Hey everyone, welcome back to Nintendo Prime, and this is the very first video of mine you've ever seen. I would really appreciate if you would subscribe to the channel or on our road to 80,000 subscribers. So every single one of you hit that like button and subscribe, I do appreciate it. Now, you wanna know how much I appreciate my subscribers? So much so that our subscribers have a chance to win a PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X or a Switch OLED this month. All you have to do is head to that gleam.io link down in the pinned comment or the description to enter. The winner will be announced on April 1st and I know that sounds like a joke, it's not really a joke. We're actually gonna announce the winner there, so cool. So yesterday I put out a video covering the situation with the Nintendo Wii eShop and for those who might have missed that video just to give a quick summary of what happened, the Nintendo Wii shop is down. It's been down for five days now. There has been zero updates about this on the maintenance page from Nintendo and there has been no obviously press releases or anything to shop. Just literally stopped working five days ago. Now, I've read a lot of responses to this where some people said, hey Nate, you're being insensitive. There was an earthquake that impacted Japan and yes, there definitely was an earthquake that caused a tsunami that did hit Japan. And that's terrible devastation and I do feel for the people suffering and I hope for their families and everyone else affected by it that they end up recovering and doing well. I hope for that for the same thing with the war happening out in Ukraine and I hope for that for pretty much everyone involved in any sort of conflict, whether it's within their control or not, that you guys find a way through it. But here's the thing, these servers are run locally. So for those who don't know, the Nintendo Wii shop servers weren't being ran out of Japan. They're being ran right here in the United States. The ones for Europe were being ran out of a certain country in Europe. I can't remember which one it is that Nintendo uses servers from, but it's a country localized in Europe. So the Japanese servers going down would only affect Japan. So the fact that this is a worldwide outage with no word from Nintendo tells you that, well, Nintendo was obviously sneakily, I'm air-coding that and I'll tell you why, closing down the Wii shop channel. Now, why is it that I'm air-coding that because Nintendo technically told us back in 2019 that they would be shutting down the ability to re-download games off the Wii shop channel at an undisclosed future date? And it stuck to it. It was an undisclosed future date. In fact, it took a few days for people to even realize that it had vanished because people, we haven't been able to buy games on the Wii shop channel since 2019, so it would take someone going to re-download their games to realize, crap, I can't re-download my games anymore. That's really weird. How long has this been going on? Let me reach out to the internet and find out. And that's when we realized it's been about five days, which also predates that horrible, real world, real nature event that hit Japan. So yeah, it seems to be unrelated to that. And if it was related to that, Nintendo is usually really quick to put out statements. So what do I think about this in general? Not so much what I said yesterday, but why do I personally feel that I don't care that much about this? I care enough to talk about it, but the idea that digital games are going to vanish from our ability to re-download someday doesn't seem to bother me. This hasn't stopped me from considering buying digital games on Switch. You would think, hey, I overreacted yesterday. This isn't that big a deal, yada, yada, yada. Well, here's the thing. It's not really stopping me from buying digital games. Now, I don't feel any less inclined today to buy digital games on Switch than I did before this got shut down.  We sort of knew this was going to happen. Logic tells you they're not gonna keep servers for old platforms around forever. And once they decide to close those servers, you were going to lose access to your digital games. Now, not entirely lose access. You know, that's more akin to games today that require online connections. There are tons of those games today, by the way, that require online connection. I think GT7 that recently came out, Renterizm Assessment, I think actually requires an online connection for single player. That's been a controversial move. Whether or not they patch that out in the future if they shut down servers, that's a whole another conversation to have on a completely different platform. But it doesn't bother me that these older shops are getting shut down because we use your shop and 3DS shop or eventually gonna get shut down. And yes, the Nintendo Switch, that ever popular system today, fast forward 15 years from now, 20 years from now, yeah, they're probably gonna shut down the eShop on here as well. And we won't be able to purchase or redownload games for the Switch. And I have a ton of digital games on my Switch, more digital games than physical. So why wouldn't this bother me to lose access? And I'm going to preface this right now. It is going to bother some people, justifiably so. And if it does bother you, you are not wrong, okay? I can only speak for myself and how I play games and a self-realization I made years ago. And this realization might not be true for you. This is only for me. I'm speaking from my perspective.  See, I've been playing Nintendo platforms since the NES days, Game Boy. I was there, okay? I was playing those games mostly because my dad had them, but I still played them, right? Super Nintendo, N64, GameCube, DS, 3DS, Game Boy Advance, Game Boy Color, Game Boy Pocket. We know all the Game Boy Advance SP, DS Lite, DSi. Obviously we get to the 3DS, 2DS, the Wedge, 2DS, the 2DS XL, the new Nintendo 3DS XL, the 3DS XL. Like it just went crazy with 3DS with the number of revisions that system had. And then obviously we get to the Switch, where we've had the Switch, the Switch Lite and the Switch, all that. Technically there was two versions of the original Switch as well, version one and then version two, where they made a slight alteration to make hacking the Switch a bit harder to do. So here's the thing, I've been there this entire time with Nintendo. I've owned at one point in my life over 100 NES games, over 100 Game Boy games, over 100 Super Nintendo games and around 60, 70, you know, N64 games. And actually I ended up owning about 50 something, you know, GameCube games. And these are all obviously physical because that was the only option on those platforms. I owned all of them. They were awesome. I loved it. It was the only way I knew to experience games. It was great. And then as the years went on, the Nintendo Wii came out. Oh yeah, I played some of my GameCube games on there, backwards compatibility. That was cool. And then the Wii U came out. 3DS. Actually the 3DS came out before the Wii U but you get my point. Switch. Not once have I gone back and turned on my Nintendo Entertainment System, my Super Nintendo, my N64 or my GameCube. Not once have I even felt the urge to turn on those platforms and play those games. Now, this is a personal thing. I just don't replay games. I've actually talked about this several times on the channel. It's very rare that I will go back and replay a game. And you might go, but Nate, that's insane. If a game is so amazing, like Nate Breath of the Wild is your favorite game of all time, you must have replayed that thing at least a dozen times. No, I've only ever played from start to beating the final boss once. Did that one time. I in master mode, I maybe got about halfway through. I have a couple other ones where I restarted up and just did the beginning area, but no, haven't replayed start to finish. Don't really plan to. But Nate, Zelda, Ocarina of Time, Majora's Mask. Oh my gosh, Zelda 2 is your favorite. Yeah, you're right. I played through Zelda 2 twice in my life. I've played through Ocarina of Time twice in my life. Once on 3DS, once on the N64. Like I don't replay games. And I have a good reason. The good reason isn't because the games are any worse today. It's not because the few times I've gone back, like when the NES mini and NES Classic and the SNES Classic came out. Oh yeah, sure. With my kids, I popped in a few games from those and replayed them a little bit. And the games were just as much fun as they were when I was a kid. I remember. It's because I don't think gaming's gotten worse. I think it's only gotten better. Now, I gotta preface this by saying not everything's gotten better. I had mentioned earlier this idea of an always online connection with a single player experience. Yeah, I'm not a fan of that. Especially when you don't have internet. I wanna play a game on my Switch but I need an online connection while I'm on an airplane. Well, I'm not paying the airplane or internet access for a two hour flight. That's just ridiculous. Why would I do that just so I could play a single player experience? I shouldn't have to do that. Thankfully, it's not a prevalent thing with Nintendo's games but it is something that's happening in this industry. So this is the way I look at it and this is probably the way only someone like me could look at this is, since I think games have constantly gotten better and better and better over the years. Look at what happened with Elden Ring. I mean, Elden Ring and Breath of the Wild both came out in the last five years. You know, Mario Odyssey as well and those three games are some of the top highest-rated games to ever release and we just got all of those in the last five years. I mean, let that sing in for a little bit. In the last five years, we've gotten three of the greatest games to ever exist in all of gaming. And someone wants to keep telling me that gaming's worse today? That's not as good. Legends Arceus to me. Greatest Pokemon game I've ever played. Maybe Scarlet and Vile will be even better. At least it's gonna be better than Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl. I can probably guarantee that. The point is, I think gaming's always gotten better. So because gaming's constantly getting better, one of my favorite things in video games are new experiences. Kirby and the Forgotten Land about to come out. That's a brand new Kirby experience. I'm way more looking forward to that than going back and playing Breath of the Wild again, my favorite game of all time. You know, I'm right now in the middle of playing Triangle Strategy. Brand new experience. Love it. Right? That's what I'm playing. Nintendo Switch Sports coming up. Rather play that than go back and play Wii Sports. I am someone that's constantly looking forward to what's next and it's not just because of the news I do here. Irregardless of this YouTube channel, that's what I do. I look forward to what's coming because I actually enjoy these new experiences more than replaying things I've already experienced. As much fun as those original experiences are. As amazing as a story might be in this game or that game. As amazing as the gameplay is. The bottom line is I enjoy new experience that I've never done before than just re-experiencing the same thing over again that isn't quite going to have the same impact as it did the first time that I played it. Absolutely. If you could wipe my brain of Breath of the Wild and I come back and suddenly, what the heck is this Zelda game? I've never played it. Hell yeah, it's a brand new experience to me. Let's go. But once I've had that experience, everything else after that is a bit less because it's no longer a first time. It's already, I know what to expect. That doesn't mean I can't discover new things. That doesn't mean there's not new things waiting for me over that horizon. That doesn't mean that there's things I haven't done and that I've 100% of the games. But for the general gist of the game, a lot of the excitement will be gone already because I've already beaten it. I've already experienced it. So why does this matter when we're talking about losing access to games we've already purchased? Well, because that very same thing happened to me with physical games and I thought I cared. I don't think I actually care. Let me explain. All those physical games I talked to what I have before, my mother, my lovely mother at one point in my life decided that since I hadn't touched those games in quite some time, that she would give them away to Goodwill. Now look, I'm all for giving a game collection to some people that could appreciate it, but given it's a Goodwill, just lets them profiteer off of a free donation of some highly valuable things. I mean, I had turtles in time in that collection for the Super Nintendo, a highly sought after and highly valued SNES game.  You don't need this stuff anymore. You haven't touched it in five years, goodbye. And that sucked. And I'm 35 and that story still kind of bugs me that that happened. But you know what's funny? I didn't try to rebuild my collection. I didn't try to get my Game Boy games back, get my NES games, my SNES, my N64, my GameCube. I didn't try to rebuild that collection. Now, there was a point here in 2019 when I was going through a rough spot with Switch and I owned 30, 40, 50 plus, something like that. I know it's kind of a wide range. I don't actually remember the exact amount. I owned a ton of physical Switch games. At one point, actually at launch, I owned every single one, every single physical Switch game that existed at launch I owned. Here's the thing. I had to sell them in 2019 because I was in a bit of a bind with money. So I sold them. I needed cash, I needed it now. Thankfully, I'm no longer in such a financial strife that I need to worry about selling games. And I always told myself, well, I'll rebuy these games later when I'm better off financially. Later is here. And sure, I have bought in some physical games. I haven't rebuy a single one that I've previously owned. Because all those ones I previously owned, I've already played to either my satisfaction or played to completion. And I don't really have a desire to replay them. So why would I go spend $60 more to get them again or discount bin $20? Why would I spend that again to replay those games when I'm not going to? So I've had this happen physically where my games were just ripped from me, but thanks to my mother. Bless her soul, love her to death. But she made her decision that I definitely still disagree with to this day. I made a decision in 2019 to sell off most of my physical Switch games because I needed money. And I still don't really regret that to this day because I already played those games. Those memories are in here. They're not going anywhere. Now someday, if I have all, not come with it, I don't have Alzheimer's or something else that messes with my memory and I lose some of those memories, which kind of cool because you can then replay things for the first time again, but I just don't care. It doesn't bother me because I have so much to look forward to. And that's me. So when I imagine a future where, oh man, I can no longer access my digital library on Switch and my memory got corrupt and my Switch broke and all of a sudden I can't download my games anymore. Download that digital library I have, which at this point, my digital library on Switch is probably well over a hundred games at this point. I don't really care because I probably was never going to replay those games again. We went down. I have a Nintendo Wii upstairs because my children actually enjoy things like Wii sports. And once we have Nintendo Switch sports, I don't really know the Wii probably goes back to collecting dust. But here's the thing. We have that Wii upstairs and I don't really care that I can't re-download my virtual console games. That I can't re-download World of Goo. Guess what? If that Wii bricks and I could never download those games again, I was never going to play them anyways. Now again, I understand that this is a very weird perspective. Lots of you. In fact, most of you even in fact, might be people that love going back and replaying games from their childhood. They like replaying games, replaying games. The replay value is something they highly value. When they look at a game and if it's worth buying, if it's worth spending $60, how much replay value does it have? That is something that people actually consider when buying games. And that's great. But that doesn't matter to me. Replay value is irrelevant. Sure, multiplayer games are infinite replayable, but single-player games don't need to keep giving me reasons to replay and replay and play again and play again. They don't. Elden Ring, beautiful example. I think there's five different endings in that game and I'm just about ready to start my journey in that game for the first time. I'm probably not going to see all five endings by playing it myself. I'll probably see one and then I'll probably look up the other four endings. Now maybe I'll wonder what decisions, what choices, what things I could have did differently along my journey to maybe attain those, but I'm not going to replay it and go through it to get each of those four endings. And some people might go, blast for me. That's what the game is for. Replay it, different difficulty modes. Do everything, even put it on an easier difficulty if you need to and just plow through it, plow through it, modify the game to get through it quicker, modify save files, do whatever, get to those things, experience them firsthand. And my thought process is, look, once I've had my fill, I don't really need to keep replaying. So this is how I function. This is how I work as a gamer. I realize it's not how a lot of you work. That's why I started this off by saying, look, a lot of you aren't going to agree with me, but these shutdown of digital stores that are inevitable. It's about to happen on PlayStation 3 eventually. Sony already tried, got backlash, they'll try again someday. They probably won't even announce it this time. Same with PlayStation 4, one day, Xbox One, Xbox 360, even the Xbox Series X and S today, PlayStation 5, even Steam as an example. Who knows, the Steam's going to be around forever. We could lose access to that library someday. I know it seems crazy to think about, but it is possible. Publishers can pull games for any reason because our purchasing agreements don't actually give us the game. They give us a license to play the game, which it's really how software is always worked. Like when you install Windows 10 on your system or Windows 11 or whatever, you're buying a license. You don't actually own the desktop software you're using. You own a license to use that. That's the way video games work as well. Some people always think copyright needs to be updated, but I don't really think copyright law needs to be updated in that regards because you're never going to have ownership over the code base, over the art assets, which would be the implication by you fully owning this thing is that you own everything about it and you don't. You own a license to play it. I'm cool with that, but what I'm not cool with is people buying digital games, but then turning around and complaining that this is happening, know what you're getting into. Look, I don't know if an all digital future is ever going to be a thing. That's obviously a scary prospect for some where there's no such thing as digital games. I mean, you think I don't believe in physical games? Look, look, there's a physical copy of Sending Punishment on Wii. Here's a weird game on DS. I have a, I saw the handful, a handful stack of Switch games in the back. Like I still buy physical games here and there, but I just, I'm just saying, know what you're getting into. Because, well, an all digital future could happen. Digital sales are constantly going like this, right? We haven't seen any downturn in digital sales tracking. Brand new, newly released AAA games like Elden Ring have more digital sales than physical sales. It's inevitable, okay? It feels like that all digital futures upon us. And for those of you that hate that these stores can just be ripped from you at any point, even if it's 15 years after a system comes out that it can just be torn from you, it's gonna bother you. And as such, you should continue buying everything physically as you can. Continue to take advantage of limited run games when they bring out the indie games in physical form. Do it, support it, put your money there. But if you are like me and you are buying games digitally by choice when there are physical options, I'm not talking about the digital only games, I'm saying when there is choice, when I could buy a physical copy, but I instead choose for the convenience of digital. Don't turn around and complain that those shops go down.  You really expected support for a dead system forever from a company that makes no money off it? Really? Know what you're getting into. Look, we can want it to be different. We can wish for it to be different. We can wish for full backwards compatibility on every Nintendo platform moving forward. So your games today on Switch will always be available because they'll always be available 10 platforms for now on Nintendo. Except, we know that's not gonna happen because the history of the video game industry tells you that's not gonna happen. So, I'm cool if people are really against this and really hurt by it. I'm also cool if they just don't care. I'm also cool if they already expected this and they're still okay with buying digital games. Like me. Because frankly, losing access to games I once bought because my system breaks or my memory card corrupts or whatever happens that causes me to lose access and be unable to re-download them. Frankly, I probably wasn't gonna re-download them anyways outside of being scared. I wasn't gonna play those games and that's just me. Everybody's different. And I think that's the big thing here when we have this conversation is please respect everyone. You're not going to agree with me. Maybe a couple of you will. Most of you probably won't. Most of you probably hate that that's how I play games, that I don't consider replayability when I review games, that I don't consider replayability in my enjoyment of games. That I don't consider things that could be done differently to make me want to play again. Because even when those things happen, I don't get the desire to play again. I get my fill, which usually means beating the game. And then that's it. I don't really feel a desire, a strong desire. You might go, well, it needs better replayability to give you that desire. No, it doesn't. Why? Why does a game need to do that? Why can't I be satisfied and look forward to what's next? What's wrong with that? There are some never-ending games, if I wanna play them. MMOs are a great example of never-ending games. Call of Duty Warzone, Fortnite, again, never-ending games. There's lots of them in different genres if that's what I want. But it's not. What I want is exactly what I get today.  And in an ideal world, these shops would never go down and be available the next 100 plus years. And unfortunately, business is business. I know it, you know it.  So if it doesn't bother you to lose access to games you bought 15 years ago, 20 years ago, then cool, you're like me because I wasn't gonna replay those games anyways. So I just don't care. Any game that I potentially had the slight potential that I might wanna touch again in, you know, 50 years before I die, I probably have a physical copy tucked away somewhere or a ROM sitting in a file on a now-dead computer but the hard drive's not dead. Why? Just on that off chance that before I die, I get that itch to play again. So yeah, there's a physical copy of Breath of the Wild rolling around the backs of my office. But the copy I play on my Switch is digital. That physical copy is rolling around back there on the off chance that in 50 years, God willing, I'm still alive.  And maybe that's one of those games that I wanna replay. Now this obviously presumes I even have a working Switch. Might have to go to emulation anyways at that point but you catch my drift. So I hope you do. And if you don't, that's okay. I really wanna have an honest conversation about this. What kind of gamer are you and how much does it really bother you to lose access to games you bought 15, 20 years ago? Again, I'm still really irked by what my mom did but then again, she's not wrong. I hadn't played those games in five years and I really haven't had the desire to play them since. It's why I don't buy games on virtual console. It's why I don't play games on Nintendo Switch online. I don't have a desire to do it. It's just, I'd rather play what's next. Anyways, I'm with Andrew Ruble Jansson from Nintendo Prime. Thank you so much for tuning in and I'll catch you guys in the next video.


Hello everyone, this is Amit Dhan and on this channel you will find financial travel and more videos. If you like what you see, please do the thumbs up and consider subscribing. Thank you. Hello everyone, this is Amit Dhan of AmitDhan.com. Today I'll have another episode of credit card videos and I'll talk about the leaked news about Scotia Bank Gold American Express credit card. If this is your first time on this channel, I do travel videos, credit card videos and videos and points and viewers and some other videos and all my videos are non-affiliated, unbiased and honest. In case you haven't noticed already, the videos or reviews you're watching online, 99% of them are affiliated and they're working for the credit card companies. So the articles or credit card reviews you're reading actually are affiliated and you're not going to get honest and unbiased opinion on those sites. So for that reason my reviews and my credit card videos are totally honest and what I can tell you, no one will be able to tell you because they're working for those credit card companies. So if you like to show your appreciation, you can like this video or if you don't like the video, you can dislike the video or you can subscribe to my channel and that would be highly appreciated. There were rumors or leaked news which you'll be able to find if you search on Google Scotia Bank by putting Scotia Bank Gold MX upcoming changes and sites like Red Flag Deals or Reddit. So they have posted some of the leaked news. So from this point what I'm going to talk about the Scotia Bank Gold American Express, I picked up the information from these sites. And this is not certain yet that whether these changes are really taking place or this is just like, you know, not true. So assuming that these changes are taking place, I'm going to give my opinion and do a brief review on the Scotia Bank Gold American Express credit card. If you have been watching my channel, you know that I published a video about TD Banks are not being innovative on their travel credit cards, which I published about a week or two ago. I'll provide a link to that video in the description box below. So if these leaked news are true, then the screenshot you're looking at is these are the changes that are coming to the Scotia Bank Gold American Express card. And this is another example how Scotia Bank is being innovative or how Scotia Bank is trying to capture a significant portion of the credit card market by being innovative and giving us more and added new benefits to their credit cards. We have seen the Scotia Visa Passport Infinite credit card, which had no foreign transaction, foreign currency transaction fee, had lounge access, had Visa Infinite concierge. So now the Scotia Bank is going through some changes and this card is going to be in direct competition with American Express Cobalt credit card. So let's look at these changes, what are these changes and how it's going to affect us. So according to the leaked news, the changes are going to be effective August 1st, 2019. So the annual fee is going to be $120 from $99. And the additional fee is $29, which is not going to change. So the most significant change is going to be the reward structure. For example, right now you earn four times on gas, grocery, dining and entertainment and this is going to be five times. And right now everything else is 1% and starting after the change is going to be three times on gas, daily transit and some streaming services, which could be Netflix or other streaming services and everything else is 1%. So this 5% category is in direct competition with American Express Cobalt credit card and many of the Cobalt card holders might like Scotia Bank Gold American Express more than Cobalt card and they might be changing to this card. Due to the fact that this card is eliminating foreign currency conversion fee, which is 2.5%. So if you have the Cobalt credit card, whenever you're making a transaction in foreign countries or any other currency than Canadian, then you're going to be paying 2.5% foreign currency conversion fee. And this American Express Gold credit card is going to be eliminating the foreign transaction fee. So for lots of Cobalt card holders, that's an added benefit to switch into the Scotia Bank Gold American Express credit card because it's giving you the same five times returns on these categories grocery, dining and entertainment. But it's also giving zero foreign currency transaction fee after August 1st, which the American Express Cobalt credit card doesn't offer. And also, this credit card has concierge services. American Express Cobalt credit card does not provide any concierge services and this card has lots of insurance benefit, which American Express Cobalt card does not have either. But some of the changes are coming to the insurance benefits as well. So it looks like they're changing the age 65 or over from 10 days to 3 days and they're not changing anything for under 65 years of age, which is staying at 25 days. And there are some reduced amount for trip cancellation and trip interruption, and then other travel insurance, for example, flight delay, delayed baggage, lost baggage and travel accident, there are no changes, including hotel motel boundary. And purchase security or purchase or extended warranty is not changing, but other change I can see that the price protection, what basically means that if you find something at a lower price within the first 60 days, then if you claim this insurance, if you used your card, if you used your card, it's crucial to buy that merchant, that product. And if you use this insurance, then you're going to get a difference up to $100 per item and up to a maximum of $500. So for this card, that insurance is being eliminated and it will no longer be available after the change. The price protection may not be a big deal for lots of customers, but what I can tell you is that the 0% foreign currency transaction fee and the five times multiplier on these categories, grocery, dining and entertainment, definitely is a game changer for the Canadian credit card market. And then also it's giving 3% three times points on gas, daily transit and other and select streaming service. The one thing you cannot do with Scotia Rewards points is that you cannot convert it to any other points like American Express Cobalt, which allows you to convert to Bon Voy or Marriott points and then you can eventually change it to other airline points. For example, AeroPlan, British Airways or other airline partners, which are partnered with Bon Voy or Marriott chain, but for Scotia Rewards points, it's just like works like cash back. So offset travel purchases using your points or you can use your points directly to purchase travel items. So that's the difference. The changes are mostly positive. I don't, I wouldn't say that these changes are negative, although some of the benefits and some of the categories are decreasing and then it's going up. But even with that, the most important things that no foreign currency transaction fee and then you're going to get five times and three times on those specific categories. So until now, Cobalt American Express was the only trade card which was giving five times return on grocery eat categories. Now we have another trade card. So this is going to be in direct competition with American Express Cobalt Trade Card. And if you look at some of the features, it's actually giving you more than American Express Cobalt Trade Card. So the Cobalt Trade Card owners will have to make a decision eventually whether, you know, you'd like to stick to Cobalt or you'd like to switch to Scotia Van Gold American Express. I do have the Cobalt Trade Card and I haven't made any decision yet. And if the rumor or leaked news are certainly true, then I'm going to have to, you know, make a decision after August 1st whether to stick to Cobalt Card for those five times categories or should I be switching to Scotia Van Gold American Express trade card. Another advantage American Express Cobalt Trade Card has is that it doesn't charge anything for additional trade card holder. But Scotia Van Gold American Express charges $29 for additional trade card holder. So that's something to look at. So that's all I wanted to talk about. If you like what you see, please give it a thumbs up and subscribe because there will be a lot more trade card and travel videos coming up. So I'll see you shortly. Thank you.


Friends, let us look at an example problem for packed bed reactor design. So, consider a second order reaction, consider a second order reaction a going to b plus 2c. So, now suppose if this is a tubular reactor, suppose if this is a tubular packed bed reactor, packed bed reactor filled with catalyst, filled with catalyst and if the gas fluid feed stream is actually flowing at a superficial velocity of 4 meters per second. So, that is the superficial velocity with which the feed stream is flowing and if the feed temperature is 260 degree C which is equal to 533 Kelvin and if the pressure at which the fluid is flowing into the stream is 4.94 atmospheres and it is undergoing a reaction A giving, A giving b plus 2c. And suppose if the diffusivity of the species, diffusivity of the species DEA effective diffusivity is given by 2.68 into 10 power minus 8 meter square per second. So, that is the diffusivity of the species and if the corresponding intrinsic reaction rate, specific reaction rate is 51 meter power 6 divided by meter square mole second. So, that is the specific reaction rate and there are other properties that are given. So, density of the catalyst particle is about 2.1 into 10 power 6 gram per meter cube, that is the density of the catalyst and then the surface area which is available for the catalytic reaction is 410 meter square per gram of the catalyst. Now, so we need to find out what is the pore diffusion. This is supposed to be a strongly internal diffusion controlled diffusion limited reaction. So, we need to design the reactor, find out what is the size of the reactor etc. So, now the first step towards doing this is to find out what is the concentration with which the fluid is actually flowing into the reactor. So, Ca naught is the inlet concentration that is equal to p by RT that is the pressure with which the fluid is these species is flowing into the reactor divided by the gas constant R multiplied by divided by the temperature of the fluid stream at the inlet. So, that is given by 4.94 divided by 0.082 into 533. So, that comes out to be about 0.113 gram moles per liter. So, that is the concentration with which the fluid actually enters the reactor. So, now if I look at what is the rate law, the next step is look at the rate law. So, we said it is a second order reaction. So, therefore, the rate law minus R a prime that is equal to the specific reaction constant multiplied by the Ca square which is the second order reaction. And now we can write a mole balance. See the mole balance which we have already looked at in the previous lecture. So, the mole balance for such a packed bed reactor will be the axial dispersion coefficient of the reactant species DEa into T square CAb which is the bulk concentration of the species at any location in the reactor divided by dz square minus u which is the superficial velocity. Let us assume that the superficial velocity, velocity remains constant and also that the volume expansion is negligible. So, into dCA bulk divided by dz plus R a prime into density of the catalyst. So, now plugging in the rate law which is basically given by the plugging in the rate law, we find that d we can write the mole balance as the axial dispersion coefficient DEa multiplied by d square CA by dz square minus u dCA bulk by dz minus if capital omega is the overall effectiveness factor then the overall effect the rate is given by the overall effectiveness factor multiplied by the corresponding rate evaluated at the surface concentration. So, if the mass transport limitations are negligible because the reaction is now happening at a strongly internal diffusion control the reaction rate now has to be estimated at the bulk concentration itself. So, therefore we can write the rate expression as the effectiveness factor omega multiplied by the reaction rate evaluated at the bulk concentration CAb. So, that is equal to 0. So, that is the mole balance now we can rewrite this as into the density of the catalyst. So, this can plugging in the rate law we can write this as axial dispersion coefficient into d square CAb by dz square minus u into dCAb by dz minus omega into k double prime that is the specific reaction constant multiplied by the area of the catalyst which is available for the reaction per unit gram of catalyst multiplied by the density of the bulk density of the catalyst into CAb square that is equal to 0. So, that is the mole balance which captures the heterogeneous catalytic reaction which is happening inside the packed bed reactor. Note that the explicit expression for effectiveness factor may not be available and it will be a function of bulk concentration CAb. Now suppose as before if we assume if we assume that the rate of diffusion of the species d square CAb by dz square that if that is significantly smaller compared to the rate of the bulk flow of the species and the corresponding let us assume that the corresponding condition is satisfied then one can we can rewrite this mole balance as dCAb by dz that is equal to minus omega k double prime which is the specific reaction constant into SA into rho b into CAb square divided by u. So, that is the mole balance for a second order reaction the overall effectiveness factor is in general a function of the conversion. However, as a reaction is internal diffusion controlled we assume overall effectiveness factor to be approximately equal to the internal effectiveness factor. In fact, it turns out that this is the case for this problem as will be shown shortly. Now we can integrate this expression and we need some boundary conditions to integrate this expression. So, suppose the concentration of the species that is actually fed into the reactor at z equal to 0. So, z equal to 0 is the inlet to the reactor at that location the concentration of the species is CAb naught. So, suppose at z equal to 0 the concentration of the species is equal to CAb naught. So, that is the boundary condition with this we can integrate the mole balance and find on integration we can find out what is the length of the reactor as a function of conversion. So, the length of the reactor is u divided by the overall effectiveness factor rho b is the bulk density of the catalyst k is the corresponding specific reaction constant into CAb naught into 1 by 1 minus x minus 1. So, that is the relationship between the length and the corresponding other parameters of the reactor and the conversion. So, now suppose if I specify that the conversion has to be 0.81 suppose if the conversion has to be 81 percent then what is the length of the reactor what is the length of the reactor that is required to achieve such a conversion. So, now what is the first step here we need to find out what is the overall effectiveness factor we need to find out what is the overall effectiveness factor and if we know all the other parameters then we should be able to calculate what is the length of the reactor which is required for that particular to achieve that particular conversion. So, therefore now in order to find out the overall effectiveness factor see overall effectiveness factor is basically a combination of the resistance that is offered by the internal effectiveness factor and the resistance that is offered because of the external mass transport. So, therefore the first step is to calculate the effectiveness factor eta and that will be for a general nth order reaction the effectiveness factor is given by 2 by n plus 1 to the power of 1 by 2 multiplied by 3 divided by the corresponding Thiele modulus with n equal to 2. n is the it is basically the second order reaction. So, we have to find out the Thiele modulus corresponding to the second order reaction and by plugging in the Thiele modulus we will be able to find out what is the effectiveness factor for this particular system. So, we need to find out what is the Thiele modulus for the for this reaction system. So, now the Thiele modulus for a second order reaction is given by R which is the length scale or the radius of the spherical catalyst pellet into k double prime into SA which is the area of the catalyst per gram or surface area of the catalyst available for reaction per gram of catalyst and that is the value of SA and suppose if the multiplied by the density bulk density of the catalyst into CAB naught which is the concentration of the species at the inlet divided by the corresponding diffusivity DEA. Note that Thiele modulus now will be a function of local concentration and therefore a function of position. However, for the parameter values chosen the Thiele modulus is not very different with respect to position and hence it is evaluated at the inlet concentration. Now, if the diameter of the particle that is being used for this particular reaction if that is equal to 0.38 centimeters of the particle that is filled inside the reactor is 0.38 centimeters then we can calculate the Thiele modulus phi 2 and that is equal to 2.59 into 10 to the power of 7. So, that is a significantly large quantity so it is very large it is very large which suggests that clearly it is an internal diffusion limited system and now we can calculate what is the effectiveness factor eta. So, that is equal to 2 by 3 to the power of half into 3 divided by 2.59 into 10 to the power of 7 and that is equal to 9.47 into 10 power minus 8. So, the effectiveness factor is extremely small which suggests that it is a strongly diffusion limited. So, if it is strongly diffusion limited then the overall effectiveness factor omega will be approximately equal to the internal effectiveness factor itself and so that should be equal to 9.47 into 10 to the power minus 8. So, now plugging in this expression all the details of overall effectiveness factor etc. into the model equation to find out into the expression that relates the length versus all the other parameters in the conversion. So, we can find out that the length of the reactor in which the reaction has to be conducted in order to achieve a conversion of 0.81 is basically given by 3.62 into 10 to the power of minus 2 meters. So, that is basically 3.62 centimeters. So, in order to achieve this conversion for the given set of conditions the reactor that needs to be used is extremely small. So, it is important to perform such kind of design to get a feel of what should be the dimensions of the reactor in which the corresponding reaction has to be conducted in order to achieve a certain conversion. So, now with this we move on to the next aspect where we want to now look at fluidized bed reactor. This is another type of reactor which is commonly used in industries for many different purposes. So, let us look at the fluidized look at fluidized bed reactor. So, here after it will be referred to as FBR which is the fluidized bed reactor. Remember PBR is the packed bed reactor FBR will be the fluidized bed reactor. Now, the major advantage of a fluidized bed reactor is that it can process large volume of reactions. So, it can actually process can process large volume. So, that is an important advantage of using a fluidized bed reactor and it is very commonly used in catalytic cracking catalytic cracking particularly of petroleum naphtha which is again an important process in petroleum industry. So, catalytic cracking is one very common example where fluidized bed reactor is actually being used in the industry settings. So, what is fluidization? So, fluidization is essentially where small solid particles are actually suspended in an upward moving flow. So, suppose if there is a tube which and there is a fluid which is flowing through the tube then the velocity of the fluid is such that these particles which are present inside the reactor which is catalyst particles which are present inside the reactor are actually gets they get suspended in the fluid as it moves. So, this process of getting suspended in the upward moving fluid is what is called as a fluidization process. So, it is the fluidization which is actually a key plays a key role in these kind of reactors. Clearly the because fluidization is involved clearly there is lot of fluid mechanics which is required in order to in order to model or design such kind of a reactor some aspects of which is what we are going to see in this lecture. So, now the fluid velocity in order for fluidization to occur the fluid velocity should be such that the fluid velocity should be such that it is just sufficient it is just sufficient to suspend the particles in the fluid stream, but not large enough it should not be large enough to actually take the particles outside the reactor. Remember that these are particles which are present inside the reactor which may be a tube and then there is fluid which is flowing from the bottom of this tube and the fluid velocity should be just sufficient in order for these catalyst particles to raise along with the along with the fluid. However, it should not be significantly large enough in order for these particles to be washed away from the tube. So, therefore, the controlling the fluid velocity has actually an important step in the fluidization process. So, the another important aspect of the fluidized bed reactor is that it provides excellent mixing because while the fluidization process occurs these particles are carried by the fluid and it is not fluid velocity is not large enough. So, that the particles leave, but there is recirculation of these catalyst particles and that causes a vigorous and excellent mixing which is required in many different kinds of reactions. So, the fluid that is typically used for fluidization process could actually be a gas or a liquid stream it could be either of these two which is commonly used. In this particular discussion we are going to concentrate main assume that it is a gas which is actually fluidizing the catalyst particles. So, let us look a little bit more deeply into what is this fluidization process. So, there are different kinds of flow regimes which may which may be attained while the fluidization occurs. So, let us look at what these flow regimes are.  Now there is a gas there is a fluid which is actually flowing through this tube. So, let us say it is a gas if the velocity is very low if the flow velocity is very small then what happens is that the velocity of the fluid is not sufficient to lift the particles that means that these particles they exert gravity force due to its natural weight while these gas when they actually move through these particles they exert a drag force on the particles. Now if the gravitational force that the solid particles are exerting is significantly larger than the drag force that is that it experiences from the gas which is moving past it then these particles will not be displaced and they will tend to stay as it is and the gas will simply escape from the pores and then leave the reactor. So, this kind of an operation where the gas flow rate is extremely small is called the fixed bed operation. It is called the fixed bed operation and the height of the catalyst bed which is present inside the reactor in this fixed bed operation is called the is called H m we refer to that as H m which is the height up to which the fluid catalyst particles are actually packed in its settled condition. Now as a next step suppose if we gradually increase the velocity of the gas suppose if we gradually increase the superficial velocity. So, if the superficial velocity of the gas in the fixed bed condition if this is u 1 and suppose if the superficial velocity here is u 2 which is slightly greater than u 1 then what happens is that these fluid particles the drag force that is exerted by the gas stream which is moving past these particles is now going to be just equal to the gravitational force which is exerted by the particles due to its natural weight and. So, therefore the particles will be fluidized and so the particles will start raising. So, here one could see that there will be two phases where there will be some section which is raised and some section which actually stays as packed as it was before. So, this kind of a regime is what is called as the minimum fluidization regime is called the minimum fluidization regime. So, now if I look at the third case where there will be a aggressive bubbling suppose if I further increase the flow rate superficial velocity of the fluid which is actually flowing into the tube. So, suppose if I increase the superficial velocity if it is u 3 which is greater than u 2 further increase the superficial velocity then there is the there is going to be aggressive bubbling of the gas. So, the gas bubbling starts inside. So, there will be aggressive bubbling of the gas and along with it these fluid particles are now going to be suspended around these bubbles. So, these bubbles now carry the fluid particles along with it and therefore, there will be aggressive bubbling and it is also going to have aggressive amount of mixing of these particles and therefore, there will be aggressive mixing of the reactant species in the gas stream. So, typically there will be a porous or a perforated plate typically there will be a porous or a perforated plate which prevents these particles from going back into the gas stream. So, this is regime is called the aggressive bubbling regime aggressive bubbling regime then the next regime is suppose if you have a tube with gas flowing inside and if the if the superficial velocity is u 4 which is let us say greater than u 3. So, the velocity is now slightly greater than what it was in the aggressive bubbling case then what happens is called the slugging process where the gas is now so the gas velocity is significantly higher and the drag force is now going to be significantly higher than the gravitational force which is exerted by the solid particles because of its natural rate and that is going to be that inequality is going to be significantly predominant which is going to be predominant than the aggressive bubbling case and so there will be a slugs which will be formed where the gas stream is now going to escape through these channels which is present. So, the gas stream is simply going to escape through these channels and the and so you can see that there will be channels of particles and the gas stream is created inside the tube. So, this process of fluidization is called the slugging process where it happens at a significantly higher velocity and the last regime is called the lean regime. So, if there is a gas which is flowing here and if the velocity superficial velocity is u 5 which is greater than the superficial velocity in the case of slugging then there is going to be a lean phase where the particles are suspended with very low density all through the reactor. So, that is called the lean phase. So, in this discussion today we are primarily going to look at the fluidization regime and we will not look into the slugging and the aggressive bubbling regimes. Even in the fluidization regime there will always be some minimal bubbling which will be present and the particles will be carried by these bubbles and so we are going to look at how these bubbles how these particles are carried by bubbles and what fluid mechanics is involved and how can it be used in terms of designing the fluidized bed reactor which is the objective. So, CUNY and Levenspiel came up with a model CUNY and Levenspiel they came up with a model for the fluidized bed reactor. So, the model that we will describe here is basically that of CUNY and Levenspiel and there are certain assumptions important assumptions that were made while formulating the model. The assumptions are that the gas flows up as bubbles. So, as long as the velocity with which the gas is flowing is above the minimal fluidization velocity that is the velocity at which the drag force exerted by the solid by the gas on the solid particles is equal to the gravitational force that is actually exerted because of the weight of the catalyst. So, if that equals then the fluidization is going to occur. So, as long as the velocity of the fluid is slightly higher than the fluidization velocity then we will see that these gases will start bubbling at the plate which is present at the bottom of the reactor. So, the model assumes that the gas flow actually it flows up as bubbles. In fact, the velocity at which the bubbling will start and the velocity at which the just the fluidization will start will be very insignificantly different they are expected to be very close to each other. In fact, it has been observed that these two velocities are these two superficial velocities are very close to each other. Therefore, the assumption that the gas flows up as the bubbles is not a very poor assumption. And then the other process is that there will be mass transport in and out of bubbles. So, remember that the reaction is occurring at the surface of these catalyst particles reaction is occurring in the active sites of these catalyst particles. So, therefore the reactant stream which is actually being carried in the gas phase has to get transported from the bubbles. So, the reactant is now present in the bubbles and this species has to be transported from the bubble into the catalyst. So, therefore, there has to be mass transport in and out of the bubbles and after the reaction is completed the product which is formed in the catalyst is now going to get transported to the gas stream and the gas stream takes the product out of the fluid as bed reactor. So, therefore, the next step will be there is a catalytic reaction in the solid particles in the solid particles. And then there will be mass transport of products mass transport of products the reaction could be some species A giving some corresponding products. And so mass transport of the products into bubbles and the bubbles leave the reactor. So, bubbles essentially leave the reactor with products. So, it carries the products and it leaves the reactor. So, now let us look at what are the factors that actually affect the performance of a fluid as bed reactor. So, the key factors which affect are the mass transport rate because there is transport of species from the gas phase into the solids and also transport of the products which is formed because of the catalytic reaction in the solid phase that is transported back into the bubbles into the gas phase. So, the mass transport rate is actually a key factor in determining the performance of the fluid as bed reactor. And then another key factor which dictates the performance of the reactor is the bubble residence time. So, this characterizes the time for which the bubble actually stays inside the fluid as bed reactor. In fact, it is related to the superficial velocity and the velocity with which the bubble raise superficial velocity is the velocity with which the gas phase gas is actually fed into the reactor. And then the bubble is now going to raise with a different velocity. And so the residence time is now going to be a function of the superficial velocity and also the velocity with which the bubble is actually raising inside the fluid as bed reactor. And the third factor which is obvious is the rate of reaction. So, these three factors are very important. In fact, there are several fixed fluid as bed reactor reactor properties need to be known in order to get these three important in order to estimate these three factors and also account them in the mole balance which would be writing in a short line. So, several parameter needs to be defined several parameters are needed in order to perform a design of such a fluid as bed reactor. For example, what is the porosity of the bed under the minimum fluidization conditions? What is the velocity with which the bubbles are actually raising inside the fluid as bed reactor? And then what is the fraction of the reactor which is actually consisting of bubbles which is characterized by this value delta. And so there are all kinds of parameters which are required to be estimated. So, if we do not estimate, if we do not know what these parameters are then design of a fluidized bed reactor cannot be conducted. And these parameters as can be discerned they depend upon the fluid mechanics of this particular problem. They strongly depend upon the fluid mechanics. So, let us look at some of these fluid mechanics aspects and then try to estimate some of these parameters which is going to help in the design of the fluidized bed reactor. So, now the first step is we have to look at what is the mass of the solid which is present inside the bed. So, the mass of the solid which is present. So, if W s is the total mass of the solid catalyst particles which is present inside. So, that is given by the density of the catalyst rho c multiplied by the cross sectional area A c into the height of the catalyst. Suppose, if the catalyst particles are completely settled then H s refers to the settled height. The height inside the bed up to which the catalyst particles are settled into 1 minus epsilon s. Then s is the porosity. It is the porosity of the bed of the settled bed. What is the porosity? And so, density of the catalyst multiplied by the area A c H s which is the settled height into 1 minus epsilon. So, this gives the volume and multiplied by the corresponding density will tell you what is the weight of the catalyst. Similarly, the same expression W s suppose, if the bed is fluidized then what is the weight of the catalyst? The weight remains the same because we are not adding new catalyst particles. But the height of the bed is now changed because some of the particles are now fluidized and they started they have started racing. So, therefore, the weight of the catalyst bed at any time during the fluidization process is given by rho c which is the density of the catalyst multiplied by A c which is cross section of the fluidized bed multiplied by height which is the h which is the height at any time multiplied by 1 minus epsilon. This is the corresponding porosity. That is the corresponding porosity. So, that provides an estimate of what is the mass of the solid. So, if we know the height at any time then we should be able to estimate the value of porosity by simply equating these two expressions here because this is the settled height and this is the porosity of the settled bed. So, we should be able to estimate what is the porosity of the bed at any time simply by using this expression and that is also because the height of the bed at any time is something that can be measured. It is a measurable quantity. So, now the next process next parameter that we need to estimate is what is the minimum fluidization velocity? What is the minimum fluidization velocity? So, the fluidization occurs when the drag force that is exerted by the gas stream which is moving which is raising up if that balances the gravitational force that is exerted by the catalyst particle because of its natural weight. So, clearly you can estimate the minimum fluidization velocity by simply balancing the drag force that is exerted by the gas phase and the gravitational force that is exerted by the solids because of its weight. So, therefore, the gravitational force that should be equal to the drag force that is exerted by the gas stream on the fluid on the catalyst particles. So, that balance will give us a pressure relationship. So, that will be delta P by H that should be equal to gravity G into 1-epsilon Mf which is the porosity at the minimum fluidization velocity into difference in the densities. So, rho C and rho gas are the densities of the catalyst particle and density of the gas stream. So, if I call this equation 1 and we also know that there is an we also know from the fluid mechanics that the Ergun equation provides a relationship between the pressure drop and other parameters of the system that is superficial velocity etc. So, therefore, delta P by H is equal to rho G into u square. So, this is the pressure relationship because of the gravity force and then we can find out what is the drag force because of the gas stream. So, that is given by the Ergun equation into 150 into 1-epsilon divided by the Reynolds number into psi is the sphericity of the particle plus 7 by 4 into 1-epsilon divided by psi into diameter of the particle into epsilon cube. So, that is the drag force. Now, by equating these two expressions 1 and 2, we can find out what is the minimum fluidization velocity. So, the minimum fluidization velocity is given by psi dp square divided by 150 mu into gravity into the difference in the density of the catalyst and the density of the gas stream into the porosity at the minimum fluidization velocity and divided by 1-epsilon mf. Now, this is valid only for Reynolds number which is less than 10 and this is typically the case for fine particles. It is a typical Reynolds number for fine particles. It is a typical Reynolds number for fine particles and the sphericity is given by pi into 6 times volume of the particle divided by pi to the power of 2 by 3 whole divided by area of the particle. So, now, if we know what is the porosity at the minimum fluidization velocity then we will be and the diameter of the particles then we should be able to estimate the minimum fluidization velocity. So, we need to know what is the porosity at the minimum fluidization velocity and there are correlations which are available to relate the porosity at minimum fluidization velocity with the other system parameters. So, epsilon mf which is the minimum fluidization velocity is given by 0.586 into the sphericity to the power of minus 0.72 into mu square divided by rho g into eta. Eta is essentially the difference in the density. So, eta is essentially the difference in the density of the catalyst particle and the gas mu square divided by rho g into eta into dp cube to the power of 0.029 into rho g by rho c the power of 0.021. So, this is basically the relationship which gives what is the porosity at the minimum fluidization velocity and plugging in this value here one can find out what is the minimum fluidization velocity. So, remember that this is a correlation and it has been obtained it has been found to be correct for different systems and particularly if the if we assume that the catalyst particles are approximately all of them are of same size then this gives a very good estimate. Now, if the if there is a distribution of the catalyst particles then one needs to use a certain weighted average in order to find out what is this diameter of this particle. So, the diameter of the particle if the if all the particles are of same size then we have to use a constant value for the diameter if there is a distribution then we need to use some weighted average diameter which is a representative diameter for the whole distribution. So, next let us look at what is the maximum fluidization velocity. So, the maximum fluidization velocity occurs when the drag force is significantly higher than the gravity force. So, the maximum fluidization velocity this is when the drag force is greater than the gravity force and remember that this velocity should not be greater than a certain value such that the particles would actually leave the reactor. So, the maximum fluidization velocity will be less than the velocity at which the particles would leave. So, which is typically given by certain correlation which is ut it is called the eta into dp square divided by 18 into mu for Reynolds number of less than 0.4 eta once again is the difference between the density of the catalyst and the density of the gas stream and for other ranges of Reynolds number the correlation is 1.78 into 10 power minus 2 into eta square divided by the density of the gas stream into the corresponding mu to the power of 1 by 3 into dp this is for Reynolds number of between 0.4 and 500. So, this range of Reynolds number pretty much covers most of the fluidization fluidization operations that has been observed so far that has been used so far in real systems. So, next what happens when the bubble raises? So, what is it is actually happening inside the reactor? So, suppose if we look into the details of what happens inside the fluidized bed reactor. So, when the gas stream flows into the reactor through the perforated or the porous plate then the bubbles are initiated the bubbles are generated at the at the plate and while the bubbles move they also carry these particles along with them. How do they do that? So, suppose if you have a bubble which is typically not very spherical then these bubbles will carry a few particles. So, this is the bubble now and the bubble raises they carry a few particle along with it and more importantly there is a region which is just below the bubble when it is raising. Suppose if I assume that the bubble is raising in the direction pointed by the arrow then this region called wake which actually contains large quantity of. So, this wake essentially which is the trailing part of the bubble it carries large quantities of particles. It carries large quantities of particles and then there is a small cloud region. So, this is called the cloud region where the density of the particle is not significantly higher and then there is this emulsion region which is basically the there is this emulsion region around the cloud. So, this is called the emulsion region and in fact this emulsion region actually has the particles which is as dense densely packed as the resting particles. So, this is basically the emulsion region. So, now the transport of the species occurs from the bubble. So, the transport of the species occurs from the bubble to the cloud phase and from the cloud phase to the emulsion phase. Remember that the catalyst particles are predominantly present in the emulsion phase. So, therefore the reaction is actually occurring in the emulsion phase. So, the reactant species they have to they have to get transported from the bubble into the cloud and from the cloud into the emulsion phase and the product has to be transported back into the cloud into the bubble phase. So, that is basically the how the transport occurs in the bubble and which actually facilitates the catalytic reaction and that dictates. So, this process actually dictates the performance of the fluidized bed reactor. So, let us look at a little bit more detail of the model of the CUNY-Levenspiel model. So, the CUNY-Levenspiel model it makes certain important assumptions and one important assumption besides all those that we have that has been elucidated so far will be that all bubbles are of same size. Now, bubbles that is generated inside the fluidized bed reactor are definitely not of same size. However, because the distribution of the size is not expected to be significantly larger. So, it is reasonable to assume to start with that all bubbles are of same size. Then the next important assumption is that the solids which solid flow in emulsion phase behaves emulsion phase behaves like a plug flow. If we look at the different phases that we just elucidated we will find that the these particles which are actually carried by the bubble phase these particles which are carried in the bubble phase and the wake phase they actually move into the emulsion phase and they start moving downwards because of its natural weight. And therefore, the movement of these particles in the emulsion phase a velocity with which it moves strongly depends upon the velocity of the bubbles which carries these particles. And so, it is assumed here that the solid flow in the emulsion phase actually behaves like a plug flow where it moves like a plug stream. And then it also assumes that the emulsion phase exists at minimum fluidization conditions. So, remember that minimum fluidization is essentially a situation where the drag force that is actually experienced by the solid particles because of the flow of the gas stream is actually balanced exactly with the balances the gravitational force exerted by the catalyst particles because of its natural weight. So, the as we observed before the bubbling process the velocity at which the bubbling process is going to superficial velocity with which the bubbling process is going to occur is very close to that of the superficial velocity which is required for minimum fluidization. So, therefore, it is virtually not possible to distinguish in practice whether the emulsion phase whether the bubbling phase is actually present during the minimum fluidization stage or not. So, therefore, it is safe to assume that the bubbling phase exists at the minimum fluidization and therefore, the emulsion phase also co-exists along with it. And then next important assumption is that the gas void fraction the gas void fraction that actually is experienced in the in the emulsion phase that is considered to be approximately equal to the void fraction at the minimum fluidization conditions at minimum fluidization conditions. Then the it is also assumed that the solid which actually move out of the bubble phase into the emulsion phase they actually move downwards solids move downwards because of the gravity. And then it is assumed that in the in the wakes which are present in wakes which are present note that the wakes are essentially these particles which are actually carried along with the bubbles and it is now present at the receding end of the bubble. So, in wakes the concentration of solid is assumed to be equal to that of the concentration in the emulsion phase concentration in the emulsion phase. So, with these assumptions let us look at how to estimate different parameters and different quantities and also find out and to how to design these fluid as bed reactor. So, the first step is to estimate the velocity of gas in the emulsion phase in the emulsion phase. If u e is the velocity of the gas in the emulsion phase and that is typically given by the minimum fluidization velocity u m f divided by the porosity of the bed in the under minimum fluidization conditions minus u s. What is u s? u s is the velocity of solids flowing downwards velocity of the solids which is actually flowing downwards in the emulsion phase it is flowing downwards in the emulsion phase. So, therefore, in order to estimate this one we can we can write a certain material balance in order to find out the velocity of the solids with which it is velocity of the solids which is actually flowing downwards. So, in the next lecture we will actually write material balance in order to estimate the velocity of the solids and the next step is to estimate what is the bubble velocity. Suppose, if it is a single bubble then there is a correlation which actually relates the diameter of the particle to the velocity of the single bubble and so that is given by u Br which is equal to 0.71 into gravity to diameter of the particle to the power of 1 by 2 and this is the this is the diameter of the bubble this is the bubble diameter. So, now there is a in the fluidized state when many bubbles are present together then the the velocity of the bubble is expected to get affected because of the interaction between different bubbles. So, in fluidized state in fluidized state the bubble velocity is expected to be uB which is equal to u Br plus u0 minus umf where u0 is the superficial velocity. So, once we know these parameters and there are several other parameters that need to be estimated particularly we need to know what is the diameter of the bubble and there are different correlations which are available. So, what which which is what we will see in the next lecture. So, what we have seen in today's lecture is essentially the an example problem for how to use the packed bed reactor to find out what is the length of the reactor and also we initiated discussion to describe on the fluidized bed reactor and looked at what are the different flow regimes which are actually which which actually exist in the fluidized bed reactor and what are the different parameters and properties that need to be estimated in order to design the reactor. Thank you.