I'm working as a software architect. My job is to look over a high-level architecture, to look over some CI pipelines and so on, and to make sure everything works as it should be working. We are building on top of GitLab, and it allows us to deliver our code after it's tested. We try to deliver no bugs, but sometimes it still happens. So we test, if test passes, we automatically deliver and deploy to production. I cannot remember what was actually the moment I learned that GitLab exists, but I could say it kind of changed my life. Before I knew there is some kind of GitLab or CI or something, I had to do everything manually. And then when I first time found out about GitLab CI, everything started to make sense to me that I have code on one platform and I have a CI on the same platform, and it was a game changer for me. I don't have to switch between some platform, some other products from other companies, and everything is in one place, and I really love it. I feel much more productive, but really much more... If I could express how much, maybe 1,000% more, I don't know, but really much more productive. There is high demand for CI engineers, and since I work as an architect, this is high demanded skill. To write pipelines, optimize performance, short the time needed from writing the code to deploy the production, and all of this I can deliver, and there's another thing why I love GitLab, because anything that comes in my mind and I figure some way how to do it with GitLab CI, and there is just no way how to do it with other platforms. I finally find a tool that I really love to use.


This study examined the efficacy and safety of transcatheter arterial embolization, TAE, as a treatment for bleeding caused by COVID-19. The results showed that TAE was successful in treating all patients who underwent the procedure, regardless of whether they had coagulopathy or not. Additionally, no complications related to the procedure were reported. Therefore, this study suggests that TAE can be used safely and effectively to treat bleeding caused by COVID-19. This article was authored by Roberto Minasai, Federico Fontana, Massimo Venturini, and others.


So here's what sounds like a boundary, but it's not to the person who really needs to get it clear So here's here's a typical hinted at boundary that doesn't work Please don't shout at me when I talk to you. I don't like it. That's not a boundary a Boundary is if you shouted me when we talk, I am leaving the room That's a boundary


The greatest, of the greatest, of the greatest, of the greatest. Laugh. Yes, ladies and gentlemen. I am deeply honored to have been invited to join you on this auspicious occasion of the 23rd convocation of the Lagos State University. This is a homecoming for me. As you know, I am especially blessed to have received my first professor of chair here at the Lagos State University. My other chair was received at your brother's university, my alma mater, the University of Lagos. The great visionary is led by Alacrida T. John, who founded this great place of learning and inquiry, deserve our commendation and praise. It is on account of their farsightedness and resilience in the early, difficult days of the establishment of this university that we have today a university that has proved that it can produce the best people and the most innovative in ideas. We also owe a priceless debt of gratitude to the distinguished scholars and faculties of this great university, men and women of enormous talent, despite all the challenges of funding and infrastructure, produce excellent research daily, and year after year they turn out men and women who are equipped with the best resource in man or woman and ever, relevant knowledge in the 21st century. We must congratulate the university on being selected among so many universities in Western Central Africa for the location of a center of excellence as part of the World Bank's Centers of Excellence program, ACE. This is the recognition of the immense talent and hard work demonstrated by the faculty and students of our great university. Today I've been asked to speak on the subject African Centers of Excellence in African universities, a veritable catalyst for nation-building and development. According to the US-based National Research Foundation, NRF, centers of excellence are physical or virtual centers of research that concentrate existing research excellence, capacity and resources to enable researchers to collaborate across disciplines and institutions on long-term projects that are locally relevant and internationally competitive in order to enhance the pursuit of research excellence and capacity development. The five key performance areas of centers of excellence are usually the following. One, research knowledge production, education and training, information brokerage, networking and service rendering. In the academia, a center of excellence often refers to a team with a clear focus on a particular area of research. Such a center may bring together faculty members from different disciplines and provide shared facilities. A center of excellence must by definition be at the apex of the university system or the educational system and must also be selective in its area of specialization. It must of course also be able to concentrate the best staff in its designated field and attract the financial resources that confer with operational autonomy and for the conduct of stellar research. The concept is not now new in Africa. A center of excellence integrated mineral and energy resource analysis, CIMERA, was launched on the 24th of April, 2014, at the University of Johannesburg. A center of excellence in food security was also launched in South Africa, co-hosted by the University of Weston, Cape and the University of Pretoria. A center of excellence in mathematical and statistical sciences was launched at the University of Witwater's Grand on the 1st of April, 2014, focusing on the theme mathematics of the Earth and environment. The Africa Center of Excellence project sponsored by the World Bank is a notable initiative in this regard with emphasis being placed on science, technology, engineering and mathematics. STEM. The initiative also prioritizes agriculture and health, which are important sectors for African development. I'm told that 19 centers of excellence have been established in Nigeria to date under the ACE initiative, including just to name a few, at the University of Benin, the Amadoubello University Zaire, the University of Nigeria and Suka, Bayero University Kano, the University of Potacot, the University of Lagos, the Redeemer's University and of course the Lagos State University. The establishment of the center the center here will result in enhanced research capacity, quality and impact for the institution as well as increased opportunity for research collaborations. The clearly expressed objective of the ACE project is to, I quote, train experts in various research fields to find solutions to regional development challenges, end of quote. This is a succinct statement of the pivotal relevance of a center of excellence. Beyond the ACE project, this must also be the objective of African governments, civil society and the private sector. We must find and find solutions by research and innovation to our various developmental challenges. We as a government, and by that I mean the federal government of Nigeria, in collaboration with state governments have taken up that challenge. Recently, the Nigeria Climate Innovation Center, a collaboration between the federal government and the Lagos Business School concluded its climate launch path and some very innovative ideas were unveiled. One of the innovator companies, New Digits, generates power from water. The product uses water and conforms solar cells to generate energy for electricity and cooking. It works by collecting water automatically from any piping channel in the house. It breaks down the water into hydrogen, which is then used to cook and to power the entire house without a need for batteries. Power-stove energy, founded by three Nigerian, young Nigerians, OK, Abdulaziz and Gloria, produces a low-cost, clean, smokeless cook-store. Power-stove energy is the first clean cook-store to be fitted with self-powered IoT cloud systems to monitor in real time a single day of cooking, amount of carbon dioxide and bio-mass that is saved. Black carbon-prevented and total electricity that is generated. But even more remarkable is the innovation in healthcare, the work being done by the Federal Government-sponsored Innovation Hub in Yola, a Damara state. It is called the North-East Humanitarian Innovation Hub. The hub was established to find solutions to the humanitarian problems posed by the insurgency in the North-East. But about a month ago, a group of interns at the hub designed and assembled a 3D printed prosthesis limb, an artificial limb for an assistant superintendent of police, Mr. Tumber James, who lost his arm while on active duty. The interns, Bashir Yal, Suleiman Habiba Dam and Kabir Adhan and their colleagues were trained in Yola. They worked with a number of volunteers with amputated limbs. The equipment and materials required and used for all of the processes were found and taken from Yola. All the work was done in Yola. All of this, the creation by 3D printer. So today, at that innovation hub, it is possible to print a prosthesis an artificial limb using a 3D printer designed in Nigeria. We've also partnered with the Civic Hub in Abuja, an innovation technology hub constantly churning out revolutionary public ideas for public sector service delivery. They've also pioneered a student's innovation challenge and they're building a technology innovation hub at the University of Lagos, which is groundbreaking, both in its concept as well as design. Everywhere in our country today, young men and women are achieving the visions of centers of excellence as they tackle the problems of poverty, education, financial inclusion, healthcare in far-flung rural areas using technology to reach more people with knowledge and services. Let me give you a few examples. When we wanted to employ 500,000 graduates in our empire program, the challenge was how to process at least 3 million expected applications and pick the best in every local government in Nigeria. We didn't seek any foreign help or expertise. We hired a local company, a company called Softram. Softram is a company founded by Yomi Adedigi, a 2007 graduate of Covenant University. The company's chief solutions officer was a gentleman called Sende Olobayo, who graduated from the University of Illinois. They designed a portal and tools, robust enough to deal with over 4 million applications online. After we employed the over 500 of the applicants, the same company designed the payment platform to ensure that all beneficiaries are paid promptly every single month. We did not see any of the 500,000 graduates. All of this took place on this robust platform built by this company. But a greater challenge was when we started our trader money, market money, pharma money, micro-credit loans to reach 2 million petty traders across the country. Again, we didn't look beyond young Nigerian innovators. The first challenge was how to enumerate at least 2.5 million petty traders. We got two Nigerian technology companies, Mobile Forms and GDM. Mobile Forms was formed barely three years ago by two young Nigerian graduates. Damilala Ayuride and Uatomi Ayurim. The company has created a platform that enables business and governments to crowdsource data from across the African continent. GDM, also a Nigerian owned marketing services and research company formed by two young people. The companies not only enumerated all of our 2.5 million potential clients, but they took bow data, including photographs of this number of people and many of them, of course, became beneficiaries of the scheme. The person and a key implementer of the project from the Bank of Industry who managed the project was Ozoma and Waba, another young Nigerian barely 30 years old. To pay out the loans, collect repayments and give further loans to those who repay. We engage a Fintech platform created again by Nigerians under 35 years old, this platform which was created not only enumerates all of the petty traders, but it also ensures that there are no double payments made and it delivers the money to the mobile phones of the traders. These young Nigerian entrepreneurs deliver the largest social investment programme of its kind in Africa for all of us. So what do we need to do to convert our country to the great centre for innovation and creativity in the world? What is the role of the centres of excellence in doing this? Three things are important. One, education, two, education, three, education. The truth is that education is the most powerful force of economic change in the world. The UNESCO Global Education Monitoring Project says that with relevant education are the most important forces for change in so many different respects. The learning generation report which they generated provides important evidence on the impact of education on the individual's earnings and economic growth. They found, among other things, that one, education reduces poverty. 171 million people could be lifted out of extreme poverty if all children left school with basic reading skills. That is equivalent to about a 12% drop in the world total. Absolute poverty, they say, could be reduced by 30% from learning improvements outlined by the Education Commission. Two, they say that education increases individual earnings, the capacity of the individual to earn more money. Education increases earnings by roughly 10% per additional year of schooling. For each $1 invested in an additional year of schooling, earnings increase by $5 in low-income countries and 2.5 in lower-to-middle-income countries. Three, that education reduces economic inequalities. If workers from poor and rich backgrounds receive the same education, the disparity between the two in working poverty could actually decrease by 39% for that education promotes economic growth. Educational attainment explains about half of the difference in growth rates between East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, especially between the periods of 1965 and 2010. In 2050, GDP per capita in low-income countries will be almost 70% lower than it would if all children were actually learning. Increasing tertiary education attainment by one year on Africa would increase Sub-Saharan Africa's long-term GDP by 16%. An important issue is that of education of girls in particular. Some studies today already show that girls on the average are smarter than boys. Any nation that does not educate its girls does itself great harm.  So we have a three-fold plan, and by that I mean the federal government has a three-fold plan to improve educational outcomes but more importantly to train this generation of students to create and function in a knowledge-driven economy. To start with, we will be more focused on achieving the educational outcomes specified in the Sustainable Development Goals such that we can meet the targets for school enrollment, quality of education, adult literacy and the quality of teaching by 2030. Secondly, we have with the collaboration of state governments undertaken an ambitious program to get the millions of out-of-school children back into school. It's a complex process requiring the full collaboration of state governments, religious authorities as well as resources to build more schools, equip them properly and train the required number of teachers. Our school-feeding program is already leading to improved enrollment and their program can be the source of the initial requirement for teachers. But more importantly, we are redesigning our educational curriculum as part of our educational roadmap which will title every child counts. It's quite clear that we have to change all the substance of education that our children receive as well as the methods by which they are educated. We are clear that the key to achieving all of these goals is to focus on what we have described as STEAM education as opposed to STEM. STEAM means Education, Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Maths. And the need for a workforce of STEAM skills is to drive economic prosperity. It's particularly gratifying to note that the Lagos State University Center of Excellence program has been airmarked as a center of excellence and regional hub for innovation and transformative STEM education in Africa. This well fits with the federal government's policy direction in education and our vision for a prosperous Nigerian economy able to create the jobs and train the young men and women to take on those jobs in the next few years. The notable addition that our policy has made to STEM as I've said earlier is to add arts so ours becomes STEAM and we believe that training in humanities is fundamental to sound reasoning and judgment and must also take on the challenge of training men and women for opportunities in the arts and entertainment. But what is STEAM all about? Let me explain. It is clear to all from now and into the next several decades that technology and computing will rule the world. Every aspect of our lives, healthcare, commerce, business, education, entertainment will be driven or built on some technology platform or the other. Technology itself is driven by the interplay and convergence of science, technology, engineering and maths. Recognizing this, STEAM curricula in our case have been developed in several countries to enable the teaching of these subjects, not individually and separately as before, but together as a system of thoughts and ideas. The teaching also emphasizes how to use the combination of these subjects to design and to solve real-life problems. Most surveys on the job opportunities of the future agree that STEAM-related jobs, especially jobs in computing, will dominate the job market. The good news for us is that even in Europe and America there are huge gaps in finding competent personnel to take on most of the tech-related jobs already being created. The good news also is that most computing jobs may not even require major degrees. A new policy, therefore, is to introduce science, technology, engineering, art and mathematics curriculum in primary and secondary schools. We also recognize that schooling should support the development of skills in cross-disciplinary, critical and creative thinking, problem solving and digital technologies. These skills are essential in all 21st century occupations. The national curriculum being developed will not only include the teaching of coding, digital arts, design thinking, robotics, critical thinking and other skills, but also using these skills in interpreting traditional curriculum topics. The federal government's aim is to ensure that from early education, primary school onwards regardless of social background or geographical location, every young person should have a fundamental level of digital and STEM literacy that enables them to succeed locally or internationally. The curriculum is one of the crucial components of the program's success. It recognizes the importance of having a well-rounded curriculum that is global in orientation and local in its application. Quality teaching is the key to lifting the Nigerian students' skills quotient to attaining that national objective. Teachers need to be equipped with the skills and confidence to support digital literacy, functional skills training and STEM learning. Our efforts under the national strategy will focus on implementing the national retraining at primary and secondary levels, implementing national initial teacher education standards, sharing best practices and efforts to attract more STEM graduates to the teaching profession. The conducive learning environments are crucial to motivate students and to enhance learning. Classrooms and other learning centers must be remodeled. We will therefore be remodeling under the new scheme and re-equipping 10,000 schools every year for the next 10 years. There is no doubt we will be doing heavily for direction, for support and for ideas on the Lagos State University Center of Excellence Program. Especially since by Providence STEM Education Research will be your focus. The collaboration will be an important one. We expect that STEAM will fundamentally determine the future of the Nigerian socio-economic landscape where in a race against other economies and against time. Technology has changed the employment landscape permanently for the first time in human history. Men and women will be trained in their own countries. They may even work from their bedrooms and compete for jobs anywhere on the planet. Computing is the ultimate agnostic tool. You may never even have to see your employer, your employee or service provider. Our success or our failure will determine our economic future. This is the existential nature of the task before the last center of excellence and the Nigerian economy. God help us who will not fail. Permit me a word for the graduate students today. It was Professor Woodrow Wilson who said that a man who leaves a university or a woman who leaves a university must be a man or woman of his nation and a man or woman of his or her times. In other words, you must be concerned about building your nation and you must recognize that every generation is uniquely equipped to deal with its own challenges. Be very suspicious of those who speak of the good old days. They're probably suffering from memory loss. Your own days are the best days yet. It was Farid Zakaria who told a Harvard graduating class in 2012 that the smartphones which you have, and I say the same to you, that the smartphones which you have today with you have more computing power than the Apollo space capsule that went to the moon. And that is to demonstrate to you that you have more in your pockets today or more in your hands today much more technology that was available when the Apollo spacecraft was landed on the moon. So you are not by any means disadvantage. You are graduating at the most advanced moment in human history. The challenge for you and for which I am confident you are prepared is to make your own contribution to make your own times better now and in the future. I congratulate family and friends of the graduates on this day of joy. For the graduates today, I cannot resist saying my favorite prayer for you as your days social are your strength, social are your wisdom and social are your favor with God. This means that you have enough strength in your body, in your minds and in your finances to meet your daily challenges. There are a thousand and one excuses for failure. Ignore them all and you will succeed. Congratulations. Thank you all.


Prostitutions at the heart of a lot of debates, even whether you call it prostitution or sex work, means that you've somehow chosen to look at it in a particular way. We never really looked at it as a form of female oppression on the one hand or as a form of fantastic female entrepreneurship on the other. We were always quite agnostic about it. We just said, does money be in exchange for this activity? And it's huge. It's connected to migration. It's connected to crime. It's connected to drugs. And the extent to which it is connected to these things depends largely on how it is regulated. I am Marina. I am an economist. I teach at the University of Reading where I also got my PhD. I became interested in social norms because I am Italian originally. This is a country where social norms are very different across different regions. And the whole idea of how people conform with social norms and how that dictates their choices was something that I really wanted to look at when I specialized after my undergraduates. I thought that would be an interesting thing to carry on studying and I could learn a lot that wasn't just true of my country but of a range of other countries in the world where there's a whole range of formal and informal ways of doing things that maybe isn't captured quite so well within economics in general or at least wasn't at the time. People started getting much more interested in social norms as time went by. So what started out as a kind of rather far out project became something a bit more mainstream over time. That piece of work was motivated by personal experiences so I noticed that a lot of people like me who had come to the UK as migrants when they had children they were concerned that their kids would fit in but at the same time wanted their kids to preserve some of the values that they had come to the country with that made them sort of distinctively carrying two cultures with themselves. We all tend to expect children to want a very stable environment but the reality is that children don't really have terms of reference as to what would be stable for them. So they like their habits on a day-to-day basis but they're not really hung up about what comes into those habits or what shape their family should be or their house or the neighborhood they live in because they don't know anything else. The question of what values get passed on to children is how well they can cope with encountering different situations. It's something that is not typical of an immigrant parent it's something that every parent has to face.  That whole idea that their well-being hinges on being well-adjusted as in kind of stable is probably wrong. Children are evolving and growing. The ability to adapt and resilience is possibly the most important component of well-being. A lot of the psychological research as well is throwing up this importance of resilience and the ability to actually adjust to what life throws at you. In the meantime, the whole question of migration and how people integrate well or less well in the countries that they migrate to became very prominent in political terms and so we started thinking about the general way in which not just one family integrates but the general way in which communities integrate within a host country or not and you could have different models also of integration of migrants. You could have a melting pot a bit like here in the United States but you could also have rather more isolated communities like you tended to get in the United Kingdom and what that means in terms of preserving the original values and at the same time getting some kind of diversity in the culture but when it all goes well that's not a problem when things start going less well then all of a sudden these communities are very identifiable and therefore they can incur large costs so we were trying to tease out those trade-offs and try and figure out what they meant for different countries. There's still a lot in that work that is interesting and can tell us a lot. The stigma that is carried by engaging in a profession like sex work impacts the well-being of the people who are in the trade. We realized that there just wasn't much work that economists had done that looked at prostitution from an angle other than a form of crime and because we had been doing so much work on looking at formal and informal women's work and gender we thought okay this may be a good arena in which to look both at what it means to be doing a job that carries stigma and what it means to look at gender relations and social relations broadly around something which is a worldwide industry because sex work exists everywhere and has always existed. Regulation very often is driven by the concern to reinforce certain moral standards for a society and flies totally in the face of actually getting good welfare outcomes for that same society. In that sense it's a typical area for an economist to look at because it's about the interplay between morals and what goes on then in markets. We were interested not just in the sex workers themselves but the outcomes for society at large so it's a transaction that involves two people so there will be clients, there will be sex workers they're not necessarily all clients are men and all sex workers are women actually so there's interesting gender dynamics going on there as well. Of course there's a range of other actors involved intermediation and all the rest of it and very different outcomes depending on how it is regulated within the United States itself there is a wide range of different regulatory regimes for sex work across states and it means different things for public health as well. Politicians tend to view it as a kind of public nuisance and a kind of public morality type issue. The reality is there are a range of people working for whom this is a livelihood opportunity and it's also the reality that there is a demand for this so some of what the project involved at least at the start was actually talking to a lot of sex workers in different segments of the industry and trying to talk to also outreach services which are often set up by former sex workers themselves but also with the Home Office in the United Kingdom and with policing services and immigration services discussing what the dynamics of this workforce were and just generally trying to understand what would be the best way to regulate prostitution and from the sort of pure again welfareist perspective it's fairly obvious that pushing any activity in the shadows is not going to improve the welfare of anybody and also thinking that you can eliminate an activity or adopt a model where you're sort of trying to save people or rescue people from those jobs doesn't necessarily work or doesn't necessarily work for everybody. The gender dynamics in different countries determine very much how it is regulated but also how the different segments work and the degree of agency that the sex workers have in the different segments are also very different and their reflect on their earnings their reflect also on the stigma that the activity carries and what they can do to disguise it or when the activity is more acceptable to consider it as part of the skills they have it does a lot of the economics of it that is still there to be investigated really.


as time expired. What? Walk off field goal attempt, chat 43 yards out, 41 yard field goal attempt. Can somebody give me a tablet to throw?


Buy My Coins is the best place to get Madden coins for anything. It's cheap and reliable, and of course my code MMG is 15% off. Alexa, remind me to stop being so bad at this game! When should I remind you? Right now! Literally this minute! Tell me right now! Even my Alexa can't tell me I'm bad. Not because I'm good, but because I'm bad. Dude! I had! That was not planned! Wow dude, I'm thinking so many elves today! Oh and I'm having a bad hair day too. Poop, wiener, pubes, wiener, gooch, wiener, far wiener, ground, wiener, poop, wiener, pubes, wiener, gooch, wiener, pubes, wiener, far wiener, gooch. I had my dream free safety and I lost him because I like choked last game. I will say my opponent was pretty damn good and he had a good team, but that's gonna be the case every single game I play. I'm gonna waste no time. I feel like I'm already, I know it's just one game, it's not like he's a player or anything, but I feel like I'm ready to redeem myself. That was a struggle and I'm really not proud of it. I get trained up to 90, which honestly isn't the best wheel spin, but it's nice because I get to pick anybody. So I can pick any power-up player and train them up to a 90 overall. And I'm tempted to do a free safety because I really need one. I know it sucks because I just had one, but yeah, I'm doing a free safety. I could get Sean Taylor again, but I don't deserve it. I might do Brian Dawkins because I really like him. So the best free-safety in the game, there's an Anthony Harris. Damn, that card's kind of a savage. I like the Minka a lot. Justin Reed has a 97.  All right, my decision is Brian Dawkins for free safety. I would love to have Weapon X sitting up there, fully ultimate legend out, so if I get a pack of punch, I can do that. Yeah, he only goes 89 because if I did one more level, it would take him to his legend version and that's kind of unfair. So I'm not gonna do that. We're just gonna make him this. All right, so now on my wheel spin, I just gotta get a pack of punch and then it's kind of like I got a jackpot variant and everything works out really well. I love this one. So 18,000 total points to spend. I'm spending 8,000 right now on the team of the week pack, please. Theon Jones, 93. Oh my God. Well, Devon Bush just got demoted. Okay, that's actually fired. All right, with 10,000 left, I'm opening one free agent pack, so minus 3,900. Who you got for me? I already have a right tackle. But I guess you got left tackle, so we'll use them. Now I have 6,100 left. All right, I have 6,100 left. I'm spending 2,400 on this pack that I've never opened. I think it's a fantasy pack, so I actually get to choose, which is kind of nice, right?  Dwight Franey could be good. Because I definitely could use a right end. A wide receiver would be nice. Hey, I could make Corey Schlesinger actually good. Who do I need? Do you have an offensive lineman? Wow, there's no offensive lineman, but there is a tight end. I know this is idiotic, but I'm okay with my full bag. I'm going to get this 88 overall Schlesinger. I'm going to get two of the theme diamonds, two set pieces. He's very well, could be horrible, and I am okay with the reality of that. Our first one's a mud hero, offensive lineman. Zach Cunningham, that just not helped me. I got to take my Ls when I take a harvest player. Court and the Sutton. Hey, a record. Let's go. That was clutch. Dion Jones, 93 overall middle linebacker, who's actually faster than Devon Bush. Still looking disgusting on the defensive line. I'm not proud of that. We got to get these dudes out of there, but we got something to work with. We got Brian Dawkins. We got a little bit upgraded offensive line. Let's get into this one. And let me complete this challenge, please. All right, so our challenge, we're two and one going into this game. The challenge is going to be one TD with three different players. It's funny, I kept getting the one that was three TDs with one player. Now we're switching it up. So I got to distribute the wealth. All right, boys, wish me better luck than last game. Pretty top three. We got a Raven, a Lion, and a Chief. What do you got? Hey, similar. Well, actually, why did I say similar? It's one player. He's got this. Dude, these Bill's jerseys are so sick. I got to respect a guy who uses these. My delignment are confused, man. That was so weird. He runs up. He just tried to hurdle me with Kyler Murray. He fumbled and then picked it up. What was that? I'm mad. All right, first in 10, he's going with an actual pass play this time. Does he try and look back across? No, he's got a wide open. Man, who doesn't get lit up? Dammit. Or is he passing? So he is passing here. Dude, I have all these blitzers and nobody got there. Wow, boys. Underneath. Is he looking underneath? No. Is he looking short? No. So many things he could throw. He's calling an audible there. It's an out route. I should have known he was going to go right there if he called that audible. I'm really sending the boys. Okay, so a read option again. Read option.  And he didn't even make the proper read. Oh, is Tyree Kill going to try and catch me? No way. Let's go. I almost got flagged down, but that is a huge touchdown.  But our challenge was to get a touchdown with multiple different players, right? And now we got one with Troy Palamalo, which is very unorthodox. So I'm going to send some slants into the middle here.  He is going to get two points out of this. He sent three. I blocked five. Oh, wait, Tyree Kill will actually catch this guy. Good job. I'm going to use her Dawkins on this second intent right here. He's got a couple different under the incident. He missed one. Dio Jones has got the ball. We got blockers. Got one swerve. I got a little too fancy and then I slowed down. But do you guys smell a rage quit? No way you're going to rage quit. Come on. Come on. Oh my god. Yes, dude. Yes. All right, boys. I'm going to roll straight into the next game. So this is going to be a two first. So congratulations. I would feel bad cutting this off here and making another episode about it because that was kind of quick. All right. So it's been a while since I got a spin on the rage quit wheel. So I'm excited to do this. Our rage quit will spend two training levels. Maybe train one player. Maybe that's better. That's way better. This is a choice training pack. Wow. We open a lot of training packs today. I take any training back that's in the store. There just so happens to be a 52,000 training pack for a 97 overall theme builder.  Wish me luck, boys. What do we got? I take anybody. Anyone is not a quarterback. Our 97 theme builder is... Oh, Barry Sanders. You just got yourself a friend. Honestly, this dude is probably better than Barry Sanders like stats wise. But Barry starts with the X factor. So Barry's still going to be our starting back. But this is huge. So after a rage quit, I take only one spin on the wheel and set it two because he kind of upgrade the team too fast. So I get this one spin right here. I can add whoever it is. I get team 94. Damn. All right. So last time we got Redskip, that's how we had Sean Taylor. But I lost the game. So it never kind of came through. This time we're going to get Cowboys. I smell a DeMarcus Lawrence. If he has a 94, 95. I don't know what 94, 95s they have. Van der Esch. There is a Deon Sanders. Oh my God. Why do the Cowboys have so many good players? Shit. This is tough. I'm going Michael Gallup. I know that I'm going Michael Gallup. Plus I said I was done getting legends. I got to get current players. And I will spin the challenge wheel again for this upcoming game. I'm going to put Michael Gallup in and then we're ready to go. Oh, I never put in my fullback. Ah, I never upgraded my fullback. I totally forgot about that. My challenges score more than 28. I don't think I've even done that yet this season. I don't think I've scored more than 28 this season. It's kind of hard. I'm adjusting my camera. Don't have a God squad. Hey. Oh, winnable. Winnable. All I smell is winnable. He's throwing this. Come here. No. Oh my God. I can't believe they did that. Not this time.  Colomax got it. We got the ball in the 47. Nice blast, boys. How horrible. Oh my God.  I can't even breathe right now. All right, just Sean Jackson's in at my slot. I like how that looks. He's awkwardly moving his tilman here. Oh, right in the middle. Stone. Definitely staying in this. Oh, he is QB spying me, actually. But there's no way he's going to be able to guard that, then. Toe tap. Down to the 13. It's a bit obvious that I'm running inside zone here, isn't it?  Thank you for the spin, Barry, but really didn't do much for me. Bite. Bite. Yes. Yes? Oh, that was so money. Damn it. Oh, that's bold. That's real bold. Nice. Michael Gallop. Michael Gallop on his first pass. When Michael Gallop, when he does something good, I'm going to scream and say Gallop. He plays like a 12-year-old. I'm going to call him Mike.  Nice, nice catch, Little Mike.  Bums o'clock. Bro, I'm seething. Why would you do that? Oh, is he going to go with an outrow? Oh, a slip screen. You're bold. Oh, good spin. Great spin. He deserves it. Who's going to get the sack? I don't know. It's a sack, though. Oh, you know what? I'm taking an interception, too. Maybe a pick six. That's a pick six. Dude, don't even run for me. You're way too slow. Ah, no. Got a little sketchy there. All right, we're doing fake PAT rollout pass. This one is for the boys. Let's see it, Lamar. Let's see it, Lamar. Yes, sir. Yes, sir. Come on. Come on.   Will that come into play in this game? Most likely not. I think it's just speeding up the process at which we get him to rage quit. That's what I'm thinking. Ah, maybe not. I'll just guard everything. I didn't even need to be there. Vaan Miller just ate him alive. Throw it. Throw it. Throw your outrow.  Oh, damn. Good move. But thank God I was able to make that user tackle. On the outrow. He's throwing an outrow to Tyree Kill. Ah, give me on somebody else. Give me on anybody else. Damn it. Oh, drop. That's a drop. Think? Yes. Is this is either the rage quit right here, or we're actually going to complete this challenge? A little worried about how this is going to set up. No QB spy. I'll see you later. I'll see you later. I think this goes to, I actually have no idea who this goes to. Oh, it does go? Oh, it is a jet sweep. Never mind. It's not a fake. Oh, good play. Oh, they just did that with jet sweep, bro. All right, we're going for two every time. Oh, no. I thought that was so easily there. Not a half-bag draw. It's a play action. Throws back across. Oh, and I didn't line them up. I just want to hit you so hard. Well, I kind of did it. Yeah, you do.   Yikes. We got a chance for a kick return here. I'm going to pull this right side. This game is really 20 to 14 now, just because of that.  I'm going to throw it. Yup. Because he had just been dialing in on me handing that off every time that he wasn't ready for the throw. Had an awesome back-up half-back to use in this situation. Oh, just ignored everybody. Oh, no. Expected. Juke breaks his ankles. And we're in. Let's go. Let's just see somebody get open. How about that? Oh, no QB spy. No QB spy. That is an instant two-point. All right. Awesome. 28 to 14. I can breathe easy. I feel so much better. Oh, my God. That was so sketchy. Goes with a single-back pitch. I haven't seen that in a while. Good tackle by Night Train Lane. Wow, a five wide. I like this. He throws up. Whoa. He was going for that cheesy post that busts up a cover three, but definitely didn't have the time. Fourth and one. Oh, are you running it? Come on, baby. Let's go. I've seen that too many times. Literally first down.  31. We completed the challenge of scoring more than 28 points. I'm so surprised, but I'll take it. And I'm fine given in the ballback. There's no way he's scoring 18 points in four minutes. He is in a Hail Mary set, I think. He was in Hail Mary. He gets a flag. He threw it across the line of scrimmage, but that was a bomb. Oh, get it. Oh, get it. Let's go. Wait, Darnel. Darnel. Darnel. Doc gets in. I might have completed the challenge and gotten a rage quit, unless he just really wants to play this one out. He rage quit.  I not only did I get the challenge real, but I get another rage quit. What did I say? Can I say back to back rage quits?  Yes, sir. Let's go. I'm so excited right now. All right. That definitely constitutes as a rage quit. So if you guys can see that, my rage quit spin is going to be for a Team Wheel 90. Damn.  The Team Wheel is on plays on Overdrive right now.  All right. So our team is going to be the... There's almost Cowboys again. I was going to be so mad if it was the Cowboys again. It's the Colts. Dwight Freeney. Oh, Ryan Cochelli is in 93. I'm going to go 90, 91. Anthony Costanzo. I could get a legitimate left tackle. I could get T.Y. Hilton. I'm going to get Costanzo. We are four in one now. That is always amazing. And if you're unfamiliar with the new rules, which you probably shouldn't be by now, if I complete the challenge, I get to do one of the 91, 92 overall exchanges and then the playoffs that goes up to a 93, 94. All right. So I'm going to toss these three dudes in. I get one random 91 to 92 overall player. Wish me luck, boys. Come on. Right guard. Right guard or with a flashback. Who could that be? Okay. I mean, I'll take it. So this will be my slot receiver, actually. And I don't mind that at all. Josh Gordon. I haven't seen this card in so long. So now we're looking at Tyree Kill, Michael Gallup, Deshaun Jackson, and Josh Gordon, that slot wide receiver. 87 overall squad. We are slowly creeping back up to a decent team. George Phant. Can he play left guard? If he can, I want him in. He can. He's in 82 left guard. Okay. Awesome. So now I'm an 88 overall. That was fun, though. I liked it. Damian Williams had a pretty solid first outing. He had a touchdown, actually. A dink touchdown at that with that juke move. No X factor. I'm excited. I'll see you, boys, in the next one. In the next one, this is the last of my bulked recorded ones. So in the next one, if there's golden tickets or Darius Lane Movers card or anything, I'll have it. I'll see you, boys, in that one. Peace out.


the newly voted option, okay? So this is normal operation. So how does the attack work? So I'm gonna show you an example where we really wanna pipe, set it. So first what we do is find a combination of proposals that has not been voted before, right? A specific combination and we compute that hash of chain. When we have this, we vote for that hash and what this will do is the contact doesn't have the association I told you about in storage. What it will do is it will record my vote but it won't produce any approvals for the options because it doesn't know what options these are. So this will produce some sort of cost votes. So we simply wait for other users to vote for the actual proposals that were in my original vote. And once I have enough support for these options, what I do is I actually vote for the option I really wanna support, right? And so what this will do is it will reduce the approvals for the other options but as the approvals are not mine because in my first vote, there were no issue, no approvals issue. What it will do is reduce the approvals from other voters. And of course it will increase approvals for my newly chosen option. So with this, what I managed to do is to steal votes from other users, okay? And the second consequence of this issue is that say another yellowish user wants to withdraw their funds from the contract. So what we'll do is this is the picture that I made. They say, okay, I can call the free function to free their maker but the contract has a different picture in mind, right? It thinks that there's no approval and approvals for the option the yellow user voted for. So it tries to reduce those approvals. It will fail to do so and it will regret the whole transaction. They're all logging the funds of the user, okay? So there's two attack flavors. One is for free. If one can find a combination of feasible proposals and with this I mean that proposals that will be eventually voted for. So this is for free. Or if I cannot do this, I can always create a new proposal which is to set any figure matters and perform the attack at the cost. So we discussed this with the maker team and they quickly showed a fix and helped users migrate their funds so everything is good now. Okay, so I invited you to visit our blog where we have this and many other vulnerabilities and we recently correct Libra as well and we have the audit reports for Compound and we also have discussions in the forum. So please join. Thanks.


Hey, everybody. Matt here for Leighton Sports Cards and we are ripping 2022 Tops Heritage Baseball. Three box break. Number three. Pick your team. We have Brian M. Orioles, Tigers Mets, Clifton K. Astros, Dave K. Cubs, Glenn W. Angels, Braves Yankees, Isaac G. Pirates, John H. Blue Jays, Nats and Giants, George M. Red Sox, Matthew C. Phillies, Padres A's, Mitchell H. Twins, Phillip H. Guardians, Dodgers, Riley F. Rockies, Royals, Rob W. White Sox, Russell G. Brewers, Sean P. Reds, D-Backs, Marlins, Suzanne P. Mariners, Tom C. Reyes and Tony K. Cardinals. All right. Yeah, I guess so, Riley. We'll get the bugs worked out. I don't, it's, it's frustrating, but you know, streaming live on a new channel, stuff like this will happen. We're just really fortunate to have this as a backup. All right, Box Topper is Josh Donaldson. What is happening? What is this? Josh Donaldson. That was Twins. Bass. Heritage Breaks yesterday were pretty good, so hopefully we can keep that going. Bass. We have our first hit coming here. That's A's. Jersey, Matt Chapman. We go Oakland with the first hit. We will do it random at the end of the break for all sports. Not an MLB, I guess. Kyle Hendricks. So we do have one more Heritage Baseball three box break. Pick your team style. With some spots left. There's Bass. 12 teams left for the next Heritage three box break. And we have Bowman Baseball Jumbo. That's 22. Bowman Jumbo. Four box breaks. Two of them pick your team style. We have 11 and 13 to go on those. Then and now we're going to do a dice roll here for the duels. It'll be left side one, two, three, right side four, five, six for the entire break, unless it's a one of one or a hit. That is three, so they will go left. That goes Angels. All Orioles there about Bruhan. All right, there's a trio for the entire break. Left one, two, center, three, four, right, five, six. And then on the trios that have a big player, a big picture, and then two, that big picture in the middle will be considered the middle. So one, two, three, four, five, six. That is one. So that will go left. Romy Gonzalez. Flashbacks Clemente. Andola Scarcia. Andela Cruz. How's everybody doing this morning? There's O'Neill Cruz, Rookie. Max Freed. Looking for a parallel or something out of this box. Cunha. That's it for box one. Here we go, box two. I need to see something crazy here to kick off for today. That's nice. Mike Troutbox topper. Here you go, Angels. Hey, what's up, Scott? Yeah, thanks, man. Appreciate it. I'm ready to be breaking in the new, in my new spot. But we'll get it worked out. Appreciate everybody's understanding. So again, on the triples, that's the center picture. So this will go left. Salvador Perez. But I'll be doing just baseball unless I'm filling in or, you know, unless there's a special circumstance. Trout. TJ Fridal. Judge. And this is Red Sox. That is team color variation. Jerinder Ran. There you go, Boston. Nice rookie short print. Variation. Tops did us the biggest favor in the world by flipping those variations and everything upside down now. Definitely made it a lot more, at least a lot more group break friendly. Nice color coming. Trevor Rodgers. That is Yankees. Cromer Fractor. John Carlos Stanton. There you go, Yankees. Nice one. So to 673. This is 2022 Tops Heritage Baseball Bolts. Myers Brewer. Jersey. Kastin Hira. You go Milwaukee. We do have another Tops Heritage up after this. Let's see how many spots we have left in that. 10 teams left in the next one. Let's fill those up. And then we have 10 and 12 to go in our Bowman baseball four boxers. Those are also pick your team style. We have a Bowman draft first edition baseball three box break random team style 16 to go in that. A couple Tops pristine baseball. Take your team style four box breaks. We have 19 and 18 to go. And then tier one baseball full cases. Pick your team style. Two of those. We have 14 and 16 to go in those. Two box 2021 Bowman baseball jumbo. Random team style break. And that one has 18 to go. We have a big 20 box sapphire mixer. Tops and Bowman sapphire. There's a tiny 22 to go in that one. And then 21 to go in our 19 and 21 to go in our 2018 Bowman Chrome four box random team style breaks. We got relics in the first two boxes. Hopefully we get a nice auto in the last one. Been a while since I've pulled a red ink auto and be okay with that. Base and base. Here we go. Hey, what's up Karen? You know, we all did. There's Xander Bogart's box topper. Hey Mark, how's it going? Base, let's fill up the next one. Three box number four. Pick your team. 10 teams left in that one. Oh, nice day. Appreciate it. How's it going? Drop a link for that next break. So 10 teams to go. We have D-backs, Orioles, Cubs, Reds, Guardians, Rockies, Marlins, A's, Giants, and Rangers. So Tony. Oh, nice, Dave. Gallon. Nice. That is Cardinals. Yadi Armalina. Short print image variation. Very nice Yadi. Congrats, Cardinals. I'm not really sure on that, Dave. It was an awesome looking card, but condition-wise, like, nothing jumped out at me. Like, no issues jumped out. But I didn't really get a good enough look. I don't think. I don't have a great eye for grading anyway. There's O'Neal Cruz, rookie. And nice. Cardinals. Legend Auto. Ted Simmons. There you go, St. Louis. Great box for the Cardinals with the Yadi variation and the Ted Simmons Auto. Be sure to grab a spot in the next break. Those spots are as cheap as $10 for some of the teams. We have D-Max, Orioles, Cubs, Reds, Guardians, Rockies, Marlins, A's, Giants, and Rangers. Bass. About time for a wander rookie here. Seen a couple O'Neal Cruises. Hey, what's up, Jack? Matt's favorite, Heritage. Heck yeah. You should have seen yesterday. I pulled up Flipstock of Christie Matheson. Oh, that's pretty cool. Yeah, that was awesome. We got it. It was yesterday. It was, I don't know, whoever had the twins. I was twins. Yeah, it was Washington Senators. Nice. Yeah. You want this open? I'm fine. You can close it, please. Thanks. How is it? Nice. Dodgers. Joe Kelly. Black parallel. That's not serial number, but it has a print run of 50. There you go. Dodgers. Last pack. That'll do it for the break. Give me just a second here. We'll do a quick recap. All right. We had Dodgers. Black. Joe Kelly. Cardinals. Auto. Ted Simmons. Cardinals. Image variation. Yadiyar Molina. Brewers. Jersey. Keston. Hira. Yankees. Chrome refractor. Giancarlo Stanton. Red Sox. Image. I'm sorry. Team color variation rookie. Sharon Durand. And A's. Jersey. Matt Chapman. That'll do it for the break. Thanks, everybody. Appreciate it. Number four is coming up next.


In this video, I will describe the sensory transduction mechanisms and sensory pathways for the auditory modality. Audition is commonly known as the sense of hearing. Vibration of air causes movement of the tympanic membrane, commonly referred to as the eardrum. As the tympanic membrane vibrates, auditory ossicles, which are three small bones of the middle ear, relay vibrations to the inner ear, producing pressure waves that travel through the fluid of the inner ear. These pressure waves in the fluid of the inner ear will cause vibration in the basilar membrane of the inner ear. The mechanical properties of the basilar membrane change along its length so that different regions of the basilar membrane vibrate according to the frequency of the sound. A high frequency sound is a high pitch sound, and a low frequency sound is a low pitch sound. Adjacent to the basilar membrane is the more rigid tectorial membrane that connects to the stereocilia of auditory hair cells. Vibration of the basilar membrane causes opening and closing of mechanically gated ion channels on the stereocilia of auditory hair cells. Cations enter the auditory hair cells causing depolarization that stimulates the release of neurotransmitters onto the dendrites of afferent neurons. An interesting detail about this transduction mechanism is the cations that enter the auditory hair cells through the mechanically gated ion channels are potassium ions. This is unusual that potassium can enter a cell by facilitated diffusion and only occurs in this situation because the auditory hair cells are surrounded by endolymph fluid that has an extremely high potassium concentration. So there's a higher concentration of potassium outside of the auditory hair cells compared to the cytosol enabling potassium to enter the auditory hair cells producing depolarization. The sensory pathway for the auditory modality begins with the auditory hair cells releasing neurotransmitter to stimulate the afferent neurons. The axons of the afferent neurons enter the cranium through the vestibular cochlear nerve, cranial nerve number 8, and then these afferent neurons will form synapses in the medulla oblongata. In two regions of the medulla oblongata, the superior olivary nucleus and the cochlear nucleus. Then the neurons of the medulla oblongata relay this sensory information to a region in the midbrain known as the inferior colliculus. Then the inferior colliculus neurons relay information to the thalamus, to a region of the thalamus known as the medial geniculate nucleus, and then the neurons from the thalamus relay sensory information to the primary auditory cortex in the lateral temporal lobe.


What is your most memorable catering event since you started the company with your husband? Or maybe like top two. I'm sure you've done some amazing ones. We've done some really cool ones, but probably my favorite was the Breaking Bad finale. Diego mentioned that. Thank you for that. Yeah. I don't know if you saw the show before you watched it. Oh, my good smile. Every single episode. We don't have a television as you may have seen. Yeah. But Breaking Bad goes down as like my favorite television show of all time. I read Brian Cranston's book that he wrote. Yeah, what was the event like? So it was like the end of the day. Was there a theme? Yeah, it was Breaking Bad. And Aaron Paul drove the Winnebago to... Stop. Yeah. It was that Hollywood Forever, the graveyard. Oh, my gosh. It's perfect. Drove it to the graveyard, and then they had the screening of the final episode.  Oh, my God. What an event right there. What did you serve? So how did you serve math? No. This is Start Up to Storefront, the podcast where we talk to business owners and entrepreneurs about the untold challenges of scaling a business. Welcome to the podcast. We have the ICA Cater of the Year winner for 2019, featured on the Today Show and in Vogue in an LA Weekly. A legendary caterer here in the LA scene, Kathleen Schaefer. Welcome to Start Up to Storefront. Thanks for coming on. How did you first get into food? Were you a child really into it, helping grandma? What was the... You know, she still is a really good cook. And so there was always an interest in food. And then I went to NYU. I worked in restaurants in high school and I went to NYU and studied fine arts. You grew up on the East Coast too? I did, outside of Philadelphia. And then just continued working in restaurants in New York City and quickly realized I wasn't gonna have a career in art or art history. So just kept kind of working my way up in the industry. And then I was in Tribeca and I did that for a few years. And things, I grew and I got press and was written up in the New York Times and Black Book Magazine at the time in several fashion magazines. From niche? Yeah. And so then I got, I was catering for the Conan O'Brien show and Saturday Night Live. And so it was amazing. I was screwed that way. And then got kind of tired of that. I wasn't really happy and realized I needed to do something else with my life. So I started private chefing. I'm sorry, that's not true. I wasn't a private chef. I took an executive chef position with Michael Bloomberg's private club. And he was so funny. The first day I started, he walked into the office and he said, oh, we're so happy to have you here. And he was talking to me and the golf pro and the controller and the GM are all standing around.   I love it. I want a confidence. I'm not gonna be shocked. He was coming for mayor at the time. I feel like I'm on the cliff of when you came to LA. But there's so many other stuff. So my husband and I met. Yeah, we were both hired guns for an event company in New York. So you met on the job. We met on the job. And we were catering the 2004 Republican National Convention at Madison Square Garden. Well, at least it wasn't the 2016 one. No, we say we were the only good thing to come out of that convention. How many people are you catering for that? So again, with Michael Bloomberg, I was hired to handle his suite and Giuliani suite. So I had about 30 people that I was responsible for feeding. And I had a whole team working for me. And Charlie, my husband had the entire senatorial delegation, so he had about 800 people to feed. So I would help him. Sure. Because I didn't have anything to do with it. Were you dating at the time? No, that's how I met him. Okay. And so I went and I was like, I'll help him. He's cute. Yeah. And then we started dating and we moved to Los Angeles on a whim without jobs. Nice. What brought you all? How did you pick? We just had like one of those kind of perfect, iconic Southern California weekends where everything was fun and everywhere we went was amazing and fun. And the weather was great. And for whatever reason, there was no traffic. So I had no idea. Wow. I just really liked to live here. During the week. Yeah. And so I got back to New York and I said to Charlie, like, you know, I want to move out there. I think we should move out there. And he was like, I will never live in Los Angeles. Wow. Bold statement. Yeah. And then he came with me and he was like, okay, we're going back. We're packing up and we're just moving here because he loved it too. Moving across the country with your significant other is like a, you know, binding experience.  How did you guys get here? Similar story, oddly enough. Yeah. I mean, we started in Boston. That's where we met. We bought an investment property in South Boston. It's called Southie for short. It's like where Whitey Bulger had rained. What a claim to fame. All the beautiful things you could have said. Well, no, I think it's funny because your husband said he would never move to LA. And when Diego and I were looking for another place in Boston, he had said, I will never move to Southie. And I found this little, tiny, 600 square foot condo apartment in Southie. And it was 14 foot high ceilings and gorgeous. That's a cool loft. And really cool loft. And we had, you know, I said, look, this is the place. It's the long answer to your question. It's right behind the seaport. We're getting it. We're selling it when... So we started a tech company. And then we ended up getting accepted into a program in San Francisco. But here's where I'm going with this, though, also. So we had just bought this place and we had gotten married maybe three months, two or three months after. And they got into this program, which is extremely sought after in Silicon Valley. And he was supposed to be only there three months. And then it turned out all the investors were there. They wanted to grow the company in the Bay Area. So I called him and I said, all right, are we doing this? Are we moving? Are we moving to San Francisco? And he's like, yep, okay, yeah, we gotta do this. Very, you know, in the midst of it all, stressed out. So, okay, I'm gonna quit my job, find a new job out there and rent our place out. And I guess we're doing this. So we moved and we only knew the people in the startup and I had one friend that recently moved to San Francisco that I knew in college. So I was totally different, obviously being there first being in Boston and our whole families are in Boston and on the East Coast. So it was, that resonates with me because it's such a big move. But then, so then it's like year three of the startup and Natalia's looking for a place to flip because we kind of got the real estate itch again. And she was looking all over the country. Everywhere. Like literally everywhere. And we ended up, or she ended up finding this and I'm way too busy with tech at this point. Like I'm working kind of like similar to you where it's just full on. Do or die. Do or die, yeah. And so she ends up finding a place in the Hollywood Hills here in LA. Hunted cabin with one paneling. It was cheap, it was like very cheap. It's like 600,000, which is super cheap in that area. Yeah, less than 1,000 square feet. Yep, exactly. And so she ended up getting it and I'm pretty much not involved at all. I'm like, yeah, sure, send the money, whatever. And I'm like, I'm just trusting that you've done the math and everything that works out. So I was driving down like every week to manage the cruise. Yeah, from San Francisco to manage the cruise and building this out and getting all the permits and everything. That's pretty crazy. We gutted the entire thing, brought it. She had no water. All new utilities. I was sleeping in a bedroom that had its own entrance so I could lock it and lock all my stuff in there. And like the rest of the house was just like all the framing and no fixtures, no water, no electricity. And he calls me the bougiest entrepreneur because I would shower at Equinox every morning. So Equinox, for those of you who don't know, is like the nicest gym in the world. In West Hollywood? And in West Hollywood. On Sunset Boulevard. Full of celebrities. Yeah. So Natalia's going there to shower and sometimes work out, but mostly to shower. Mostly to shower every day and brush my teeth. And then for dinner, she's going to Nora, which is a wonderful restaurant. Santa Monica Ave. And so that's... I became a regular there. That's the... I didn't have a kitchen, I couldn't cook anything and I wasn't trying to take out every night and some of their broccolini dishes or whatever. It can just be a meal. They're amazing and filling. So yeah. So I was coming down on some of the weekends and I really didn't have any understanding of LA at all. I just thought, cool. You were like the shower at Equinox. Yeah. Yeah. And it was like camping up there in the house. It's the Dave Navarro. Great. And Fabio. Kevin Hart. He goes there all the time. He goes there all the time. He's still there. He goes there all the time. Yeah. And his Porsche. Yeah. And he's just chatting with everyone. I'm like, do you even work out? He's kind of like the mascot. He's just chatting. Chatting, Cathy. He's the mascot. He talks to everybody. He's a nice... Don't lie and belong there too. We're rocky. Oh yeah, yeah. Cool. So we start coming here on the weekends and I'm like, oh wow. Kind of similar to your experience where I was like, I really like it here. And I really like the people I was meeting. Everyone had like a cool story or they were doing something so different, right? It wasn't like finance or tech. It was entertainment. And I just was like, that's amazing. Tell me about that world, you know? It's such a land of opportunity too here. I mean, for anyone listening that, you know, I was thought about moving to LA. Do it. Like, you know, your story about moving here with really no plan and no job, I think is like, it's less risky than to move to other cities with no plan and no job because everything's just so open and everyone's eager to collaborate and give opportunities and exchange value that I think it's one of the better cities to do that in. So when did you start your business with your husband? So, I role celebrities as their chef. Like personal chefs? Yeah. Okay. And so it was a full time, you know, like I traveled. What is that like for someone? There's nobody, myself included. Nobody knows what that's like. So don't name the celebrity. Or do.  Is it something like, they have their, I don't know, are they usually on a quick diet? Always on a diet. So there's probably like requests of like, this is really long this week or... Are you talking to the trainer also? Like, is it you and a dietitian? Yeah, so, you know, Trinus that I was working for, she was doing the zone diet. I've never heard of that. Yeah, you have to like weigh the proteins and all of the... It's like a lot of work. Yeah. So you had to like do all that math for her? Yeah, yeah. And then package everything and, you know. So, and that was in her home. Full meal for the whole day, every day, right? Yeah. Okay. Is there a cheat? Like I would be the person to ask you for a little cheat gift every day. No. They don't do that? No. No. That's brutal. Incredibly beautiful. Cause she eats like seven blueberries a day and that's... That's the recommended amount of blueberries. Is that all it takes? Wow. I haven't had blueberries. You know, so I just, I was trying not to be judgy, but you know, it's like, okay, it's part of their job. They're regimen. They have to maintain their body and their overall appearance is part of their work. But at the same time, I would love to go home at night and eat whatever I wanted. Yeah. Cause I was like, that's not my job. Yeah. Yeah. Mm-hmm. That's pretty cool.  And so they had a home, you know, in Calabasas and went in Malibu and went in Hawaii and, you know, they entertained a lot. So that made the work interesting because I wasn't just feeding them and their kids, you know, I got to really sort of show off and do events for them. And then their friends and neighbors, also C-level executives would be like, hey, will you do a party for us? Sure. And so that's how we started our business. What's a budget for a party of this type? Of like maybe 30 people. Is it like a small wedding? Is it 25,000? Is it 50,000? Well, it depends. I mean, I didn't have any budgets, you know, and I didn't have to adhere to it. Well, it's kind of great. Yeah, it is great. It can be creative. And by whatever I wanted and whatever ingredient I thought was interesting. Yeah, true.  I had like my own room in a wine cellar and I got to like... That's amazing. Yeah. And to my chuteery and stuff that I just... So you got to flex your muscles. Yeah. And do some really fun, experimental stuff. That's awesome. And, you know, whatever kind of equipment I wanted I could get, you know. So that was good. When did you guys open your location? When did that happen? We, this was 2007. And we decided we're like, oh, we're curing all these events and everybody keeps asking when we're gonna open a restaurant. So we started down the road of trying to do a restaurant. And we got really far down the road with the lease in Venice and... Did the space have like hoods and everything or would you have had to invest? Yes. Okay. That's good. So, and it had, it was grandfathered. So we didn't have to do the grease intercept or the grease trap. Surely grease trap, yeah. So, you know, we were like, we were so close but the parking wasn't quite right. And, you know, for full liquor license, it's attached to parking. So we kind of walked away from it in the 11th hour. We were like, ah, just didn't feel right. Wow. And then the economy tanked and we were like, thank you God. Yeah, if you hadn't done it. So what'd you do all that during that time? So, I was still working as private chef and then I left those guys and we just, we said, you know, this, there's part of this building that they're willing to bisect the landlord and he was gonna take the dining room side of the building and rent it out for creative like office space. Okay. And so there was a thousand square foot commercial kitchen and we said, all right, let's just go for it. And we signed the lease on that and opened events and catering. How many a year at least did you sign? Well, that was not smart. We signed a six year or are we signing a 10? Okay. But we didn't protect ourselves, which we should have. In what way? You know, we didn't have enough kind of legal advice behind us. We sort of entered into it trusting the landlord and thinking he was, you know, helping us in some way, which he was not. And you know, what we should have done is, hindsight's 2020, but we really should have made sure that we had options. To renew? Yeah. Okay. So we got first right of refusal to purchase the property and that we could transfer or sell the lease. So what did you do differently when you got your next lease? We did all those things. You did all those things, okay.  No, we were there for six years and the landlord was really crazy and he was parading potential buyers in and out of our business while we were working and at this point we had employees and he was just interrupting our business. And you know, it was on Lincoln Boulevard and it was just like an encampment of homeless in our parking lot every day. And it was kind of dangerous and hard to work there. How'd you get out of the lease? I don't know. I'm one of the creative person to do it. We fulfilled our obligations and I don't really know how it all worked out. That's why I have a business partner. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Deals with that needy gritty. Yeah. But we did know like going forward when we were looking for new spaces to really lawyer up and have some great representation. And so we have an awesome real estate attorney who we still work with and he just negotiated on our behalf. But your new space is huge. Yes. So you went from 1,000 square feet to? Seven. Oh, wow. Yeah, so while we were looking and we really wanted to buy something but while we were in the process of looking we had a temporary commercial kitchen in Marina Del Rey and you know, like a commercial kitchen is like a unicorn. Yes. So and it's a valuable thing because you invest so much into it with the compliance and equipment that you should be able to use that as an asset. Yeah. Commercial kitchen I think the investment can be anywhere from like 300,000 to $2 million depending on the size. I mean, it's a huge investment. Yeah. And the health department approval and everything you have to go through. Yeah, it's a nightmare. Well, just, you know, the plan and checks and the building and safety and all of the ADA compliance. The stuff I deal with. Oh, you sound like a pro. Yeah. Oh, it's insane. I'm not. You're kind of forced to be once you go through that process. It's like a crash course. It's like a crash like master's degree and real estate. Something you never thought you'd have to deal with. How many employees did you have when you I guess moved into your other look, your 7,000 square foot location? So we were in Venice for six years and then Marina Del Rey for one year and again another crazy kind of sublet situation with a crazy guy who lived in the space illegally. What? And we didn't know until we had moved in. Where'd he live? He had a loft built. So he was like in your working space in the kitchen. What? That is so bizarre. He was like the man under the stairs from David Lutterman's life. Wow. What? Like the mole people. So that was not in your contract, right? No. So did you do? So we just kept shopping around with the broker. All the while we were still running our business. Hopefully he wasn't eating the food when you weren't there. Perhaps he was. I have no idea. Yeah, but he was just crazy. And then we found a place in mid city through some professional contacts that we had in the business that a broker approached us. And so we kind of took the space and we purchased the FF&E and we were going to purchase the lease. However, the person that was operating in there did not have a lease with any kind of contingencies or anything. So we went and negotiated our own lease with the building owners and made sure that we got everything we wanted and moved in. Which as developers, we gutted the place to the studs. We rewired it. We replumbed everything. Did you get a big allowance? No. So you had to front all of that? Yeah. However, we did it in 30 days. And moved in. I know. How? With permitting everything? Well. Yeah. Yeah. Creatively. Creatively. I mean, it'd be a good general contractor. That makes all the difference. But there was so much unpermitted work in that space because the operator was there for 30 years. Sure. There was like live electricity in some walls. Yeah. I mean, crazy. Oh, good. So you guys brought everything up to code, obviously. Yes. Did it the right way. Yeah. And just tore out so much structure that was inside the space that was not. To open it up? Yeah. And it wasn't to code anything. It was really the whole building was held together with duct tape. Glow. Yeah. So we kind of did that in 30 days. And we had two events the week we were moving in. We had an 800 person dinner. And the next night, we had a 500 person dinner. And they were still doing drywall. Wow. Yeah. And we had health inspectors in there. Oh my goodness. That's hectic. Yeah. Crazy. So who was it? Were you managing that? Or who was working with the inspectors? The GC? My husband. Yeah. I'm a general contractor. Yeah. OK. Yeah. So brutal. Yeah. But he remains calm and cool. Yeah. I'm the one running around, having a hard time. That's a good balance. Yeah. And are you guys cooking while this is happening? While the inspectors are there?  Yeah. Yeah. I mean, we had rebuilt a brand new walk-in. And we had rebuilt all the equipment that was in there. So we had new compressors and new swamp coolers and everything. Did you get a free rent period because of this investment? We did. OK. That's good. I was going to say it, because if you're improving the value of the building, that's significantly. Yeah, we did. And it worked to our advantage, because we have exactly the kitchen we wanted and the office space. And it wasn't like a turnkey thing. We could really customize it. Make it your own. Yeah. But it's your most memorable catering event since you started the company with your husband. Or maybe like top two. I'm sure you've done some amazing ones. We've done some really cool ones. Probably my favorite was the Breaking Bad finale. Diego mentioned that. Thank you for that. I don't know if you saw the show or you watched it. Every single episode. We don't have a television, as you may have seen. But Breaking Bad goes down as my favorite television show. I read Brian Krantz's book that he wrote. Yeah, what was the event like? So it was like the end of the finale. Was there a theme? Yeah, it was Breaking Bad. And Aaron Paul drove the Winnebago to... Stop. Yeah, it was that Hollywood Forever, the graveyard. Oh my gosh. It's perfect. And he drove it to the graveyard. And then they had a screening of the final episode. And then we had 900 people in the Masonic Lodge. And like... Beautiful. Beautiful. Oh my God. What an event. What did you serve? Do you serve math? No, he did. We took isomalt, which is like a kind of stable sugar sort of glass. And we made tons and tons of sheets of it in blue. And so... Wow. We had like racks and racks of the blue crystal math. And then we had those tiles that are on the elements chart. The periodic table. Yeah. So we had the periodic table. That's so creative. The periodic table. Like cookies. And it was sitting on a pile of the crystal math. And then like our waiters were all dressed like either El Pollo Loco. Or no, not El Pollo. What was it? Yeah, that was it. The Pollo Loco, yeah. No, no, no. No, no, no. That's chicken place. That's our mom's. Yeah, that's it. That's it. Her mom is employees. So they all have those uniforms with like the red visors. And then we had, rather than having girls serving cocktails. We had some of our guys. And they were wearing tight whiteies and a green shirt. No. And like brown socks. And they were the cocktails. Yeah, yeah, yeah. And then we had a pizza from the show that landed on the roof. Denizios. We had like pizza boxes made that we were serving that, you know, you know, Denizios pizza, which we made ourselves. Yeah. And we had all of our other trays for the servers have bells on it. Wow. So this is named Tito. Yeah, you guys went into detail with those. How did you? We were like super fans. Yeah. We were really excited. So this is just you and your team thinking of this whole thing? Yeah. That's awesome. That's amazing. And then marketing and the designer that we worked with, Lacey Maxwell. She's from the Bay Area. Everything we threw at her, she's like, yes. Yes. Amazing. She loved the show too. And everything was edible. So all of the bars were labs and there were beakers. And she, she designed these amazing bars with, you know, like bubbling beakers and steaming things behind our bartenders.   And we were making liquid nitrogen ice cream. Wow. And yeah, it was really fun. Do you have pictures of this on your website? I think so. Okay. That's amazing. That's amazing.  Because we were such fans. Yeah. And then he did the James Beard. We've been invited to the James Beard house twice now. Since we've been open and we've hosted two dinners there in New York City. What is that like? A whole different crowd, right? Do you feel pressured? Because these are such foodies at the top. Yeah, it's, yeah. It's like an honor to be invited there. Absolutely. So yeah, you know, we were like, oh, we gotta turn this out.  And the first time we went, it was being filmed for an ABC show called like cooking at the James Beard house or something. And so they did all this footage of us in LA and then they followed us to the James Beard house. Cool. You know, so on top of just like the regular pressure that we were bobby-miped. Right. You know, so that was a little much. Trying to focus on what you're doing and pulling this off. Yeah, trying not to swear. Yeah. Right. Yeah, that's a huge thing. Is it like a five course meal? What's the? Yeah. Okay. Sit down. And there's hors d'oeuvres.  And, you know, we really like to highlight winemakers that we're friends with here. Oh, cool. So we had several central coast winemakers and that's why we wanted to work with Border X to serve the stout. The stout with the pretzel? Yeah. The pretzel on top, right? Yeah. It was like, yeah. Yeah, we need to make that happen again. Yeah, sure. So the way I met Kathleen was border, you, you, obviously we were talking about Border X and then they have an abuelitas chocolate, which is like a chocolate stout they use or they make using Mexican chocolate. So you, I don't know how you guys got in touch with them, but basically you wanted to pair it with the dessert that you were serving at this dinner. Yeah, how did you find David and how did you find Border X? I knew I wanted to use a stout. And then when I started reading about Border X and what their whole statement was and who they were as a company and my political feelings got the best of me. I was like, of course I want to highlight a Mexican American amazing company and support them and hopefully bring some spotlight or attention. It's a great brand. So often we work with a lot of female lawmakers too for the same reason because it's, to me, I want people to know that there are some tremendous women in this industry that are doing some cool things. I think half of our guests have been female and also their husband or boyfriend are involved in the business somehow. But not in like the same way, you know, in like more of a support role. Yeah. Oh, it's interesting.  We would not be in business without him, you know, like he is. That's awesome. He has the vision. He has the kind of business acumen and prowess to make sure that, you know, the lights are still on and that we're maintaining our costs. And, you know, he conducts all of the kind of operations of the business. That's a good point. Yeah. Which is great. It's a good combination. Yeah. Did you feel like it from the beginning starting to work together? Did you feel like it just came naturally? Or was there a patch we had to learn about each other? You know, some fights. Yep. Yeah. It's a common place. We sought professional help. You should do that. You should do that. You should do that. Well, like the negotiation was always like we would bring all of the stress and problems from work. Oh, for sure. Right. And, you know, and we couldn't stop talking about it. And despite being told like, don't, don't bring work home. Yeah. Yeah. And so in an effort to like preserve our business partnership and our marriage, like we sought help and we learned that the most important thing was to negotiate what your roles are. And they should, they shouldn't overlap. You know, staying your lane, like do work to your strengths and relying on your partner to handle the other parts of the business that you're not. Absolutely. Or in general, I mean, even if you have business partners, same thing. Know what you're good at. Do that. Yeah. Hire the experts. Just let them do their thing. And did you suggest that or did he suggest that? And was there a conversation or were you both just like, yes, we need to do this? Yeah, we would probably fight over just the best thing. Yeah. That's outstanding. You know, we both kind of came to that conclusion because we had a massive argument. I mean, we were, we were traveling and doing an event in Chicago actually, and we had this argument and it was not going to be resolved. Yeah. So we were mad at each other on the flight home and then the next day and then we both decided, you know, we should probably talk to somebody. And would you recommend that for couples that work together? 100%.  And I think that's because now, you know, we, we know what our parts are in the business and, you know, what we're responsible for. And we don't let any of our staff come to me with any kind of HR operations. Questions. You've delineated that. Yeah. I direct them to Charlie and charge anything creative. Anything related to food or culinary. Come to me. I highly recommend. Yeah. Counseling. Now that's great. What's next for shapers? What is the future hold? What are the secrets you can tell us? Well, we're working on a few things. A line of products. Okay. For the, okay. Something we're interested in. As shown here, perhaps. Yeah. This is an olive oil. This is an olive oil that we've had for several years now. It's not for sale. We, we give it as gifts. But it's organic. It's organic. It's organic. It's organic. It's organic. It's organic. It's organic. It's organic. It's organic. It's organic. It's organic. It's organic. It's organic. It's organic. It's produced in Santa Barbara County. Los Alivos. Actually sending this. Cool. Oh, beautiful. Yeah. And they have a solar powered mill that presses the olives. Which is cool. Oh, thoughtful. They are huge proponents of sustainability. And that's important to us. And then the salt is a solar evaporated pacific sea salt that we like. So. Amazing. And can another California product. Beyond that. So, yeah. So, yeah. It's organic. It's organic. It's organic. It's organic. It's organic. It's organic. It's organic. So, yeah. Beyond that, you know, we have several like other irons and the fire of course. We're always looking at real estate then use our somewhat interesting to ask. Like an event center around the kitchen type of thing? Yeah. Yeah. I'm not going to divulge, but I think that we will build out huge commercial kitchen like for an event space that's wasted money. Yeah. But that's my personal opinion. Yeah. And you're like, don't spend money on that. Yeah. You know. money on that. I agree having built one is extremely expensive for I don't know I don't know what the gains are I don't know what that looks like financially but it's years in planning. It's long-term. Yeah and you know by the time you're able to see any return on that investment you know the equipment and everything is obsolete. Right. And you're paying on that equipment. Yeah. Now you're paying taxes on that equipment. It's depreciating. Yeah. It's just like it is not a wise decision and people have asked us oh yeah we want to have an event space and we're going to build a kitchen. We always say don't do it you know. Yeah. And they keep doing it. It's bad math is what I've narrowed it down to people just I mean I've seen a lot of these models some developers show me and it's like the most hopeful model. It might as well be an Excel sheet of them hitting the lottery. But because it's in Excel they think it's true. Yeah. And it's just like then I'm the guy who has to tell them this is really hopeful and I don't know if they're hosting like sting and they're selling tickets every night to this event center because that's the only way this will work. Yeah. Right. They're bringing somebody back from the dead and they're going to perform. Well it just doesn't make sense because there's been so many advancements in mobile you know mobile catering systems and you know like a lot of times you probably just need like a couple outlets right. Yeah. Depending on what we're doing you know if we're doing a 900 person or 1200 person event you know we need some space. Yeah. But we own so much of our own equipment it doesn't like why would you pay to supply your equipment plus there's rental companies. Yep. So anything you don't own you can rent and that cost is passed along to person hosting the event. For sure. Makes more sense that way. Why would you take on that as a cost. Working people find you tell everybody where they can find you and your company. We are at shaperla.com. S-C-H-A-F-F-E-R-L-A.com and we're located in the city in Los Angeles and you can find us on social media. Shaper underscore LA. Look Kathy thanks for coming on the show. Thank you. Thanks for sharing your story. I know I talk a lot. Oh it's great. We have a counseling session in the plan. Yeah thank you. Thank you so much. Great to have you. We here at Startup the Storefront would love to hear feedback from you. Reach out and let us know what you think about the show. Make sure to give us a rating on iTunes. Anything over five stars is the only way to go. Our music is composed by Double Touch. You can find us on Facebook and Instagram at Startup the Storefront. For more information on the products and businesses featured on the show check out the links in the show notes. Make sure to subscribe so you don't miss a single episode. Thanks for listening and we'll see you next time.


When you're getting ready to work with your data, you'll find that your life becomes a lot easier if you have tidy data. Now, this kind of a funny term, but it actually refers to something specific within the data science world. I want you to know that if you go to Google and type in tidy data, two of the first three are going to take you directly to the journal article in the Journal of Statistical Software by Hadley Wickham that originally explained the idea of tidy data. And you can also take you to a page on the our project site that gives a lot more information about what is meant by tidy data. The idea is that data that is tidy is easier to manipulate and is easier to take from one software package to another. Now, this is where spreadsheets are a little problematic because spreadsheets are amazingly flexible and they allow you to do a lot of things that might suit your purposes when you're creating the spreadsheet, but they make exporting or sharing with others kind of a headache. So for instance, I've got a spreadsheet right here that does some of the things that I hope you don't have to deal with. First and foremost, we've got a problem here of merged cells. This is when you take a single cell and you spread it all the way across these other ones sort of as a header, there's a merge cell, there's a merge cell. This one is 15 cells merged together and it's smack in the middle of everything. The problem with these is they change the way the spreadsheet functions. So for instance, if I come here and click on column F, we see it's selecting this entire first cell and then selecting all of this, but if I then hit bold, it only changes this one. And if I try to hit bold back, it doesn't do anything I have to do undo. And if I were to try to move it, I'm just going to come right here and try to move it and oops, it just doesn't want to work because of the merge cells. Merge cells are things that people sometimes do to get title centered, but they make it really difficult to work in the data. So you don't want that. The other thing that you don't want is you don't want to have mixed up labels, you don't want to have things spread across in different tables, that might work for an individual project. But again, if you're planning on sharing it with other people, or if there's the possibility they might take the data out of Google Sheets and into some statistical application or programming language, they're going to need something else. Specifically, tidy data means that each column is the same thing as a variable, variables and columns are identical. And that rows and observations are the same thing. And so we need to get some of this cleaned up. And so another thing you can see, by the way, is with tidy data, is that all of the data needs to be in the spreadsheet. So this is an important piece of information potentially, but it needs to be in a column to mark pieces. Also, we've got a comment kind of hiding right here. And it tells us something that maybe this person could be coded as being West or an East, depending on how we want to do it. This is not the sort of thing you want to have in a comment, because if you export the data, you lose all of that information. And so let's take a few looks at how to tidy things up to make them easier to work with and less problematic. First one is get rid of all the merge cells. Get rid of those titles we had across the top. And then the information that said the first 10 were surveyed in person, make a new column and put that in there. So now we have that information in the spreadsheet. It's not included somewhere else. I decided not to make a change for the comment because I didn't think that was necessarily critical. If it were, then you might want to have two locations, starting location and ending location for each person. Now there's a couple of other problems. One is that we have gender is just coded in a crazy way. We don't even know what the zeros and ones are F and M we can guess. And so we need to do a little bit of data cleaning right now. I'm going to come here to this tab. And you see I've done two things. Number one is I took the variable and I changed his name from gender to female. Because when you have a variable that you're going to treat as dichotomous. It's really easiest if you use a zero for no a one for yes and you name the variable by what the one is. In this case, I decided to assign female the one it's arbitrary you can do whichever one you want. But for anybody who put down that they were female, I put a one for anybody who put down they were male, I put a zero. Similarly, for the method of surveying them, I decided that if they got surveyed online, I would give them a one and if it were anything else like in person, it would be a zero. And so I've cleaned that up. But there's one more step that we need to do and it has to do with this one right here. We've got information here about the location the person is in. This is a different level of measurement. Everything else is at the individual level. This is now about a larger group that they're in. And we're repeating a lot of information. If you've ever worked with a sequel database or a relational database, you know that you set up separate tables for different levels of measurement, you want to do the same thing with tidy data. So you keep information about the individual. But then if you have this information at a different level that's repeated, you put that into a separate table.   And we can get the rest of this information from this table. And when you do those things, what you'll end up with ultimately is two separate sheets. You'll have one sheet that contains all the individual level information, where each column is a variable, each row is an observation and all of the relevant information is put into those variables and columns. And you'll have a second sheet that contains the variables for the other level of measurement. Now, again, this is mostly important if you're going to be exporting your data so it can be analyzed in another program. If you're working entirely within Google Sheets, it's never going to somewhere else, you might be okay doing whatever you want. Just be aware that the flexibility that you get with spreadsheets gives you a lot of room for creativity, but it can potentially create some headaches. And so when in doubt, take the tidy data approach, keep your data clean and make it easy to work with easy to analyze and easy to get meaning out of.