Well, welcome, everyone. Thank you for coming to this session. My name is Lou Tucker. I'm a VP and CTO of Cloud Computing at Cisco Systems. And I'm also vice chairman of the OpenStack Foundation. So we've been involved. I've been involved with this since sort of the beginning. It's great to see the change in this. Every time with each new release, we're getting more and more usage, more and more users. And so one of the things I wanted to talk about here, this is not a very deep technical talk. This is really more about, I think, the transformations that we're seeing taking place, particularly in the data center, because of things such as OpenStack. And as we're building larger and larger systems and connecting them up and everything else. I'm sure many of you could actually give the same talk. So this is what I think is the larger phenomena that we're seeing. And that is that the continued sort of impact of the internet and the growth of the internet and impinging upon what we're doing in these data centers and in the models that we have for computing, the models that we have for how we develop applications. And when you think about it, this last year, whatever, there's more data created than in the last previous 5,000 years. We're continuing this digitization of our environment. And in order to do that, we several years ago passed in terms of the number of virtual machines that are deployed versus the number of servers. We passed that point where there's more than in the next year. So 70% of all machines will be virtual. And also, if you've seen any of the stats in terms of how the number of packets flowing through the internet and the use of bandwidth, a 2-thirds of the bandwidth is essentially going to be mobile video now. That's a huge transformation of those of you who have had rim blackberries or earlier kind of cell phones and now everything is getting video. And particularly as you travel other parts of the world, you'll see people just sitting on subways watching movies on their phone. It's really striking. And then everybody's talking about these 50 billion connected devices that we can have. We're nowhere near that yet. But when we start talking about connecting all of these different devices, it really changes the nature of computing. And so the old style of thinking about an application that you bring up on a server and you're running a couple apps on that server, they're really gone. These are all cloud scale applications running over hundreds to thousands of virtual machines, running over multiple geographies. And that's a big change. One of the things if you followed actually Jeffrey Moore crossing the chasm, his earlier talks, now he's really talking to my search on Google or on Yahoo or Microsoft for the systems of engagement with Jeffrey Moore. He's got a great talk. And his view over this is rather interesting. He says the traditional IT apps, ERP applications, HR and everything else, those are systems of record, financial apps, how we manage our business. They're done. Meaning we've finished development of them. They work just fine. Now they're moving just into a reduced to cost kind of cycle. There's no real innovation happening in those systems of record applications where IT organizations are expanding and this is where the most rapid growth is in what he's calling the systems of engagement. This is how does the company engage actually with its employees, with its customers. More and more companies are using the internet and mobile devices and social networks to engage with their customers. So this is coming out of lines of business. It's coming out of marketing departments. These systems of how does the company engage with its supply chain and with its customers and with its sort of community around it? Those are where the new developments are happening and a lot of those are happening in very unexpected ways. We're seeing, for example, that people walking in, you've all heard about bring your own device. It's a big challenge actually for IT administrators. All of a sudden people are walking around with pretty highly capable computers on their mobile devices accessing their networks and wanting to have access to the information. I think this morning you've heard people talk about, gee, why is it we have a richer environment and what we can do at home than we often do in the office? So the IT organizations are trying to catch up and so they're bringing out a whole new set of applications that are designed to be much more about how do they engage with our employees? How do we engage with our customers and know more about them? One of the biggest drivers, obviously, of big data that we're seeing is in terms of analyzing all of the click streams and relationships and as much information as we can get about our customers and about our customers' use of our products. And that starts to become part of the whole development cycle, mining that information, getting that back into it so that we know when we do the next iteration of the application, how to better target that application for its users. And then there's the Internet of Things. And this is Internet of Things moving to Internet of Everything where it's not just the devices, for not to think about it, just solely from the point of view of devices even though there's gonna be, that's where the large growth is going to come. But it is a mobile applications. It is connecting into things such as smart grid and smart buildings. And one of the apps I actually like, which I think is a great example of both this kind of movement, but also of open data, is that in the city of San Francisco, the city government has decided to publish information, put sensors in the roads about where the available parking spaces are. So they publish anybody. They can now build an application based upon that, that you can carry around on your cell phone or whatever, to find the closest parking spot. And that helps the city in a number of different ways. It reduces congestion, it reduces pollution, all enabled by the fact that they essentially open sourced this repository of data that they have so that now innovators and entrepreneurs can develop applications to go and use that information to provide interesting new services. Factories are becoming robots. When I think about a lot of robotics and AI, which I used to have in my background, you look at factory automation that's going now, that's a large, large system. You look at logistics company or FedEx and people who are making massive amounts of shipping products or whatever, those are one big system. And they're treating that now as another example of a robot. Because this is where automation is actually being used to move things around, even though it doesn't have the form of a physical human. So these things, I think, more than anything else, drive this sort of virtuous cycle. That we have the internet of everything, more and more things coming into the internet. We have now a need to process all of the information that drives the need for big data analytics and streaming analytics. That drives the need for more and more cloud computing capabilities to run these kinds of applications. And then that has an effect even down in the layers when we're looking at software to find networking. And that's where we'll talk a little more about how this is affecting, not just in compute, not just in storage, but also now in networking. And in fact, this is sort of the promise and whenever I think any of us are trying to explain what is cloud computing to somebody who might be asking us. We're really talking about the speed, and you heard it this morning, the speed at which you can start to deploy applications. In the old days, you basically designed an application, you coded it, you decided where you were going to run this, you might have to procure new systems in order to do that, then you would install it, you can configure it, and all of that is necessary, which takes numerous approvals, numerous sign offs to get this, and what we're really moving to this model where you really are going to go from design, code, and pushing it. And that's what we call continuous deployment. And this has to do with how do we now accommodate the kind of code that is involved in these systems when it's changing that fast, and that's where continuous integration is necessary. And a lot of us who are involved in OpenStack now are running essentially the same continuous integration environments in our own facilities that we're running at the foundation so that we can actually take a lot of the updates and everything else associated with the code and be able to run and deploy it in-house as well. So continuous integration, continuous deployment are actually something that I think we're gonna be talking a lot more going forward, which means we're really making this whole change in the traditional way of doing things to a model whereby several times a day an application is being changed. That has a whole different notion in terms of what does it mean to release an app? What, you want the app at 4.35 p.m. yesterday, or do you want it at 6.00 a.m. this morning? These are what is the new way of actually approaching these things. And so with this, the other thing that when people now look at, because of Moore's law, we're continuing to crank up higher performance computing systems and storage systems at lower cost. And therefore, what's remaining, the percentage of overall spend is growth, then the part that's growing is the operating cost. And so these operating expenses is what really needs to be attacked next because Moore's law is taking care of the rest of it. But how do you, again, develop, deploy, monitor, patch, upgrade the application is taking most of the expense now in IT. And this means that by attacking that, how do you attack that? With virtualization, that was one early answer and that seemed to not have an impact because in fact we saw what's known as VM sprawl. We just built more and more virtual machines. Now we had a larger number of servers you had to manage them before because now these were virtual and it could be spun up very quickly. So automation, continuous integration, continuous deployment, all of these things are an attempt to attack that growing percentage of IT spend which is associated with the operating cost. And it's interesting I think in this community because OpenStack as a community is largely made up of people who are trying to develop and deploy cloud platforms. And we're using automation tools, we're using Shaft, we're using Puppet. And we think about this as something that needs to be automated because installing OpenStack completely by hand or managing OpenStack completely by hand, manually logging into servers and everything else is going to just make it very impossible to attack these costs. So we really need to really look at the automation tools necessary for this. So, how many people actually here are consider themselves IT administrators? And do these kinds of things concern you today? All of these new terms that are coming, it seems like every other month we're coming up with something new about programmability and network operating system, network function virtualization, OpenStack. All of this is coming at them and there's a huge sort of reeducation that changes not just what you know or how you operate but actually how you're organized in the teams themselves. So this is an awful lot of change again that's coming on very, very fast. And it's something that I think we're trying to address with everything that we're doing in OpenStack. We were like OpenStack to make this person's life easier. With all of these changes, we want to be able to automate the infrastructure, automate the deployment, update, upgrade. Automation is the key to everything here. And what we've done is that we're virtualizing the data center. People have talked about it, a virtual data center, everything else so that we can actually make it easier for then the application developers to be able to deploy their own applications in a very much in a self-service kind of model. And at the same time, data centers themselves are growing and they are changing. There's a lot of emphasis now as data center size, you're seeing new data centers popping up all over the landscape. We're seeing that the principal factors here are power and cooling. And so it's been actually quite encouraging in the last couple of years to see many of the large data centers attacking that problem and dramatically bringing down their cost of the power and the cooling needed for these things through a lot of different innovation design. So that I think is one of the things that's changed is the physical data centers. And data centers as a business seems to be becoming a real estate business because an awful lot of property is involved with this. OpenStack holds this all together. So the real transformation I think of the data center is the fact that OpenStack is becoming this new platform that is a part of the software stack of the data center. Many years ago we developed the term middleware. And at that time it meant sort of job application servers, typical message buses, that kind of software that you would use to stitch together and connect different applications together and middleware became a whole sort of industry. I think that notion now is being replaced by that of a cloud platform. And so that's why we're seeing the interest in OpenStack and so many companies involved because we all have an interest now in making sure that the way this platform is designed is designed in such a way that we can all use it. We can, it can span different kinds of use cases from possibly a bank to a private cloud deployment in an enterprise to a large scale service provider to a company such as Comcast, which is putting Xfinity on OpenStack. All of these different use cases we're hoping to cover with what we're doing in the OpenStack projects today. And so I kind of have this picture in my mind that looking at now a data center, you have this layer, is a certain amount of your resources now devoted to the compute services, NOVA. Another set exactly to storage. And underlying this, you've got the network service neutron that ties this all together. And then you've got Solometer and you've got Heat and everything else that builds on top of this. On the top of this, we can also put the PAS applications, whether it be Cloud Foundry or OpenShift and others. So we're querying again this new layer cake. All the while what we're trying to do is make it so that applications can be deployed without having to contact somebody in the IT organization by filing a troubles ticket. We really want to make this self-service dynamically provisioned and scalable. And so also what we're trying to do through the rest of these services is again make it easier.  Instead, use a service. So the services are the way to think about OpenStack. And when I describe it, it certainly is the open source software that allows anybody to build and deploy their own cloud. But it's also a set of loosely coupled services that when you look at them together, become this platform upon which applications rest. And therefore as a platform, it has the top layer, which are the developer APIs, that makes it easier and easier for applications to be developed. And then it has the bottom, which is where it actually hooks into real physical systems because at the end of the day we still have to push bits over wires, we still have to heat CPUs, I guess, doing computations. So we need to be able to have the top and the bottom and OpenStack is the layer that fits in between. Mark Andreessen, you know, back in 2011 made this sort of comment, software is eating the world and it seems to be coming back around again. That we're to get the kind of speed and agility that we need to be competitive today.  Kind of interesting that software is eating the world in a lot of the terms that we've come up with things. Chef, chef has recipes, salt, these different, these are the new systems that you have to know about in order to realize this kind of automation of the whole development process, the integration process, the deployment process, and then the management of your infrastructure. So automation becomes very key to this. And we're doing this even in the foundation board where we're putting stuff in to be voted on, you know, in Garrett and Jenkins and we use a lot of the same tools that we do for development for handling the processes that we have on the board today. So the network, of course, is changing and this is where it's been interesting in the last couple of years. When we started Neutron, for example, then called Quantum as a new service, it was in anticipation that there's a lot of, there's a sort of a revolution happening in networking is that we saw the emergence of open flow. We saw different controllers coming into place and that we start talking about an overlay and an underlay. So one of the things to think about as we scale out also the way we're deploying these things, traditional sort of vertically scaled network hierarchies or whatever, or turning into spine leaf because the amount of data traveling within the data, within the data center from server to server far exceeds that going in and out of the data center. So the bisectional bandwidth technically inside of the data center needs to grow dramatically and so we're seeing new architectures in the networking infrastructure built and the new architecture now has to accommodate these overlays. These overlays are an application's own view of what it means to have a network and that network gets mapped onto physical links and everything else naturally, but we want to be, but from the developer's point of view this allows them to think about their application as in a set of servers over here talking perhaps to a database over there and that's the kind of a private network and they're the only ones who can see that that's done through an overlay. That can also be done through routing. So there's a lot of different changes that take place here. So when we looked at putting networking into OpenStack we again realized came back to the principles of OpenStack which is that it is a set of services that the services are loosely coupled, that APIs and the abstractions represented those services are important and what we're trying to do is make those APIs work across a wide range of hardware and software and each one of these services is driven by a community of experts who really can contribute into that and so it's very pleasing actually to watch this and happen because we see competitors working together on a common project and just to drive that forward and the number of companies that we have involved in OpenStack today I think is a real tribute to the fact that the project technical leads that we elect to this are doing an excellent job in terms of keeping these communities and these projects moving forward. The reason why we break these things out is to make them sort of concerned with a particular area such as compute, such as storage, such as identity so that the expertise can really be applied there and that community can get together and decide that and you all as I said everything was changing below in networking that we're going from server virtualization once we have server virtualization particularly led by VMware and others all of a sudden we had a virtual switch because we've got virtual machines there that need to connect to the network in some way and so the whole notion of a virtual switch came into being and Cisco in fact also has this 1000V and there's OpenV switch that was designed into Linux so all of that has to do with now virtualizing both the networking moving into the server as a part of the virtualized environment OpenFlow is a protocol for how can you do it's known as separation of the control plane and the data plane. This allows software now to direct how switches are operating, how routes are being formed, how do you move traffic through a network so instead of having to log in and using a CLI by administrator you can do this now through software and you can actually have the management plane of that running entirely now in software on a number of servers in some cluster. This created a lot of interest in things called network controllers where that thing that is now going to be managing these devices through software that is then now a controller it's another sort of layer in the stack and there's some actually interesting trends around now thinking for Neutron for example I think we had over 12 OpenFlow controllers plugins made by different companies and individuals and so there's a lot of activity going on in this notion of the controller and one of the things we were even talking about in an earlier panel today is the controller the separate thing or does Neutron as a service become a controller and I'm much more of an advocate I want as much functionality pushed out I want Neutron to be really about the developer abstraction so we meet that goal. Lastly, virtualize network services and we can go through each one of these things. So NFE is particularly interesting because just like we virtualized the networking with Neutron and now people are saying well what about a firewall? Load balancer, VPN. We have the appliances that have done those functions is there a way to virtualize those because once you virtualize those and they become software you can dynamically scale them. You can deploy them at will. So this becomes it dramatically increases the speed again at which you can now deploy and scale these kinds of services themselves. So networking evolved. In an OpenStack that meant that we moved from a very simple model of Noven networking which is a very simple flat network very much everybody gets a public and private IP address and that you're in and you're perhaps are isolated by tenant on a VLAN. So Neutron networking where we're really saying this is now Neutron is a network service and so what we wanna do is actually keep compatibility with Noven networking. We still have some work to do to achieve that and but we can now essentially ride on top of this tremendous change that's happening in the lower layers, lower stacks of networking while keeping a consistent and easy to understand model for the application developer because we don't wanna require application developers become system network administrators. So it started out real simple. We decided that was with the principles that we wanna have a northbound API that the developers looks at and that can do things such as create network, create subnet, create port, attach a virtual machine to a network. Those were that was the basic notion. Those become abstractions particularly since we have a restful interface of these and then to accommodate the fact that we have different implementations whether you're on Cisco, Juniper or anybody else you wanna have hardware plugins think of them essentially as device drivers being able to instantiate that into the networking infrastructure and that we also wanna allow innovation so by having API extensions we can extend this naturally and those are extensions to do things such as perhaps quality of service or other kinds of things that we wanted to be able to have which wouldn't necessarily be required for all of the plugins to support. So on a plugin by plugin basis we can allow innovation to go forward. That worked for about two years, but there are issues. What do you do ahead of a genius environment? Not everybody runs completely uniform environments to all Cisco or anybody else. They have lots of different equipment and also how are we going to accommodate now network services? So we moved to a model called ML2 which is really about separating those things out so you can have multiple different, we would separate out the kinds of types of drivers whether you're talking about an overlay for VXLAN or GRE from the mechanisms and that the different plugins that would be interfacing then with the lower level system hardware and that we also then would have plugins for services. So this is where you've seen things such as load balancing of the service, firewall as a service and we're continuing to drive that work forward because you often want services to chain together.  You need to be able to chain these services together. I'm not going to go into a lot of this. Let's just, so the primary purpose here of remember though was to make sure that we use a network to provide isolation of tenants. So in a multi-tenant environment, we're saying we're always operating a multi-tenant environment even if those tenants might be different applications, they need to be able to be isolated from each other and not be able to sniff each other's traffic and everything else. And so this is how we separate the idea of sort of the segmentation from the particular device methodology that's being used in the ML2 environment. In terms of services, we have the notion, at the beginning of that, we are drawing upon leveraging the fact that we have a notion of a router and then a virtual router so that we can now start to talk about how does traffic flow and can we stitch the traffic together to produce this kind of service training. And here for example is an example of a router which is a CSR1000V. This is from Cisco where we essentially took the software on some of our large scale routers or whatever and run that as a virtual machine. So this is important for VPN. So this is a fully functional, essentially hardware compatible VPN service that can be run now as a virtual machine. And that's where we're looking, how we're working to make this available through Neutron so that you can spin up a VPN as a service and specify that you wanna be able to use one of the CSR1000Vs instead of an ordinary Linux VM. So in many ways, across this sort of variety of things that are happening and networking, we're building this open stack cloud platform so that we're able to cover all of these different variations, bring forward a lot of the innovations but make that a place where the applications can actually continue to ride through as that layer below it changes and change quite dramatically. So one of the changes that we'll be talked about in several other sessions here is addressing this very concept of do applications really wanna program the network? We created abstractions for a network, a subnet, a port. But is that really what, does that help anybody? It certainly helps somebody in that they don't have to actually go out and talk to their system admin to put a cable between this port and that port. Now they can do that programmatically. But it's still the same old notion of creating subnets and everything else and maybe requiring too much. So system administrators absolutely do wanna program at that level. So they wanna be able to use software and they wanna be able to access it and so in fact a lot of system applications now are being built on top of OpenStack using Neutron to do exactly that. VLAN provisioning, things such as that. But user facing applications, I think we could do better and that's where this whole notion about how do we start moving into a policy driven paradigm for application developers, making it easier to get the intent of the application without forcing them to become a network administrator. And I'm sure some of you have seen some of this over the last year being developed. But if you take the simplest case of kind of a three tier application, you got your web tier, you got your app server tier, we maybe use MemcatchD and other kinds of things and then you have your database tier.  And so you create these tiers and these isolation or zones and today we do that using security groups, we do using virtual routers and everything else. The intent is really where we're trying to get out here is there's a policy we're trying to enforce there. And the policy might be that only traffic from the app tier is allowed to go into the database tier. And that can be expressed as a policy. You don't have to say what networks, you don't have to say necessarily what ports. Those can be instantiated below for you by a higher level API which really talks about policy. And this is what we've been trying to develop in something called group-based policy abstractions. There's a blueprint and a lot of contributors have been, a lot of companies have been contributing here. It's just a small number of them and I urge you if you're interested in this to get involved sort of in this discussion as we now are fleshing out how the API should express itself, what do we mean by the policy? How do these constructs actually work? And the URL is there, this will be posted later. This means that simultaneously we've been having essentially neutron APIs which is create network, create subnet, everything else. And you have now these other things, create a policy which says this tier can talk to that tier or here are the following ACLs that you want or you want a firewall inserted in front of this. All can be policy statements. And the other interesting thing about this is it allows us to also essentially involve the people whose job it is to create the policies which are the system admins, network administrators to create those policies for the application people.  They understand the complexities perhaps of their data center and they would like that to be able to hand that to their application developers and now it's not an application developer anymore who's saying that my database is not gonna be routable from the internet, it's actually the policy that says that that's the way a database should be isolated from the network. And we can accommodate these different needs and then when we get in even further, I'm sure those of you who've seen announcements out of Cisco, we're expressing that in the actual networking fabric itself called ACI. And we're making the fabric aware of these policies so that they can be pushed all the way down into the networking infrastructure itself. Again, let's come back to the notion now of a policy controller, application policy controller, we call it APIC, which now can sit in between here. So we can now have these policy controllers sitting there and working with OpenStack but it also could be directing the policy of things outside of OpenStack because OpenStack doesn't necessarily live all by itself. It usually exists within a larger data center and it's connected to other things that are not under the domain of OpenStack. And using this group policy kind of plug-in, we can accommodate that. And so there's a number of talks that are going on on Wednesday and on Thursday. I invite you to attend these where we'll be, in fact, demoing some of these policy constraints with the kind of reference architecture we have going on today. And I think that you'll be able to appreciate that. So I did wanna leave some time for questions. So if you're thinking of a question, just come up to the mic and I thought I'd go over a few kind of closing thoughts here in terms of this. In many ways, I think the data center's vanishing. The landscape's really changed a lot and so the traditional notion of data center has changed. Particularly as we're seeing, we've made them transition from mainframes with dumb terminals to kind of cloud-based application. That's a huge, huge transition. And so we're seeing companies like Netflix that essentially don't have data centers. They run it all on Amazon. So they've moved entirely in the notion of data center to a virtual concept for them that they're running. Comcast is moving an application you would think doesn't have anything to do with cloud, it's Xfinity, it's a video streaming app, but they're moving that to a cloud, to OpenSec in particular. And they're running that in multiple data centers, 10s to 20s of data centers, to be closer to their users. So cloud-native apps sort of at scale now can span multiple availability zones, cells and geographies, however we start to think of them. And I urge us to, that's where we should start to look for some of the next thing that we start to attack in OpenStack. And the reason for this is that we really wanna be able to reach any app, anywhere, any device. It sounds like the old Java days. That's where we're still at this game of making that true. So the data center is vanishing in some regards, because now it's become this multi-tenant platform for dynamically provisioning and elasticity, and these are all the new norms. This is what applications must do today, designing an app that doesn't scale, only scales a certain bit, it's just ludicrous. You need to be able to have these apps that are able to scale. And that they're continuously deployed and released, which again brings up this question, what is the app? Well, it's an app at a point in time. And most of the large scale web applications are doing multiple releases of features every day, every hour, which makes upgrade rather interesting, because there essentially isn't any upgrade. It's a continuous process, until all of a sudden you realize that what you've deployed right now is the upgrade of what you had a month ago, but you did it in these little pieces of new functionality going on. And DevOps is really what's turning infrastructure into code. So I advise you to really look at your whole processes and everything else and understand how your developers are becoming part of everything you need to run your data centers. So Cisco's also made announcements about intercloud, and that really is our notion very much related to what might be called cloud federation and other kinds of things, is that we're trying to take a more holistic view of recognizing that applications now are spanning multiple data centers. Those data centers may be from multiple providers, multiple different service providers, and we need to be able to create this kind of intercloud that can connect all of those so that you can move services around or you can access services in different clouds at will. And we all know that computing and storage is very much moving to the edge. And one of the questions is, well, where's the edge now? I mean, the edge seems to be almost everywhere. It's no longer in the core, that's for sure, it is the edge, and that's the most scalable part of an intercloud is the edge is growing faster than ever. And so how will this change the notion that we have a traditional networks? I want now the networks that I create in neutron everything else to span multiple data centers, multiple providers. I want to create my overlay network that actually can be instantiated and brought up for a couple hours a day, spanning multiple different clouds themselves. And so the final question in that sort of theme what do we mean by a cloud? When everything becomes part of like this larger intercloud. And I think that that's what we're trying to do here with OpenStack, you saw Troy talked about it this morning, I think as a global planet level planet scale cloud, all along our vision around OpenStack as more and more OpenStack clouds get created, run by different providers, run by on private, on premise, as service providers, what are the kinds of services we wanna look to be developed so that we can start to look at this as a larger intercloud of OpenStack services running on each one of these data centers. So with that I'd like to thank you and see if there might be any questions either from the audience or come up to the mic. Gotta be one question. Let me ask you guys a question. So we're always interested in getting and understand about who our audience is and who's coming to these conferences. And I'm not gonna ask how many here for the first time or anything, but if you could actually just shout out, what do you hope to get out of this? What are you looking to find out?  Just shout it out. I'd love to get much more of a feel for which, why you're here, design summit. And what are you doing in this session? That's great. I wanna be there too. Last question for you. Yes. For the group policy specific to Cisco. Actually, if you look at the blueprint, the group policy APIs, the model that we're developing there is not Cisco specific by any means. And that's why in OpenStack we are developing this notion of what should those APIs be for expressing things as group policy. Then in particular vendor will have different implementations and yes, Cisco does have an implementation at the plugin layer. Which is epic. Yep. I don't have what it seems like to do. Yeah, the question is that in the discussion around group policy APIs, where do the service providers fit in or what is the notion of that? I think that has a lot to do with, we're at this point, we're trying to get the foundational abstractions correct. And then where I think it might come in is the inclusion of actually integrating the policies represented by a different service provider. So that particularly you want that in an enterprise, for example, where we know we want to have the involvement of policy. But is that getting it what you're talking about? Yeah, mostly the question I have is not. Oh, I think this is not an enterprise or a service provider thing. I think this is an application developer conceptualization of what do we want to do with communication between parts of your application. And that's why we're really focused on the top layer. What are the right constructs that a developer would use to express this kind of policy? And then the mechanisms we think will fall out from that. Okay, if there's no other questions, go ahead. Is OpenStack is the only one part of the Cisco spectrum among the different competition like RockStack? The question is OpenStack just one part of Cisco's strategy? Absolutely. No, Cisco is a very large company. We have a lot of relationships with a lot of different companies and different open stores, for example, we're heavily involved also in open daylight at the controller level and then OpenStack at the open source cloud platform layer. And that's our primary focus in terms of our contributions that we're focusing on that in terms of the open source contributions that we're doing. But we support VMware, we support Microsoft where we have a very large install base of customers that have different things that they're trying to accomplish. Okay, I won't keep you all, have a great conference. Thank you.


If you've been having some issues logging in today, it's because Steppen has been pushing out a major update today. Today Steppen released a major update that will be changing some of the game dynamics going forward. One of the biggest things released in today's update is that GMT is now officially live and part of the app. You can see that because of this GMT's price to date is up over 11%. In today's video, we will discuss how GMT will be used in the app and get prepared because you will be needing some GMT in order to level up to certain levels now. Another major update today is the new Easter event which is now officially live. The Easter event will be a seven day event and you will be able to possibly get the Easter mystery boxes if you have over two energy. There are also some buffs on the gems which will now make them more relevant in the game and a major partnership and new chain where you will be able to buy, sell and earn GST on. We'll be covering all of this and more in today's video. Don't want to miss it guys. Let's dive right in. All right. So the first thing in the update for 0.6.3 is Steppen now supports the BNB chain. So what exactly does this mean? If you open up your app right now on the top right, you'll see that there's an S that S is for Solana. If you actually hold down on that S, you'll see that it says multi chain switch. So at that point, you can switch between Solana and BNB smart chain. So why is this happening? What exactly is going on right now with this? So it's all started with a partnership with Binance. You can see that Binance NFT tweeted. We're proud to bring Steppen official for an exclusive IGO launch soon. So IGO means initial game offering. So not only did they partner up with Binance, but they also got a partnership with ASICs. So Binance will be launching Steppen ASIC NFT sneakers. So in this limited release, there will be 1000 sneakers at 0.5 BNB per sneaker. So at BNB's current price, that's about $200 per sneaker, about a thousand dollar discount on the market prices. Now in order to be able to try to get these sneakers, you have to be subscribed to whatever this Binance NFT thing is. I guess the way you do that is by staking your tokens. I've honestly never tried any of this. I didn't even know this existed until this news was released. So this release is supposed to happen about 16 hours from now. So at 12 o'clock UTC tomorrow. So this is pretty big. Not only is Steppen now a multi chain game, but partnerships with both Binance and ASICs, which is a real sneaker company. That's exactly the type of potential that I was talking about for this app. And I think this is just the beginning. Imagine partnerships with Adidas, Nike, and those likes going forward. I think the sky is the limit. Also by being on multiple chains, whenever there's an issue on one chain, you could just swap over to the other chain and either earn on that chain or swap your money over to that chain to send it out or whatever it is you want to do. So the next update here was that they added GMT trading pair in wallet. So now when you open your wallet, you're going to see this. You can now buy tokens on Binance. You'll see on the top middle here that it currently says Solana and that's also where you can switch from one chain to the other. Now when you look at your wallet account, you can see that GMT is now officially there. So now you're able to transfer GMT onto and off of the wallet. You can also trade any of your coins for GMT or trade your GMT for GST, trade it for Sol, for USDC, whatever it is you want. So GMT is now officially part of the app and we'll get into some more of its utility in the app. So the next thing is that the Easter event is now officially live. When you open up your apps now, you will see on the left hand side a little Easter egg with a countdown. Currently it's at six days, 19 hours and 18 minutes. So this event will last for a period of seven days. So in their recent AMA, they announced that during the Easter event, when you open up a mystery box, it will have something extra in the box for you. So we don't know exactly what that extra is yet. And if I get one, I will definitely open it up and I'll record it as well so you guys could see it. But I'm thinking that it might be some free GMT included with whatever other gem or whatever else is in the box. So we'll have to wait and see what exactly that extra thing in the mystery boxes is. Another thing that they added to this update is that the mystery boxes you can no longer open for free. Before when you would earn a mystery box, there was a countdown and as a countdown ran down, it would become cheaper and cheaper to open up the mystery boxes until eventually it was free to open it up. That will no longer be the case. Now there will be a minimum cost to open every single mystery box. So you can no longer open them for free. Alright, so we also got some adjusted metrics around gems, shoe upgrades and shoe boxes. So let's go over what exactly this means. So they've given a buff to gems. As we've spoken about before, the gems just weren't very relevant. So we weren't to focus on them. That's also one of the reasons why we never upgrade luck in our attribute points. So the devs have definitely been paying attention to the community and are trying to make the gems more relevant in the game. So what they've done, if you now look at the app and you go to gems or if you have any gems, you will notice that not only is it now plus two, but they also have a 5% bonus. And if you go ahead and click on the gem, you will see that it says to the attribute, it gives a plus two resilience, but it also has an effect that gives plus 5% to the base resilience. So basically whatever your base resilience is, it gives a 5% boost to it. So for example, my shoe has a base resilience of 9.5. So 9.5 plus 5% makes it 9.975. So it's not a huge boost, but it's something. Again, remember this applies directly to your base resilience. So that means a 9.5 not your upgraded resilience. So I'm not gonna get a 5% bonus to my 27.5. I'm gonna get a 5% bonus to my 9.5. So if I put it on right now, instead of 27.5, I'll actually have 27.975. So that upgrade plus adding the minimum cost has definitely been boosting the price on the market for these gems. As you guys can see, all the gem floor prices are pretty much up with GMT officially added to the app. They will begin giving it more and more utility within the game itself. So one of the main utilities added for GMT in order to burn GMT is that now you will also need GMT in order to upgrade at certain levels. So I believe starting today, if you're leveling up your shoes to level 5, 10, 20, 29 or 30, you will now also need to pay with GMT. So it's gonna be whatever the cost was before with GST plus a new cost with GMT. Some other utility that GMT will have is that you'll be able to burn GMT to upgrade level 4 plus gems. You'll be able to burn GMT to mint rare epic and legendary sneakers and you'll be able to burn GMT to redistribute attribute points. Now, I don't think all of those are in the app as of yet, but I believe that this first one is the one that was part of today's update. Some of the other utility that GMT will also have is Burn GMT to permanently increase GST daily earning cap. Burn GMT to permanently improve success rate of all gem upgrades. Burn GMT to permanently improve the chance to receive a higher quality sneaker from opening a shoebox and Burn GMT to permanently improve the chance to receive two sneakers from shoe minting. So in the AMA, they only spoke about needing GMT in order to level up. They didn't really talk about any of the other use cases. So I believe they will slowly be implementing these different use cases and utility for GMT as they introduce it into the app. So the last three updates here, I don't think there's really much to talk about. It says they improved experience around running, fixed data display issues and improved account cancellation process. So not really too much to cover on that. Now they did do a live AMA yesterday and these are some of the notes from that AMA. Let me see if there's anything that we missed. All right. So one of the big ones here that they spoke about in the AMA is that they will have a Trailblazer event after the Easter event ends. So what exactly does that mean? What exactly is a Trailblazer event? It will be a 48 hour event. So a two day event where you will receive triple your earnings during the event. So if you're earning 10 GST per day on those two days, you'll be able to earn 30 GST per day. For me, I'm currently earning around 50 per day. So that means that I'll be earning 150 per day during that event. I'll be trying to have my nine shoes by then so I could be earning up to 100 per day and do 300 per day during that event. That'll be 600 GST. At current prices, that will be $2,652 in a two day period if I can get up to nine shoes by then. So they said that they will let us know about the event a few days before and on the day of the event is when they will open the GMT use case to increase daily GST earning cap. So basically in order to earn more than your current earning cap during that triple up event, you will need to basically burn GMT. So another thing that they mentioned during the AMA is that with the new BNB chain, you can't mint one sole sneaker with one BNB chain sneaker to create a new shoe box. So that would not be possible. If you have one shoe on each chain, you will not be able to mint those together to create a new shoe. So they're still working on some updates for the marketplace with the filters and some of the other features, but they will now be delayed to the coming months as they prioritize and focus strictly on the GMT use cases for the moment. They also said that they hit a new high in their daily active users with 300,000 people. The last thing that they spoke about yesterday was that on the mystery boxes, waiting time will now be reduced by two days. I'm not 100% sure what the waiting time was before, but they are now reducing that waiting time. And that's pretty much it guys. I think we covered everything in today's update. If you guys are new to Steppen, don't forget to check out these two videos that we released last week, the Steppen Beginners Guide and the Steppen Strategy Guide. I will link these in the description and in the comments. I will also add them at the end of this video. So if you guys are new, if you've missed any of these videos, I strongly suggest to check them out. Thank you guys. I will see you on the next one. As always, peace and love.


Well, one thing we start increasingly think about is what rice farming is going to look like, you know, not just five years from now, but 10, 15, 20 years from now. You think about, you know, young people moving to the cities, not really wanting to become rice farmers, aging farmers that are currently out there, they're less labor, maybe even less water, anything, you know, that currently is part of the traditional way of growing rice, which is, you know, wet land preparation and the bottled soil and manual transplanting and harvest. Look ahead, 20 years from now, probably in many places in Asia, will be difficult to continue that way of growing rice. So what are we going to do about that? That's the question that we're asking in our research, increasing the amount of crop management point of view, but even for the breeding point of view, because anything can be changed in the current traditional system of rice farming needs to have integrated solutions. Yeah, I think you're absolutely right. There's no question that the drudgery of transplanting every single rice plant that a farmer harvests is just not going to be the way people want to make their living in the very near future. I think that the manually transplanted rice crop is very rapidly going to be a thing of the past. And I think there's no question that institutions like ours are going to have to be the ones who can make sure that this system of puddling the soil, transplanting the rice, which has been unbelievably sustainable, can withstand that transition to a direct seeded crop using much less labor and still retain its sustainability. And I think there's some fundamental research problems within that kind of challenge. Yeah, it's not easy to grow rice that way. I mean, what we see here right now in one of us is what we call a dried, direct seeded rice. So there's a machine drilled into the dry soil, like you would drill seed a wheat crop or something like that. And then of course, it's much more problematic in the sense that managing wheat or paddling wheat is hard easy because you don't have early on a standing water layer. You need to take more care of your nutrient management. You may need varieties which are better adapted to that kind of dry seeding emerge quickly and have a lot of early vigor. So a lot of things, but I think we've made good progress also in big new regional initiatives like the Cigar Systems Initiative for South Asia where this partner on the ground, particularly in 2011, we've had hundreds and hundreds of demonstrations of dried seeded rice and associated technologies with reduced tillage even known to situations that increasingly look actually promising. We're making progress, we're getting good yields, still a few things to improve, but I think it's really showing what's possible there. You hit on something I think that's critical to these kinds of transformations. You mentioned the serial systems initiative for South Asia as a major initiative. Another major initiative of course is the Global Rice Science Partnership for the GRISC and in that partnership we bring in Latin America and in Latin America they have successfully developed an entire rice industry on a direct seeded approach, highly mechanized large expanses of area, very low labor, very high input in terms of energy and mechanization and so I think through the GRISC we have an opportunity to learn some of the underlying processes that make the Latin American systems work recognizing that the land tenure, population density, water situation of Asia for example is very different so what can we learn from a direct seeded experiments in Latin America, bring to Asia and adapt and then of course sub-Saharan Africa which has low population densities, lots of land but much lower level of technification and infrastructure can learn probably from both Latin America and Asia. No, no, absolutely, that has been fantastic in 2011. We had GRISC now as the first real new CJR research program starting in January 2011 and we had a whole range of new initiatives that brought people together from different parts of the world who work on various aspects of rice research but also development and so we had many of these kind of interactions already and you can really see already this kind of learning in fact and it can go either way there are many things that Asia may learn from South America or vice versa, Africa from Asia or vice versa so I think it's going to be a multi-directional flow of information and that's really the big potential. We can learn so much and there's so much to do for everyone in this partnership we actually hope that some countries actually step forward and take on leadership for the things because we can do everything with GRISC. One institution, it has a global mandate, it can do many things but it cannot do all things, we certainly need more substantial partnership for all the countries that can play a role and step forward to take the leadership. No, I think that's one of the messages that we need to take to heart and need to make sure that that everyone both within GRISC, within the CGIR, within the broader agricultural research community understand that there's no shortage of problems. There's more than enough problems to go around that being inclusive and bringing in the appropriate partners to work on the appropriate problems and matching skill sets and matching experience is what it's going to take to solve complex problems. Arguing over turf and who should be in charge of which program is a waste of time, a waste of effort and I think that the work of GRISC and how GRISC has come together so smoothly is just an outstanding example of how with creativity and goodwill tremendous resources can be brought to bear on very strategic problems that will have major impact on the well-being and welfare of coming generations. It's all about people. You need good people, dedicated people, you need to find ways for them to effectively work without being just too distracted from what I would like to call non-protective demands on their time not really ever the diplomat


Now the maple tree is very much a tree that grows in a Nishnabeg country. We believe it's one of those gifts from creation through Nana Bojo and through other spirits that was given to Nishnabeg years and years ago. The maple is is grows only in this part of the world, the sugar maple as such right in northeast of North America. There are other trees from around the world but don't give out as much sugar as this this tree here that grows around here. So we treasure that tree, we've always worked with that tree. We give thanks to that tree for for its gift to us. Okay I wanted to show you how a maple tree looks like. These are young maples and but they're too young to tap but I wanted to show you how they look like when they're young. They have a kind of a smooth looking bark. There are other trees that have this kind of look to them so you can't really get them shouldn't get them confused. Like the poplar tree as an example also has smooth bark but I wanted to show you in a minute here the mature tree. They start to develop these cracks as they get older on down the tree and these get bigger as the tree gets bigger itself. So you begin to see this kind of marking and it and then you see that it's a more mature tree. So if you could just sort of follow me over to over there. I just want to show you another type of tree that can get easily confused and this one here this is an ash. This is a white ash. Now you can see they also have a smooth bark when they're young but as they get mature you see this kind of barring cake in place and ridges and so on. The maple does the same thing but does it a different style. Okay we'll step over to a more mature maple over here that is tapable. Now this is a mature maple and it depends on how big it is how many taps you can put on it. We've put two taps on this one but you can see how it starts to bar up and the maple particularly starts to have these this bark come peeling off it almost like it's peeling and that's characteristic of the maple so you guys know what it looks like. There are over here is an example I'll just show you in a minute another mature tree which is the red oak this one here is a red oak it's mature it's I would say this oak is about 60 to 70 years old but it doesn't peel like the maple does and it's darker and it's not as gray as as the maple so this is a red oak. It grows usually in hard ways along with the maple but it does not it bears some sap but it's very low in sugar and you don't want to waste your time working it because you won't get much sugar out of it so on. So you could see this general forest here is what we call hardwoods versus softwoods which softwoods are pines and cedars and this is where you find the maple tree. You find them maples as small as this one and as you can see they're not they haven't cracked yet this one is a very young tree maybe 10 years old growing and competing with the other ones to get some light it's struggling but you know I'll tell you something these mature trees know that this tree is struggling and they will hold back on nutrients in order for this to grow we know that I'm sure the science world will catch up to that someday maybe I can show you some more trees we can go this way now this one is called a basswood or a linden we use this tree it's actually not a well tree you can see where the where the birds have gotten it there's bugs in there that they're getting after and but we use this tree for fiber out of that fiber we make rope all right let me show you some other trees now this is what we call an ironwood the characteristic of an ironwood is it peels bark like this so on and it has sort of a bark that kind of lays more closer to the tree and so on you can't get that confused uh this is a young maple tree you can see the difference next to it is a hickory this is actually quite a rare tree this is a beautiful tree it's a hickory we use it for handle making for tools so you can see how it also has a smooth bark but doesn't really peel and the bars aren't as they're tighter than a maple tree and so on so that is a maple that's all I can show you if you don't know the difference the more you I think the more time you spend in the bush the better your chances at knowing the difference and I can now spot a maple tree half a kilometer away and and identify it by its shape general shape and the way it produces branches at the top of it so on uh yeah it's uh that is a mature maple maples are not doing well they are susceptible to acid and toxic rain and uh they get damaged by them and then once they get damaged by them then the parasites move in so it's not it's a tree that's very susceptible to uh the damage from industry the the best way to know what a maple tree is is to come back when the leaves are out when you can definitely identify a maple leaf uh also uh should mention to you that uh the best way to know that the season is ready is that when when the season starts to warm up around around the first of march that's when the sap starts to flow even when it's cold and looks cold feels cold they could run you need frost at night in about a two or three degree temperature above zero in order for it to run very very briskly uh we also watch certain things like animals uh to tell us if they're uh if they're eating it eating the sap like the red squirrel will come along bite a branch and start sucking on it and that's an indication that this sap is running and the season lasts about a month once you tap a tree the tap lasts about a month and then after that the natural the tree has a natural ability to seal itself uh it produces a sort of a gel which plugs the uh these holes this these are old old holes that would have been plugged by the gel uh and these uh these stop the sap from flowing at that time and that finishes the season so that's one of the ways we know the season that stopped one of the other ways is that uh insects starts moving in and start eating it here's a here's some uh moss which is an indication that the uh that they're getting to the sap and they're drinking the sap and that's beginning of the end of the season uh we've tapped this tree for about three weeks now so it's it will uh it will give sap for about another month i mean week sorry about another week so that's about the length of the season uh some people are able to get more out of it the earlier part of the season gives you really beautiful amber colored sap which is not heavily sweet and towards the end of the season it gives you a dark uh dark syrup dark sap and it's kind of woody in taste if you know what i mean it kind of turns green on us at that time but it's still it's still sap that can be worked down to syrup and is used for cooking it's a good utility type sap but not probably not good in pancakes


So Gearbox on the borderlands on Twitter just tweeted out since our April 30th update to mayhem mod We've received a ton of feedback from players in this developer update, which we will get into in a second people We want to give the great community an idea of how we will be addressing the concerns We've seen thus far and today guys we check out this developer update Has it gone guys? My name's DPJ and today I bring you another BR3 video If you do enjoy it, leaving a like really helps out and subscribe if you do want to see more So they go on to talk about in this developer update many many changes many fine tunes scaling so much more So let's just go through the whole thing on April 30th We released an update to mayhem mod in borderlands 3 since then we've received a ton of feedback about the changes made in That patch we want to give the great community an idea of how it will be addressing the community concerns We've seen thus far our intention for mayhem 2.0 was to provide a Significant difficulty for those looking to create and test their most powerful wall hunter builds while also providing everyone a more Engaging dynamic and fun end game players experience mayhem levels as a slider So they can move up and down between difficulties also by incorporating the combinations of modifiers You can find their level you enjoy most Did you get that perfect roll on that piece of gear then move that slide up and put your new gear to the test Or do you need a night off and just want to blow stuff up move the slider down and enjoy the mayhem That said we built mayhem 2.0 with longevity in mind We don't expect everyone to slip into mayhem 10 immediately as we introduce more content levels and gear into the game More people might find themselves comfortable at that level all the time Concerns or the mayhem difficulty gear balancing scale damage sources and build diversity are among the concerns We've heard most often we'll address these and more over two phases and roll them out in the next two patches This is to ensure that the changes match our expectations in testing before you experience them There are always unforeseen challenges when working on patches and hot fixes So we will keep players posted on more concrete release timings as these updates continue to progress Here's a look at some of the things we'll implement phase one stat scaling and gear Phase one focuses on the feedback we've received about mayhem levels that scaling and gear changes We'll make these changes at the same time to complement each other with the upcoming guardian theme to take down We will lower the health armor and shield stat bonuses that enemies receive in the higher levels of mayhem We'll also adjust over and Underperforming gear so that more gear is viable and balanced with the new lower stat bonuses found in mayhem 7 and above Certain unperforming anointments will also see a buff with this change The phase will also introduce a way to see which mayhem level your weapons and gear came from in the item card You'll see a line that reads mayhem level and the corresponding number for the mayhem level where it dropped You'll see this text in the same area where anointment descriptions are This is actually a massive massive deal to many many people including myself I mean I'm farming mayhem 10 now if no loot drop seeing a shambles. I just don't know what is mayhem 10 What isn't so this is a great great addition Phase two character balancing and build diversity Phase two focuses on feedback concerning character balance and build diversity The goal of this phase is to give players the ability to create viable builds using their Vault Hunters signature Action skills that simply didn't deliver enough power in the past. We are building a foundation from which the community Can create new builds centered around the gear or action skills in this phase We will scale none weapon sources of damage with mayhem scales This will scale action skill damage including pets and iron bear melee slam slight damage and vehicle damage Grenade much will now also drop as pieces of mayhem gear and have bonus damage for each level of mayhem Just like mayhem weapons. I am so glad they fixed that people. I really am to give your action skill a big boost We also will add skill damage to class mods in this phase. So that's pretty cool These class mods will introduce power bonuses to action skills that will help with new builds and achieve the goal of letting you choose How you want to play your characters? We know the community will find the builds that do the most damage But we anticipate a greater amount of builds made and played for fun after we make these changes Additionally, we will look at all environments to enable a more even playing field between them all There's also the concern that chests and vending machines in mayhem mod do not currently spawn gear for that level of mayhem This will be corrected in the second phase as it currently stands We don't have the ability to change it right this moment We are in the process of creating the data for this new functionality to work and we'll need time to test it along with all other Changes performance and stability We continue to prioritize game performance and stability our first step is identify mayhem modifiers that players reported as Causing the most issues then removing them via up fixes until a later date since then the reports of stability issues have Significantly decreased the changes that will make in these two phases will contain various mayhem mod optimizations and restore previously disabled modifiers and Quality of life changes unrelated to mayhem mod were testing some quality of life enhancements fight for your life will receive Improvements via highlighted on a previous borderland show coming in the next patch a players movement will slow while they are being revived And the interactive radius around a down player will increase to prevent them from accidentally running away from their saviours We also will implement a particle system to indicate more clearly when a player is being revived Along with the new functionality that multiple players will be able to speed up the reviving process by all coming to a Downed players aid common feedback we've received is from named enemies to have their own drops We are looking at making those changes and spreading out the loot pool in a future patch We will coincide this with an increase to the drop rate for dedicated loot So that's a good change, but it just depends when they implemented people We want to ensure players have a use for all the iridium they've collected throughout the galaxy the veteran rewards machine We'll receive a shipment of mission specific rewards that players can redeem once a side mission ends In addition, you'll have a good reason to pull out that iridium fabricator Dust it off and start shooting out weapons with your gun We are considering ways to increase the rate of legendaries that the iridium fabricator can shoot out at the expense of more iridium each trigger pool I do like that change though with the veteran rewards receiving a shipment of mission specific rewards That's pretty cool, but there are legendary mission specific rewards like the seventh sense Does this mean they will incorporate these mission rewards or will it just be epic mission rewards? We don't know this yet Okay, so the future, community feedback is vital to us Thank you for letting us know what you like and where we can improve We read and see all the messages Consider all the above just another step in our continual commitment to you and the quality of life improvements we're bringing to our land tree We're excited to share even more plan changes and glimpses of all the new content still to come And that is it guys Now they don't mention anything about mayhem 10 loot drops here in a significant way But we still have the hotfix that normally comes every Thursday, which will be tomorrow, the 14th of May But all in all, this dev update seems pretty good I do like some of the quality of life changes they are incorporating in the future But for me, the most important thing right now is the fixes to mayhem 2.0 loot drops I mean, it's just another disgrace at the minute And I'm hoping tomorrow in the hotfix we'll see further improvements And yeah guys, tell me what you think about some of these changes down below in that comments section To me the most important incorporation they talk about is definitely the weapon tag added to mayhem level gear I mean, this is super important to many many people As we just want to know where our drops have come from If we farm for that perfect weapon, we need to know it's a mayhem 10 scaled weapon And these tags will just do that But on that note guys, we have come to the end of the video If you guys enjoyed it, leaving a like really helps me out If you're new around here and want to see more bodylines, be sure to subscribe And if you never want to miss a video upload, you can turn on notifications And by hitting that bell button But guys, thanks as always for stopping by Hopefully you enjoyed the video and hopefully I will see you on that next One


Let's wrap things up with a couple of review questions. In thermodynamics, a fixed quantity of mass selected for the purpose of study is called a closed system, is the best of the available answers, because a fixed quantity of mass would have no mass entering nor leaving, it would be a closed system. A specific property is also an intensive property. Remember that a specific property is an extensive property divided by mass. That makes it intensive. In order for a system to be in thermal equilibrium, which of the following properties must be the same throughout the system? That's right, temperature. Next, a cycle consists of a sequence of processes, which eventually get back to where they started. Even though the continual repetition is often implied in our analysis of a cycle, that's not the thing that actually makes up a cycle. How many independent properties are required to completely specify the state of a simple compressible system? Two. It takes two.  At standard gravitational acceleration, the contents of this container weigh, well remember, specific volume is volume expressed per unit mass. Therefore mass could be described as volume divided by specific volume. Force of weight is going to be mass times gravity. That means that what we're describing here is a volume multiplied by gravity divided by a specific volume. The volume is 0.5 cubic meters, dividing by 0.001 cubic meters is going, excuse me, cubic meters per kilogram is going to yield a quantity in kilograms. And since it's 5 divided by 0.001, that's equivalent to 0.5 times 1000, which would be about 500. Since we have standard gravitational acceleration, that means 9.81 meters per second squared, 500 kilograms multiplied by 9.81 meters per second squared is going to be closest to 4900 Newtons. And with that we conclude chapter one. Next up will be the discussion of energy and the first law of thermodynamics. We will start to get into quantifying energy and using the first law, the conservation of energy, to predict what's going to happen in a process. It will be exciting.


okay bolo buddies this is a mystery box from youtube channel auctions for you so i just reached out to tea at auctions for you and i told her i was interested in a mystery box and to make it a hundred and fifty dollars hey bolo buddies thanks for watching amazing right all right let's get started okay bolo buddies before we get started i just want to mention this and then we're going to get into numbers and then i'm going to unbox it also go and check out this video right here um i just recently did this video and i invited all of their people that buy from them to share a big money bolo that they bought from them and resold on ebay for a profit you have got to see some of these bolos just incredible all right bolo buddies let's talk about this mystery box oh my goodness i have already sold eight items and not including shipping just like the price of the item two hundred and twenty five dollars and four cents okay so the box cost me a hundred and fifty free shipping so i've already made my money back plus seventy five dollars and i have eight hundred and ninety four dollars worth of goods still listed in my ebay store so in this video i'm going to unbox everything and i'm going to give you the breakdown of how i listed everything i'm going to show you what has sold so far and what i have the other items listed for and we're going to get started here but this box was a home run and i'm just going to show you but yeah i've already like made tons of money on it and there's so much listed so now the eight hundred and ninety four dollars i do have best offer and i do send offers so that could come down some but uh best case scenario another eight hundred and ninety four dollars i could make on this so let's get started so and that's free shipping so 150 free shipping so we are gonna see what we have here i'm gonna pop up screen shares of how i list everything but as you see me unboxing it i have no clue values of items i have no clue what's in here um so we are gonna check it out all right so i got a bag to my right i'm just gonna kind of transfer things in so we have this my baby bear and it is tie we have another tie it says it's got a sticker on it so we'll pull that off oh this guy's kind of fuzzy i don't know know what he's made of 1993 so cute we have a room fragrance apple partially used i may just uh keep that if it smells good all right we have this girl um the belly button um it's one of those uh okay i've seen these before their hair grows is it a christie or christie doll i don't know i could be totally wrong i'll have to look it up but it says on the back 1971 ideal toy corp and then let me see 1969 on the neck so she's got on this little crop top and these shoes i know that auctions for you just got um a huge doll lot look at her earrings so um but yeah you i forget how you get the hair out maybe you push the belly button to pull the hair out yeah so you push the belly button and then you wind your hair up to make her hair short it's kind of weird right i don't know if this has been cut or if that's how it's supposed to look like so gotta do some research on her okay we have this little lady she don't see a tag so i don't know if she's just like a folk art thing or handmade so not seeing any markings so i have to use google lens see if i can find something on her oh okay this is a Tupperware scoop you know what i'm gonna come back to this bag i may adjust my screen a little so and same with this one because my angle is a little weird and it's hard holding my hands up so we'll get this big stuff out of here first this my disney girl never heard of that yeah i don't know who it is we'll have to look her up her hair is actually not too bad sometimes you get them and they have just completely ratty hair so okay what is this tattoo sleeves looks real for boys or for guys and girls huh oh my goodness that's kind of funny so i got a whole bunch of those which could be good for like halloween so never seen those before pirates of the caribbean let me find my scissors and open this up and see what we got here maybe oh okay um so they say disney 2007 hall thorn village so not something i am familiar with and i gotta figure out how to get these back in here does it come this way or that way oh my maybe it's this and this i don't know i think maybe like that okay so i will definitely have to research those those are not something i've ever seen or heard of my crocs are squeaking another bag so we'll get to that we have a headless i think that's teenage mutant ninja turtles he's missing body parts so i don't know what this goes to um 1998 star wars it's something star wars and maybe this goes with it as well might be able to use google lens on those i have no clue my twin crutches which is a doll a wheelchair or a doll this one's much fancier than anything i've ever seen um i don't see any marking as on which doll it's for so um this little piece is right here so i think i just gotta pop it back on i'm not sure so um oh here on the back my twin so the crutches and the the crutches go with that okay didn't think to look at the back we have this schlike um it's like a little manual that tells the different toys somebody's probably looking for that we have a bag of a bag of smalls so we'll look at that here in a minute too when i change my camera angle um i'm maraca this way with it um i don't know what that says atlantic city so probably just like a souvenir deal um or maybe that's not atlantic city i don't know what that says because it says mexico so check that out we have a clash combat shooter kind of like a gun another uh just manual ephemera water blaster so a squirt gun but it's missing the top thing so i don't know if i can do anything with that more replacement shooters and then we got two more bags in here so we are gonna i'm gonna turn the camera off and change the angle here and show you guys what else i got seltix boston i don't know what this is so have to google lens or use the words on that to look it up i don't know what this is either i do like stuff like this because it gives me the opportunity to learn and help everyone else learn twa it's like it's a bolo it's a bolo it's got some condition issues here um i don't know don't see any markings uh this is another tupperware something uh tupperware usually has a number on it which can help you look it up so a magnet this says 1991 uh keychain for verizon we've got a little pin that says hallmark carts you have a fan maybe i'll get it back together i'm thinking that's a girl scout patch uh chopsticks a stirrer just a hodgepodge of stuff this is a replacement door to something if i can figure it out i like doing replacement doors so there's a lot just a little lanyard that's what it's called a light hang your keys tupperware also tupperware i think is all tupperware so i will definitely use those numbers to figure out what some of this stuff is hong kong but looks like tupperware what are these sock sorter sock sorter what on earth okay sock sorters we'll have to look those up those are tupperware tupperware lid tupperware shoe horn thing some more sock sorters uh welcome to walmart kansas city it's a pin troop 691 some sort of patch uh st anthony church another tupperware thing i have no idea what this is oh my anybody know another popsicle top another shoe thing a lid salt and pepper lid no clue what that is more sock sorters believe a little rock some stirrs and this is a little um wade um wade england um they sell little figurines like this okay so that's that bag my little trinket things all right what do we got here the non balls they're empty and i don't know if these are the mcdonald's ones let me see if i can look here get a closer look it says 1999 nintendo bfi so this is just a little bag of those all empty so they're just the cases so i'm not sure what that what those go to all right let's look in this little pretty bag she's not pretty bag because i love the teal and the purple and live to ride ride to live harley davidson what is it is it a um a gas cap i have to look that up interesting see i love stuff like this because all this stuff like i'm not familiar with it i can't tell you a darn thing about it right now i'm just unboxing it and then i'm gonna research and show you guys what i find out okay now we got this one we have some doll clothes there's a hanger i have to figure out what these go to because she has tons of dolls right now this one maybe there'll be some identifying information like my twin oh there's her little hospital gown which goes with her wheelchair and the crutches so maybe i could sell that always one set chatty baby it's got some condition issues but may still so we'll have to look this one i'm looking for a tag to see if i can figure out who it goes to so i will try google lens on these two items it might pick it up so like i said right now options for you has tons and tons of dolls and doll clothing and accessories and stuff like that so um all right we have another bag here this one looks like a bunch of smalls also so we got another Tupperware thing we got this Santa that says made in Hong Kong i don't know what it is i don't know if it's i have no idea what that is some sort of necklace or something it's an old witch cookie cutter my pet boston terrier tie tack angel tie or pin here's looking at you what is this it's a mustache comb and mirror combo how funny is that macho mustache huh that's fun i kind of like that something i would totally pick up here's another uh united features syndicate a couple more weighed figures we have this guy i think they're weighed actually no this one isn't weighed i don't know what this is it just says Hong Kong this one's weighed it usually says it i don't see it on that one huh but it sure seems like it i could be wrong i'll see if i can find it here's a garfield happy perium a noisemaker never seen that before a natural amethyst a a a authentic gemstone see it in there it's a little i have no idea huh it's interesting uh i don't know what that is i think it's one of these but i still don't know what it is so there's quite a few of those in here uh spring 69 aviation hs i think that says aviation so an old pin back i don't know what this is huh oh it's a pendant maybe it goes this way i don't know a spoon victor s company uh says something down here but i can't i don't know what it says wall w a l d i don't know you guys see that have to dig on that one a little snickers a little snickers bear looks like 1980s maybe there's a couple of those there's four of them oh there's five of them okay we got some snickers bears never seen those before uh here's a little uh hallmark pin i like selling those we have a little baggie of something here let's see what we got in the little baggie all right we have this feels cold i think it's a natural stone a couple necklaces here this little crown pin don't see anything marked on it and this oh it says something i think or is that just tarnish maybe i don't know let me see i don't know if that's you guys see if you guys can see that see there's little dots like up there i don't know if that's a marking or just huh it's pretty and we have this little cutie is that a pineapple a rhinestone pineapple no markings okay we have i don't know what this is huh anybody know what that is and we have this little bag of goodies let's see what we got in here i am gonna be busy there's a lot of stuff here we got this little bracelet holy cow now we have all this so um i don't see any markings on those i don't know how i'm gonna identify these they may just be something that i just have to i'm so bad with jewelry this says persona i can't does that say 925 on it might be a little 925 bead here this one might be bigger i don't have i have glasses and it's hard for me to so i'll have to look those up we got this little uh making mouse it says something on the back also disney something a couple more parrot earrings here uh tie tack i think is that or not tie tack tie bar another pretty bead not familiar with that brand so i'll definitely have to look it up here's another i think that goes to a tie also pretty little uh brooch so this stuff back in the bag so i don't lose anything all right let's see we got a few more things we got a couple more of these snickers little snicker guys they're flocked so if you don't know what flocked means it's kind of like a fuzzy uh covering usually over plastic or some something else this is probably hard plastic under here but you see how it's flocked so flocked will you be a keyword that i use abc special abc recognition and i have no idea what these are is that tail or swift or no who is that i don't know what these are they're like little pieces of paper with pictures on it so we'll have to figure that one out she probably has no clue either she probably just threw stuff in the bag okay we are good i think that's everything so i am excited to start to list these items so i'll keep you guys posted thanks for watching okay i almost forgot to come back to this little bag of um just miscellaneous little toys i'm going to show you what's here um this one is something lego so that could be a replacement part these are all just little knickknacks replacement toy parts uh they go with something figuring it out that can be difficult i love selling uh smalls i like selling replacement parts so this is right up my alley if i can figure out what they go to so that one has some numbers in it so we'll see if i can figure it out this is probably just gonna go in the trash it's one of those like light up rings that one is knicks that one's lego and i don't know what that one is okay that's everything guys all right bolo buddies let me know what you thought about the box um it was a lot of work i will tell you that uh the lot that i put on posh mark if i would have parted that out i probably could have made even more money but um i have so much to do right now and i just had to stop i just said okay this is gonna be what they call a junk drawer lot and i just bundled it all together for 50 bucks um i you know sometimes you know how you get stuff and you get to the end and you're just like i'm tired i don't want to do anymore uh i was being lazy and i just threw it in a bundle and then some of those items are coming to whatnot also so i'm going to make some additional um cash over there on top of what we talked about in the video so again if you're not uh following me on whatnot there is a link down in the description i am bolo buddies over there and if you use that link you're going to get $15 to shop that's free money if you join with that link if you're already like uh on whatnot then you're not going to get the 15 bucks but it will take you to my link or my page and you can follow me and that would be awesome t is also on whatnot she is t auctions for you over there so definitely follow her on whatnot also that is who i got this box from she is auctions for you on youtube and that's where she has her selling events and sells to resellers so definitely subscribe to her channel she also sells on donna telebotelino's channel so i will link them both down below um they do mystery boxes from time to time sometimes if they have a lot of inventory you can request one that is what i did in this situation um i like to do the unboxings i like to um dig in and you know figure out new things that i and learn it's a great way to learn and it's a great way to help you guys learn about different items that i didn't know about like i'm not big into Tupperware in fact like in my last Goodwill Benz video everybody was screaming at me because i was not picking up the Tupperware and uh farm girl scavenger noelle was like get the Tupperware get it get it get it and i'm like so um it was kind of cool to have some vintage Tupperware in this lot and we're going to kind of see how it goes and i already sold the one vintage Tupperware item so that was cool if you want to sell on whatnot i also have a referral link down below and you can click on that and you can fill out the form to sell and it will tell whatnot that i referred you so it may get you accepted quicker it may not i don't know i've had two or three people tell me i think three people have told me yes it did and one person got denied but they were in i think the category was vintage clothing and i guess they were told that the category is kind of saturated right now so maybe don't pick that category i think i did vintage and thrift so thank you guys so much for watching let me know what you thought about this video i've got lots of unboxing videos from things that i bought from donna telebot eleno and auctions for you on this channel so go check those out you basically just put bolo buddies and their youtube channel name in the title at the same time all right you guys thanks so much for being here if you made it to the end of the video let me know i made it to the end of the video if you're new here i would love for you to subscribe and thanks for watching


Now, the Commissioner of Police in Oshun State, Olawale Olokode, has ordered the immediate disbandment of the State Surveillance Court of unprofessional conduct by the officers. Although the State Police Command did not list the officers involved or what the unprofessional conduct was about, the development comes weeks after some members of the Command returned money set to have been extorted from some students. The officers were reported to have extorted money from some students of the Olawale Olokode University in Ileife in March this year. The disbanded members of the court are to report the State Headquarters for redeployment. The Police Command said investigation into the matter had begun and that the disbandment of the court would serve as a warning to other tactical squads. Find out about fresh news updates.