Dear aspirants, Shankar A.S academy is conducting free all India online mock test for UPSC Prelims 2020 on 20th September and 27th September. The registration link for the same is given in the description as well as in the comment section. Welcome to the Hindu news analysis by Shankar A.S academy. The list of topics chosen for today's discussion along with the page numbers is given here for your reference. So, let us start our analysis with this news article from page 1 which says, Harishinath Kaur quits cabinet in protest against two agree bills. See, we all know that government has come up with three major agree reforms which include two agree reform bills and the other amendment to Essential Commodities Act. Actually, government has already promulgated ordinances with respect to these in the month of August and we have already discussed those three agree reforms in our 27th August Hindu news analysis. So, actually what happened was in the current parliamentary session the government has replaced the ordinances with these bills and these bills were passed by Lok Sabha yesterday. So, the cabinet minister of food processing has resigned from the union cabinet in protest against these agree reforms. So, she is of opinion that these reforms are causing much harm to the farmers than the intended benefits. So, the question is why she has to resign from the cabinet? She can just say that she is not happy with the agree reforms and she can stay in the cabinet. Here the answer is there is a concept called collective responsibility. And this collective responsibility is the sole crux of parliamentary democracy. And even in our constitution article 75 talks about this collective responsibility. So, what do we mean by collective responsibility? The first point is all the council of ministers shall be collectively responsible to Lok Sabha. So, which means the government can be in power as long as it enjoys confidence in Lok Sabha. And second point is all the members of cabinet follow an integrated policy. Which means all of the ministers accept responsibility for the decisions made by the cabinet. So, while in discussion stage the individual minister can have difference of opinions with the cabinet. But once the decisions are made all the ministers have to abide by the decisions. So, even if there are differences among them they must always put up a united front in the legislature and before the country. So, once the decisions are made by the cabinet the ministers cannot speak against the cabinet in the public. So, this is called collective responsibility. As explained by Lord Salisbury, For all that passes in the cabinet each member of it who does not resign is absolutely responsible and has no right afterwards to say that he agreed in one sense to a compromise while in other he was persuaded by his colleagues. So, simply put whatever the decision made by the cabinet every minister of the government is equally responsible for the decision. Which means if they are not happy with the decision they have to resign. This is because they cannot criticize the move made by the cabinet by being a minister. This is called collective responsibility. So, what happens if a minister criticizes the government and does not resign? The prime minister can ask the president to remove that person from the council of ministers. Because of this collective responsibility the food processing minister has resigned from the cabinet. So, this is all about the discussion of this news article wherein we have talked about the concept of collective responsibility. In exam perspective know that the collective responsibility is enshrined in the constitution under article 75. Let us continue our news analysis with this lead column from editorial page. The news article states that the recent advice given to India by United Nations Secretary General is an inequitable climate proposal. The article mentions about common but differentiated responsibilities that is CBDR, UNFCCC, then Paris Agreement and also talks about carbon neutrality by 2050. In this analysis we will discuss UNFCCC, CBDR, advice of Secretary General and what India should do and also about carbon neutrality. So, this is going to be very comprehensive discussion and will help you to revise all the climate change conventions and recent developments. The relevant syllabus is given here for your reference. First, let us see about UNFCCC that is UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and common but differentiated responsibilities. If we understand these two we can assess the advice of Secretary General. See, in 1990 the General Assembly of UN established the Intergovernmental Negotiation Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change. So, these negotiations led to a convention called UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. And as we all know the Earth Summit was happened at Rio in 1992, there this convention was open for signature. So, this convention brought the world together to curb greenhouse gas emissions and to adapt to climate change. And also know that this convention has two sister conventions which were also agreed in Rio conference which are CBD and CCD. And in 1994 after two years this Framework Convention on Climate Change entered into force. So, the parties agreed to meet annually at conference of parties to negotiate multilateral responses to climate change. So, this is the basic background how the UNFCCC came to existence. And there is one very important concept called common but differentiated responsibilities. So, as the world suggests the responsibilities are common but are different. So, we will try to understand what are those responsibilities. So, we all know that after 1940s precisely after World War II more than 120 countries in the world attained independence. And prior to this they were exploited tremendously by colonial powers like France, UK, even US up to some extent in Latin America. So, these colonial powers were the main reason for the deterioration of environment and global climate from 1750s. That is after the engine came into existence the pollution in the world has tremendously increased. So, these powers by causing significant damage to environment have become the advanced nations in the world through industrialization. So, any compensation or reparation to global environment must be mainly borne by developed and advanced countries which were mainly responsible for damaging the environment. So, after 1940s when new countries came into existence they also caused pollution or impact on climate change but only up to some extent. So, if you ask don't the developing countries have any responsibility towards climate change? Yes, all the countries in the world are commonly responsible for containing the climate change. Even the developing countries. But when it comes to attaining targets to minimize climate change the responsibilities should differ. That is how the word came common but differentiated responsibilities. This is because the new countries which are the developing countries lacked the capabilities to contribute for mitigating the climate change. So, the CBDR aims to take these differences into account when goals and benchmarks are applied to global development agendas. Simply the principle is equity and not equality. As you can see in this picture equality means giving same thing to every person but equity means giving more to whoever is in need. So, the developing countries which are less responsible for climate change must not be treated equally with developed countries in bearing the responsibility for climate change. So, what is the link between CBDR and UNFCCC? So, this link has been established based on article 3 of UNFCCC. The UNFCCC clearly talks about equity and in accordance with common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Accordingly, the developed and advanced countries should take the lead in combating climate change. So, this is all about the UNFCCC, the CBDR. Now, the controversy is the advice given by Secretary General of UN to India. So, the author says that the UNSG, the Secretary General, has advised India to give up coal immediately and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 45% by 2030 and also to source 80% of electricity from renewable energy. While this is the advice given to India, the same Secretary General did not give any search advice to USA which has announced its withdrawal from Paris Agreement. So, such an inequitable proposal to India is criticized by the author as a call to deindustrialize the country and to abandon the Indian population to a permanent low development trap. This is because as of now the renewable energy can only meet the needs of household consumption. The power and wattage provided by renewable energy cannot be used for industrial needs. So, if we follow UNSG's advice literally, this may lead to deindustrialization of India. And also the statements of Secretary General deviates heavily from CBDR, which is the guiding principle of UNFCCC. So, this is the advice given by UNSG and the counterarguments given by the author of this article. Before concluding this article discussion, let us see the important conference of parties to the UNFCCC. So, what is conference of parties? See, this is the supreme decision-making body of the convention. All states that are parties to the convention are represented at COP. So, these parties at COP review the implementation of convention and any other legal instruments adopted by conference of parties. The first COP meeting was held in Berlin of Germany in 1995. That is after the UNFCCC came into force in 1994. The COP meets in Bonn, which is in Germany and also the seat of UNFCCC's secretariat. And the 26th COP, which was scheduled this year, has been postponed to next year due to COVID-19. Some of the important COP's and their outcomes are given here for your reference. For example, in 1997 Kyoto Protocol was adopted and very importantly in COP 21, that is in 2015 Paris Agreement for Climate Change was adopted. In this agreement, the parties agreed to keep the global temperatures well below 2 degrees centigrade above pre-industrial times. And in COP 22, Marrakech partnership for global climate action was launched and also countries agreed to develop a rule book for implementing the Paris Agreement. And in COP 24, that is in 2018, rule book for implementation of Paris Agreement was created. This rule book will help in operationalizing the climate change regime of Paris Agreement. And COP 25 was happened last year. The prime objective of the conference was to complete the rule book to the 2015 Paris Agreement. And as we just said, the 2020 COP has been postponed to next year. And there is one more concept discussed in today's news article called carbon neutrality. So know that under the Paris Agreement, the European Union has committed to carbon neutrality by second half of 21st century. That is, it will achieve carbon neutrality by mid-21st century in order to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. So the carbon neutrality means having a balance between emitting carbon into atmosphere and absorbing carbon from atmosphere in carbon sinks. Simply put, if I am generating 1 ton of carbon this year and if I sequesterate or take out 1 ton of carbon from atmosphere, it means I achieved carbon neutrality. So I emitted 1 ton, I took out 1 ton, so plus 1, minus 1, which means the neutrality. In order to achieve this net zero emissions, all worldwide greenhouse gas emissions will have to be counterbalanced by carbon sequestration. So these are the different concepts discussed in today's news article. So at the conclusion, the question is, is it wise to compare the capacity of advanced economies with the countries and regions like India which are already facing developmental challenges? The answer is sure no. India must unanimously reject UNSG's call and reiterate its long-standing commitment to equitable response to the challenge of global warming. So this is all about the discussion of this news article. Let us take up this op-ed column from today's newspaper. This article is a discussion between experts about the rising of Quad amidst the India-China standoff along line of actual control. One of the experts is a former ambassador to China. So in this discussion, we shall try to address, is Quad really capable of countering China? And what are the benefits India receives by being a part of Quad Grouping? Before going further, the relevant syllabus is given here for your reference. As most of us know, Quad or Quadrilateral Security Dialogue is a dialogue mechanism among the four countries, India, USA, Japan and Australia. And ever since the debate of militarizing the Quad has started, Quad is discussed as a possible significant anti-China grouping. So what do we mean by militarizing the Quad? See, militarizing could mean Quad conducting military patrols in oceans. For example, USA's freedom of navigation operations in South China Sea. Or it also indicates including Australia in the Malabar exercise. See, Malabar exercise is a trilateral naval exercise between the navies of India, USA and Japan. So the only country from Quad which is not part of Malabar is Australia. And many times Australia has shown interest to be a part of Malabar. Even Japan and America are okay with adding up Australia into Malabar exercise. But India is hesitant due to concerns from China. But now India is considering adding Australia to Malabar exercise this year because of recent tensions between India and China. So if this realizes that is Australia becoming a part of Malabar, then Malabar exercise will become quadrilateral naval exercise thereby militarizing the Quad grouping. So in this sense, generally Quad is seen as an effective counter to Chinese aggression in the region of Indo-Pacific. And with respect to India especially, as said by defence minister in the parliament, China's troops have been assembled along LAC in very large numbers. Recently a five point consensus agreement has also been framed by both countries for disengagement process. But the issue is a similar agreement was framed in the month of July which has seen no progress. And also China has violated previous agreements regarding line of actual control. So this resulted in a considerable damage to trust between India and China. So for example if China says that we are bringing back all the extra troops from LAC, India is not in a position to believe China's claims. So this leads us to an important question which is whether India's presence in Quad deters China or its army from transgressing the boundary. According to authors, it will not deter China in the current situation between India and China. And also Quad has a very limited use to India in the continental challenge. So this is because India is the only country sharing land border with China in the Quad grouping. Neither Australia, America nor Japan shares land border with China. So other Quad countries can provide us only limited support whenever LAC is in the question. For example, they can bilaterally support only in matters like intelligence inputs or supplying military hardware. But with respect to other domains like physical conflict, we have to deal with China on our own. This is because the other countries won't have any locus standing in dealing with China in continental challenge. So can we conclude that Quad is of no use to India? No. Why? Because others here provide certain instances where Quad as a counter to China will work. First, it helps in deterring China in the future. Quad can even or balance the present imbalance of power in the region. And not just that, Quad will help to set the customary rules in the Indo-Pacific and also ensure that these rules are maintained. So what are these customary rules? See, generally India along with Japan, America and Australia advocates for free and open Indo-Pacific. Which means no one country can militarize or control the Indo-Pacific region. So this will help in countering China's aggression in South China Sea. And secondly, Quad can be used to enhance Indian capabilities and for internal balancing. Because currently India's relations with China have entered new territory. See, both are stronger countries and they have consistent dialogue mechanisms despite some violations. But in the recent times, China is becoming increasingly aggressive and assertive. Now and then China transgresses into India's border and establishes military ports and they will come back to normalcy. So this has become very common for China to irritate India. So this is leading to a situation where the capability gap between India and China is growing. So India needs mechanisms like Quad to bridge this gap. We saw that Quad has limited use with respect to land border issues. And regarding maritime domain, that is Indo-Pacific region especially, Quad will be of great help if it is militarized. This in turn also pursues the idea of free and open Indo-Pacific. Apart from maritime security cooperation, Quad will also provide alternatives to many domains like China's Belt and Road Initiative. We all know that India refused to join BRI. So the alternative of this BRI could be the Blue Dot Network, which is a multilateral Indo-Pacific initiative. Currently the Blue Dot Network comprises of USA, Japan and Australia. The only country from Quad which is not part of this network is India. So this network primarily aims to advance on economic guidance framework for quality infrastructure promotion in the Indo-Pacific. So it is aimed at improving standards of infrastructure investment and is generally perceived as counter-initiative to China's Belt and Road Initiative. So India can consider joining this network to effectively counter China's checkbook diplomacy. But not just that, Quad can also provide alternatives to cooperation in 5G, cyberspace, artificial intelligence etc. As a conclusion, we can say that Quad countries have to establish better cooperation and interoperability. So the Quad countries can consider making this informal group into a formal mechanism, establishing a proper body and secretary for that similar to that of NATO. By doing so, we can expect that Quad can work as a real countermeasure to China. So this is all about the discussion of this news article wherein we have talked about the Quad grouping and what India is going to get by joining the Quad grouping. Let us continue our discussion with this editorial. As the title indicates, this editorial speaks about the need for reforms in the UNST, that is United Nations Security Council. In this context, let us have a very brief discussion on UNST, the need for reforms, the different groups involved in UNST and why India is eligible to become a permanent member in UNST. The relevant syllabus is given here for your reference. Firstly, we will have a brief background about UNST. As we all know, Security Council is one of the main organs of UN and in fact we can call it as the most important organ or the most powerful organ in the UN as well as in the world. As per UN Charter, the Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. So whenever a problem arises in any part of the world, UNST calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means. And if the countries are not listening, the UNST can impose sanctions or can even authorize the use of force to restore international peace and security. And very importantly, all the members of UN, that is United Nations, are obligated to comply with UNST decisions. Simply put, UN is a body of almost all the countries in the world and this UNST is the most powerful as its decisions are binding on every other country in the world. And also know that UNST has a presidency. So this presidency changes every month. So we are having 5 permanent members and 10 non-permanent members, so total of 15 members. So this presidency rotates among these permanent and non-permanent members in the English alphabetical order. And coming to the membership of Security Council, as we just said, it has 15 members, 5 permanent and 10 non-permanent. Out of the 10 non-permanent members, 5 members are elected every year by the General Assembly for a 2 year term. And these 10 non-permanent members are elected on the basis of geographical representation. And if you remember, just a few months back, India got elected to non-permanent seat of UNSC for 2021 and 2022. So this is a basic background about UNSC. But why do we need reforms in UNSC? Firstly, UN was formed in 1945 representing and reflecting then geopolitics. So then the countries like UK, France, US, Russia and China are considered the powerful countries and were given the permanent seats. But currently, the geopolitics have changed a lot. For example, India has raised from a colonial country to a global power. So though UNSC has been instrumental in keeping the world order, it does not reflect the present-day geopolitics. And over the last few years, the demand for reforming UN, especially the structure and membership of UNSC, is on the rise. And not just that, many times we have seen that the 5 permanent members are using veto power for their benefits rather than protecting the international peace. So whenever any issue comes up against China, immediately it invokes veto and stops the resolution from being discussed. There are many such examples with respect to Russia in the Crimean crisis, America many times in the African and the West Asian crisis. So these examples have proved that these 5 permanent members are not using the veto power for just protecting the international peace, but also for their pecuniary gains. So a group of 4 countries which are India, Japan, Germany and Brazil, which are the current regional powers, are asking for a permanent seat in the expanded UNSC. This group is called G4. But opposing these countries, there is one more group called Coffee Club. For example, India is supposed to buy Pakistan, Japan by the China, Germany by the Italy, Brazil by Argentina and Mexico. So these countries came together. Of course China is not in this group. So the other countries came together and formed Coffee Club. And now this group has reinvented themselves into a group called Uniting for Consensus with more members such as Canada and Colombia. They favor increasing the non-permanent members without expanding the permanent members of UNSC. So what they see is either you expand the non-permanent members or you expand permanent members without veto. So they don't want countries like India, Brazil, Japan and Germany getting veto power because these countries will become even more powerful if they get veto power. So we have seen which countries are asking for permanent seat and which countries are opposing for giving permanent seat. So now the question is, did any discussions happen to reform the UN and UNSC? Yes. The important development happened in 2008 when the General Assembly decided to facilitate the reform process through the intergovernmental negotiations framework. So this framework focuses on equitable representation and increasing the membership of security council. And very recently in 2015 the assembly adopted a decision to advance efforts to reform and increase the membership of security council. But the other says that US, Russia and China have dampened the serious efforts of UNSC reforms. So simply put the permanent countries do not want to share their veto power. So even though publicly they accept that India needs to be given permanent seat, in the background they work against the expansion of security council. So now the question is, is India really eligible to become a permanent member in UNSC? The answer is yes. As we said at the beginning, India was elected to non-permanent membership of UNSC for the 8th time for the years 2021 and 2022. Before this, India has been a non-permanent member 7 times since its independence. And India's performance as a non-permanent member all these times has significantly strengthened India's claim to permanent membership. Not just that, the participation in peacekeeping operations is the key element of conditions required for permanent membership. Here it is very important to note that India is the largest contributor to UN peacekeeping operations. So in this context, in supporting India's bid for a permanent seat, former president of America Barack Obama cited that, India's long history as a leading contributor to UN peacekeeping mission makes India eligible to become a part of permanent membership. And not just that, India is home to around 130 crores population. So India represents a very high significance of population of the world. And not just that, India is a regional power and soon going to become a global power. So because of these new geopolitical realities, India is eligible to become a permanent member at UNSC. And India's bid for a permanent membership is backed by four permanent members of security council, France, Russia, UK and US. Not just that, as the leader of third world, India's bid to UNSC also enjoys considerable support from the developing countries. For example, when India contested for non-permanent seat, it got the support of 184 countries, which itself shows that India has very good stature across the world. So let us hope that India, the world's largest democracy, will achieve its rightful position in expanded security council. So this is all about the discussion of this news article wherein we have talked about the security council, why reforms are required in security council and why India is eligible to get a permanent seat at security council. Let us take up this news article which talks about the foundational agreements between India and the US. According to article, the US is keen to sign the last foundational agreement, which is the basic exchange and cooperation agreement for geospatial cooperation, shortly called as BECA. And this agreement is expected to be signed in the upcoming 2 plus 2 summit. So what is this 2 plus 2 summit? So this 2 plus 2 summit is held between Indian external affairs and defence ministers and their US counterparts, who are secretary of state and secretary of defence. This dialogue is considered as highest level institutional mechanism between India and USA. Now let us have a brief look into the four foundational agreements out of which India has already signed three with US. Generally, US enters into these four foundational agreements with its defence partners. First one, general security of military information agreement. Second, the logistics exchange memorandum of agreement. Third, communications compatibility and security agreement. And the fourth one, that is the basic exchange and cooperation agreement for geospatial cooperation. And coming to the first one, that is GSOMIA, India and US scientists agreement in 2002. This agreement enables the sharing of military intelligence between the two countries and requires each country to protect others classified information. And in the last year, India and US signed an additional add-on to this agreement which is called industrial security annex. This add-on agreement enables transfer of key high-end technology from US defence companies to India. And coming to second agreement, that is logistics exchange memorandum of agreement, that is LEMOVA. It is an Indian specific version of logistics support agreement, which the US has with many countries. This agreement was signed in 2016 and gives access to both countries to designated military facilities on either side for the purpose of refuelling and replenishment. The agreement primarily covers four areas, what to call joint exercises, training, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. And coming to third agreement, it is COMCASA, communications compatibility and security agreement. This is also an Indian specific version of communications and information on security memorandum of agreement. So this agreement allows India to procure and transfer specialized equipment for encrypted communications. So this is meant to facilitate the use of high-end secured communication equipment to be installed on military platforms. This agreement will also help to receive modern, secure and net-enabled weapon systems such as precision armament, air-to-air missiles, etc. And the final one, today's point of discussion, that is basic exchange and cooperation agreement for geospatial cooperation is yet to be signed. If this agreement is signed, it will allow both India and the US to share geospatial and satellite data such as topographical and even aeronautical data with each other. But India and the US are having differences over the issue of reciprocity, that is mutual exchange of information with respect to geospatial information. And today's article tells that negotiations are far from over and BAKAM might not be signed this time also. So in the exam point of view, know that India has signed three agreements so far with America. And the fourth agreement which is pending is called basic exchange and cooperation agreement for geospatial cooperation. This is all about the discussion of this news article. Today, let us have a map discussion of some of the physical features of Europe. It is very important to know important physical features as map-based questions are very frequent in the glimpse examination. Even last year, we had a map-based question based on important seas and their bordering countries. And as you can see here, here is Norway GNC beside Norway. And if you come down, we have North Sea between UK and mainland Europe. On south of UK, we can see English Channel and straight off Dover connects this English Channel and North Sea. And if you further come down, there is very important straight called straight off Gibraltar. On the north side, you can find Iberian Peninsula, which is nothing but the countries of Portugal and Spain. And if you move our attention to the north again, here we have Baltic Sea, a very important sea here. And then you come to the right near Russia and Ukraine. And bottom of Azo, we have Crimea, which was recently occupied by Russia. And if you come down from Azo Sea, you can find Black Sea. And if you further come down, you can see Sea of Marmara or Marmara Sea. And there is Aegean Sea between Greece and Turkey. On south of it, there is this big Mediterranean Sea, which forms a divide between Europe and Africa. And if you see, there is a sea called Adriatic Sea between Italy and Croatia, Bosnia. And south of Italy, we have Tyrian Sea. And on the southeast of Italy, you can find Ionian Sea. See the straight of Kirch connects Azo Sea with Black Sea. And the Bosphorus Strait connects Black Sea with Marmara Sea. And this Strait also separates Asian part of Turkey with European part of Turkey. And there is one more Strait called Dardanelli Strait, which connects Sea of Marmara with Aegean Sea. So, here comes Kirch Strait, here Bosphorus Strait and here Dardanelli Strait. We have also discussed about straight off Gibraltar as well as straight off Dover. So, these are the important physical landforms of European continent. There is a question for you. There is a summit called Three Seas Initiative Summit. This summit is a forum which brings 12 European Union members. So, the question is, which are the Three Seas of Europe are part of this Three Seas Initiative? Find out and post your answers in the comment section. This question is framed based on these news articles. Supreme Court is bound to obtain the consent of the attorney general for India in writing to initiate Suomoto content of court proceedings for criminal contempt. This statement is incorrect because for Suomoto content of court proceedings, the attorney general's consent is not required. Suomoto means Supreme Court itself initiating content of court proceedings. But whenever a complaint to initiate contempt proceedings is given by other than attorney general, then the consent of attorney general of India is required to initiate contempt of court proceedings for criminal contempt. So, simply put, when contempt of court proceedings are raised by Supreme Court itself, then permission is not required. Or when contempt of court proceedings are initiated by attorney general itself, then the question of written consent is not raised. But whenever complaint to initiate contempt proceedings is given by any other person, the written consent of attorney general for India is required to start criminal contempt proceedings. So, statement one is incorrect. Statement two, as per the Indian Constitution, only Supreme Court has the power to punish for contempt of itself. This statement is also incorrect because not just Supreme Court, even high courts have the power to punish for contempt of itself under article 215 of Indian Constitution. Therefore, correct answer is option D, neither one nor two. Let us move on to practice questions discussion session. Consider the following agreements. So, the four agreements which we have discussed today are given here. Which of the foundational agreements given above are signed between India and the U.S.? As we all know, agreement four, that is basic exchange and cooperation agreement for geospatial cooperation is not yet signed. So, if we eliminate option four, we can arrive at the answer, that is option C, one, two, one, three only. This is a previous year question appeared in prelims 2015. Which of the following statements regarding green climate fund is or are correct? Statement one, it is intended to assist the developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change. Yes, statement one is correct. See, know that this climate fund is the world's largest dedicated fund helping developing countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and enhance their ability to respond to climate change. Statement two, it is founded under the ages of UNEP, OECD, Asian Development Bank and World Bank. Know this statement is incorrect because it was set up by UNFCCC in the year 2010. So, the correct answer is option A, one only. Next, which of the following statements is or are correct with reference to Malabar exercise? Statement one, it is a naval exercise between the navies of quad group. This statement is incorrect because Australia is not a part of Malabar exercise but a member of quad grouping. So, statement one is incorrect. Statement two, for the first time it was hosted by Japan in 2019. Yes, this statement is correct. Japan hosted the Malabar exercise for the first time in 2019. So, the correct answer is option B, two only. Next question, the group of four and uniting for consensus, often seen in news, are related to. As we all know, the correct answer is option C, key groups seeking reforms in permanent and non-permanent membership of UNSC. And here is one main question based on today's discussion on quad. Do you agree with the view that the quad is an effective countermeasure to China's aggression and assertiveness in the region? Give reasons in support of your answer. This is a 10 marks question and the world limit is 150. Write the answers and post your answers in the comment section. With this, we conclude today's news analysis. If you find this session resourceful, click on the like button, show your appreciation in the comment section and don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel.


A very good evening aspirants, we are happy to announce that Shankar IAS Academy is conducting a Free All India Prelims Mark Test. As you can see, the test will be conducted across 13 centres both in online and offline mode. The test starts on 15th of May 2022. Use this wonderful opportunity and check your progress with our Free All India Prelims Mark Test. The link for the registration is given in the description. Kindly make use of it. Welcome to Hindu News Analysis brought to you by Shankar IAS Academy. Today is 7th of May 2022. The list of articles we are going to discuss today is displayed on the screen. You can go through it. Let's start our discussion with this previous year preliminary question. Now look at this question. This was asked in the preliminary examination 2019. Let me read out the question. In the context of any country, which one of the following would be considered as part of its social capital? Option A, the proportion of literates in the population. Option B, the stock of its buildings, other infrastructure and machines. Option C, the size of population in the working age group. And option D, the level of mutual trust and harmony in the society. See, this is a very easy question. With some basic understanding and common sense, we can solve this question. See, look carefully here. Here option B, it refers to physical capital. And option A and C, these are examples of human capital. This we have read in our geography NCRT's right. So without knowing much about this option D, we can easily guess that this is the correct answer. Now we will see the explanation. See, here physical capital refers to assets such as building, machinery and vehicles which are owned and employed by an organization. And the term human capital refers to the economic value of a worker's experience and skills. Human capital includes assets like education, training, intelligence, skills, health, etc. See, population becomes human capital when there is investment made in the form of education, training and medical care. In fact, human capital is the stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in them. Investment in human resource via education and medical care can give high rates of return in future. This investment of people is the same as investment in land and capital. And investment in education is considered as one of the main sources of human capital. Like education, health is also an important input. Now coming to the main part of the question, which is social capital. See, social capital broadly refers to those factors of effectively functioning social groups that include such things as interpersonal relationships, a shared sense of identity, a shared understanding, shared norms, shared values, trust, cooperation and reciprocity. The term human capital was first used by L.J. Honeyfan, a state supervisor for rural schools in Virginia in 1960. He used it in the context of the community's involvement in successful running of schools. As a concept, it received entry in social science literature in 1980s. Soon it assumed an economic connotation and came to be accepted as a factor of production in the development theory. And it refers to those institutions, relationships and norms that shape the quality and quality of society's interaction. As I said, it consists of trust, mutual understanding, shared values and behavior that binds together members of community and make cooperative action possible.  A sense of belonging and the concrete experience of social networking can bring great benefits to people. So these are the basic facts about social capital. So here the correct answer is option D. See this article here. It says that Ambatur lake, a major water body in Chennai, continues to be polluted with untreated sewage from the neighboring areas. According to the article, lack of infrastructure to collect and treat sewage in localities around the water body has led to an increase in pollution. And according to the citizens group, that is Ambatur water bodies protection movement, the lake had shrunk in size to 350 acres due to encroachment and urbanization over the years. And this is the crux of the article given here. In this context, let us learn about wastewater generation in India and its management. But before that, the syllabus relevant to this article is highlighted here for your reference, just go through it. Now let us start our discussion. See, India is rich in water resources, having a network of as many as 130 rivers and vast alluvial basins to hold plenty of groundwater. India is also blessed with snow-capped peaks in the Himalayan range which can meet a variety of water requirements of the country. However, with the rapid increase in the population of the country and the need to meet the increasing demands of irrigation, domestic and industrial consumption, the available water resources in many parts of the country are getting depleted and the water quality has deteriorated. So in India, water pollution comes from three main sources. One is domestic and industrial sewage and second is chemical effluents and third is a runoff from agriculture. So first of all, what is this sewage? See sewage is the wastewater containing both liquid and solid waste produced by human activities from homes, industries, hospitals, offices, etc. Know that sewage is more than 99% water but the remaining material contains solid material, ions and harmful bacteria. With this basic understanding, now let us see the wastewater generation in India. See, a report has been released by Central Pollution Control Board. The CBCB report has been compiled on the basis of information received from the State Pollution Control Boards. And according to the report, sewage treatment plants that is STPs in India are able to treat a little more than a third of the sewage generated per day. The report also says that India generated 72,368 million liters per day whereas the installed capacity of STPs was just 31,841 million liters per day that is it is under 44%. But as per the 2001 census, all class 1 cities and class 2 towns together generated an estimated 29,129 million liters per day sewage. See how much the generation increased over the time. See, the wastewater generation is because of the daily household activities and it comes from toilets, showers, clothes washers, dishwashers, etc. The contaminants include fecal matter, urine, soaps, detergents, food particles, hair, rags, paper, toys and anything else that is disposed in a drain. Know that a person creates an average of 60 to 100 gallons of wastewater every day. And know that sewers are a network of pipes that bring the sewage to the treatment plant for treatment. Okay, now having seen the generation, now let us see about the treatment. See, treatment is the continual process of removing the contaminants from the wastewater and then processing the removed contaminants into a product that can be safely recycled. As we already saw, sewage treatment in the sewage treatment plants that is STPs. See, there are three main stages of wastewater treatment process. They are known as primary, secondary and tertiary water treatment. We will see this in detail. In some applications, more advanced treatment is required known as quaternary water treatment. Each of these stages tackles different pollutants with water becoming cleaner as it moves through the phases. And during the primary treatment, wastewater is temporarily held in a settling tank where heavier solid sink to the bottom while lighter solid floats to the surface. These large tanks are also often equipped with mechanical scrappers that continually drive collected sludge in the base of the tank to a hopper which pumps it to sludge treatment facilities. Here, the sludge is the matter that is settled in the bottom of the tank. And the secondary treatment of wastewater works on a deeper level than primary and is designed to substantially degrade the biological content of the waste through aerobic biological process. And completing secondary wastewater treatment allows for safer release into the local environment, reducing common biodegradable contaminants down to safety levels. Just know that different methods such as biofiltration, aeration, oxidation ponds are used to degrade the biological content. These processes encourage the growth of aerobic bacteria. And this bacteria helps to break down the contaminants in the water effectively cleaning it. Now, coming to tertiary wastewater treatment. See, the aim of tertiary wastewater treatment is to raise the quality of the water to domestic and industrial standards or to meet specific requirements around the safe discharge of water. In the case of water treated by municipalities, tertiary treatment also involves the removal of pathogens which ensures that water is safe for drinking purpose. And see this model here. This is the STP. It contains raw water collection tank, aeration tank, sludge settling tank, carbon filter, etc. In this, we can also see sludge drying bed and the dried sludge is used as manure. See, as we all know, sewage is rich in organic matter so that it can be used as manure. Now, why should the sewage or wastewater be treated? Friends, see the most immediate effect of waste water and the environment is when it contributes towards the contamination and destruction of natural habitats and the wildlife that live in those habitats. Apart from that, wastewater is one of the worst sources and carriers of diseases. And according to a report from the World Health Organization, more than 3.4 million people die each year from waterborne diseases. And considering the consequences, it is crucial to treat sewage before letting it out into the environment. See, in the article also, this is the concern. Ambatur lake in Chennai is polluted with untreated sewage water. And this release of untreated wastewater will deteriorate the quality of water and it causes many health concerns for the persons who comes in contact with the lake water. Now, let us see what are the loss and regulations that are there to manage the wastewater in India. See, in 1974, the Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, simply the Water Act, was passed by the parliament as the first step to tackle the menace of liquid effluents from industry. Since water was a state subject, it requires states to adopt similar legislation and take necessary steps. Boats for the prevention and control of water pollution were set up in each state to implement the Act and to enforce effluent standards. And accordingly, Central and State Pollution Control Board regulates the sewage treatment plans and checks the standards of the treated water. Know that in India, five states and union territories which are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi and Karnataka account for 60% of the total installed treatment capacity of the country. And Arunachal Pradesh, Andaman Nicobar Islands, Lakshadip, Manipu, Meghalaya and Nagaland have not installed sewage treatment plans. Also note that Chandigarh ranks first in terms of total sewage generator to what is actually treated. See, treating the wastewater has its own benefits. According to the report of the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization, treated sewage water can be reused for horticulture, irrigation, washing activities, inroads, vehicles and trains, firefighting, industrial cooling, toilet flushing and gardening. Having seen about these applications, now let's see some static sticks here. The proportion of the reuse of treated sewage is maximum in Haryana which is 80% followed by Puducherry, Delhi, Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. See, these facts, you can very well use it in your main exam. And regarding the reuse of treated sewage water, the added benefit is that the reuse of treated sewage can decrease the water demand from aquatic sources like rivers, ponds, lakes, as well as groundwater sources. And we very well know that less consumption of raw water will help in conserving natural water resources according to CPCB report. So, that's all regarding this news article. What have we seen so far? In this article, we have discussed about wastewater treatment. First, we started with sewage. Sewage is nothing but the wastewater containing both liquid and solid waste produced by human activities from homes, industries, hospitals, offices, etc. And sewage is more than 99% water and the remaining material contains solid material, ions and harmful bacteria. Then we have seen that the wastewater generation is because of the daily household activities and it comes from toilets, showers, clothes washers, dishwashers, etc. The contaminants include fecal matter, urine, soaps, detergents, food particles, paper and anything else that is disposed in a drain. And a person creates an average of 6200 gallons of wastewater every day. Then we have seen about water treatment. Treatment is the continual process of removing the contaminants from the wastewater and then processing the removed contaminants into a product that can be safely recycled. There are three main stages of wastewater treatment process which are primary, secondary and tertiary water treatment. Then we have discussed about the laws and regulations that are there to manage the wastewater in India. In that we saw the water act of 1974 which was the first step to tackle the menace of liquid effluents from industry. Then we have seen about the benefits of treating the wastewater. What are those benefits? Treated sewage water can be reused for horticulture, irrigation, washing activities, firefighting, industrial cooling, toilet flushing and gardening. And it can decrease the water demand from aquatic sources like rivers, ponds, lakes as well as groundwater sources. So with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. See this news article here. This news article talks about the ISRO's unique goal for Venus mission. So in this context today let us revise some basic concept about the planet Venus and then we will discuss few facts about the ISRO's mission on Venus. So first of all what is a planet? See some celestial bodies do not have their own heat and light. They are lit by the light of the stars. Such bodies are called planets. The word planet comes from the Greek word planetai which means wanderers. The earth on which we live is a planet. Where does it get the heat and light? It gets all its heat and light from the sun which is our nearest star. See the most recent definition of a planet was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 2006. It says a planet must do three things. First, it must orbit a star. Second, it must be big enough to have enough gravity to force it into a spherical shape. And third, it must be big enough that its gravity cleared away any other objects of similar size near its orbit around the sun. These are the three conditions for a planet. See like our earth there are seven other planets that get heat and light from the sun. Who are they? We very well know that there are eight planets in our solar system. In order of their distance from the sun they are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Today as I said we are going to discuss about the planet Venus. See Venus is the second planet from the sun. Also note that it is Earth's closest planetary neighbor. See if you look at the image of the solar system you can observe that Venus is one among the four inner planets. Hence it is called terrestrial planet. The surface of Venus is rusty colored and it is with intensely crunched mountains and thousands of large volcanoes. And Venus is often called Earth's twin. Do you know why? It is because it is similar in size and density. However these are not identical twins because there are radical differences between the two planets. See even though Mercury is closer to the sun Venus is the hottest planet in our solar system. Do you know the reason? See the first reason is Venus has a thick toxic atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. And the second reason is it is constantly covered in thick yellowish clouds of sulphuric acid. Due to these two reasons Venus traps heat causing a strong greenhouse effect. See the surface temperatures on Venus are about 900 degree Fahrenheit which is hot enough to melt lead. And another big difference between Earth and Venus is that Venus rotates on its axis backwards from east to west. This means that on Venus the sun arises in the west and sets in the east. This is opposite to what we experience on Earth right. Now having seen about the basics let us see few facts about the ISRO's Venus mission which is called Shukrayan 1. See to explore the brightest planet in the solar system the Indian space research organization that is ISRO has announced project Venus. It is scheduled for launch by December 2024. This mission's objective will be to study the Venusian atmosphere which is toxic and corrosive in nature as clouds of sulphuric acid covers the planet. See the spacecraft can be placed in the orbit of Venus with least propellant. This is because of its close proximity with the Earth. Okay see the Venus mission is said to focus on investigation of the surface processes shallow subsurface stratigraphy along with active volcanic hot spot and lava flows the structure composition and dynamics of the atmosphere. Also it will focus on solar interaction with the ionosphere of the Venus. So that is all regarding this news article. What have we seen so far? We have seen three conditions for a planet that is it must orbit a star and it must be big enough to have enough gravity to force it into a spherical shape. And the third condition is that it must be big enough so that its gravity cleared away any other objects of a similar size near its orbit around the Sun. And we have seen that Venus is often called Earth's twin because of its similarity in size and density. And we have seen that Venus rotates on its axis backward from east to west. And then we have seen about ISRO's Venus mission which will study the Venusian atmosphere. So that's all regarding this news article. Now we will move on to next news article discussion. Now look at this news article. This news article mentions that the retail portion of LIC's IPO has been fully subscribed. See some of you might have even subscribed I guess. So to understand what does this means let us see what is an IPO. See we have covered IPO briefly in many of our daily news analysis videos. There we have simply seen the definition so far. So today we will discuss this in detail. See IPO stands for initial public offering. It is a type of a public issue. So what is a public issue? Basically an issue is a set of securities that a company or a government offers for sale. The entity making an issue is referred as issuer. In India the issues made by Indian company can be classified as public issue, rights issue, bonus issue and private placement issue. Today let's focus only on public issue. Here the issue or offer of shares or convertible securities is made to new investors for becoming a shareholder of the issuer. Just know that when an issue of shares is made by an issuer to its existing shareholders on a particular fixed date then it is called rights issue. So the basic difference is in case of public issue the issue of shares is made to the new investors. The investors could be retail individual investors, national institutional investors or qualified institutional buyers. Simply know that RII means an investor who applies or bids for securities for a value of not more than rupees 2 lakhs. A qualified institutional buyers refers to schedule commercial banks, public financial institutions, mutual fund houses and foreign portfolio investors. And those investors who do not fall within these two categories are called NII's that is non-institutional investors. See this public issue is further classified into two types. They are initial public offer and further public offer. In case of initial public offer an unlisted company comes into play. Unlisted company means a company whose shares are not listed on a stock exchange. When this unlisted company makes the issue of shares for sale for the first time to the public it is called an IPO. This issue of shares could be a fresh issue of shares or fresh convertible securities or it could be even an offer of its existing shares or existing convertible securities for sale or it could be both. The fact to remember is it is offered for the first time to the public. That is why it is termed as initial public offer. And through this the company goes public. See this entire process involves various intermediaries like merchant banker, bankers to the issue, underwriters and registers to the issue etc. All these intermediaries are registered with SEBI and are required to abide by the prescribed norms to protect the investors. Particularly RTI that is registers to the issue handles the operation of the public issue on behalf of the issuer like processing of application forms, allotment of securities etc. But what is the purpose behind this? See we saw that the company is unlisted right. So an IPO paves way for listing and trading of the issuer's shares on the stock exchange. This enables the investor to buy securities from or sell securities to other investors in the secondary market. And another purpose is to raise fresh capital in the primary market for operations. See capital is raised as the shares are traded publicly in the primary markets. This is because prior to conducting an IPO a company is considered private. So it faces restrictions on to whom it can sell its securities and therefore they cannot sell securities on public exchanges. This limits their ability to raise capital. But when they conduct an IPO they are publicly listed. So they can sell securities on public exchange and can raise money. Now we will see about FPO and how FPO differs from an IPO. See FPO is also called as follow on offer. That is here an already listed company makes either a fresh issue of shares to the public or an offer of sale to the public. Overall IPO refers to the process where for the first time the stock of an unlisted private company or a company owned by the government is offered to the public in the primary market. So what are the benefits of an IPO? See firstly it is a way of making quick and good money. And secondly it provides access to investment from the entire investing public. Third it is the largest source of fund with long or indefinite maturity for the company. And fourthly it is an exist strategy for the company's founders and early investors realizing the full profit from their private investment. And lastly it increases the company's exposure prestige and public image which can help the company's sales and profits. Now a company wanting to raise capital from the public is required to prepare an offer document. Offer document is the document which contains all the relevant information about the company, promoters, projects, financial details, objective of raising the money, terms of the issue etc. This offer document is used for inviting subscription to the issue being made by the issuer. Also note that in case of a public issue that is IPO or FPO the offer document is called as prospectus. So a prospectus of a company in an IPO has all relevant details regarding price and number of shares being offered. Such information and disclosures enables the potential investors to make an informed decision. But who fixes the price of these issues? Does Sebi play any role? Actually no. Note that Sebi does not play any role in price fixation. The issuer in consultation with the merchant banker on the basis of market demand decides the price. But remember that there are two types of issues based on pricing. They are fixed price issue or book built issue. See when the issuer at the outlet that is at the beginning itself decides the issue price and mentions it in the offer document it is called fixed price issue. But when the price of the issue is discovered on the basis of the demand received from the prospective investors at various price levels it is called book built issue. Here a predefined price bracket is mentioned and not the fixed price. Also remember after completing legal formalities the issuer company issues advertisements of the IPO in English, Hindi and regional language newspapers. After this only the issue is open to public for subscription. But can anyone make an IPO? Definitely not. For this Sebi has laid down certain entry norms for entities. There are two routes suggested for the entry. One is the profitability route and these are the norms that has to be satisfied by the issuer. And the other route is suggested for companies that does not satisfy these above norms. It is called QIB route that is qualified institutional bias route. In this route the issue shall be through the way of book building issue. So finally are all the investors allotted same amount of shares. Here also the answer is no. It varies according to the type of pricing and entry norms. That is the percentage of the net offer to the public varies according to investors as you can see here. So with these knowledge let us understand the news. As you are aware recently India's biggest ever IPO opened. It was the IPO of Life Insurance Corporation which is LIC. It opened for public subscription from 4th May. With this IPO the government is looking to diverse its 3.5% stake in the LIC by selling more than 22 crore shares. So LIC IPO is an exist strategy for the government through which it aims to raise around 21,000 crore rupees. Plus know that LIC's IPO is a book built issue following the profitability route. So there should be a price bracket. It is kept at rupees 902 to 949 per equity share in LIC IPO. Also from the table you note that half of the shares from the net issue are reserved for QIB, 15% reserved for NIIs and the rest 35% for RIIs. Now the news is that RII portion that is 35% of the net issue has been fully subscribed and the QIB and NII portions are yet to be fully subscribed. I hope we simplify the news for you. So that's all regarding this news article. What have we seen so far? We have seen about IPO that is when an unlisted company makes the issue of shares for sale for the first time to the public it is called an IPO. That is shares are offered for the first time to the public. Then we have seen about FPO which is called further public offer or follow on offer. Here an already listed company makes either a fresh issue of shares or convertible securities to the public. And we have also seen that SEBI does not play any role in price fixation. The issuer in consultation with the merchant banker on the basis of market demand decides the price. Then we have discussed about this news article in detail. With this learning let's move on to next news article discussion. See this article here. It says that Mr. Kottabaya Rajabakshya has revoked the emergency in five days ahead of a possible vote on it in parliament. The decision came a day after hundreds of youth gather outside the parliament in addition to ongoing protest near the presidential secretariat and prime minister's official residence. And this is the crux of the article given here. Let us use this opportunity and brush up the static part which is the emergency provisions in India. See there are three types of emergencies under constitution of India. The first one is national emergency. See the national emergency is declared due to war, external aggressions or armed rebellion. And article 352 constitutes national emergency. And the second one is state emergency. It is due to the failure of constitutional machinery in states and this is popularly known as presidential rule. Know that article 356 constitutes state emergency. And the third one is financial emergency. It is due to a threat to the financial credibility of India. And article 360 constitutes financial emergency. See in this discussion we will see more about national emergency. To start with article 352 says that if the president is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or any part of the territory is threatened then he may declare emergency. Also note that the president shall not issue a proclamation of emergency unless the decision of the union cabinet has been communicated to him in writing. See every proclamation issued under this article should be laid before each house of the parliament and it may cease to operate at the expiration of one month unless before the expiration of that period it has been approved by resolutions of both houses of the parliament. That is nothing but both the houses of parliament has to approve the proclamation of emergency within one month otherwise it will cease to operate. And the proclamation so approved will be cease to operate on the expiration of a period of six months from the date of the passing. That is if approved by both the houses of the parliament the emergency continues for six months and can be extended to an indefinite period with the approval of the parliament for every six months. And the president shall revoke a proclamation issued if the house of the people that is a Lok Sabha passes a resolution disapproving or disapproving the continuance of such proclamation. And we have to know that a resolution of disapproval is different from a resolution approving the continuation of proclamation in two aspects. The first one is that is the resolution of disapproval is required to be passed by the Lok Sabha only while the resolution approving the continuation of proclamation needs to be passed by both houses of the parliament. And the resolution of disapproval is to be adopted by a simple majority while resolution approving the continuation needs to be adopted by a special majority. So that is all regarding this news article and national emergency with these key learned points. Let us move on to next part of our news article discussion which is preliminary practice question discussion. Look at the first question which of the following statements best describes an initial public offering. Option A, a listed company makes a fresh issue of shares to the public and option B, issue of convertible securities to existing investors for becoming a shareholder of the issuer and option C, stocks of unlisted government owned company is offered to the public in the primary market for the first time and option D both B and C. See here our correct option will be option C. See here statement A is incorrect. It would have been correct if it had mentioned unlisted company. Here it is mentioned as listed company so option A is incorrect. See option B it is also incorrect. It should be new investors not existing investors. So our correct answer is option C. Look at the second question consider the following pairs. Venus Express, Russia, Venera, Europe, Shukrayan, India which of the following pairs is or are incorrect. A 1 and 2 only, B 2 and 3 only, C 1, 2 and 3 only and D none of the above. See here the correct answer is option A that is 1 and 2 only. See we know that Shukrayan is India's mission to Venus. It is to be launched by ISRO before December 2024. So we very well know that pair 3 is correct. See and pair 1 and 2 both are wrong. See Venus Express it is a mission of European Space Agency and Venera Sirius is a series of unmanned Soviet planetary probes that were sent to Venus. Okay both are interchanged. Since the question demands incorrect pairs our correct answer will be option A 1 and 2 only. And look at this question consider the following statements with reference to national emergency. Article 356 deals with the proclamation of national emergency statement 2 the proclamation of emergency ceases to exist if it is not approved by both the houses of the parliament within six months. See this is a very easy question take it as a quiz find the answer and post it in the comment section. The main question is displayed here write your answer and post it in the comment section. If you like the video hit the like button post your comments and share the video with your friends and don't forget to subscribe Shankar IS Academy YouTube channel. Thanks for watching.


Huge shout out to everybody tuning in. If you aren't subscribed, make sure you smash that subscribe button. I need everybody to stop the video right now and go ahead and give me a thumbs up. Today, it's Tuesday, December 14th, and we're about to start dashing. I also need you guys to do another favorite. Do not skip the ads. I know you might got to go get some water, some of you might be watching on the big screen. You might got to use the bathroom or something. Let the ad play while you do that. Come back and get back to the video. We're about to go get some gas and we're about to get to this bag. Let's go. That's one McDonald's 5.8 miles to 775. Let's do it. Dang baby. I hope you have the room here. Thank you. She's got a pocket. She's my doctor. Hello. 456992. Thank you. Yeah. Thank you. You have to go on. We're here baby. Oh this is kind of critical. See that screen? Hit them with the door. They want that photo. Big one. Two big ones. This one has seven orders. Seven orders 36.8 miles for 3850. You're going to accept that. My phone has eight orders 51.8 miles for $54. I'm going to take that too. Let's get it. These two Walmart orders are going to be 15 stops. We're going to be about $97. Let's get to this money. We're going to get two baskets at this time. This is literally 15 orders.  It's not like you have a set time. So it's a little bit more freedom. So you can do a little bit more. Your orders are going to Kenosha. Mine is going to Walkivin. So for the 15 orders, I don't know how much it adds up to, but it says like 80 miles. But it's not going to be 80 miles. It's going to be way less. So let's see what we got. How you doing? I'm doing drone. And that's Stephanie. You're Stephanie? Okay. So Stephanie is ready. You already got her ready. Well, we mapped some of it out. We had mapped half of it out because this Google thing allows you to put 10 addresses in. So the first eight addresses is going to be an hour and four minutes. So we're on our way to do that now. And then we're going to remap the other seven. Let's get busy. Hello, this is Jerome with DoorDance. I'm here with your Walmart order. Hello. Here you go. You'll have this one. Thank you. You have a great afternoon. Oh baby. I just got a million from it. Hold on. Here we go. I'm finding it. I'm finding it self. All right.  For? Um, I'm not sure how to pronounce the last name. It's Roman. Okay. So tell me, you can go up the stairs right there and go down to the end of the hall. Like you were down here. Upstairs. Last department on the right. Okay. All right. Thank you very much. You're welcome. There's the purchase sign. Baby. $6,000 on top. Here's your Walmart order. Oh, is this DoorDash? Yes, ma'am. Oh, here you go. Thank you. I really appreciate it. Thank you. You have a great one. Thank you, you also. All right. We are here. So I'm going to open the door for this one. I'm going to open the door for this one. I always make sure I step back. Just in case. You never know. Hello. I have your Walmart delivery. Here you go. You have a great one. This is a very nice house. Here, baby. I'm going to put this on right there. So they don't hear it. I didn't want that photo, which I already know though. This phone, look at this phone. It said it was off, but it continued to do it. The five second thing. Mobile. I don't know if that worked. We're gone. Right here. We're doing this thing, baby. I'm going to put this right here. I don't want that photo, which I already know. Hello. You're welcome. You have a great day. Next batch right now is going to be 14 miles, 33 minutes. Let's get it. How you doing? Yes, I just called. Oh, you did? It's because it says on this 3877 and it's different right here. All right. Thank you, sir. You have a great one. Change of plans. He said on the door, if they're not home, leave it at this other address. So we're going to drop it off there. We're actually putting it in the driveway right now. Hello. Here you go, sir. Okay, thank you. You're welcome. You have a great one. You hear it, baby. Put down the tree back there, huh? This is beautiful. Hello. How you doing? Good. How are you? I'm doing great. I came to plan. All right. Thank you. You have a great one. That's long, baby. Just so it doesn't roll off anywhere. I'm right there. We're gone. The Pope late 2.2 miles for 575. You know what time it is. Let's get to it, baby. All right, baby. This one says, hand it to customer. 1.5 miles for 425. Let's do it. And let's make it stack. Let's make it so that they can take that back. Excuse me. I have a door to ask. That one right there. All right. Thank you. You have a good one. Baby, drop off this Mickey D's. Drop the bag. Take that photo. I already know that. Come on. There we go. Over here. We gone. We're at 2.4 miles, 675. Let's go. It's time. Come on. There we go. We gone. There we go. Double winding. I already know that. I don't even know what's going on. Okay, there we go. Photo time, baby. And just like that, we are back. It is 5.10 p.m. It's dinner shift. So it's time to get busy.  So I need you guys to come below and let me know how much you think we're going to get. We actually have an order right now. We're picking up at Wendy's. I'm guessing. I'm estimating. We're trying to get at least 250, man. 225, 225. Be cool with 225. That's cool. You know, 225. Let me know what you guys think. Again, if you aren't subscribed, make sure you subscribe button. If you aren't subscribed, make sure you give me a thumb up. Do me one favor. Don't skip those ads. Let's get this money. Jerry. Jerry. Here you go. Thank you so much, man. It's burning up. I had to go outside, man. That thing is extremely hot. All right. You have a good one. 6.5 miles for 10.50. Get with me, baby. Macalester's Deli. 2.9 miles, 5.75. Let's get it. Lay up on my money. Baby. Time to drop this zone off. Drop it like it's hot. It still is hot. Photo. You all already know that. Door down. Here we go. Right there. The whole thing that they got. Light this setup. We can't do this house before.  Get it right. So, drop it like it's hot. Drop it like it's cold right now. I don't know. You want it, man. Now you want the photo. Put it all out there, man. Door down. This zone was 14.50. Get with me. Guys, look at this. Hope you all can see it. Nice and clear. This is a Walmart order. 134 items. 6.4 miles for 7.50. All right. Index first. 3.4 miles, 6.75. Let's make it happen, captain. Oh, incredible. Excuse me. Excuse me. Excuse me. Maybe it's going to be a all night drinking this 2 liter. This is only 2 liter. This is going to be right there. White. Put it over here. This door. Door here. We got it. Chili's 2.7 miles for 6.75. Let's make it happen. Looks like it's not ready. Another good thing about having two people, right? I got the Chili's order. Then they try to add on the Teriyaki Mattis for 6.50. Sometimes what we do is I decline it and then it goes to my business partner for more money. So it went to her phone for $8. And mine is only 6.50. Then we added another one on top of that so we're about to get this money. So let's get it. One out of three. Kid with me. Let me see his straw. I don't want that photo. Yo, I already know. What's going on? Hello. Hello. Hi. How are you doing, son? I'm good. I appreciate it. You're welcome. Have a great night. This one's here. Leave it at the door. It's kind of weird. But it does save right here. Please, we often leave it at the door. We're not into the building. So open it up right there. One out. Right there. Make sure that ain't leaning. That's leaning a little bit. Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa. Shoot. Photo. Y'all already know that. We go. Hello. Here you go, son. You have a great one. Thanks, you too. Walgreens order 5.3 miles for $10.50. Let's go. Let's get this thing at the door. Later on. Hello. Here you go. You enjoyed. You have a good one. You too. Mr. Beast, 8.6 miles for $11. Now, I know it says 8.6 miles, but it's for sure not 8.6 miles because they're making us go all the way around. We don't have to take that route. We're going to take the easier route. We're going to let you guys know how long it's going to take us. Let's get it. This thing done. Let's get it. Hey, that's from somewhere. All right. Here you go. All right. Man, you have a good one. You're the same. Thanks, sir. Let's go to Norte. 3.4 miles for $6.25. Let's go. Baby. Hopefully they have some nice waiters today or how nice people want it today. Usually they have the attitude in here. Sometimes they do, sometimes they don't. Door dash for Timothy L. Thank you. You have a good one. Here, thank you. Extra little. 0.9 miles, $5.75. Let's go. I'll have a door dash 5.42. The last three is 5.42. Anthony. Here you go. You have a good one. You too. Walgreens, two miles, two items, $10. Let's go. We're getting this thing, baby. So we have to get two things, guys. We have to get good things, guys. I don't know. We have to get this. I'm on the third three. There's some threes down here. Antifungus. I think it's this. Is this it? It looks like it. Some other games, three-day treatment. I think this is it. Comment below and let me know if it's it. Ladies, gentlemen, whoever. Comment below and let me know if it's it. Number two, we're no dogs. So it's the end of the night and we ended up with 202.50. Get with me. We didn't quite reach the 225. Honestly, every time I make these goals, I kind of be stressing it a little bit. I ain't go a lot to you. I'll be kind of knowing what I really want to give, like that little extra little jib on there. That's just what I do because you never know. You always got to shoot for the stars, man. You might land on the moon. You never know. But I hope you guys enjoyed the video. Again, if you want to subscribe, make sure you smash that subscribe button. If you want to subscribe, everybody give me a thumbs up before we end this video. Also, make sure you guys are not skipping the ads because we're getting monetized now, baby. I'll see you guys tomorrow. We're going, we're growing, we're flowing. You already know it. It's EDK and I'm on my way.


Hey, Speed. All right, PC33, take one intro, Marker. Hey there, Polycasters, Rob here. Welcome back to Ask Polymer, the show where you send in your hashtag questions and we do our best to answer them. Okay, our first question today comes from Marko, who asks, what about internationalization? Do I have to use an external JavaScript framework or is there some specific Polymer solution for that? So that's a really good question and one that I get all the time. Right now, we have an element that'll help with internationalization. You can check it out over here. It is called I18 in message. It's actually written by Eric Bailman, one of our team members, and used on a few of our sites. And basically the way it works is, you take your text, you wrap the I18 message tag around your text and then you give it a message ID which is synced up with a JSON file that loads different language packs. So that is one solution that you can use for internationalization today. It's not the bulletproof perfect solution for all scenarios, but it is something to get you started. And we're also currently working on a new set of elements called carbon elements. And our hope is that for those elements sets, we'll be rolling out some internationalization solutions as well. So thank you for that awesome question, Marko. All right, our next question comes from Sher, who asks, with the emphasis on mobile, can Ripple and other animations be turned off for 3G and does that matter? So that's a really cool question. For something like the paper ripple animation, you actually can turn that off on your elements. If you just add a no ink attribute to the element itself, it will disable the ripple. So for instance, if you add that to paper button, it'll turn it off. Now for something like mobile, what you can do is you can use an iron media query to set up a handler to check the screen size. And if it's a smaller screen, you can then remove that attribute. Perhaps if it's a larger screen, you could add it back. So that way you could have it on desktop and maybe take it away from mobile to get kind of maximum performance there. As always, you want to be measuring your performance. If something does seem like a bottleneck, then yeah, use a strategy to try and remove it. So thank you, Sher, for that really awesome question. All right, our next question comes from Mark, who asks, how do you generate documentation for elements and how do you document packages? So to document an element, what I typically do is I start with this thing called the seed element project. You can check that out over here on GitHub. And what that's gonna do is give you a boilerplate element as well as in the index file, this thing called iron component pages. And iron component pages is gonna read all the comments in your element itself and generate documentation for you. Now, there's special annotations that you have to use and you can check out the style guide over here which explains the different annotations. But if you basically work with that project as your starting point for your new elements, then you're gonna get documentation basically for free. It's a pretty cool setup. So definitely check out seed element and see if that meets your needs. So thank you Mark for sending in that really cool question. Okay, our next question comes from Nicholas, who asks, how do you use CSS mix-ins with media queries? So that is an interesting question. Right now with the current limitations of the style shimming system, in a media query you can consume variables, however you can't set new variables or custom properties. So what you can do is use an iron media query element to check the different screen sizes and when it's a smaller screen size, you can call Polymer's update styles method and actually like pass in new properties that way. There's actually a GitHub issue which discusses this and shows an example of how you can work around it. So you can check that out over here. And for working with mix-ins, what I can do is I can throw together a little JS bin and add that to the show description so you can see how that works there as well. So thank you Nicholas for sending in that awesome question. Okay, our last question comes from Jonathan, who asks, could you talk a little bit about the difference between paper list box versus paper menu? So yeah, first of all, way to have an eagle eye, Jonathan, and I don't even think paper list box is in our catalog yet. It is up on GitHub, so you're totally on the ball. The way that I understand things is paper list box is kind of like the select element when you add a multi-attribute to it. So you get multiple things that you could choose from. Perhaps you wanna even choose like one or two items at the same time. However, the paper menu is sort of more of like a traditional drop-down menu. So that would be the difference between those two. Again, thank you so much for sending in that question, Jonathan. So that's it for today. Thank you everyone who sent in those awesome questions. If you yourself have a question, you can ping us on a social network of your choosing at hashtag Ask Polymer or leave it for us down below in the comments. As always, thank you so much for watching and I'll see you next time.