Welcome everybody thank you for coming Our talk is UEFI boot from your mortals So I appreciate you all to coming out at noon for a talk on UEFI that shows a lot of Stanley I know lunch is right around the corner, so I'll try and keep this mostly brief First off a little bit about us. My name is Stefano I work for Intel and I'm currently the Tiano core community manager And I'm also an open-source firmware and hardware advocate Alexander will be up next He is the KVM and QEMU developer for SUSE and he's one of the founding members of the SUSE arm team So let me start off with a quick demographic check How many of you like me six months ago? Think of UEFI and you think of a blob five to ten megabytes that lives in some flash round part somewhere That's really complicated Good, I'm in the right room perfect. Okay So let's start with UEFI then It turns out UEFI is actually just a PDF So that's what I want you to think the next time you think of UEFI UEFI is a series of PDFs and If you are looking for a sleep aid, I would highly recommend reading the entire thing But really you can use it as a reference for how the specification of UEFI is laid out The definition is actually in several parts. So Platform initialization is one of the things that's defined in its own specification Boo and runtime interfaces are defined ACPI which is its own talk and which I am not qualified to give is its own Specification and UEFI shell is another specification. So when you think of these things don't think about implementations think about specifications that define an interface a way to standardize calls into hardware and That gets me to what the point of UEFI is which is really standardization And it's the standardization of the transition from hardware Into some payload and that payload could be Grub it could be Linux it could be lots of things but the transition from hardware in it into that payload is what UEFI is all about So let's talk a little bit about How that process works? How many people here? understand what a Reset vector is Okay, good number. Excellent. Well for those of you who don't know Once the magical world of hardware has done the thing it needs to do It's going to pull the reset line low and that's its way of saying hey all that stuff I'm not going to tell you about is done now and there's a pointer to Some well, there's a place in memory where you can go and it promises it'll start executing instructions Assuming it did its job, right? So UEFI is concerned with what happens when you get to that place. What do we do next? It's concerned with the most basic Fundamentals of hardware initialization like DDR memory initialization. So getting the timing right making sure that you can write something to memory Understanding where the media is that you're going to boot from and initializing some silicon specific stuff like you like PCI or USB or even simple stuff like you arts So that's everything from the hardware end and you can sort of think about that in terms of the initialization of the hardware Then from the payload end There needs to be a way to look back into that firmware sort of a thin interface to look into the hardware and make calls And that's where UEFI comes in it creates these standard definitions of how do we do things? How do we call back into that firmware? So sign capsule update is one of my favorite examples because I think it's one of the less known features that UEFI enables So the LVFS Which I've written down look Linux vendor firmware service is a really exciting thing that you should go look up because it again is its own talk on its own and Mike Kinney from Intel did a great talk recently on that Lenaro connect HTTPS boot if only people here know what pixie boot is Excellent, I really am in the right room We would really like for that to go away and for those of you who raise your hand You should know why we really want that to go away and HTTPS boot is a great way to make that go away Graphics output protocol is just another good example of how we standardize something like how you interact with a frame buffer But these are all ways that that payload that I talked about can then look back into the hardware and make calls and in some Standard way so that you don't have to roll everything from scratch You can know this implements the UEFI spec I can know what to expect and it's important to remember too that it doesn't the UEFI spec isn't an implementation It has no interface. It tells you how to write an interface and that's an important point So I don't want to spend this entire talk talking about UEFI because there are other really important boot loaders out there Corbett and Slim boot loader are things that again could be their own talks But things that you should go out there and look at and There are corporate people here in the room so please throw something at me if I say anything bad but The idea that I have in my head when I think about things like core boot and some boot loader is if you want to get to Your payload as quickly as possible the minimal amount of hardware in it that you really need to do to get the memory Initialized and to get yourself into some payload. That's where core boot really shines So if you're looking for a quick handoff to some OS who knows maybe Linux Or some boot loader who knows maybe grub That's the thing you should be looking at The idea is that you're booting the OS you want as quickly and efficiently as possible UEFI really thinks more along the lines of what if you wanted to boot a whole bunch of operating systems? How do we make that efficient? So this is the slide I bring two things up on the screen Which many of you probably aren't used to seeing which is UEFI and Uboot And this is why I have an expert over here with me because I can't talk to that very well But I can't talk to Tiano core Indeed and we have a slide on that so Hardware initialization done in such a way that it isn't minimalistic that you really do want to have something more robust where you could have Networking and you could have USB capabilities Providing boot time services and allowing firmware to be updated and as I look at this slide I realize easy may want to be in quotes These are things that are all that we attempt to address and one of the things that we really want to do with this talk is Show the ways in which both of these pieces of firmware are really great choices for different things So don't think of them as competing software. They really are trying to accomplish the same goals just in different environments So for one example Uboot has been open source since day one Tiano core was open source in 2004 for those of you who have ever tried to open source closed source software You will know that it is a tad complicated and so when you look at the code as Frank Sinatra said please be kind it's There's gonna be things there that you're going to have some issues with but realize that it is the effort to drag that Into the open-source world that is our goal so from the Tiano core side you've got both Platform initialization so we do the hardware part and we do that to the UEFI spec and then we also do I'd said a word I say Thank you to the PI spec. I'm clearly jet lag too many acronyms. So we do that to the PI Twice they'll hit three times before I'm done. I promise You go on the other hand does implement the parts of UEFI that are necessary But just enough so that when you look back into that firmware you see the things you need to such that the payload will know I'm in a UEFI compliant environment There are numerous platforms available for Tiano core and we'll get to that in a different slide But as most of you will know there are an amazing amount of platforms that run Uboot So there is a huge field to play in there UEFI shell is implemented in both and that's a slide that I'll get to later on too so EDK 2 Coming to the part that I think is also somewhat misunderstood EDK 2 is a number of things. It is a build environment. It's a place where you can build a reference implementation of UEFI firmware It is not the actual firmware that you're putting on the board though. It does contain it So there is open source firmware code inside the EDK 2 repository But like with many complicated projects like this It's hard to put a pin on what all of these words mean because you have things like UEFI and EDK 2 and Tiano core and you just want to know what to call the thing you just built But the thing you just built is custom firmware So the fact that the open source firmware is in the repo makes it a little more complicated but the thing that I think is really great about the But this repo is that it has a number of different large corporations Contributing to it and as you all know large corporations are really good at working together So clearly it happens seamlessly and there's never any arguments or problems and all the care gets merged flawlessly To combat that ever we have the open source community that I am working to build and we'll talk about that in the next slide One of the things to know is that EDK 2 has a fully validated UDK releases but you can also work from the master branch obviously and then also several stable branches that we release we release the stable tags on three month cadence The part that I actually like to talk about because I feel like a little bit of an expert Is the Tiano core community because that's the thing that I'm trying to push I've set up monthly community meetings so that people who are engaged in working on the software We're just interested in learning more can come and ask questions. We usually have some of the Experts in the world of EDK 2 and UEFI present So they could answer questions or we talk about topics like how do we improve our mailing lists? How do we communicate better as a community? I'm going to be setting up when I get back from this event Bug triages so that we can go through bugzilla in the public sphere and say here are some of the things we found Here are some feature requests here are some bugs that we're trying to fix and that gives the community opportunity to pitch in with Project that is often looked at as really just stuck in the domain of corporations And we're also working to build a continuous environment a continuous integration environment And we're trying to do that in a community-oriented way so I'm working with people from core boot and Linux boot and with people From you boot to try and make this something that is a community effort to do CI rather than just going off in the corner and doing it ourselves. I Want to talk briefly about EDK 2 platforms So I mentioned that there are some platforms that Tiano core can natively support and EDK 2 platforms is our way of trying to pull some of that code out into its own repository So specific hardware like the Beagle bone is available there will be available there shortly The stable branches there track the UDK releases So those completely validated releases get tracked in stable branches And then we currently have development branches, which I will admit need a lot of cleanup But if you're trying to get that hardware booted just so that you can play around with it that develop the development branches are perfect Just for that purpose They need a lot of work that so some of the boards that we're looking to To get going obviously the Beagle bone black as I mentioned is something that we're going to be working on And up squared board which I'll talk about briefly is something that I'm personally excited about And more about Machado bin, and I'm sure some of you have heard of the miniboard project Which is a continuing project and that we hope to continue to support So I'll talk briefly about to the and up squared board So the up squared board is really interesting It's got a whole lot of really fun. I know and it actually has a max 10 FPGA on it So there's a lot of possibility in this board, and we currently got it booting Tiano core as of version 2 7 oh Okay, yeah, so it's been up there for a little while so this is one of the things that we're trying to further We realize that we have open-source tooling we have an open-source code base But we need some the form of Hardware that everyone can afford that is readily available that we can give people to test on so and up squared board is one of our first Efforts in this area, but we are going to continue and try to push other boards as well The idea being that we know you need something relatively cheap to put on your desk so that you can play around with this stuff So this is one of the boards that I'm really excited about there a couple other that I'm looking into that I won't talk about here, but check out with me afterwards, and I'm happy to chat about them so But that I've talked a lot about you if I and about edk2. I'd like to have Alex come up and chat with you about Yep, thanks So I'm the the upstream you if I you boot maintain out which means that I take care of the You if I Implementation parts inside of you boots, so who of you knows what you boot is very nice Who of you understands what the bullet points me? I? Think you go through them so so important what one important piece that's intrinsic in you boot is it's it's a Very open saucy project. It's it's all GPL code. It chairs code with Linux even in a couple of cases You can really think of it more as a as a long stretch boot face Arm of Linux almost right. It's it's a very open-saucey intrinsically open saucy community-based product product project The idea of you boot has always been to be as small as you can and as fast as you can So you want to be out of the boot face as soon as possible Which means you want to be really really quick and small one of you with amazing features is as Falcon boot Where you basically do pretty much nothing until you you're up in in linux land, which is a similar goal to what core boot is trying to do Which basically goes hand-in-hand with where it's targeted, so I You boot is really really big whenever you get to embedded appliances where you have vertical integration of the whole stack you want to just You you want to control what your boot environment does because you don't want to have that Throw anything in your face while you're running which usually happens on normal actually six big service because vendors happen to add Amazing new features into the SMM mode which happens to run while you happen to run your operating system And suddenly you're losing real-time abilities You boot is is trying to avoid any of that you're basically trying to get out of the business as fast as you can which means It's ideal for an embedded appliance you you can if there's about you can fix it because it's all open source and you can You do control what happens Which means if you if you find any latencies or issues you can you can actually resolve them It Because of its heritage in the Linux community and and people around there the whole coding style Looks like Linux, so if you are a Linux developer contributing to you Buddhist trivial, right? It looks the exact same basically it's you you will know how the code works within minutes and Traditionally you would has implemented it very direct boot mechanisms like For example the direct Linux boot where you just implement the Linux boot protocol So you can hand off really quickly to linux because that's what the bootloader's job is supposed to be right and out really quickly To the operating system It has its own new boot API, which some people use so example some BSTs use the U boot API to implement Whatever their file system is called and ZFS drivers and whatever additional drivers To to that they cannot port into a GPL compliant code base in in a payload Or they didn't want to have a tainted by GPL so Tiano core on the other hand is basically The way I usually put it. It's it's built to fork. All right you You it's it's it's the whole purpose of Tiano core is that it's a base For people to take and build their own thing with and then ideally never contribute back We try to I mean people are trying to change that, right? It's but but but if you if you an HP you you don't really want to push your HP Nailman back into some open source project because what what's your value at what's your what's your revenue stream for getting open source Filmware in there right is there's there's very little incentive for them to do so. There's a lot of incentive in enabling communities with Those with by having upstream enabled support Which is what we're seeing in tian in the tiano core community now But in I would say in 99% of tiano core based systems out there film We're out there is eventually in a closed source environment It is much bigger than a typical uboot load is because it supports way more interfaces. It actually has amazing features in there, right? Stefan I was talking about HTTPS boot. We don't even have TCP support in uboot not even speaking of HTTP or HTTPS, right? This is a full blown operating system tiano core and EDK to the EDK to The words are terrible the the tiano core community has support in its EDK to projects for a Lot of amazing features Because of that heritage where it allows you to really do Close source firmware. This is the big market. It's in right if you if you get if you're getting a random server today It's probably going to run some code from this code base Maybe not everything of it, but a lot of code from the EDK to code base Coding style wise if you are used to politically correctly saying camel case Code You will feel very natural in in that uef. I Like environment in the in the in the tiano core environment Whereas if you from a linux heritage I cannot read that code to be honest You Yeah, Leif isn't either so It implements a lot less Interfaces because really at the end of the day what you need to implement is this is wrong. This should be PI it implements the the front-end interface to have bootloaders and anything above running interfacing to to your to your uef I standard firmware and Implement drivers, that's basically it only lives in a uef. I only world where's you boot lives in in this Weird state in between at this point So what's the whole point of adding you if I support to you boot then right? Why do we want to? Blow it up with more code to actually give us something that we already have a nice invitation for you Why do something more? Well turns out abstraction interfaces are a good thing Because using this Small uef I'm patient. It's not feature completed doesn't implement everything everything from the spec But it implements enough to boot into linux to boot into BSD to boot into grab it Most things you want to run except for windows work just fine Because both implementations implement the uef I spec to that point you can then have the exact same boot flow Regardless of which environment you live in if you have a you would based environment You can just run the exact same binaries as you can on on a uef I on an EDK to base system and see even I get the words wrong So this is all possible because we basically have this abstraction interface and this abstraction interface is what the uef I spec is all about And what you see down here looks artificial But really what it enables you is it enables you to boot any standard distro That you want and I just happen to care about the open-tooth one what most Any standard distro you want Regardless of what is there on the upper layer it really just is an abstraction interface, right? It's imagine it like the JavaScript engine for for for firmware So what this leads to is The really nice benefit of it is The number of the the overlap of machines that each firmware runs on that there's very little overlap between the two right So the typical system that's that you have an EDK to base system on it's not the typical system You have a you would base system on so by enabling the exact same interface. You're suddenly broadening you reach by Many folk right you you can run on pretty much any system these days that is either x86 or arm based Without even thinking about all of this booting stuff because people really don't want to be in that business It just happens to be a difficult, but we don't want to make this difficult only because easy as possible So with that you're more than happy to contribute to either one of the two or even both or just I mean jump between worlds It's always always a great thing. You can reach Stefano here with those credentials the mailing list up there Patches are always welcome to everything if you want to implement some cool new feature Make windows boot on you It's it's a great thing to have and now we have about four minutes left for questions Because I'm sure you will have some yes How's progress for the UEFA one-time service going on you boot it depends on you consider progress so the We have had if you if I want time services from day one So that's always been one-time service because without one-time services linux will just call into null pointers You have to have something there Admittedly most of these one-time services implement error return in minus error and not implemented and that's it There there are two things that we're doing one is as part of the ebbr initiative the embedded based boot requirements farm We added an easy R to the UEFI spec Which allows you to not implement one-time services, so it's you would finally becomes that compliant by not implementing them So you if you can't change I mean if you if you don't want to you know I do if you was what's the the mountain and the profit thing in that English, you know, you know what I'm getting to so so that one's the ones there and the other one is We have a lot of infrastructure to implement one-time services, but it's not as pretty as it should be In in you would right now, and it's intrinsically bound to the way your one-time services are done. It's just There are some suggestions on many is today even just just from this week on how to clean all that up that maybe we should build Another tiny version of you boots inside the build process that only comes with a small device model and only the devices You need for one-time services and then you embed that into your bigger you boot and you make that your one-time service While you're running We'll have to see how we how we get there, right? I think eventually we will want to leverage some of that infrastructure. We have a new boot for one-time service today We don't it's just function overloads and in couple sections that you put stuff into but you can do one-time services if you want to Yes Which architecture do we support in Tiano core or in you? So sorry for people don't know art is one of the main contributors to the edk2 code base So he will you will know all these pieces in you boot currently we support Actually six 32 bit 64 bit arm 32 bit arm 64 bit with 5 32 bit with 5 64 bit Yes, I don't think anybody rented to MIPS yet. I we do have people want to send a power PC. So let's see Yeah Can you want you would from Tiano core of course you can you can you can run either from either just whatever this Yeah, anything anything goes You can you can have you would be a an actual payload on an EFI payload You can have you would be an EFI operating system Which kicks away edk2 and takes over the machine at which point you can then run EFI applications from you would get The whole world is open to you Yeah What's the difference between China quantity to that was what Stefan there was explaining It's very easy Tiano Tiano core is the is the umbrella project All right, that's that's that's basically the name for the overall arching project edk2 is the tool kit itself That allows you to build firmware and the firmware that falls out of it doesn't have a name In a nutshell Yeah Yeah, any other things we have one more minute one more question, I guess Yeah If I like what is what is light? What is the the UEFI spec is It's not quite 10,000 line the 10,000 pages here, but it's getting close. It's it's big, right? So light basically implements everything you need It does not It implements enough to make real life use cases from today work So that the approach is different the edk2 approach is let's give you a reference of notation that implements everything that there is in this Back whereas the you would Approach is let's look at what people actually do use today and what they do need what what do we need to make Linux work? What do we need to do to need to make rub work? What do we need to make? To make to make BSD's work and turns out all of these have almost the exact same requirements There's there's very little you don't you don't need additional protocols You don't you don't need the human interface interface or whatever. It's the HII databases and such to just make Grub work you do need it for the UEFI show So we have it now and you could because you can now on the UEFI show but There's a lot of these really really arbitrary weird protocols that nobody usually runs Except for very specific targeted Workloads that I haven't seen yet. Also, you are missing out on any or on most parts that make up the whole driver environment We do support some of that so you can Henry for example at an amazing code You can in you boot you can run I pixie as an if I payload which provides a UEFI block device which gets merged back into a you would block device Inside the you boot layers you have a combat layer so you can use you boots partitioning code and you would file system code Which exposes a you an UEFI file system protocol again to so that you can use that to load driver to to load binaries throughout all those layers So we have we have some Driver parts or we don't have a PCI abstraction layer for example that the whole stuff just doesn't exist That's what light means light doesn't mean it doesn't boot you it might just means Things you really don't care about


What's going on everyone Sam here with late in sports cards have been one box of 22 opinion elite extradition baseball hobby for Danielle each so good luck Danielle see what we got Here we go Jonathan Cannon college game day ticket. It's gonna be a Jersey card Spencer Jones Spencer Jones Yankees Say the wind Robert Moore for the brewers. Yeah, that's ruined for me now forever Status Kumar rocker to 499 green for the Rangers and Andrew Taylor for the Astros 299 on the red We've got Mikey Romero lead extradition Auto is gonna be Ricky Tiedemann. Nice one there hidden gems for the Blue Jays It's one of their top like three prospects. I think Auto judge the stud Fabian for the Orioles nice auto on that one on card Mailer sin Casanova 349 Dominican prospect league and Hey Susan my day are made to 125 Dominican prospect league. That's how many prime numbers Carson Milbrant a lead extradition silver. It's gonna be a Reggie Crawford Yukon legend for the Giants future threads Nice Kumar rocker 10 of 65 on card auto prime numbers for the Rangers It's gonna be Josh Kasovich to 999 for the Blue Jays elite extradition and prime numbers of blade Tidwell for the Yankees to 107 Thank you. Thank you. Pretty sure he is Peyton Graham and have another hidden gems auto this time Tommy specked for the Rangers He's got a Jacob Waters. That's going to the A's on the auto green Kate Hunter going to the Reds to 499 and a Brandon Barrera to 179 prime numbers for the Blue Jays Nice one here is gonna be a Justin Crawford elite extradition the Phillies We've got Hunter Patterson. That is going to the Royals elite extradition looks like a central Florida guy followed by a Warlin soda Jersey auto Dominican prospect league nice one there We've got a blue Hunter Barco to 349 going to the Pirates and Cooper or jerk or jerky to 299 Go into the Cardinals that'll do it for the break. Thanks again Danielle. That was Steve's girlfriend. That's awesome We'll get them right out to you. Thank you as always


Do I have to install a Euroclass compliant data cabling in data cabling installation? Euroclass cables and data or fiber optic cabling in which these standards are affected? Euroclass cable. The requirement to install a Euroclass cable is to be compliant with BS6701 to 2016 plus A1 to 2017. Or if you are not installing to this standard then the non-compliance is advised to be notified to the building owner. In such cases, a fire safety report can be undertaken under BS99999 to look at ways to mitigate the risks. Communication cable. Assembly of suitably insulated coaxial conductors or twisted pairs of insulated conductors fabricated to meet transmission, mechanical and environmental requirements. Furthermore sufficient to allow conveyance of information between two points with the minimum of radiation. Optical fiber cable. Assembly comprising one or more optical fibers or fiber bundles. Thus contained inside a common covering designed to protect them against mechanical stresses and other environmental influences. In addition, retaining the transmission quality of the fibers. What is BS6701 to 2016 plus A1 to 2017? This is the British standard associated with cabling and telecommunications equipment. It creates specifically a link from UK electrical installation standards and how they apply to the cabling equivalents. To begin with, it references telecommunication cables and their reaction to fire performance in regards to CPR, construction products regulation. For new installations and the refurbishment or extension of existing installations within the external fire barrier of the building, installation cables which are subject to the CPR shall as a minimum meet the requirements of Euroclass CCA, S1B, D2, A2. To illustrate this the product sheet from the Excel cabling brand manufacturer highlights these changes and standards, CPR and BS6701 to 2016 plus A1 to 2017 at a glance. What is CPR? Specifically the construction projects regulation aims to break down technical barriers and provide a common technical language. Thus to assess the performance of construction products and to harmonize the rules for marketing these products. Four key concepts of CPR, a system of harmonized technical specifications. A framework of notified bodies. A system of conformity assessment for each product family. CE marking of products. Why is LS0H no longer enough? Low smoke, zero halogen, LS0H, cables were designed to meet three IEC standards, one. IEC 60332, flame spread. Two, IEC 60754, smoke acidity. Three, IEC 61034, smoke emission. The CPR applies additional criteria and testing procedures to promote a more harmonized standard to describe a cable's reaction to not fire. Are all cable types required to comply? The CPR applies to all permanently installed cables within a building, communication, power, and control cables in fixed installations. There is no distinction between copper and fiber, or shielded and unshielded cables. The only exception is patch leads, which are not within the scope of CPR. So, which CPR Euroclass cable should you choose? Different member states require different CPR classification levels for various applications. Furthermore, member states may implement the standard in line with their regional requirements. For instance, hospitals require a B2CA rating in some countries, but only a CCA rating in others. In this case, to achieve standards compliance in the UK, it is important to choose a cable with a CPR Euroclass of a minimum of CCA, S1B, D2, A2 is stipulated in BS6701 to 2016 plus A1 to 2017. Likewise, this applies to any new installations or the refurbishment and or extension of existing installations within the external fire barrier of the building. Therefore, it is always advisable to always check with the country's local regulations. Where can I locate the requirements of the standard compliant Euroclass cable? Product data sheets. Product packing labels. Cable sheath printing. Price differences of Euroclass cable. CCA and B2CA Euroclass cable due to their superior fire rating and naturally a more expensive material acquisition than the standard LSOH cable or PVC versions. In some cases, this may be 30 to 40% of cable material costs. If comparable quotes show one to be significantly lower in price it's advisable to check that the correct cable specification has been quoted. For further assistance or a free survey, please email or call on the details below, and click like and subscribe if you have enjoyed this video.


Yep, that's me. You're probably wondering how I got here. Let's start at the beginning. Today's episode is sponsored by Squarespace. Fuji Pro 400H. Hard to say that without choking up a little bit. When I first started shooting film, I was immediately drawn into the look and colors that are achievable through the analog medium. Right away, I fell in love with the overexposed Fuji Pro 400H look, a look that is so incredibly popular with wedding photographers. And probably divorced photographers too, though I never really see their work. However, it was kind of a different story when I actually received a role and shot through it. My experience can only be described as a literal back-alley sh**hole of purple and green. Some people have told me that with Pro 400H, it's really about the lab and the scanner that you use.  But that was all four or five years ago. Here in the darker scarier reality that is 2021, it's kind of a different story. Some rumors have been flying around by old lab techs that Fuji Pro 400H is actually a 200 ISO film instead of a 400 ISO film as the name would suggest. Okay, well, maybe rumors haven't been flying around. That's just what one guy named DM VIN said on the internet. DM VIN could be anyone. Could be some random drifter. Or it could be Vin Diesel himself. Now you might think Pro 400H is painfully derivative. Portra 400 exists and that sh** slaps. But I would almost agree with Vin Diesel. I did a one-to-one test comparing Portra 400 and Fuji Pro 400H and at box speed, 400H was not that great. It really seemed to perk up though with one stop of overexposure. Like how some people drink coffee in the morning to get them going.  Either way, I was never really fully committed to Fuji Pro 400H. But when that dark unspeakable day happened, I was somehow distraught. The weeks following were pretty tough for me. I couldn't sleep. Couldn't shower. Couldn't look at a roll of film without thinking. It might leave me too. I guess this means I have abandonment issues now. Luckily I had some Pro 400H in the freezer before the price surged and I was saving it for something special or just a crazy weekend in Bender and Vegas, whichever came first. Well, Monica and I rarely get any time off together. So we hopped on the first flight out to Denver, Colorado to visit some college friends that we haven't seen in a while. With me, I brought along two five packs of Pro 400H because Pro 400H is pretty good in just about any conditions. 45 dishes to eat right now. All right, but I don't really think I'm that hungry.  Just kidding. No one gave a s***. Except for this guy eye-banging me in the corner. It's worth mentioning that I shot all these at 200 ISO instead of 400 ISO because as I mentioned earlier in my opinion, I think 200 ISO looks better for this film stock. So first third or 40th impressions of Fujipro 400H. It's got pretty good range for the life of me though. I think it's just a colder version of Portra 400. Like I said before, I did a one-to-one comparison of Portra 400 and Fujipro 400H and truth be told, they were nearly identical. Later that evening we went to dinner and a comedy show, but called it a night afterwards because we were pretty jet-lagged, even though it's only a one-hour difference. The next day we met up with our Colorado Amigos and took a casual 17-mile stroll around a nearby pond with the fall colors in full bloom. At least it felt like 17 miles because of the altitude and I'm extremely out of shape. These photos are pretty cool, both temperature and opinion-wise, but there's just something about 400H overall I'm not that into. I can't quite place it. Maybe I just need to break free of Portra 400's spell over me. That night we got drunk and watched some slap mountain videos. I had all my doubts about Fujipro 400H slapped out of me and woke up the next morning with a newfound appreciation for a stock that tried its hardest to be the main character in a Portra 400 world. To recuperate the next day, we walked around a nearby mountain town with pumpkin spice tea in one hand and a Mamiya 7 loaded with Fujipro 400H in the other. This was peak existence for me. The shot is the perfect example of Pro 400H's bias towards the cool side. The scene was quite warm and purple, but Pro 400H slapped a s**tload of green and blue into the image, though I think that the colors still pop very nicely and overall the image still feels very balanced. The general consensus around this stock is that it is built for the color green, so if you have some dead plants lying around your apartment, your window of opportunity is over. Everyone always talks about the mystical Fuji greens, which, yeah, I mean they are in a league of their own. Most film scanners that I use will actually scan your Pro 400H with a slight purple cast. From there, it's up to you. You can correct for it by injecting a little bit of green. What people really should be focusing on are the Fuji Reds. They are vibrant in your face and completely unapologetic. I've been very fortunate to shoot lots of different Fuji film stocks over the years and one thing that seems continuous across all of them are the Reds.  Anyway, it was time to see some rocks that were just as happy to see me as I was to see them, if you catch my drift.  However, Fuji Pro 400H would have to suffice. You know what, I think it held up pretty well. This shot is probably the best photo I've ever taken on Fuji Pro 400H. The Reds and the greens pop very nicely. I was actually really happy with a lot of these photos. I think that the Pro 400H actually captured the landscape effectively, but it especially looked great with a lot of soft reflected light. So it might also be worth talking about how this stock has this legendary fourth color layer that made it unique. To my understanding, most color films have a red, green, and blue light sensitive layer, which when added together make a full color negative image. Or in my case, a bad photo which makes me question why even bother. Now the fourth layer that Pro 400H had was supposedly a cyan sensitive layer that was jammed in between the red and the green layers. This is interesting because it might explain why Fuji Pro 400H renders a bit bluer and greener overall. Additionally, some people speculate that the fourth color layer was there to mitigate any strange color casts when shooting under artificial light, which could potentially make Fuji Pro 400H the Grammy award winning sleeper hit of the decade for night photography. But I'm definitely too scared to use my own dwindling supply to find out. According to the Pro 400H datasheet, this fourth color layer helps produce more natural-looking shadows and a more three-dimensional look. Bit of a stretch there, I don't know, maybe. Apparently Fuji also used this fourth-layer color-bending futuristic technology in some of their other stocks like Superior and Natura 1600. So if you're missing some fourth cyan color layer in your life, maybe just hold your Natura 1600 extra close tonight instead of your significant other, assuming you have either. Anyway, the next day was going to be our last and we took a stroll around a nearby park trying to remember the good old days of Fuji Pro 400H and all the laughs we shared together, like the fact that it had the pre-sticky end-of-the-roll sticker. So would Fuji ever reintroduce this film? I wouldn't count on it. Fuji hasn't really made it obvious that they're interested in continuing their line of film stocks, aside from Instax.  Though, conjecture would have you believe that Ilford actually makes that stock for Fuji these days. A lot of people are hopeful that Pro 400H will make a similar return, maybe rebranded with a new formula, but me, I'm skeptical. I think you can probably get pretty much the same look by overexposing Portra 400 or even Portra 800. There really isn't much of a need for Pro 400H, at least in my own work. Anyway, our time in Colorado with our friends was up, and I would be departing with just the right amount of brain damage I would have expected from such a trip. On the plane ride home, I thought about none other than Squarespace, and how I'd like to thank them for being today's sponsor. Are you looking to build your dream website, but you don't know how to code? Well then look no further. Whether your website is about photography, the culinary arts, or even just simply cat-based interior decorating, Squarespace has the building blocks for you.  The user interface is very straightforward and non-threatening. The modules to build your website allow you to build your pages with ease. But if you do run into a snag, Squarespace offers 24-7 award-winning customer support and an online form for specific inquiries or design feedback. Plus, if you do know how to code, there's even a section for that. So what are you waiting for? If you're ready to build a website, you can start a free trial today at squarespace.com slash grainydays. And if you use the code grainydays to check out, you can get 10% off your first purchase. Anyway, I like Fuji Pro 400H. I would say that the results aren't always what I'm expecting, but now that it's gone, I guess I have more of a appreciation for it. The cancelling of Pro 400H was both good and bad. Bad because it's one less stock for us to nerd out over, and is somewhat of a dark omen that signifies the total collapse of film photography. But good because it made us realize that we're lucky to have what we have. And also realize that Portra 400 is basically the same s**t. So if you're drinking tonight, be sure to pour one out for Pro 400H. I'm gonna go make a microwave pizza and then cry while eating it.


To address the problem of forest loss, the government of Uganda has embarked in forest tenure reforms since 2003. These reforms aimed at promoting sustainable forest management as well as ensuring that forests contributed positively to improving local livelihoods and the national economy. The government introduced different forest tenure arrangements in different locations depending on pre-existing social ecological contexts. These tenure regimes have included private forestry, community forestry and collaborative forest management. The tenure security implications of these different tenure regimes are still being assessed. Government and non-governmental organisations have mobilised and engaged communities using different approaches aimed at empowering communities to actively participate and also negotiate for their rights in the management of forest lands. Implementation of forest tenure reforms has faced many challenges that threaten the security of forest rights of local forest dependent communities. The main sources of forest and land tenure insecurity include lack of tidal, lack of clear boundaries, lack of enforcement of rights and biased customary norms are additional sources of tenure insecurity. These issues are clearly demonstrated in Kibale district where we have absentee landlords. Most forest land occupants here are considered as squatters because land titles are held by other individuals who have not been residing on the land for decades. Recently, these absentee landlords have been actively reclaiming their land but local people, the so-called squatters, are also contesting claiming rights based on residents. When we have a community adjacent to the forest taking charge of the ownership on the management of the forest and the report, we then come in to address or to handle the external encroachers. We inform them of what is going on and together as a team we forge a way of how we are going to ensure that we recover the land then we give them ultimatum. If they cannot stop a dialogue then we proceed to court and prosecute. To address the tenure insecurity in Kibale, the government has taken several measures including establishing a land fund to buy off the absentee landlords and redistribute the land to local occupants. Multistakeholder forums comprising local and national government officials, community representatives and NDOs came together to reflect on how best to secure local tenure rights. They agree that several actions are needed, such as dissemination of laws and policies to communities including the translation into local languages. Additional actions include developing policies and laws to address specific issues such as in migration, faster, affordable processes for community forest registration and formulating and implementing bylaws and creating forest conservation committees and regulating harvesting of forest products.


Hi everyone. Yeah, my name is Tim Murray Brown and I'm an artist creating interactive artworks, which I've been doing for about 10 years now and Yeah, my talk today is called Rewilding Human-Computer Interaction and I Yeah, it's a I'll say at the start. It's a prototype talk. It's based on some ideas I've been thinking about for a few years now But I think this is probably the first time I've kind of tried to put it into an accessible form And I think this is probably the ideal space and audience for the idea So as I'm talking if you do have any feedback or ideas or something about Like the concept or how it's presented that you'd like to share then make a note of it And I'd love to hear about it afterwards So for me interactive art is really About using the notion of interaction as a basis for our form So it's like the interactivity is the canvas and I'm really interested in what kinds of Ideas and values we can express through an interactive system and through the interactions that happen through it. I Want to share just a short little showreel to begin with to give you an idea of the kind of works that I create Okay, so rewilding human computer interaction. Here we go. So we are Surrounded by interaction design everywhere we go. So any to me any system that's designed for you to interact with it To was some kind of intended outcome or with some intention has got interaction design infused into it. I Really like the light switch. I think it's just kind of a very simple example of Interaction design and it goes from here all the way up to say Twitter Where there's a huge amount of actions you can take and responses that may happen But I also want to I would include like the benefit system as a form of interaction design as well and A trip to IKEA where you're going through the maze and somebody's really plotted it out for you and The key points I want to make about all of these examples is that the interaction has been designed So the kind of unfolding relationship between the human and the system Has been thought about and how that's going to happen. There has some kind of intention within it now when you are designing interactivity one of the things you quickly discover is that people are really unpredictable and they rarely respond in the way that you expect them to and What may seem obvious to you as a designer is actually never ever ever obvious and however many times I Think I've learned this lesson. I find I have to learn it again and There is a huge amount of Knowledge that we have that we don't realize about how systems work that we just tap into instantly And if you're designing a completely novel form of interaction and people come to it fresh Then it is a lot The way they will behave is a lot less clear than you might imagine and so you don't realize quite how much you assume About people having an intuition about things Now when it comes to interactive art, this is an ambiguity that you can actually play with sometimes and creating a little bit of confusion or uncertainty can be part of the experience or the interaction that you're trying to work with But a lot of the time when you're building an interaction What you're really trying to get someone to or the kind of interaction you're trying to devise or to have unfold is actually a few layers deep and You need to give someone a bit of a cue or a bit of context to get started This is a an instrument from a piece I did or it's a big collaborative piece called the cave of sounds from a few years ago with music hackspace The instrument requires you to shine lights on it to make different sounds. It's by Casper Zeeman and We've got this instruction shine on top of the instrument Not because we want to really tell people what to do But because all of the openness in the actual Instrument and the work itself happens after you've got over that initial hump So you need to have a little bit of influence or a little bit of instruction and This can go further and further and in fact the More like Invested you are in a specific outcome than the more influence you might like to exert over the person You can do this through Invitation or constraints or you can do it through manipulation And when it comes to an artwork or even like a simple tool then a little bit of influence or manipulation is kind of fine You know, it's part of what we sign up for but when it comes to an operating system which in today's world is kind of our main interface to the entire digital world then things get a little bit weirder and It's probably not news to see this kind of interface where You're being asked to make a decision and the options that you're given have been gamed to push you towards a particular decision and The decision that someone's trying to make you make Is not really necessarily someone who's aligned with your interests so this is a World garden and maybe you can see where the analogy is going to go So I don't know how participatory you will be as an audience But who here can remember when the iPhone first came out So quite a few people So if you're younger than that this may I don't know how How surprising this is but when the iPhone came out It was one of the first kind of big locked down interfaces that we Received as consumers and it was a bit of a shock people weren't quite expecting to have something as powerful something which is basically a computer that fits in your pocket and So once you've received it to have it Designed in a way where you can't decide which programs can run on this But you have to only run programs that have been approved by the designer And I don't think Apple were the first people necessarily to do this or to come up with this idea But I do hold them responsible mainly because I think they are the people who really mainstreamed This idea and kind of made it a normal thing And what they really showed with the iPhone is that if we put up a walled garden And you have a really really good product then people will just use it anyway and whatever objection they have they will probably start to forget about and It also showed that if you put up a walled garden for your ecosystem Then you can make a huge amount of money through doing that and I gotta say so this is the EMF crowd and I'm pretty sure of all of the people who I might try and give this talk to this is going to be more of the Crowd that's going to be against having a third party decide what you can and can't do with your own pieces of technology But there are like good reasons for imposing these kind of constraints on the way we interact with technology such as safety and security saving us from Software that's here to exploit us or saving us from having devices that are open to being hacked into and One of the big things is just simplicity like keeping the Technology we use simple enough so that we don't have to spend ages like fiddling with it trying to learn how to use and We don't need to be worrying that we set it up wrong and it's going to shoot us in the foot But there are also some kind of quite sort of simple to explain not so noble reasons for doing this as well Like I mentioned it's incredibly profitable Because you have a when Apple gains that control over the App Store They had they gave themselves a huge amount of leverage They're deciding what tools you can use and they can use that to control other markets But they can also just use it to lock you in to certain applications as they please and There is questions around value extraction about collecting data and about that general loss of control but I'm quite interested in the in The reasons that we kind of feel but maybe are not always quite so easy to articulate because I think that's where I think that's particularly where the role of artists and other researchers needed to come in and There is this kind of loss of freedom that you get with more constrained Technology there is a sense that there is a huge amount of leverage that a corporation is holding over you and everybody and Even if that corporation is great and they're making all the right decisions and we're really happy with everything They do there is that feeling of a loss of power and that that equation could change in the future And if that does happen, we don't have the capacity to change it ourselves There's a sense that you want to like do what you like with your own stuff And there's also this issue of homogeneity, which is that the experience or the interfaces that we use have been incredibly standardized and Sometimes that is for usability, but the other example. I like to think about is the ringtone on an iPhone Like before the iPhone it was pretty normal to be able to use any sound you want as a ringtone And you'd be on the bus and someone would start blaring out this horrendous pop song You know for a really tinny speaker and it would play for seven seconds And then you'd hear a conversation happen and that was kind of normal for a couple of years The apple kind of standardized the ringtone, which in a way is just purely a branding decision that they just felt They had the power to do So I'm not going to rant about Apple and all guns for the whole time but I wanted to start with that just to kind of give the context and The main thing that I find most frustrating is that nobody seems to care about it other than like quite techy people So when I talk to people about constraints that about freedom with technology people actually seem to prefer having the simplicity and the safety over the freedom and the opportunity that you might have with more open interfaces and I have a hunch like I feel like okay. This I think this is a really worrying trend, but I can't exactly explain why necessarily And so I'm going to go right for the juggernaut Which is that I think There's some things gotten a little out of hand in online culture so this is the very famous storming of the US Capitol in 2020 and If that wasn't a kind of weird and scary enough event it was followed shortly afterwards by Donald Trump being banned from Twitter and I'm definitely no fan of Donald Trump But I do think it's a bit strange to have the former president of America censored from the main platform for political discourse and It may be that you feel like okay. This picture on the left is definitely the scarier option So it's like a provocateur of a delusional and that somehow heavily armed mob Ready to start a civil war and that's actually an incredibly dangerous situation that requires exceptional measures or You maybe you think that there is a kind of Woke snowflake mob running the internet who have inherited all of these freedoms without ever having to fight for them and are a bit complacent about preserving them I'm not going to actually take a position on that. What I want to say is that maybe there is a third position Which is that the fact that we found ourselves having this debate about whether Trump should be allowed or not allowed on Twitter Suggests that something's gone seriously wrong with the way we've enmeshed technology into our lives So returning to the garden metaphor On the left here we have our garden our walled garden and what is the garden? The garden is a kind of planned bit of nature it's where we've taken all of this kind of natural plants and exerted top-down design to organize them in a very specific way and In a garden when you find beauty and order in a garden It's there by design and that kind of reassurance and That you might feel in a garden does come from nature, but it also comes from this sense of nature being controlled of human Culture having found a way to tame the wildness of nature And when a garden starts overgrowing and going out of control it can be actually a little bit scary It's like a sign of decay and on the right we have the wilderness and the wilderness is nature without humans and the plants are always out of control and you don't get the neat lines You don't get the excessive amount of flowers that you might see But out of this chaos and complexity you actually find a different kind of beauty and you get a different kind of reassurance That independent of humans there is this massive beast Running going around there's this kind of consciousness of nature and this process which we are a part of But even in nature it is sensitive to disruption The natural system has evolved over a long period of time. It's very slow to adapt to sudden disruptive shocks So most of recent history Has been kind of this direction development it's been taking the wilderness and creating something quite neat and organized and The wilderness was everything and it was quite scary and we kind of celebrated this transition But more recently there's kind of been this Movement to shift back to the other way and that's partly because we've nearly destroyed all of the wilderness And we're suddenly realizing that it was actually quite special and irreplaceable But rewilding is an idea that rather than trying to control every aspect of nature to preserve it that we should try to find this kind of pre-human ecosystem or balance of ecosystem Where it was self-regulating and part of that is an acknowledgement that our capacity to really design and reason about such complex Ecosystems is ultimately limited and when you really try to fix one thing you'll create a problem somewhere else So instead it's an attempt to really unlock the self-regulatory Processors that have evolved over many many millions of years So what's the relevance for human-computer interaction? Well this is a community notice board in physical space and I just want to point out the chaos The posts are all over the place. They're not even fitting onto the frame They're like spilling out the sides. They're put on top of each other and each post has a completely different personality There's no standardization of design language or any consistency. It's quite hard to read and to find things But you do feel a community I mean, okay I know it says community on top of it But you can kind of feel the community because you feel all of these different personalities all sharing and bunching together to share a space and somehow Managing to make it work so when humans are Connecting to responding to each other like we are actually wild in a sense I know we talk about rewilding as like turning back the human intervention But the way we humans exist in our natural state and you just need to look at the way we will camp here getting on like when we are in our natural environment in physical space We get on in a remarkable way There are a lot of complex processes that make this possible just in a conversation your face is moving all over the place your voice goes up and down you have pauses you have hand gestures and these kind of Ancillary gestures this kind of noise around the signal is in a way what makes empathy possible it allows us to take positions of ambiguity and It allows these kind of very small self-regulating systems to work. I think and Likewise this this way of getting on with each other has taken a very long time to evolve. It's not been designed It's something that we've evolved over the many years to be able to exist in communities So coming back to this notice board. I just want to compare this to the London house flat spare room to rent group on Facebook and I've actually put these in this this is a single column. I've laid them out just to fit them onto a white screen picture and I think like if you're looking for a spare room There's something that's probably a bit more efficient about this than the notice board because it really goes straight to the point We just see the pictures of the rooms Sometimes we see a picture of the houses that the rooms are in So it's kind of more efficient it cuts out some of the clutter But all of the personality has been squeezed out I think in a way the only way you can really get to know who this person is who you might be living with in the future Is by how they've laid out their flat and how tidy it is and what words they might have chosen to put alongside it so when the human turns into a user and On a platform. I mean, this is Facebook, but many platforms are like this You only have a few carefully planned actions and views and all of them mess The messiness of being a human or not all of it, but a lot of that messiness gets filtered out And in my head, that's kind of like a sort of monocultural agriculture When monocultural agriculture that when you have the monocrops and you've got huge fields of a single crop all of all along And it's great at maximizing a specific crop and maximizing your yields But it doesn't help preserve the self-regulatory ecosystems that go with that with that space and Wildness does kind of emerge online. So on the left here, this is an old geosities page From someone has kindly preserved and on the right. This is a post on medium. That's currently being trending The medium post I Think kind of has like a better design like it's much more easy to read It's streamlined it goes straight to the content But what we're missing is a sense of who the author is beyond the actual specifics of what they're saying and The site on the left where someone has been allowed or left to their own devices to really Express themselves and they may have made a site. That's Quite difficult to read and it's actually quite fun and nostalgic now But you'd get a sense of who they are you get a sense of like what? Attitude they're having and like if they're kind of having a bit of fun or not So By clearing away the clutter it's kind of like you didn't kind of completely cut out the crap And you've just got the content But it's actually in that kind of crap that you get a feel for who the person was and You kind of lose the personality so what I want to Pitch with this idea of rewilding human-computer interaction is a kind of slightly more optimistic view of what we could be doing with technology and what direction we could be going and to suggest that What if the solution to our problems is actually human nature like human nature is our solution not our problem and The mess of humans is what makes it possible for us to have a society rather than just our sort of functional goals and so what we need to Improve like the kind of toxic cultures online and some of the problems we're having online is more space and more openness and more opportunities for these kind of self-regulatory processes to take place And I think if that's the case then what we actually need is we don't need better design or better interfaces, but what we really need is more diverse and adaptable interfaces and we needs the kind of Capacities to self-regulate which means that we need to have that sense of Negotiation between the person and the system and we need to have a way of defining how we interact with the system that emerges from the bottom up and has that Plurality rather than being imposed from the top down trying to solve the problems as if everybody is a uniform atom And how are we going to do that? well This is the first option, which I had to put in because there's the MF and I'm sure everybody Well, not everybody but we're here. We have workshops on building hardware and we have an amazing amount of creativity and I think you know MF kind of just really speaks to What happens when people are empowered with technology and they come together and you see this amazing space But also a huge amount of generosity But if you're not a coder if you're not a sort of tech person How do you find that empowerment and that's kind of a question that I've been exploring in this project called sonified body recently so this this is Katrina Robertson dancing and On the surface, I'm going to say sonified body is a project transforming sound Sorry transforming dance into sound But that's just kind of the surface problem as an excuse to explore this broader topic And the reason I'm really interested in working with dancers and I've worked with dancers over the years is that I think making Interactive dance interfaces is incredibly difficult and one of the reasons is difficult is that Every time you intervene and try to sort of take some part of what a dancer is doing and turn that into a Controller or make that into something that you has an effect you change what the dancer does and the dancers already great I mean, I think Katrina's an amazing dancer, but She's in her body. She's using her whole body and if I come in and say okay when you do this action This effect is going to happen What I'm going to do is start to restrict ability to dance So what what I really wanted to do with sonified body and the aim was is to Create some interface that transforms movement into sound but without imposing any design ideas So design this kind of dance-based interface, but without saying in any sense how Katrina should dance and I'll show you the result that we came up with and I just want to I meant to say before but the dancers entirely improvised So I showed you two videos. The two videos I showed you are the same So the sound is real-time and she's responding to what she's hearing but all the movement she's doing she's never done before and That's quite important to me because it's really pulling on the knowledge that she already has in the body Without asking her to learn a new kind of movement language in order to interact with the system I'm gonna have to skip the next slide. I'm afraid because I'm running short on time so Towards the summary. This is what we're calling. I want to call this a negotiated interface And we're using machine learning to define an interface based on how the dancer already moves. So for the Technically-minded we're essentially using a variational auto encoder and training it's on a sample of Katrina dancing Say just a few hours and then using the latent space of the auto encoder as our output mapping for the system and What that means in sort of actual actually practical terms is that we're taking the dance movement and we're Transforming it into a 16-dimensional parameter space. So she has 16 dimensions of control over the sound But the control is completely entangled and non-linear It doesn't make any sense at all like there's no way she could use it and then to say to someone else You do this and that happens and in fact doing one movement in one part of the space Will have a different effect than if you're standing here and you do it So you you can't really think about it. You just have to learn about it through the body through play and through exploration similar to kind of swimming I think or riding a bike The other Interesting property for me is that it's it's high bandwidth, but it's also a completely bespoke interface So the way the system response has been trained just on Katrina. It's like an interface for one It's all local so there's no like online cloud training and it's kind of a speculative idea of a future interface where The interface wraps around the person rather than the person having to wrap their way they think and act around the interface I just want to quickly conclude and to say that you can try this out yourself This is The same kind of idea but instead of turning the movement into sound We're using the movement to explore the latent space of an image generating model again and this is installed at null sector just now and Again, you get 16 dimensions of control. You can really explore like What the sort of space what the shape is of an AI model in a way that might not be so easy to do if you're just trying to change one parameter at The time on a normal interface and I Think I'm really into the idea that there is a kind of intelligence We have in the body that we can tap into if we really allow the full Complexity and diversity of the body to get involved in how we interact with a system So you may not be able to say Why the system works as it does but I really do find that people do get a feel for how it works and they can start to move through it Okay, I Will just conclude to say that yeah, we were the human-computer interaction. So maybe the future is not about more design or more control but actually about more mess and more bandwidth and less control in a sense more openness but certainly more space for us to be humans because I think humans are great And I think humans are really great at getting on and forming communities Unless some intervention prevents that from happening If you've enjoyed the talk or the installation I have a newsletter on my website which is probably the best way to find out about how this is going to evolve and If you have any feedback or critique before I take this talk into the wider world I will be just outside now. So please do come and talk to me. I'd really love to hear your thoughts. Thanks very much