What makes for excellence in heart care? It starts with one of the most amazing teams of heart surgeons and cardiologists that I've seen assembled under one roof and the region's leading technology in a new $40 million facility. This is the nationally recognized Heart and Vascular Institute of Eastern Kentucky at Pikeville Medical Center. Do you like painting? The Appalachian Center for the Arts is hosting a Canvas and Cocktails class that you do not wanna miss. Canvas and Cocktails is a class that we're trying to do monthly and it is just an art class taught by local artists of all different kinds. We have some who work with acrylics, some who work with oils, even in working on a cookie decorator, all art forms coming and teaching class to our community. The class is open to those 12 and up and all art supplies will be provided. While painting, you will be offered cocktails, mocktails, and appetizers. Well, in my classes, I don't really push, I do have a stencil, but I don't really push to be perfectionist. Most of my classes, I like to see everybody's painting come out a little bit different. So I don't really say, hey, you gotta use this color. It's whatever color you wanna use. Pretty much I try to push for them to be individuals in their own self so that they can see that, just because it may not turn out the way that they see mine, it's still beautiful in its own right. Salyer will leave the class and painting a spring bouquet on February 25th at 6 p.m. at the Appalachian Center for the Arts. For more information, visit theapparts.org. Reporting for Mount Top News, I'm Ethan Miller.


What's up everybody? It's Jason here for jasperjasecasebrakes.com 2019-20 pinning prison retail one-pack break number four just sold out random teams And this was our last pack break that we needed to for to needed to unlock the last dance mixer And we're giving away three spots in this mixer here So the way this works guys you're buying into one pack break of prison retail We randomize customer names and the teams open up the pack live Distribute the hits then at the end of the break in a separate dice holder randomizer We'll take all 30 names randomize them the top three customer names each will win a spot in the $350 last dance bass will make sure with the Jordan PSA 8 86 clear giveaway. So good luck guys to do the break first Let's roll the dice And it's four to two six times. Good luck Louis down to BJ one two three four five and six Six times Derek down to Derek V let's go six times now the teams one two three four five six six times jazz down the mix Derek with the jazz Jared with the heat Justin with the pelicans Michael the Celtics Anthony of the Spurs Mike Bobby with the Cavaliers BJ with the Mavericks last on module set with the T Wolves Ryan you have the Nugget Zach with the 76ers Wars Anthony the Wizards James with the Clippers BJ with the Raptors Ryan Shagleton with the Pistons BJ with the Nets Lou with the Kings James with the Rockets and Grizzlies Jared with the Pacers and Bucks Rick with the magic James with the Suns Ryan with the Thunder Jared with the Hornets Louis with the Blazers Zach with the Hawks and Matthew with the Bulls Jeff with the Lakers Derek with the mix as well Just close the tree when it's just four cards out of the one pack So stick with what you got Let's open up the one pack This will be the last pack break to unlock the mixer Good luck Michael Porter Jr. A little red wave and Justin James rookie for the Kings All right guys, so there you go much quicker than a cello pack Now final time to win spots in the mixer dice roller of customer names from Louis on a BJ and we roll We still roll the six roll of six and all four times first couple times I've been four and a two, but this time it's two and a four Again times time right there three 34 Here all right six times. That's crazy, man What would I win any money if I was like playing a game with dice rolling sixes or what I lose what I lose money If I was playing a dice game with sixes or would I be winning? I don't really play any game gambling games like that But all right good luck Six times one two three four five six times Good luck Zach you're in look at that Third time's a charm. You almost got in again. If it was top four James And Zach wow look at that paid off in the first couple times. There you go Zach James and Zach man imagine if James was in there you'd have been all three After six times congratulations, man Your guys are now in the mixer Zach and James and coming up next in a separate video is the mixer. Appreciate you guys


The Inspector-General of Police has charged officers to be fully dedicated to professionalism and combating crime in the country. Osman Al-Khalibaba was speaking in Edo State where he spent the whole of today. This parade arches in the Lake Estate Governor, special guests from the police and Navy efforts to defend and order commands present at the grand opening of the 81 Division Operations Plan in Kedah 2021. The theme of the ceremony is enhancing multi-agency cooperation in a contemporary security environment. Major-General Laurence Fejukus speaks on the vision of the Chief of AMI's staff at its aimed at having an Nigerian AMI ready to accomplish assigned missions within a joint environment in the defence of Nigeria. We are here to have a joint operations training seminar called whatever you like, but the idea is to create a platform where as security agencies, all of us, will have a template for training, for operations and to react to situations when they arise. Assistant Inspector-General of Police, Zontu Lagos and Ogun State also informs on the importance of the continued synergy proper training will project. The training seminar cuts across different agencies, we have the police, we have the Nigerian Army, we have the Navy, we have the Air Force, so we are all coming together in synergy to ensure that we are able to provide a template to improve on the current security situation in Nigeria. Participant from the Nigerian Navy, Nigerian Air Force, Nigerian Police and other security agencies and also stakeholders in the security environment in Lagos. In the ski note address, Governor Sunwo Luz speaks on the need for a whole system approach and fighting in security. You will all agree with me that no single security agency possess all the required skill and ability to sustainably secure this great country. A whole of systems approach is required for solving our security challenges, all security agencies putting their hearts and their minds together to surmount any and all of the challenges we are all facing today. The training is from 24th to 27th August 2021. Destiny Momo for Plus TV Africa.


ఇిత్మెస఩ంనేసశారంర్ స్చర్డలాా,ప్ téc Upperధ్రచే నిర్ప్ileyటార్ due charming अवार्स is a government for everyone, a few years ago, nurses from Karna, who were working in Iraq, were abducted, our government did everything possible to bring them back home safely. वार्स is Prem Kumar, belongs to Tamil Nadu, but his desire to serve others took him to Afghanistan. For 18 long months, terrorists made him a hostage. His own family had given up on him, but our government did not. He came back safely home. I had a telephone, the sister of father had said Prem Kumar to tell her that he is safe. She would just not believe that her brother was alive and the Prime Minister of India was calling to tell her that. I will always remember our interaction. In the same way, father Tom returned safe and sound from a man, laid toad who believed in complete, further it. We believe in compassion and we will always serve the people with that spirit. All the brothers and sisters of Tamil Nadu, our message is to all of you, to all of you who believe and believe in the coming of the future and the coming of the future, ǐnza ṭārāga Ṭhīratṭhīn ǐn ǐnādhāgamaṁ ǐllō rudamun ānbu ǐbhārāṭṭṭhūm unarbu yiru kratu. �� ḍḂᴀᴏ ḽἀᴁᴀᵉᴓ ᴀἀᴀᶤᴀᴀᴇἭ ḍᵃᴀᶦᵉᴔᴀᴀᴇᴀᴅᴀᴇᴀ ᴀᴀᵀᴀᴅᴀᴔᴇᴇᴀᴀᴇ ᴀᴀᴀᴀᴀᴀᴀᴀᴀᴀᴇᴀᴀᴀᴀ ᴀᴀᴀᴀᴀᴀ ᴀᴀᵀ�ᴀᴀᴀᴀᴀ similarly in Tamil Nadu Mahatrabdhan Alexis Prem Kumar He went to Afghanistan with love hence he should visit his 不 griaradKE In these 18 months he blocked the way of thedit he drew to fight against them he Cuban faiths that even to his own family he would come back butuckapak has come ˋmʔ-gʒasā ˋmʔ-gʒasā ˋmʔ-gʒaʁ ˋmʔ-gʔrā-lā ˋmʔ-mʔ-mʔ-mʔ-mʔ-mʔ-mʔ-mʔ-mʔ-mʔ mōzalil nambi-, kʋi kondhā-lalkaked గరిరిక పరి ఇబ్చనిసె లుముఎలిణి కింర్చి. స్వరి, last year when the COVID-19 global pandemic came, several fellow Indians were stuck abroad. The government of India started the one-day bar of mission. व crazastiShin canción Sapbhag... पीट़ एभात यीचा बहुत के था और ईएद खेड़े औ़ा Tokyo, What do they do? They are the people of India and we stand ready to help them.


Assigning a lesson from within the CSAH Library is quick and easy. Let's learn best practices for assigning lessons and the individual activities included in lessons. Lessons can be flexibly assigned to meet the needs of all students, making differentiation even easier. In this training, you will learn how to schedule and assign lessons from the CSAH Library to your whole class, individual students, and or student groups. Here is a History Today lesson called What Do Firefighters Do. The History Today collection has students answering questions about the past and present with Scoop, the history detective. Let's walk through how to assign this lesson to your students. Remember, before assigning this lesson, we recommend viewing the lesson plan. Just click Jump to Lesson Plan to view it. As you can see in this lesson, the introduction is a whole class experience, which we recommend completing to kick off the lesson prior to having students complete any of the other activities included in the lesson. Just tap Present to Class to show the instructional content to students. Pro Tip, make sure to assign the introduction activity to students so they are able to reference the instructional content throughout the week while completing the other activities in the lesson. Just tap the three dots on the introduction activity and tap Assign. Each activity in the lesson can be assigned separately for students to complete at different times. Assign each activity by tapping Assign. Choose the class or classes you would like to assign the activity to. To assign to individual students or groups of students, tap Edit Students, Folders, and Skills. Now you can select the individual students or groups of students you would like to assign the activity to. When you are done, tap the green check. We recommend scheduling your activity so that they only show up when you would like your students to complete them. For example, you may want to schedule the practice for Tuesday, the Apply for Wednesday, and the Show What You Know for Thursday. Tap Schedule and choose the date and time you would like the activity to appear in your student's journal. You are now ready to assign this part of the lesson. This activity has been scheduled to be assigned. Remember, you need to go back and do this for each part of the lesson. Just click the X in the upper left-hand corner so you can return to the lesson. Once you have scheduled all activities to be assigned for the week, your centers or independent practice time is set for the week. If you would like to assign all parts of the lesson at one time, you can click the three dots at the top of the lesson and assign all activities at once. Note, when you assign all activities at once, all five activities from this lesson will appear in the to-do section of Students Activities tab at the same time. You did it! You learned how to schedule and assign lessons and individual activities within a lesson from the CSAH Library. Thanks for learning with us today. You can find more free trainings in our Learning Hub at learn.csah.me or at web.csah.me. See you again soon here at CSAH.


I'm going to talk about how to construct a truth table with a disjunction, or. I'm going to start by filling in my basic truth table, the first statement, true, true, false, false. The second statement is always true, false, true, false. And now I'm going to work with my or connector. For or, you need one of the statements to be true. In the first row I have p true and q true both, so I'm going to say p or q is true. In the second row I have p true and q is false, since one of them is true, I'm going to say that the or is true. In the third column I have p false, but q is true, so I can say that the or is true. And in the last statement they're both false, so I will say that p or q is false.


Welcome to the tutorial 2 of the course on microwave remote sensing in hydrology. So in this tutorial, we shall introduce you to synthetic aperture radar or SAR image processing using Python and in particular we shall be using the LO's Pulsar data where Pulsar stands for phased array type L band synthetic aperture radar. So it is an active microwave sensor that uses L band microwave frequency. So as before, let us move on to the section and then we will discuss further, okay. So shown here are the SAR data formats. The SAR data can be made available either as a raw image that is containing intensity and phase informations or as single look complex image that is SLC image or as a multi-looked image. The table here shows the processing levels and their corresponding definitions. For example, if you look at processing level 1.1, it means range compression and one look azimuth compression are performed and that data is complex on the slant range coordinate and 1.5 means after range and multi-look azimuth compression are performed and radiometric and geometric corrections are performed as per map projections. So I realize that a few of the terminologies that may appear new to you now, it will be covered as the course progresses with time, so no worries, okay. Now firstly, let us try to understand where to access the data. So the Alaska Satellite Facility or ASF data search portal can be used to get access to the ALOS Pulsar data and this is how the site looks like. You have search filters, date filters, additional filters and path and frame filters. There are different search types available, data sets available and filters if you wish to add and so on. So one can keep on exploring more as per interest, okay. So what I will do is let me try to zoom on to India and let me try to zoom to Mumbai and maybe the campus of IIT Bombay, okay. I can see the Powai Lake. Yes, so what I will do is I will try to show how to download the ALOS Pulsar data over IIT Bombay campus. So what I need to do is I need to draw a bounding box over the region of interest. So I have identified Powai Lake, so now with a right click I need to draw a bounding box defining the region of interest, okay. So once your area is defined, search type and data set is defined, you click the search button and you will be loaded or presented with the data sets towards your left side, okay. So these are the data sets that are popping up and of course the scene details are present in the right side. So ALOS Pulsar, L band, start time, stop time and other details are also given so, okay. So I can zoom out and see how the thumbnail looks like that is also possible. So for this exercise we shall work with ALOS Pulsar data that has been downloaded in a similar manner. So before we move further a little bit about synthetic aperture radar images. So SAR image, I like to look at it as a complex number. A synthetic aperture radar image pixels are nothing but complex numbers that stores both amplitude as well as the phase information. Because you know when an electromagnetic wave is getting scattered from a position say having coordinates x, y on the earth surface, the physical terrain is causing changes in both the amplitude as well as the phase of a wave. And the synthetic aperture radar in fact measures this number pair which is nothing but A cos phi and A sin phi where phi is the phase and A is the amplitude. So the local reflectivity at each pixel can be represented by the complex number and hence SAR data are known as complex images. So from these complex images one can calculate the intensity which is given by i equal to a square and usually the amplitude intensity and log images are easier to interpret than the phase image. So hence for this particular tutorial we shall be using the intensity images. And as before I am going to display the libraries which we shall be using as part of this tutorial. Feel free to pause the screen as and when required. So for this particular tutorial we will be requiring G-dial numpy that supports large multi-dimensional arrays and matrices. We will use pillow PIL which stands for Python Imaging Library which is a free open source library that supports opening and manipulating different image file formats. And of course we will be using matplotlib which is a visualization package. Let me move on and show you the functions that will which we will be using as part of this tutorial. So what I have done is I have displayed the function name as well as what it does. So for example g-dial.open it is used to open a synthetic aperture radar image. Similarly I have read as array which reads the data into an array as an array. I can get the number of bands of an image using get raster band function and I can create an intensity image using numpy.absolute. I can compute the face using numpy.angle. To display an image I can use plt.imshow command and say I want to flip an image upside down. So I can use the np.flipboard function and I can even stack the bands to create an RGB image using the numpy.dstack function. And of course to create an array I can use numpy.array. So again these are the specific functions which will be used as part of this tutorial and feel free to pause as before. So what to do to get started? So to get ready as before let me go to the command prompt and type the commands one by one. So first I am going to type the command conda create n g-dial to create an environment. So it is already created in my system that is why it is displaying remove existing environment. If you are doing it for the first time it starts creating. So if you have not already done so then this is the first thing you have to do, create an environment. So I am going to type yes and the next thing to do is I need to activate the environment. So these are the commands for that conda activate g-dial. So g-dial stands for geospatial data abstraction library gdal. So it is an efficient tool to work with rasters especially when you are using remote sensing data sets in python. So yes so these packages are going to be installed as before I proceed with a yes command. So as I was saying g-dial is highly efficient to work with remote sensing data sets in python and here in particular we shall be using g-dial to open volume file consisting of all the bands and metadata of the SAR data. So as I am installing g-dial you will have noticed that the related packages get installed one by one and usually it just takes a couple of seconds to complete the installation. So I think we are almost done here and remember always for plotting purposes we need matplotlib now that you are slowly getting familiarized with the different libraries that will be required as part of the tutorials. So once the process is completed I am going to type as before conda install jupiter proceed yes just a couple of seconds and these tutorials have been designed for a windows user. So just a disclaimer there. So once all the downloading and extracting packages are completed we are good to proceed. So I am going to install matplotlib for visualization the following new packages will be installed of course yes okay. So now we have created a new environment we have downloaded all the necessary libraries and then now I am going to open the jupiter notebook from here. So this is what my screen is going to look like okay. I can go to documents I have already created a folder named NPTEL tutorials and I already have a jupiter notebook which is empty of course but which is named tutorial to microwave remote sensing in hydrology okay. So first let us try to import all the necessary libraries that is the first thing we do. So I am going to type from osgeo import g dial okay remember g dial is nothing but geospatial data abstraction library and then of course I am going to type import numpy as NP import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from p i l import image and import math. So now I have imported all the necessary libraries now what I need to do is I need to specify the file path where the alos pulsar data is present yes. So as you see here I have specified the file path where the alos pulsar data is present and I am going to use the volume files that is why VOL okay. It has a lengthy nomenclature the file name is very long and if you want to know about the specific nomenclature that is used for alos pulsar data I would suggest that you check the product format description by the ESA that is European Space Agency okay. Now after specifying the file path let me open the same. So this is the file path that I have typed in where the downloaded image is present. So now I want to see how the data looks like. So I can type the command g dial dot open file path okay it gets saved into pulsar. Now say I want to know how many number of rows are there in the image how many number of columns are there or how many bands does the image contain. So I can use simple commands like this raster x size which gives the number of columns of an image and raster y size which gives the number of rows and of course raster count gives us the number of bands. So I have used raster x size, raster y size and raster count and I have run it. So I want to see the values. So I get the number of columns as 4640 number of rows as 18 432 and it is a two band image okay. So we have learnt to download the allospulsar data so far. We have learnt to specify the file path of where the file is downloaded is available and to open it using the g dial dot open and also we have understood how many rows are there, how many columns are there and how many bands are there for the image that we downloaded okay. Now before we move further there are a few terminologies which I feel this is the right time to introduce them. So to begin with electromagnetic waves consist of electric and magnetic fields which tend to oscillate in a mutually perpendicular direction as well as they are perpendicular to the direction of travel of the wave as shown here you know and the perpendicular polarization planes are called vertical and horizontal with reference to the earth's surface with usually x direction taken as horizontal and y direction taken as vertical. So in order to describe how a wave travels we use this property known as polarization wherein the direction of polarization is usually taken to be that of the electric field vector and not the magnetic field vector. I am making a distinction here because most of the common manifestations of electromagnetic radiation are due to the electric field and not the magnetic field. So in this context we have some terminologies common terminologies that are used here like say H H which means horizontally transmitted and horizontally received and we have V V which means vertically transmitted hits the target and then vertically received. We have H V polarization and V H polarization where every time H stands for horizontal and V stands for vertical. With this background let us try to separate the H H and H V bands of the LO spalsar data using get raster band commands a few more commands we will understand as we proceed in the tutorials. So by now we know how many number of rows columns and bands are there in the image. Now what I want to do is I want to separately see how the H H band looks like and how the H V band looks like. So let me use get raster band. So I am going to type palsar dot get raster band 1 H V equals palsar dot get raster band and I am going to run it. Now we can read as array both the H H and H V bands using the read as array function as was displayed in one of the previous slides. Say I want to read it separately into an array.  Remember in programming it is highly important how you name a file do not name like 1 2 3 you will find it difficult to understand what you have saved.  What are these? These are the arrays. So I have used the read as array to read the H H and H V bands separately into these. And as discussed in one of the earlier slides now we want to estimate the intensity image and that can be done by calculating the absolute values. So what I will do is I am going to type H H underscore intensity that is the name I have given equal to NP dot absolute H H underscore array square and similarly a command for H V underscore intensity. Okay. I can run it.  Now say I want to visualize how it is going to look like. So I can use these commands that is PLT dot subplots 1 comma 1 fig size 12 comma 8. So 1 comma 1 stands for 1 row 1 column okay and fig a size fig size means 12 and 8 these are subjective they just means number of units in the x direction and y direction basically the aspect ratio.  So here PLT dot subplots it creates figures and multiple axes and PLT dot IM show it is used to display data as an image and PLT dot color bar it is used to add a color bar. So simple examples to help you understand how to visualize an image okay. So you wait for a few seconds and you get the image displayed like this. So again fig size is how many units in x and y direction it is subjective and as you can see in your screen the figure is a grayscale image. So it contains grayscale intensities you can see the number of rows and number of columns. Now let us try to understand what NP dot where does. So NP dot where is a function which returns the indices of elements in an input array where the given condition is satisfied. For example I can type H H underscore intensity equal to NP dot where H H underscore intensity equal to equal to 0 and similarly you know I can have another command for H V underscore intensity. So NP dot where is a function that returns indices of elements in an input array where the given condition is satisfied okay. H V underscore intensity alright and as before let us try to visualize how the figure looks like. So we are going to use PLT dot subplots PLT dot IM show and PLT dot color bar. By now you must be familiar with these functions. So I am using NP dot flip board which is used for flipping an image for flipping array so that the resulting image is not displayed in an upside down manner okay. Now just to see how the natural log of the intensity image will look like as before I am going to type PLT dot color bar and when I press run I can see the figure just takes a couple of seconds and there you go you have the figure. So at least some faint features are visible isn't it? This is how the natural log of the intensity image is going to look like. So in this part of the tutorial section till now we try to understand about synthetic aperture radar image processing using Python. So in particular we understood how to access the LO spalsar data, how to download it, how to open it in Python, how to separate the HH and HV bands of the image and how to do basic operations, how to visualize the image, how to calculate intensity values and so on. So now we will try to understand about multi-looking of SAR image. So I am giving you a new term here multi-looking. So multi-looking of SAR image is performed to make rectangular pixels to square by converting from slant range to ground range geometry. So in your screen you can see SLC image and a multi-looked image and the difference can be self-explanatory. So another advantage of multi-looking is that it reduces speckle in the image considerably and let us try to understand multi-looking in layman language. So the independent measurements can be obtained by splitting the synthetic aperture Doppler bandwidth and each of these independent measurements can result in separate images which are called as looks and the process of averaging in intensity is known as multi-looking. So with the resultant image called as L look. So it is to be noted that each look should be in the same position without any relative radiometric distortion and they need to be measured at the same frequency and polarization. Again you know there may be few terminologies that are appearing here which may be new to you but rest assured these will be covered as the course progresses with time. So shown here is a sample of how an SLC image looks like and how a multi-looked image looks like. You can easily see the difference very prominently, isn't it? Now for the sample exercise for this tutorial I have illustrated graphically what we are about to do for the sake of clarity. So shown here is an SLC image with rows, azimuth, columns, range and what we are about to do is to convert it into N look image or L look image. So the illustration shown here is how to convert an SLC image into a two look image. You can see what we are doing it is nothing but we are trying to make the rectangular pixels to square by converting from slant range to ground range geometry and we are performing averaging in intensity and hence the name multi-looking. Now with respect to LO spalsar data we can even calculate the optimum multi-look number for the LO spalsar data and this part is covered in the lectures. So for the sample exercise for this particular tutorial we have calculated the optimum multi-look number. So let us try how this can be performed, how multi-looking of SAR image can be performed in Python. So here I have added the number of looks, num looks as 5 and I have entered NP dot array range from 0 to num looks multiplied by maths dot floor and then the expression is in front of you. So here NP dot array is for creating an array, range is from 0 to the number specified and maths dot floor is for rounding to the nearest integer. A colon operator, a colon is used to fetch data and index ranges or arrays. So we get to specify the starting and ending index and separate them using a colon. So what I am going to type is looked hh equal to hh underscore arr which is nothing but the array that we have seen earlier within square brackets ind which we just typed and colon and similarly I can type a command for looked hb and I can run it. So now I am going to type for i in range num looks plus 1 for look in range num looks minus 1 looked hh equal to looked hh plus hh underscore arr within square brackets ind plus look and then colon. So remember colon is used to fetch data and index ranges or arrays. This is just one example, one sample code I am showing. Feel free to explore your own version of this particular code. Sample images are shown here for a single look, for two look in azimuth, for four look in azimuth and for 10 looks in azimuth and two looks in range. So in this part of the tutorial 2, we started with trying to understand about synthetic aperture radar image as a complex number and then we downloaded the LO spalsar data, we opened it in python and we tried to use some simple functions to look at the number of rows and columns and bands that the downloaded image contained. We try to understand about polarization and then we try to visualize the data using plt.subplots, plt.imshow and plt.colorbar. Also we learnt about what is multi-looking of synthetic aperture radar image and a sample code was presented. For this particular section of the tutorial, we shall be using the LO spalsar data which was downloaded for Mumbai region and as before I hope you are familiar with the processing levels now, processing level 1, 1.1, 1.5 and what they mean, we have already covered it as part of tutorial 2 and by now you also may be aware about what is INQ that is intensity and phase information in a synthetic aperture radar image. Now firstly, let us try to understand about what are sigma naught images. So, most of the active microwave targets are earth surface rather than individual targets. So, here we are talking about the earth surface and for a radar system when it transmits energy, that energy is getting incident upon the target and here the target is earth surface and among the incident energy some proportion of it shall get scattered from the target. Again by target again I am referring to distributed target area that is the earth surface and not an individual target. Why I am emphasizing this is the area of distributed target in imaging systems is related to the image pixel where pixel is the smallest unit of an image. But then if we want to compare say the measurements from different instruments, this poses a problem. The summary is we would like some sort of a normalized measure which is independent of pixel or footprint size which means we need to relate the target area that contributes to scattering to the actual geometric area of the ground surface. And this is what is called as normalized backscatter coefficient and in radar remote sensing it is also referred to as sigma naught images. Now again this is also called as differential radar cross section or normalized radar cross section that is NRCS etc. and it is unitless. So sigma naught is the actual property what we are interested in as it is not instrument specific. So in this particular tutorial we are trying to understand or decipher sigma naught imagery from the LO Spalcer data.  So what we did is specific to the LO Spalcer dataset which was used in this particular tutorial we have estimated the values of c, f1 and a and used these constants for our conversion to sigma naught imagery. So again let me re-iterate for this particular tutorial it is specific to LO Spalcer dataset. If you try to use a dataset from some other satellite again the constants the calibration factors are going to differ. Now let us try to understand how to perform the conversion in Python. So NP log 10 is a mathematical function that gives us the natural logarithm of any array with base 10. So we are using NP log 10 and NP dot absolute.  So as you can see I have entered the constants 83 and 32 specific to the LO Spalcer L 1.1 data to estimate the sigma hh and sigma hv. Here h refers to horizontal v refers to vertical and by now you are aware that hh and hv are nothing but polarization horizontal transmit horizontal receive that is hh and hv is horizontal transmit and vertical receive. Now what I will do is in addition to writing a statement to calculate sigma hh and hv let me try also to write a simple line which gives me sigma hh minus sigma hv that is I am trying to do image differencing here. So now that we have the sigma hh and hv values let us try to use something known as a d-stack function. That is why the title is kept stacking to generate RGB plot. So d-stack is equivalent to concatenating an array along the third dimension or third axis and say you want to create an RGB image using three bands of say sigma hh, sigma hv and sigma hh minus sigma hv. How do you do that using python? So let us see how we can perform this operation. So firstly I want to normalize the array that is why I am using np.max which returns the maximum value and np.min that returns the minimum value. np.min sigma hh. Similarly I can get the normalized form for sigma hv as well by using np.max and np.min. So here what am I doing? I am normalizing the image so that I can directly use the d-stack function. So let me write a similar line of code for normalizing the sigma hv image and remember as the third band we are using sigma hh minus sigma hv that is we are trying to work with image differencing. So let me follow a similar line of code to normalize the sigma hh minus sigma hv component. np.max sigma hh minus hv minus np.min sigma hh underscore hv yes. Now say you know I want to directly use the d-stack function and say I want to visualize the plots side by side. So as I said earlier d-stack is nothing but you are concatenating an array along the third axis and the function you use is np.d-stack and then you write all the components that is sigma hh underscore norm that is normalized component of sigma hh normalized component of sigma hv and then normalized component of sigma hh minus hv. Now as I said earlier for visualizing the plots as subplots side by side we can use a function known as plt.subplots and imshow. Say the image that I am dealing with say it is huge and I am specific to display a certain number of rows and columns even that is possible. So in the first line it is plt.subplots 1, 3 1 row 3 columns figure size 14, 22 that is specific number of units along the x direction number of units along the y direction. And then as axis I am using the imshow function and for sigma hv I want to display only the rows from 500 to 1500 and the columns from 2200 to 3000. It so happens that if the image you are working with is large huge in size may take some time for the mathematical operations to be completed and that is why you know quickly you can specify the number of rows and columns on which the operation has to be performed so that you get a quicker output. So I am trying to use the imshow function here. CMAP is nothing but the color map that is gray. So as the third axis I am trying to show the RGB. So what am I trying to show? I am trying to show you three figures arranged side by side. The first figure is nothing but sigma hv, the second figure is nothing but sigma hh and the third figure is nothing but the stacked RGB image. Right? Let us see how to visualize the image which is going to look something like this. You can even add titles to it. So you have the leftmost image sigma hh in the middle sigma hv and then the RGB image towards the right side. So what we did just now was to estimate the sigma not imagery and also to use the destack function to create an RGB image. Now in Python it is also possible that you can get to crop the images and maybe you can save the image, open the image. There are some simple commands available for that. So now let us try to understand simple means of how to crop the images. So for this particular operation I am going to use the plt.im save function. It helps to save the image as the name suggests and here I am specifying the format as well .png format. Now which means I want sigma hv image to be saved as sigma hv.png and I am also flipping the image. Turning it upside down, flipping the image using a function np.flippled. Again cmap is nothing but color map. Simple lines to let you save an image. Sigma hh, cmap equal to gray. So now let us try to load the image. To load the image remember we import the image module from pillow and call the image. So that is why the line is written from pil import image. So we are importing the image module to call the image. So once done I can use the image.open function to open the image. So now I am opening the image.size gives you the number of rows and columns which are saved in w,h. So hv.size gives the count of number of elements along a given axis and a simple command hv.crop lets us crop the image. So here image left upper point is specified as 500, 500 and the right lower point is specified as w-1000 and h-2000. So what I will do is just for the sake of consistency I am going to write a similar lines of code for the hh imagery as well. Simple functions image.open, hh.size that is dot size whatever comes in front is up to you and then dot crop. So I have cropped the image both hh image and hv image and I have also specified the left upper point and the right lower point. np.array gives you a grid of values all of which are of the same type and which are indexed by tuple of non-negative numbers, non-negative integers. colon, colon it means start, stop and step. Colon, colon 1 means start, stop and step. Simple means of using numpy arrays. So what we learned just now is how to save an image in a particular format, how to open an image by calling in the image module from pillow and then how to estimate the size of the image that is how many number of rows it has, how many number of columns it has and how to crop an image. Simple operations which will be helpful once we move on to statistics using Python. So overall in this part of the section we learnt how to convert sigma not images from L 1.1 of LO's Pulsar data and we understood how to stack the images into RGB and finally we went through the simple operations of cropping image, saving, etc which will come in handy as the tutorials progress with time. Hope you found this section useful and I will see you in the next class. Thank you.


Today, we're going to talk about another shop at home experience at Shoprite in Phillipsburg, New Jersey. Hey there and jrew22.com. And today, we're going to talk about the Shoprite from Home Service in Phillipsburg, New Jersey. It's technically Greenwich or Greenwich. I don't even know Greenwich. I think it is. As you know, the past six months, this crisis we've been in has seen an uptick in let's say curbside delivery from restaurants to other stores and like all these people are bringing stuff out to the cars because no one wants to really be in contact with another people. I shouldn't say no one because a lot of people are going into stores with their face diapers on but we're not going to get into it for the reason that we like to use the Shoprite from Home Service. In the beginning stages of the crisis, getting orders from Shoprite from Home was a little bit of a pain in the neck. You had delays. It took sometimes you had to wait a week to get a slot in their delivery window or pickup window. And it was also very sketchy at times where we'd order like $200 worth of food and you'd only get $100 worth of product because a lot of things were out of stock and I guess they were going through a little bit of a phase where they just couldn't keep things in stock because there was a whole new buying trend compared to just buying as you need it and people were buying a lot more things for their homes to be prepared for the I guess Armageddon of kind. Since this outbreak has taken place, things have improved greatly. We get almost 95% of our order and there have been times where we've even gotten everything we've ordered. This specific shop right here is in Philipsburg.  We picked them this time because we needed something on a specific day and it was the only real Shoprite that we could find that had the delivery window that we wanted. I mean it was a small or I think it was under $100 but they scooched us on a couple things especially I used a lot of heavy cream here for our low carb living and they barely gave us any. I think I ordered a whole lot and they gave me like I don't know 20% of what I ordered and that was a pain in the neck but that could have just been a short-term availability issue. But otherwise I guess it was okay. It was average if you have to say. I suppose it's just like going to a hair salon, walk-in hair salon. It depends on which haircutter again, which day of the week and so on but in general this whole thing is not a very perfect system and there's a lot of kinks to be worked out but it gets the job done for the most part. You'll usually get a good chunk of what you ordered. So that's it. I mean this this was nothing special, nothing disappointing. That's about it and it really wasn't anything profound I had to say today. So if you liked the video anyway, please hit the subscribe and like and all that stuff and I will see you next video.


Welcome back. The Justice of the Federal High Court sitting in Abuja on Monday dismissed a suit filed by the 36 States Attorneys General and the Nigeria Governors Forum seeking to stop the Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit from implementing its guidelines on the spending of local governments in the country. The Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit or NFIU had issued these guidelines in May 2019 to guard against the overbearing influence of state governments in the administration of local governments monthly allocations, the allocation from what we call the national cake. Well, the guidelines also reduced the cash withdrawal from local government accounts to 500,000 Naira daily. But the plaintiffs, the state governments, had argued that the guidelines were in breach of financial autonomy of the various states as enshrined in the Nigerian Constitution 1999 as amended. Now, what does this judgment mean for the government, local government administration and governance as a whole in Nigeria? Glad to see we have joining us on the breakfast this morning to discuss this. Femi Lawson is a public affairs analyst and he's also joined by Mark Adebayo, who is also a public affairs analyst. Gentlemen, good morning and thank you very much for your time. Good morning and good morning viewers. Okay. This is the one, the federal government has gotten one over the state governance. Generally, your thoughts on the ruling by Justice Naira, start with you, Mark Adebayo. Yeah, thank you so much. It's quite significant for our democracy and for our governance system. The issue is that if the state governance was sincere in themselves and they are not interested in giving their hands to what belongs to the local governments, they will not go to court, they will not begin to challenge this at all. Because, you see, in the 70s and 80s, the local governments were autonomous. In those days when we were growing up, we saw that in the local government, we have a complete fleet of tractor that they used to give to farmers to go and plow their farms. We have a complete fleet of graders to grow drills. Local governments were grading roads, were maintaining roads. So they had the resources directly from the center until the governance and the state governments took it over. Unfortunately, the section one, six, two of the constitution, not the national constitution that's amended, which is a military decree in any way, did not see Nigeria as a federation and therefore went and created this dirt account between the local government and the states. And the state governments believe that whatever belongs to the local government is their pocket money. So they just give where the local governments, maybe five percent, ten percent of what comes to them, normally, what is allocated to them. There's only one state that I know of, which is Kogi State, that has given local government autonomy, has given the judiciary autonomy. I wonder why, I mean, the governor from went to court, but I'm sure this Kogi State government will not be part of that suit. Why? Because it has given autonomy to local government under the administration of Governor Iyabilu long ago. So everything that comes goes directly to the local government in Kogi State. So I thought others will go from that leave, and then there was no need. If you are sincere about governance, I don't need challenging that. And that's why I give kudos to Governor Iyabilu of Kogi State for having done his own. And that is one of the reasons that some of us who are clamoring for the social of this country believe that what Iyabilu is doing in Kogi State, in terms of autonomy of local government and the judiciary, is in tandem with the social clamoring in this country. Why would you want to sit on the allocations of local government? If you are sincere about development at the local level, and you know that the closest arm of government to the people at the local government, why would anybody want to begin to take what belongs to them? It is not fair. And I am happy with a lordship for giving that government. And I think if you go with your work, they are likely to challenge it. But even with the Supreme Court, justice shall prevail. The local government deserves the allocations that come to them. And state governments are better removed their hands from it. And that is why they want to they enslave, they enslave the local government, because the government can the states have overbearing influence on what goes to who. They just give them whatever they want to give them. Now, that is why governance is going down at the local level. Like I told you, local governments were maintaining dispensaries, local hospitals, local governments were maintaining roads, local governments were having farms, local governments were supporting farmers. All fleet of graders and tractors belong to local government. During the Ibabangida regime, that was a military regime, was the best time for local government in this country. We discovered that local government had resources to develop their localities. And they did it as we saw in the development. But today, the local governments have become slaves and herald boys of the governance. They cannot, in the federation, we have the federal government, we have the state government, we have the local government. So each must take what belongs to it without the Fabian influence of another arm of government detecting and determining what goes to you and how you spend your money. The local government is the closest to the people and must be allowed to function. All right. So without... Makadebayo, yes. What do you call it? Any presidential order? You know, it is being parties in Kogi state. Why can't... Makadebayo, let's bring in Fermi Lawson at this point. Makadebayo, let's have Fermi Lawson come in as well and share his thoughts. Do we have Fermi Lawson? Yes. All right. So Fermi Lawson, what are your thoughts on this?  Would you say that's the case or is the case that the 1999 constitution itself is not very explicit? I mean, you have a lot of lacunas. There are no specifics. Well, good morning once again. One of the major factors responsible for, you know, such some of these things that we witness in our democracy, including the audacity of governors to challenge, you know, a decision to allow local government to take their money is because of the very founding and new constitution that the country operates today. You must always understand that, you know, until we really go back and add a people constitution that will really give autonomy, not only to local government, but to every other federated place. Today, what the governors are trying to do is similar to what, you know, even the federal government itself is doing. Every 30 days, the states have to go cap in and to Abuja to get money to run their states. So I think it's not even most times determined by the states, but, you know, the federal government sits in Abuja and decides, you know, our appropriate percentages that is due for local government, that is due for state government, because we have a federation that is not truly federal. If the states are able to generate resources and, you know, give return to federal government, nobody will be able to do the same and give return to state, nobody will be interested in, you know, a Babylon kind of democracy that we're telling you. What is the local government to continually, to continually, you know, openly demonstrate what the local government represents in Nigeria today. Today, the local governments are practically appending this of the government. The government cannot operate, they cannot even approve in press. We're not going to see the governor and in the worst case, the ones of the governor. That is how bad it has become. And that is why this ruling is very significant, but we cannot stop at the merit of this ruling. We must, as Nigeria, give back and true independence from every level of government. The local government is a creation of the constitution. It is not a creation of one governor or his wife, and it will so be respected as a level of government in Nigeria. It allowed me to run independently, of course, with supervision from the state or whatever authority, but reducing the local government to, you know, the level that you have to determine where the governor is, the chairman can put salary, what can be bought, what function he can perform. It's all ridiculous, and I think that is why the government is commanding them. All right. Whilst making a case for themselves, of course, the attorney general of the 36 states on behalf of their governments took, and the Nigerian government took the federal government and the NFI to court. Now, the argument they were making was that the guidelines by the Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit were in breach of financial autonomy for the states, is what they're saying. I'll come back to you, Maka Debebe. They are saying that these guidelines are in breach of the principle, as enshrined in the Nigerian constitution, of financial autonomy for the states. What do you say to this? It's a supremist upgrade. If the states are conscious of the constitutionally guaranteed autonomy financially, and the local government is also entitled, are these resources allocated to the local government coming from the states? Does the state allocate finances to the local government? These allocations are taken from the central post, from the federal account. It's not on the state's account, and that is why I cannot say the federal government should not be interested in all resources taken from its folks, and judiciously expended. If you know some of us have closed continuously to the fact that the federal government has to breach the state and the local government, when the resources are generated from this local government at the state, and that's going to keep clamoring for the structure of this country. Okay. And be that what is made, if it is on the basis of the system, when the federal government allocates these resources, the ones of autonomy are you talking about? All right. Let me, let's bring in Maka at this point. Yes, yes. Maka, your thoughts on this as well. You've heard from your comments about Femi. The governors of the states are talking about their own financial independence autonomy, as enshrined in the constitution, as a reason to deny the local government's financial autonomy. That's why I said... Yeah, that question was addressed to Maka Debayo, sir. Well, you know, the governors are not being sincere. I mean, the governors who are involved in this suit are not being sincere. Of course, it went to court on behalf of the Nigerian governors, but like I said, the other time, it's not all the governors that are interested in this case. I'm sure. I'm sure that have been practicing local autonomy for some years now that Amilo will not be interested in that. You know, the thing is this, the governors have become so disrespectful of the local government level that, you know, that's why in spite of the government of the Supreme Court, that state clearly that governors have no right, have no authority or power to dissolve elected local councils. They see again in it, illegally or constitutionally, you know, that's why the Supreme Court will say that, look, you cannot, that the governor have... Well, that was what happened during the Hyde Yoha in Nemo State, you know, Reformer Governor of Hyde Yoha. Just when they had dissolved all elected local council before it came above and they dissolved it with impunity, you understand? So, they cannot... The issue of autonomy was over. It has nothing to do with local government autonomy. Are you aware that most of the internally generated revenues of every state is being generated by local government? Yes, the state will still take it from them. Most of the internally generated revenues are generated by the local councils, but they are taken away because of this joint account and they do not have the power to draw from that account. It is unfair. How can you have a joint account that you don't have the right to draw from?  So, if they are saying that the state autonomy, if they are talking about state autonomy, they should also talk about local government autonomy. Like I said, Nigeria was not like this. Local councils had their own resources. Local councils had their own budget. They had everything that was not as if the state would dictate to them what to do. They know their priorities. They were maintaining rules. You know, in those days, you don't have bushy roads, you know. It is the local councils that clear the bushes, both left and right. And when you are traveling, you see the roads clearly. It was local government. It was because of the depreciation of the local government responsibilities and authority that made many communities now to be backward. To be backward. Local councils were maintaining schools. They were maintaining toilets. They were maintaining parks. They were maintaining garages. Now, they don't have the capacity to do that. All they do now is to collect the little that comes to them and pay salaries. That's what they do now. Is that what local governments are set up to do? We are going to local government dispensaries. Now, that's not anywhere. That's not anywhere. So, whoever comes to equity must come with justice. You cannot have or whoever says justice must have equity in his mind. You cannot have a state that clamor for autonomy from future government while they are denying the same arm of government. Now, you have ministry of local government affairs which can superintend or if you like, monitor the activities of local councils, but not to the extent that they will be deprived of their constitutional authority to autonomy, to financially determine what happens in their local councils. You don't have to have a governor that has turned the local government shaman into his elder boys. No, we cannot have such a situation. Let each local government determine its trajectory of development. That is the argument. It is not about, it does not affect, the fact that the government is saying that stop taking from what belongs to local council does not affect the fact that the state has autonomy, but government, the government is trying to protect the interest and integrity of local councils. That is what is happening. All right, let's have Femi Lossin back on board. Femi Lossin, what would we make of this situation? I mean, now that the federal government has actually won the suit against state government, what does this really translate into? Does this mean now that it's going to be good news for local government? This is supposed to be good news for the local government system in Nigeria, but I am not excited really yet, because the general governors, except for a very few, have become known for being very disobedient of rulings of the court. Just like on the mark said, as we speak here today, no governor in Nigeria has the authority to dissolve democratically elected local government officials. But as we speak, a lot of states are still governed by caretakers appointed by the governors, arbitrarily they hide under the immunity clause to disobey the rulings of the court, including the highest court of the land, the Supreme Court. And that is why some of us do not really feel excited enough to believe that they will obey this ruling. Because the governors in Nigeria, majority of them have become known, and it is very exciting. Just like on the mark said, to realize that very few governors could give an example, have demonstrated the need for the independence of the local government. And that is why today, you can find local governments in the state performing functions of local government, like constructing local routes, backing on a cultured government project, running basic health centers, like you can see across the states. But this, the majority of these governors are not ready to take a grip on this. We live so much in disobeying this rule. I know that we are doing this, but even when there are other rulings, there is really a dependency for them not to obey this decision, because I do not know that they are even using it. But I know that as Nigerians, we continue to demand that the right thing is done, and that is where we can get it right. So, but what's the essence of saying that we are a federation, and of course we practice a federal system of government when you can have, I mean, you have the federal government, you have the state government, and then you have the local government in its real sense. They're not acting independently. So, what's the essence of saying that we're a federal government? We practice federation, you know, federation in Lekha, in theory. Nigeria does not practice in truly federal system, and that is why for those of us who believe that Nigeria must structure the first cabinet principle that we live in this country must uphold in principle through federalism. You cannot say you are operating a federation, a federal government, where one level of government has become so powerful and so dominant over the others. Today, where the federal government that is so prominent over the state in a system where, you know, even a government of the state cannot give order to a division of police officer in your neighborhood, that is not a truly federal system. And that is the same tendency that the state government has continued to exhibit over the local government. And that is why today, the local government has become practically reduced to arms of the stations of the government's offices. And that is why we must continue to demand for the structure of Nigeria among the part of true federalism. Because who could it be to have issues like these characteristics of our governments and some other issues that negate the principle of the whole place thing and true federalism if we don't restructure this country and come back with the people's constitution that will guide us. Mark, there is a school of thought that I'm sure this is some of what you and Femi Lawson have been trying to point out today that says that the reason why the local government administration in the country and local government chairman in different states are subservient to their governance and the governance can dictate to them what to do with their funds and what to do, you know, in the running of their local government areas is simply because he or she who pays the piper dictates the tune. And that this is not just a financial issue. This is also a political issue because it will determine where or how the governance control the local government chairman. Now, some would argue it could be argued that even with this victory at the federal high court of Milord the Honourable Justice, Ian Eqor, that even with this victory that the governance will still dictate to the local government chairman simply because of this thing called SIEC, State Independent Electro Commission, which in the real sense of the word is debatable whether they are independent. Will anything change even with this ruling? As we still have the state governments controlling the local government elections. Maka Dibai, over to you. Well, I align my thought with what a familiar said because governments and some government authorities in this country are notorious for disobeying court orders and court rulings. So that is not what, at least let us have it on paper that that is the law. That is the law. That is the that is the children's school that must be maintained. If anybody, very government to do, and let go of SIEC, that local governments have autonomy, have financial autonomy over their affairs. Like you said, State Independent Electro Commission, of course the issue is that many of these local commission members are likely to be blackmailed ahead in advance before they even get to to office, you know, because if you do not cooperate with your governor, if you're not allowing him to take what he wants from your local government, he probably will have a way of dealing with you. I even orchestrated your government from office, you know. That is the kind of policies of the kind of atrocious policies that we play in this country. But the most important thing that court has given me a ruling, I know that the governors will go ahead and appeal it. So we see what happens at the level of Supreme Court, because they're going to get to the Supreme Court. And I know that NIVIU is not going to also give up, if your government is not going to give up, well, if they appeal, they will also go and meet them there. At the end of the day, the overwhelming gamut of opinion or public opinion is to the effect that local governments must have financial autonomy, that they must have autonomy from the overbearing control of the of the governments. And without us achieving that, the development that we look at government level will not happen. And if it doesn't happen, we look at government level, it doesn't go to happen at the state level. All right. Okay, let me, yeah. Do you look at government that is so incapacitated that they cannot do anything? I'd like to put it this way. And I'll throw the same question to Ferri. It was Kwame Nkrumah, the founding father and first president of Ghana, which was the first country to be independent of South Africa, who said that the independence of Ghana is meaningless unless it is linked with the total emancipation of the African continent. Will these judgments have any meaning or will it be meaningless without a political autonomy or political independence or truly independent local government elections in the country? If you follow the recommendations of the 2014 National Conference, some of us have continued to climb up that the administration in Nigeria today, you know, implements. You realize that a lot of questions around what we are confronting today have been answered by those patriotic Nigerians who sat at the 2014 National Conference. Coincidentally, a lot of people who were in positions today were also part of that conference, because I recall that at the APC as a party center implementation from all the state government by the party to the conference. Part of the recommendation was to take the power, you know, of local government election away from the states. You cannot continue to have a system where the state conduct elections into the local government and have truly independent local government. Because from the point of, you know, electing candidates to the point of electing candidates, you realize that the great people who are so, you know, who have been made to be dogmatically lower and, of course, committed to them and they can do anything local government system. Let me give you an instance. The last election into the local councils in the FCTA was conducted, you know, constitutionally is the unit that conducts election into local government in the FCTA. You find the opposition party, PDP, winning election in the capital of the capital military. That is the Moudia Municipal Area Council. Where the seat of power is located, where the state passes located, where the federal ministries are located, won by the opposition PDP. And that is what, you know, to tell when you talk about conducting credible elections and independent elections into local government. But as long as these elections are conducted by this state in greater electorate, can you imagine one conduct election into 280 words, take the local government to the state, and not a single castleship seat will be won by the opposition? Either a popular opposition participation has become in our democracy. It is because these governors just sit in the comfort of their bedroom, take coffee and bread, and write names of people who become castles and chairmen, and that is all. We are not giving regard to the power of the elected candidates of their choice. Gentlemen, we have to go. We are practically appointed and not really elected by the people. Get into position. There are two G's of the establishment. So they are saying that these governors can be Thank you gentlemen. We have to go. We have to go. So, Femi Lawson, I guess what you're saying is that until we have an independent, truly independent elections in local government, this financial Tony may not achieve the desired results. I guess that's what you're saying. Okay, we have to go. Thank you very much, Mark Adebayo. Thank you much, Femi Lawson, both public affairs analysts for expert on opinion on the breakfast this morning. All right, when we come back from the break, we have more discussions ahead on the breakfast this morning. Stay with us. We'll be right back.