanna take some profits. And then people say, well, Rob, what about the taxes and the short-term capital? I got you, I understand, I got it. However, if you've been investing for quite some time, FIFO, first in, first out, or last one in, last out, whichever way you wanna do it, if you're doing those things for over a year and you're gaining those percentages, the short-term capital gains roughly would be about 20%. So if you made a thousand bucks, I'm gonna give you some quick math. Yeah, okay, you got $1,000, you're gonna pay 200 bucks to the government, you get to keep 800 bucks. Congratulations, you made a profit. And then just go from there. That's it, that's all I'm trying to say. Who is hosting DCA this week? I will give you a hint, it's a guy with two thumbs, this guy. So DCA on Friday will be me, Ben, and James, and we'll do it here. He must be my dad, Ben Breslin, not just most dudes. True, yeah, better late than never, Jeff is here, construction. I'm not for sure if that's correct, I will ask my professor mañana if that's true, if that's true, es verdad. FCX en español es de caca, creo que no. Pero quien sabe, Rob loved the show, do you have any ledger-staking advice? I do, it's on this website, it's free. And I think I'm gonna pound that on the ground. Dante just crypto, module five, how do I stay crypto? Check that out. My husband just talked to right through you, what do you say about it? So we're gonna do the meetup next week. I don't know what day it is, I gotta figure that out. But we'll do it again at Smokehouse, good stuff. Yeah, BitBoy did a good show, boy, I gotta tell ya, people were all ticked off at BitBoy, but now he's on everybody's good side. So look at that, it's amazing what an apology we'll do. Let's see. Oh, good point, Chris Bruncher, when Genesis liquidates its grayscale even Bitcoin, could that create more contagion and threaten grayscale? That's a great question. And again, these are the things that I, it's hard to extrapolate and take a look out, but I just see some more problems like this, what Chris is talking about. Gosh, that's scary. Kujo says, why did you start to buy Chainlink and Algorand again? I've always bought Algorand. And Chainlink, I just felt like it was unoverpriced, but as it drops down, it's the same thing I did in 2018. I just felt like everybody's gonna need an Oracle as far as all these projects. All the speculators who ran for gold, they're gonna need picks and shovels. So all the crypto products are gonna need some type of Oracle to pull outside data. Now it'll be Chainlink. So yeah. You know where I learned about Chainlink? First, Tiki Tawari, I think his name is Tiki Tawari. The guy that had like five coins of five million, that was his number one. And that's it. Richard Hart would have more listeners if it was just less braggadocious. Yeah, perhaps. But I gotta tell you, some of the things that a lot of things Richard Hart does say is correct.  I mean, I know people love to talk about hacks, but a lot of things about Bitcoin Max, my idea is correct. If you can interview SPF right now, would you? What would be the point? Oh, honestly, I interviewed Alex Moshinsky in Celsius and asked him some straight direct questions about what the platform and what was happening, lied right to me. So to me, the interviews are nothing. I think the more important thing is the chapter 11 filings from FTX. That would be what I really leather interview quite honestly. Eric says, hey, Rob, did a new backdrop, new place, new angle, noise, new angle. See, like this is the angle usually. I'm just right here. So I just did this. So yeah, very tough to do with a green screen though. I did it. Let's see. Yeah. This is a good point. I have a feeling that Sam has some dirt on some politicians. That could be. But again, that's hearsay and maybe. But it is interesting. Let's see. Guys, I think I missed a bunch of questions, but holy smokes. Okay. Diesel Kane, Rob is the best followers. I have, it's true. We have the best followers and also the most Frenches. So thank you everybody who's an admin. I appreciate you. And look who's here. Beardy, size of show up. Rob's mom is one of the, very true. No, let's see. Do you like Sheba in the long-term? Interrogate right in the interview. I'm not an interrogator. When Jari, that's a good question. It's a good question. Dr. Payne says, Rob, thanks for answering people's questions. I wish we had more back and forth conversations. Ever thought about hosting some Skype meetings with a smaller group of your viewers? No, but it's a good point. Maybe we could do that at some point. Maybe I could do that like as a giveaway. Like, hey, we'll do like 10 people, we'll do a Skype thing and just show up on this day and we'll all talk. Or you just come to Puerto Rico and meet me. And that's it. Okay. Everybody, that's it. I think we're going way too long. We're at an hour and four minutes, but that was a good one. So again, if you wanna win the ledger and the stone book, link in the description. Just like this video, then like, comment, retweet, the tweet that's in the description, we go from there. And I'll draw the winner, Mañana. But that's it for today. Everybody, thanks for stopping by. I appreciate you, especially the admins. Thank you guys so much. Like this video, thumbs up, subscribe, all that good stuff and I'll see you guys on the next one. Adios, have a good rest of the night.


Well, there are another three hits tonight. Can you just describe what the start of your major league career has been like for you? Aaron Boone said he was not exactly sure what to expect with you in the outfield, but was pleasantly surprised by your defense in right. Was there any doubt in your mind that you would be able to have success at that position at this level? What has allowed you to be so steady, to be so calm when you're at the plate, when you're playing? The players, the all veterans, the all players inside of the cool house, I think they give me like so much confidence to me, like to be me inside of the field to just have fun over there. What do you think about playing the outfield? I don't know, I don't know, I don't have anything, I don't have anything like in a specific, I just love it to play there.  I like it.


Happy birthday freedom am I late? You missed me? Let me know what you think of this As you guys know my job is to help you guys grow whether that's through tips videos answering comments and questions Or even doing giveaways. I'm here to help each and every individual one of you attain greatness So we can grow together and No But in all seriousness today you have a chance to win a monitor from gear locker gear locker run by this guy Mr. Anthony Smith, so one of you lucky people out there have the chance to win this monitor All you guys have to do to enter this giveaway is to go down there in the description and go to the first Click on the first link in the description which will then direct you to a short survey Consisting of a few questions and then one final one asking what you would do with this monitor Now you might be wondering why I'm getting you to do this well Like I said my job here is to help you guys grow and I need to get Information on a large scale that I can quantify and then look at and see what it is that we need to improve Now guys, let me know. Do you think this is a good at you blah blah blah? Do you think this is a good idea? Do you like taking part in these giveaways? Do you mind answering a few questions for a chance to win this once again? Let me know in the comments down below as always make sure to leave suggestions for next episode And if you want to see how I completely embarrassed myself in front of my crush check out my Twitter Linked also second link in the description where you can find a bunch of very horrendous tweets and make yourself Feel a little tiny bit better about your life. Anyways, thanks so much for watching and I'll see you next time Click the links if you want to see more from freedom and if you want to see more of my ugly mug just click right here


Good evening, welcome to the Farming Podcast brought to you by Private Property. My name is Mbali Nwokko, your host, and for Tuesdays and Thursdays, right here at 8 p.m. on the Farming Podcast brought to you by Private Property. Today we're speaking undercover farming with greenhouse technologies. I'm joined by two gentlemen. One is Deon de Gauch, who's the self-manager at greenhouse technology and technical manager at greenhouse technologies. I'm joined by Heinrich Miller, and we're going to unpack undercover farming. Do I invest in tunnels? Do I invest in shade nets? What type of crops do I farm undercover? You know, what type of, how do I maintain maybe the structures during winter and what heating systems can I incorporate in my production processes when I farm undercover? These are some of the questions that our guests, you guys watching us tonight, have brought in the previous episodes that we've had on to the podcast. And so if you've been interested in undercover farming or looking to start in an investment in an undercover farm, this episode is just for you. So as always, please like, share, and comment on our podcast. And we're always happy to answer your questions live on the podcast.  But without further ado, let's get on to it. Let me greet the two gentlemen from Greenhouse Technologies. Dion, Heinrich, how are you doing? Good evening. And thank you so much for joining us. Hi, thank you for having us. Thank you for having us. Thank you. I must open to you. That's fantastic. Thank you so much. So I just want to start with maybe Dion, right? Just give us a brief breakdown of what does greenhouse technologies do for anybody who's never heard of green house technologies before. Yeah, so we've the business started about 14 years ago. Next year it will be 15 years originally started with greenhouse plastic. And then obviously expanded from there. So currently to sum it up, obviously we do a wide range of products. But currently it's basically greenhouse plastic. And that's roof plastic plus then floor plastic for greenhouse irrigation. Mostly drip irrigation, but other irrigation as well. Then growing substrates, which is a combination of peat, cocoa peat or coir, and then obviously different blends. And then controllers, fertilization units. So there's a list of things, but that's our core product. So obviously our market is aimed at mostly flower growers, vegetable farmers, undercover farmers, obviously, blueberry farmers, citrus farmers. That's that's basically the clients that we serve. Awesome, fantastic. 14 years is quite a long time. So you've definitely been around the block and are quite experienced as a company. And then I just want to move on to Haydn, okay. So now I just wanted to obviously you said 14 years and obviously at this point in time, we started in Joburg and then obviously grew from this. Currently we do have branches in Western Cape, Eastern Cape, KZ10 Nelsprate. And then we've got a rep in Khorobler style as well. And then obviously I'm with his technical body is also in charge of exports, which is mostly Botswana and maybe as those countries. Sorry, I just wanted to I forgot that. I just obviously wanted to add that as well. No problem. I think that helps a lot because, you know, we have people listening from all over the show, you know, in the country. So it's always great to know that you've got different branches and can help farmers invest your geographic regions to Heinrich. You know, the topic for this evening is undercover farming. And, you know, it seems like everybody wants to invest in tunnels or in shade nets, maybe just expand this term undercover farming. What is what is the term undercover farming mean exactly? And why would a farmer decide to go undercover as opposed to open land? Thank you, my body undercover actually just means it's either under Schneider net plastic or virus net. So what you achieve with that is to keep the elements out, which will be called rain frost. But all depends on what area you're forming on what crop you're forming or what crop you're forming. So it's a more controlled environment you are forming. So if you want to control the temperature, the humidity and other factors like that. Awesome.  Maybe can you take us through the specifications of those plastic tunnels? Greenhouse technology offers to farmers. And what can one grow in those plastic tunnels? Well, in South Africa, your standard tunnels are 10 by 30 meter tunnel. That's the standard in South Africa. The standards that Africa will have closed sides as well. But more and more people are using tunnels, which is a lot higher and where you can actually roll the sides up. That's just for better ventilation and better control of temperature. And then price wise, you can go from a very cheap structure by growing just the tomatoes or growing some latest nerd. You can go to a very expensive structure growing cannabis. So there's a wide variety of applications and a price difference in what you're going to do. But my advice would be is your structure will also be at all the things and where you are. If you're on a popo, for example, you have a lot higher structures and maybe you go to a place like Senin. A lot of the structures in Senin are actually open on the sides. Just for the heat and for the humidity and for the ventilation. So I'll say that every province or every area there are differences in the structures. There's not a one size fits all or there's not one solution for everybody. Oh, OK. And that was actually going to be my next question to say, you know, is it is it a viable business option to to build structures in very hot areas because you're thinking plastic and, you know, crops could get quite hot and underneath plastic. But now you're mentioning the different aspects of ventilation. But is it still a good investment, even though there's ventilation on the sides to build, you know, greenhouse infrastructure in very, very hot areas? No, they definitely is. But it must also be understood that we sell about 20 to 25 different plastic forms for the greenhouses as well. Some of them will only have like a 10 percent shade and we go up to 70 percent shade for people that are growing like indoor plants. We supply them with plastic that's got a 70 percent shade in the plastic area. But also all the bands that you're going for, mainly summer production or winter production, because you're also not going to have a form that is going to produce the best results for summer and winter. You must decide what's your target market? What do you want to benefit from the most? You want more sunlight in or do you want a cooler, cooler form? And then we can advance you accordingly. Right. Thank you, Heinrich. Dion, as a sales manager for greenhouse technologies, you know, we may have farmers currently watching this evening who have been growing or producing, you know, vegetables or whatever it is that they're growing in an open field. And now when it comes to thinking about having some form of crop protection like putting infrastructure with its tunnels or shade nets, you know, a significant amount, a significant amount of planning is required in that. Tell me what is that sales process or that customer process that you take a farmer who wants to invest in structures?  What type of crop? And then do you then advise what type of tunnels, you know, together as a team, I suppose, with with Heinrich behind the scenes? Just maybe break us through that sales process. Or assisting a farmer to make the right investment and have the right tunnels when they're looking to to go into undercover farming. Yeah, so what we do is we don't. I know our name says greenhouse technologies, but we don't actually build structures or supply structures. But we do we do have a list of contractors and companies that we work with. They do that. So what we'll usually do is obviously those guys know what they do. But also we have we have Herman in ours, who is obviously he's got a lot of experience when it comes to structures. So obviously we use him just as a almost on a consultation basis with some of these guys, although we don't build the structures. So if we go and see a new clients and they want to obviously start a business or start or build a structure, then we'll obviously advise, although we won't build the structure ourselves. So we'll advise as as far as possible. And I think what's important is before you just go and build the structure, I think it's important to obviously decide on crop because there's obviously a different like like I said, there's a massive difference between growing something like say, it seems like we're having some technical difficulties this evening with our guests. So far, if you've just joined us, we are speaking undercover farming with greenhouse technologies. I'm joined by Dion de Gaulle, which is a sales manager at greenhouse and Heinrich Miller, which is the technical manager. And so far before we just got interrupted, I'll just give them a two minutes or so just to get back onto the line. And so far, we've just been talking about the term or the definition undercover farming. What is what does it mean? And Heinrich was able to give us some information in terms of the different structures and the different forms and the different heating, sorry, ventilation methods you could both in your tunnels. But it all depends on the farmer, you know, your geographic region, the crop that you're farming, and there's not one size fits all model when it comes to greenhouses. But the standard, as Heinrich said, is that it's a 10 by 30 meter structure, which is 300 square meters in size. And then Dion was able to inform us that greenhouse technology is based nationally in South Africa and various geographic regions. So if you are looking to procure something from greenhouse technology, I'm sure there are in a very close region near you. Gentlemen, thank you so much. I see that you're back onto the line. I just want to quickly test if you both can hear me. You could just give me a thumbs up before I proceed to my next question. OK, awesome, awesome. Heinrich, you know, I want to ask in terms of there's been a growing trend of people building greenhouse structures and so forth. You know, ideally in vegetable farming, one of the most popular and profitable crops to grow under greenhouses, as people always want to know, how can I get my return on investment much quicker? My body, I'm going to answer it in a different way. The thing is, if you're a smaller scale farmer, it's very difficult for him to compete in the open market or sending stuff to the market. So I've seen the areas, the smaller guys, it's actually more profitable for them to just seem to their local supermarkets or to get local contracts, where a lot of the guys in the commercial or the bigger farmers, they've really got contracts with the supermarkets. They deliver to the DCs and that. So I'll say the target market for both of them are not the same. OK, and what would small be in this case, even from a tunnel perspective? Is it a smaller farmer, maybe farming in five tunnels or in 10? What would small be in this case? I'll say up to 10 tunnels. Up to 10 tunnels, I'll say smaller, smaller, smaller farmer. We've got some of our farmers who got multi-span. Multi-span is where the banks are next to each other. There's some of them are growing in like 15, 20, 25 hectares. So I'll say two or they've got different markets actually. Right. And you brought on something that I thought I, you know, I would have forgotten this evening about multi-spans. What are the pros and cons of building in a multi-span versus a single tunnel? Is it based on a crop or is it based on just the climate in that area?  I'll say it's a progression. A lot of the farmers start with a tunnel and then later went to a multi-span. The reason why the multi-span span is better is you can go to a lot higher act. So you can trade us a lot higher. So if you're growing a crop like tomatoes or peppers or something, you can go a lot higher. Your control and temperature is a lot easier in your bigger structure. And you can also then spend the money for a big controller and ventilation or natural ventilation or forced ventilation. So I'll just say it's it's. It's high technology, but you can also get higher returns and get a lot more right with it with a multi-span than a tunnel. With the multi-span, doesn't the risk then increase as well from like pests and diseases because, you know, it's not enclosed. I suppose if you just you're spraying on one end, you know, the pest can quickly migrate to the other end. So doesn't that expose your plants a lot more from a pest and disease infestation? A lot of my multi-span growers are actually going to do natural predators. So lots of them are actually the ventilation on top. If they've got top ventilation or they've got side ventilation, they're actually putting in virus netting and that to keep white fly and other other pests out. And then they actually have natural predators that they are using in the greenhouses. So I've seen the last, let's say, 10 years in the greenhouse industry that they're going a lot more for natural predators and not spraying so much anymore. I see, I see. And I love think before I move on to maybe ask Leon a question, Heinrich, is I've been curious to find out as well, you know, during the winter months, especially a lot of farmers who are growing undercover would say, you know, have heating systems, etc. How how viable is it from a business perspective to have heating systems during winter month and given the fact that the prices for crops, you know, don't change that much every year? So does I'm sure it must eat a lot to eat a lot into operational costs or expenses on a monthly basis to have heating systems in place. No, look, I've also seen that a lot more people that were heating or not heating anymore and on the same side with forced egg cooling that they've got a companion fan system, a lot of people actually taking that out and they're putting in natural ventilator or they're ventilating the houses naturally because of rising costs. And that's also why a lot of the crops are actually area pacific, where a lot of the tomatoes are grown like in Lampopo and a lot of the papers actually grown from along and other areas. So if you're going to be like, let's say, in Khateng and Johannesburg and you need to hold your contracts with supermarkets and that some of the guys are going to other choice than to eat and most of the heating they are using is full with coal using with coal and they've got hot water that are pumping through tubes on the floor. Where the older technology used to be a to a is where they heat the air up and then they blow the air to the greenhouse. But then you got other problems with with patients and also with diseases. So a lot of the guys are preferring to do perhaps in the green houses and run hot water through them or radiators. I see it's such an interesting concept. I wish I could see it live just to just put things into perspective. Yeah, Dionne, I just want to move on to you. You know, I assume you travel a lot. You meet many farmers on the field. You speak to them about the operations. What have been some of the trains around greenhouse or undercover farming that you've picked up? Like what are farmers looking to do where where their greenhouses are concerned to increase or expand their production? And maybe our farmers moving from vegetables to fruit or from fruit to vegetables, just tell us what are some of the the you know, the the trends that are happening on the ground directly from the farmers? You're just on mute. OK, sure. I think Dionne is just on mute. The biggest move I've seen is that there's a lot more guys going into export. So either export blueberries or the citrus industry is massive in South Africa. And in the next 10 years, they're nearly going to double the production for export. There's a lot more crops coming into export like raspberries, blueberries, gooseberries is a big drive in the berry market because it's like a health food. And then in South Africa, we have started the beginning. There's the beginning of the cannabis industry, which can be a massive employer and also revenue for for this country. Right. So we as apologies and other guys in industry, we're actually waiting for like the cannabis market also to really get hit going and that we also can get involved in. So are you saying that with building greenhouse structures, it's more lucrative now based on, you know, market chains and demands to export, especially with super fruits because of the return on investment, maybe per per kilogram, et cetera. And if more people are moving on to export now, who are the farmers that are going to continue farming, you know, your carrots, your cabbages, the staple vegetables that really hold this economy down? No, no, we still have that. We still have that. Just the biggest growth that I've seen in the last three or four years has actually been the export market. Yeah. Yeah. A lot more. Can I just export it? Awesome. Sorry, can I can I just add there? Yeah, obviously, exactly what I said, I think I think what is important is a lot of people always ask you what's that? What's the crop that you can make money with? And I know there's highs and lows. So I know currently there's cannabis and blueberries. Exactly what I said. But I also think a lot of people sometimes make the mistake that they want to jump from one crop to another crop. So but there's definitely preferred crops that, like Andrew said, especially on the export market, I think from a from a practical from a practical side, I think farmers are getting more penny wise. They are looking to automate maybe cut costs. And that's obviously that's a challenge for us as well, because we importing and obviously we obviously we need to be able to see where we can give better solutions, better costs without cutting quality, because I think that's that's probably a mistake that guys make. They want to cut costs, but in the end, they cut cuts on the quality as well. So I think farmers are definitely we definitely need more cost sensitive. But then, yeah, I think in terms of what the hundred said, one hundred percent accurate export market, blueberries, cannabis is going to be huge as soon as that can get going. Citrus obviously massive, but that's that's scale. That's yeah, that's massive farmers. You see, and it goes back to what I was saying to say, you know, as much as a farmer could see such opportunities, export markets, super fruits, you know, seeing very, very great big trends. How does greenhouse technologies come in making sure that the farmers making the right investment? Because, you know, we've seen many other projects in both maybe, for example, cannabis farming and you find that this is just an example. Then you find that their contract falls out and then you've got this massive structure that you've put an investment in, but now you can't grow anything else. So at what point would a farmer then have to come to greenhouse and say, I'm looking to build X type of structures for X specific crop? Would you then send them to the partners that you work with, maybe to provide a turnkey solution or some business strategy? And then they would buy the material from from greenhouse. Is that correct? Is that how it works? Yeah, so also what I'm going to say, I'm just. I'm a boy, the thing is, everything is, is crop specific. If you build a structure, it will actually, you see, you build a structure, a shade, a blueberry structure, it will be put up exactly for blueberries. So if you're going to change it to any other crop, you will have to change certain things. So usually if we advise a structure or we advise a tunnel or multi-span, it will be at four of a specific crop.  They've got a lot to hire a load capacity because you have to chill us them and the weight has to be carried off the structure. So then again, everything is built specifically for a crop. Yeah, yeah. Dionne, you wanted to say something there as well? Yeah, lost my thought process there. Yeah, sorry, you were asking about, yeah, oh, sorry. Yeah, so obviously what, like I said, we don't do structures. Obviously we consult a lot. So consult. So we'll consult typically like 100 feet now. We'll say, okay, what's what, what do you want to grow? What's the plans? And then obviously make suggestions in terms of we'll go with this medium with this structure and then obviously refer to the, to the relevant parties or the relevant companies, contractors that can help them. So yeah, like with the irrigation, we don't do the design. So obviously refer to them to guys that can do a proper irrigation plan design and then obviously the same with the structure. So obviously we'll, we'll consult with them, advise them on the technical side, obviously like with 100 there. Obviously with all these knowledge, it adds a lot in terms of that. And then obviously then, then he needs to take it there. So I don't think it's we, we advise and consults, but when it comes to turnkey projects, then obviously that, I don't want to say we outsource it because we're not involved with the project, but we then obviously refer to the, to the relevant guys that we deal with and that we know that's up to do the job. And I want to ask Heinrich, once the shaping structures of the greenhouse are put up, you know, how long should a good structure last a farmer before they have to replace maybe, you know, the word, the net, the plastic, etc. What's the standard life cycle or of a good structure that's been erected on a farm? Look, I'll say a shade net, not getting big hail or big winds on that, almost at least last year, let's say 10 years or total of 10 years, where our plastic, we bought a warranty on our plastic for three years. That will typically last you four or five years, but I always tell the guys rather change the plastic every four years, because there's other properties in the plastic that are losing, they're losing light and they're losing production. But the structure, if you build a good multi-span structure, that will last you for, I know structures that have been there for 40, 50 years already. And the guys are still growing in there. So your more expensive structures, yes, it is more expensive to stop off with. But if you see how long you bought use of it, then it is in the long run, you're actually saving. Yeah, I heard you mentioned something about changing the plastics every four years, because they lose that light. Does the plastic itself deteriorate over some time?  So it actually makes the color like opal. So let's say you've got a 85% total light transmission, the light coming through the plastic. And it actually, it will, it will lose some of those properties. Instead of 85%, it will only be 82% to 81%. Got it. Got it. Oh, thank you so much, Indra. Dionne, my last question for you this evening is, you know, you mentioned something about when people farm in greenhouses, they either opt for cocopeat, coia, and there's many various substrates to grow onto. What are just some of that? Maybe just if you could list them again and just maybe add some pros and cons, you know, I'm a farmer growing in bags, as you know, but currently using sawdust, you know, and would want to migrate eventually to using cocopeat. But just for people that don't know the technicalities around that, what are some of the pros and cons of farming in cocopeat versus sawdust? I think that we've lost Dionne now. But I'm sure, Heinrich, you could answer that question. You see here on the body, sawdust don't really hold water, so the water holding capacity is a lot lower. And then let's say the standard size for growing in sawdust actually 11 litres, if you're using a crop or you're growing like in coia, you can actually go down to a far, far one-half litre bag and get the same and even better results.  So it's all about the airflow porosity, which is AFP. And then also the captain iron and iron exchange capacity of the medium, where a sawdust nearly has nothing. So you over irrigate the whole time. You've got a lot of cycles and all the water you are losing and you're losing all the nutrients as well. Absolutely nutrients. Yeah. Yeah. OK, so just to sum that up again, because obviously sawdust, you're losing a lot of water. It doesn't have great water retention. And when you're losing a lot of water, you're obviously spending a lot from fertilizer and electricity adding more cycles. And what I heard you say is that you're buying slightly smaller bags if you're using the cocoa peat. So I think maybe there must be a little bit of cost saving where that is concerned, as opposed to 11 litre bags, bags that could hold much like almost twice the capacity of that of cocoa peat or coia. Yes. And what's the difference between this term cocoa peat or coia? Is it the same thing or different? I know peat is actually sphagnum peat. Sphagnum peat, the peat that we sell is between two and a half thousand and three thousand years old, which is sphagnum. The sphagnum we sell is sphagnum pepper sodium. That's a genus in specie. Where cocoa peat is actually coia and coia is from a coconut, coconut husk and a coia in it. And that's a product that's two years old. So people always get confused to think that peat is cocoa peat, that's not cocoa peat. It's actually called cocoa peat. So the peat is a little ball that is between the husks of the coconut. So it's not the same. So peat is two and a half thousand years old. The only mistake you can make with that is overwatering it. So it's very stable. It's got very hard buffering capacity. And the only salt or fertiliser in it is the one that we add in it. Where coia is very soluble and also a potassium stickle there. But the rewatering of coia is the best of any medium. So if you want to dry and medium out and rewater it, then coia is the best medium we can use. Right. And my last question for this evening as we wrap up the show, which has been so great, gentlemen, is I want to ask Ahainrich with with the coia or the peat for how long could you keep it on in your greenhouses and continue certain cycles as opposed to sawdust, which you have to replace every year? Look at all the things on what crop you are growing. Some guys growing in peppers, they actually use the bags for two years. And I've seen guys that try to use it two or three times for for cucumbers that doesn't work. And then also for tomatoes, because you do get diseases in the coia. But some guys use some of the coia and top the bags up again and they use a product like methamstodium to clean it or to sterilize it and reuse it. But it's mostly in the peppers and other other crops that the guys reuse it more than once. Yeah, yeah. Just just for disease diseases and for like like a crop on tomatoes. It's sometimes better to start to start clean. To start clean. Wow. And you know, people think that farming is just putting a plant in the soil. It grows and then everybody's happy. There's so much technical things that one has to really, really think about from structures to irrigation to the type of growing mediums. And we know that, you know, certain areas right now don't have the best soils anymore. You know, a lot of the soils have deteriorated erosion, etc. And so obviously trying to go the soulless route is very looking as it does look attractive. However, it does also come with some financial planning that is required in the entire production. But gentlemen, it's been great to have you. I know this conversation went quite fast and we didn't tackle some other aspects maybe that needed to be broken down for some of our audience. But I think we've just got the gist of the basics of undercover farming, what greenhouse technology does, the service offering, and it's a lot of materials around greenhouse farming rather. And it's good to know that greenhouses, people like Heinrich, you know, who are technologically, I think, informed in the various greenhouse structures versus various crops. And I think what puts ease and comfort to me is knowing that you've been around for many, many years, you know, for more than a decade. So you've obviously seen many farmers come and go and then with them farming different type of crops and seeing the various trends, not only in South Africa, but outside our borders as well. And so, yeah, I think that is it for me tonight. Thank you so much for your expertise and for your time this evening. I wish you a very good night ahead. Thank you. Thank you so much, Bolling. Have a wonderful night. It's a pleasure. Thank you, Heinrich. Dion, can you hear us? Oh, I think he has himself on mute there. Can you hear me now? Yes, I can. Yes. Yes. Sorry. Sorry. Sorry about that. No, thanks. Thanks a lot. Thanks a lot for the invitation. Appreciate it. Appreciate your time. And yeah, let's let's do this again. But thanks a lot. I appreciate it. Yeah, I think the next time I should come out to greenhouse and we actually show the people, you know, for example, Koya, the difference between Koya and Peach, you know, the bags, et cetera, because again, farming is very visual.  But yeah, thank you for your time. And we'll definitely be in touch. Thank you. Thank you very much. Heinrich and Dion. Thanks a lot. Appreciate it, Bolling. Thank you. Absolutely. Thank you. That was Heinrich and Dion from Greenhouse Technologies and we're speaking about undercover farming. Everything to know about undercover farming with different structures you need to have, whether it's greenhouse plastic tunnels or shade needs structures, the various crops that you could farm. And as the two gentlemen were saying, is that it really is crop-specific and area-specific. But what I could encourage you to do as a farmer, if you're looking to make an investment in greenhouse, or start off initially just farming under greenhouses, is that I think as much as due diligence that you possibly can, speak to various service providers, speak to greenhouse technologies, they will connect you with the right people to advise you on turnkey solutions and good strategies based on your business outcome, because it is based on the crop, your area, et cetera, and various tunnels come in different shapes and sizes and heights as well. And so if you have any questions, please reach out to the greenhouse Technologies crew. They go to their website and they've got various branches as well. And so, yeah, thank you so much for joining us this evening. I hope we can unpack this topic once again, but in a lot more detail and have some visual presentation for you to see in terms of what the gentlemen were talking about, if you just didn't understand the difference between Korko, Pete and Koya, et cetera. But that's it for me tonight. Join me on Thursday, as I am going to be joined by another wonderful guest and talking all things farming. That's it for me. Have a good evening. Take care.


You're listening to the ECB podcast, bringing you insights into the world of economics and central banking. My name is Katie Ranger. Today is Thursday, 8th of September 2022. Our Governing Council has just decided on monetary policy, determining what's needed to keep prices stable in the Euro area. Listen to President Christine Lagarde explaining those decisions in our press conference. The Governing Council today decided to raise the three key ECB interest rates by 75 basis points. This major step front loads the transition from the prevailing, highly accommodative level of policy rates towards levels that will ensure the timely return of inflation to our 2% medium term target. Based on our current assessment, over the next several meetings we expect to raise interest rates further to dampen demand and guard against the risk of a persistent upward shift in inflation expectations. We will regularly reevaluate our policy path in light of incoming information and the evolving inflation outlook. Our future policy rate decisions will continue to be data dependent and follow a meeting by meeting approach. We took today's decision and expect to raise interest rates further because inflation remains far too high and is likely to stay above our target for an extended period. According to Eurostats flash estimate, inflation reached 9.5% in August. Soaring inflation and food prices, demand pressures in some sectors owing to the reopening of the economy and supply bottlenecks are still driving up inflation. Price pressures have continued to strengthen and broaden across the economy and inflation may rise further in the near term. As the current drivers of inflation fade over time and the normalization of our monetary policy works its way through the economy and price setting, inflation will come down. Looking ahead, ECB staff have significantly revised up their inflation projections and inflation is now expected to average 8.1% in 2022, 5.5% in 2023 and 2.3% in 2024. After a rebound in the first half of 2022, recent data point to a substantial slowdown in euro area economic growth with the economy expected to stagnate later in the year and in the first quarter of 2023. Very high energy prices are reducing the purchasing power of people's incomes and although supply bottlenecks are easing, they are still constraining economic activity. In addition, the adverse geopolitical situation, especially Russia's unjustified aggression towards Ukraine, is weighing on the confidence of businesses and consumers. This outlook is reflected in the latest staff projections for economic growth, which have been revised down markedly for the remainder of the current year and throughout 2023. Staff now expect the economy to grow by 3.1% in 2022, 0.9% in 2023 and 1.9% in 2024. The lasting vulnerabilities caused by the pandemic still pose a risk to the smooth transmission of our monetary policy. The governing council will therefore continue applying flexibility in reinvesting redemptions coming due in the pandemic emergency purchase program portfolio with a view to countering risk to the transmission mechanism related to the pandemic. The decisions taken out today are set out in a press release available on our website. A separate technical press release on the remuneration of government deposits will be published at 3.45. I will now outline in more detail how we see the economy and inflation developing and will then explain our assessment of financial and monetary conditions. The euro area economy grew by 0.8% in the second quarter of 2022, mainly owing to strong consumer spending on contact intensive services as a result of the lifting of pandemic-related restrictions. Over the summer, as people traveled more, countries with large tourism sectors benefited especially. At the same time, businesses suffered from high energy costs and continued supply bottlenecks, although the latter have been gradually easing. While buoyant tourism has been supporting economic growth during the third quarter, we expect the economy to slow down substantially over the remainder of this year. There are four main reasons behind this. First, high inflation is dampening spending and production throughout the economy, and these headwinds are reinforced by gas supply disruptions. Second, the strong rebound in demand for services that came with the reopening of the economy will lose steam in the coming months. Third, the weakening in global demand, also in the context of tighter monetary policy in many major economies, and the worsening terms of trade will mean less support for the euro area economy. Fourth, uncertainty remains high and confidence is falling sharply. At the same time, the labour market has remained robust, supporting economic activity. Employment increased by more than 600,000 people in the second quarter of 2022, and the unemployment rate stood at a historical low of 6.6% in July. Total hours worked increased further by 0.6% in the second quarter of 2022, and have surpassed their pre-pandemic levels. Looking ahead, the slowing economy is likely to lead to some increase in the unemployment rate. Fiscal support measures to cushion the impact of higher energy prices should be temporary and targeted at the most vulnerable households and firms to limit the risk of fueling inflationary pressures, to enhance the efficiency of public spending, and to preserve debt sustainability. Structural policies should aim at raising the euro area's growth potential and supporting its resilience. Inflation rose further to 9.1% in August. Energy price inflation remained extremely elevated at 38.3%, and it was again the dominant component of overall inflation. Market-based indicators suggest that in the near term, oil prices will moderate, while wholesale gas prices will stay extraordinarily high. Food price inflation also rose in August to 10.6%, partly reflecting higher input costs related to energy, disruptions of trade in food commodities, and adverse weather conditions. While supply bottlenecks have been easing, these continue to gradually feed through to consumer prices and are putting upward pressure on inflation, as is recovering demand in the services sector. The depreciation of the euro has also added to the build-up of inflationary pressures. Price pressures are spreading across more and more sectors, in part owing to the impact of high energy costs across the whole economy. Accordingly, measures of underlying inflation remain at elevated levels, and the latest staff projections see inflation excluding food and energy, reaching 3.9% in 2022, 3.4% in 2023, and 2.3% in 2024. Resilient labour markets and some catch-up to compensate for higher inflation are likely to support growth in wages. At the same time, incoming data and recent wage agreements indicate that wage dynamics remain contained overall. Most measures of longer-term inflation expectations currently stand at around 2%, although recent above-target revisions to some indicators warrant continued monitoring. Let's turn to our risk assessment now. In the context of the slowing global economy, risk to growth are primarily on the downside, in particular in the near-term. As reflected in the downside scenario in the staff projections, a long-lasting war in Ukraine remains a significant risk to growth, especially if firms and households faced rationing of energy supplies. In such a situation, confidence could deteriorate further, and supply-side constraints could worsen again. Energy and food costs could also remain persistently higher than expected. A further deterioration in the global economic outlook could be an additional drag on euro area external demand. The risks to the inflation outlook are primarily on the upside. In the same way as for growth, the major risk in the short-term is a further disruption of energy supplies. Over the medium term, inflation may turn out to be higher than expected, because of a persistent worsening of the production capacity of the euro area economy, further increases in energy and food prices, a rise in inflation expectations above our targets, or higher than anticipated wage rises. However, if energy costs were to decline, or demand were to weaken over the medium term, it would lower pressures on prices. Let's look at the financial and monetary conditions now. Market interest rates have increased in anticipation of further monetary policy normalization in response to the inflation outlook. Credit to firms has become more expensive over recent months, and bank lending rates for households now stand at the highest levels in more than five years. In terms of volumes, bank lending to firms has so far remained strong, in part reflecting the need to finance high production costs and inventory building. Mortgage lending to households is moderating because of tightening credit standards, rising borrowing costs, and weak consumer confidence. Summing up, we raised the three key ECB interest rates by 75 basis points today, and expect to raise interest rates further, because inflation remains far too high, and is likely to stay above our target for an extended period. This major step frontloads the transition from the prevailing, highly accommodative level of policy rates towards levels that will support a timely return of inflation to our 2% medium term target. Our future policy rate decisions will continue to be data dependent, and follow a meeting by meeting approach. We stand ready to adjust all of our instruments within our mandate to ensure that inflation returns to our medium term inflation target. If you'd like to know more about our monetary policy decisions, check out the show notes for the full transcript and the discussion with journalists during the press conference. We'll also link to an easy-to-understand overview of what we decided today and to our September macroeconomic projections. The next Monetary Policy Press Conference will be on 27 October 2022. In the meantime, do keep an eye on the ECB podcast for new episodes. You've been listening to the ECB podcast with Katie Ranger. If you like what you've heard, please subscribe and leave us a review. Until next time, thanks for listening.