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Most of the time you will have to respond in a very sweet manner. Moreover, our organisational strength is leaner than most other ministries and almost all others out there foreign services of major countries. With less than 700 IFS officers, we are managing 162 missions and posts abroad apart from managing the ministry in Delhi. आदर भो।। वे spoiled आदर � भगे देंगा है थादा जील देनि के प्रैक्टेःनी शाव। छदब खापर लिएं कम अज़ुर इपो तुध तुए भूए नहीं आप वेदे हैं और वो वूगद विष्ङेज से च्व्वाज़। आप आफ देंगा वोगदोंगे चिझाजिएज ॐ और मैं अगोत बरकाद यागी जाहतासों सुझाते है। ौरों दा धॉयली जाएं कराईस्ं। ॐ मैं जोन तोज्बावाणाश्पन्ताउ गराई जीं सूअँर कर्याई शोल है। ौरों तोनरना जाएं है। अनिकार वार्छ़ा यादे स्मतिर में, Yayon main tasks is efficient and timely implementation of policy as decided by our government. रोन्रे आप% लोंगी किगो। Our foreign policy has five broad objectives. ढबरावान्, बवजल्चानिया है From Karachay, we're to preserve the political sovereignty and territorial integrity of India at all times. अग्ड्वादक, औग्श्वाद्वाद, य Leonardo Di Auto's फुड़ at the same time. ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ॐ ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë ë With nearly 290 members, the association has established itself as a reservoir of enormous experience and knowledge that can be called upon when needed. Operating as a think tank, it has participated in many task forces contributing analysis and policy options for the government. Members of the association have also been the mainstay of the distinguished lecture series of the ministry covering outlying institutions and universities in India. Our main outreach public diplomacy activity supported by the ministry is our flagship publication, the Indian Foreign Affairs Journal, now in its 11th year. It has come to stay as an invaluable addition to the repertoire of authentic international relations publications on India. The oral history section has been specially welcomed in India and abroad and has established itself a niche for itself. Members of the association have been intimately connected with the training schedule of the officer trainees and contributing as advisors, visiting faculty, resource persons for the dissertations, mentors for individual trainees and so on. We consider our association with the Foreign Service Institute as a privilege and our bound in duty to give back the service that had been and in some cases continued to be our life. Today, the association would be awarding two prizes to be presented by the honorable minister of state for the best dissertation. That would be a gold medal and for the best officer training, which would be a book prize of 4000 rupees. All these awards have been made possible by corpus established with the family of the late ambassador Dimal Sanyal, who is administered by the association. Of course, there will be many other medals and prizes that the minister will be giving out too. Late ambassador Dimal Sanyal was a visionary and a pioneer who saw economic diplomacy as an increasingly important aspect of future foreign relations. He established a separate economic wing in the ministry of external affairs that has today blossomed into a my major part of the ministry's functioning. We are very thankful to the Foreign Service Institute for its assistance in the selection of the awardees and also for hosting this event. Once again, our best wishes to the graduating officer trains, Jai Hind. Those were the real words coming out of the Dorian's mouth. Now I'd like to call upon Dr. Gautam Kumar Pandey, IFS officer trainee of 2014 batch, to share his experience in the service. Respected Honourable Minister of State Sriviki Singh Sir, Secretary and Dean FSI Sri Amrind Khatma Sir, President Association of Indian Diplomats Sri M.Takshri Party Sir, Other Distinguished Guests and My Dear Colleagues. They say that from small beginnings come great things. And today we begin on a journey to represent the dreams and aspirations of more than 1.25 billion Indians abroad and to secure national interest for our country. The increasing integration of world provides both challenges and opportunities for Indian Foreign Service. The horizons of Indian Foreign Service is continuously expanding to include commercial and economic agendas, security and strategic affairs, environmental issues, multilateralism and licensing with our states back home. Incidentally, all this is in sync with vision and developmental agenda which our Honourable Prime Minister has set to achieve for this great nation of ours. Moreover, at Foreign Service Institute, we have been aptly trained for the job with our training schedule, reflecting and catering to the reality of the present times. Where adequate weightage was given to training in economic diplomacy, international law, India's neighborhood policy and a special emphasis on communication skills. Knowledge of our culture, language, history and values are integral to promotion of brand India abroad. And FSI has rightly managed to train us on those lines. I feel privileged to bring to your kind notice that BASH 2014 got a chance to participate and work in events which brought international acclaim and goodwill to India, such as 3rd India Africa Forum Summit, evacuation during Yemen crisis and relief work during Nepal earthquake. I learnt most from my bachelors. The knowledge and experiences they brought on the table by virtue of being from diverse backgrounds enriched us all. We debated, we discussed and we argued. Sometimes we agreed, sometimes we didn't. But at all the times we learnt something from each other. We understand that we cannot direct the winds, but we can adjust the sails. In this ever-changing world, to deliver the best for our country, we need to learn, unlearn and re-learn the relevant skills and capabilities. And let me assure you, dear search and maps, BASH 2014 has got that indomitable spirit to do so. Our seniors, ex-ambassadors and diplomats have left footprints and a legacy for all of us to follow. You are our guiding force and our motivation to excel in the path we have chosen to serve our great nation. I take this opportunity to thank J.S.E.R.S., G.V. Srinivas, under whose able guidance we got trained at FSI. On behalf of FSI, I would also like to thank Minister of State Srivikesh Singh sir for instituting Silver Medal for Best Officer trainee this year. These medals are symbolic, but they provide an incentive for OTs to push their limits to excel. Dear search and maps, we do not want to arrive, we want to travel. And on this journey, we would always need your guidance, support and blessings. Every story has an end and every end is a new beginning. Thank you. Dr. Pandey, ladies and gentlemen, it's time now for the distribution of awards to the Indian Foreign Service Officer trainees of 2014 BASH. I'd request the Honourable Minister of State to kindly come up the stage to give away the awards. Ambassador Bimal Singh for the Best Officer trainee, and that again goes to Ms. Nithi Devai. This medal is given to the officer trainee for the overall personality comprising S.B.R.E. the Corps and participation in extracurricular activities. And this goes to Dr.Gautam Kumar Pandey. Congratulations, sportspersons both female and male. The best sportspersons female goes to Ms. Veena Prabhathirke. She goes to Dr.Vineet Kumar. Officer trainees of 2014 BASH on stage to receive their certificates that pronounce the completion of their training. Ms. Reenu Yadav. Mr. Abhishek Upadhyay. Shreed Kapidhwaj Pratap and Singh. I'd like the Honourable Minister of State for External Affairs to please address the audience. I think the administration can heave a sigh of relief because you people will be added on to the various areas. And a pleasure to always come to a class which is graduating for better things to do in life. Don't have a prepared speech but I thought that since Indian Forest Service and the armed forces share a lot, let me speak to you about a lot of things which will probably come in handy to you, will probably help you in how you conduct yourself in the subsequent life. And when I say there is lot in common between armed forces and the Indian Forest Service, it is because of the way we all lead our lives. And there are lot of commonalities. We tend to stay away. We tend to have similar problems in finding accommodation. We have similar problems in finding schools for our children. We have similar problems when you have done a particular language but you land up in somewhere where you don't know the language. We have similar problems. Let me start by saying that your good days are over. Till now you were officer trainees, you could do mistakes and now you are going to be officers who cannot do mistakes. And there is a great difference. I would like you all to not only feel that difference but to understand that difference. Because from now on you are in the spotlight. From now on you are under scrutiny. From now on people will be watching you. From now on people will be judging you. Till now it was only peers, till now it was only the faculty but now the world is going to enlarge for yourself. And you need to prepare yourself. Prepare yourself from what you have learnt here. Prepare yourself from the varied experience you have and prepare yourself from what you already have in you. And this will come in handy to you when you walk out as officers from this. What to expect as an officer? The first thing that you should expect is that in your initial days there are a lot of people who are going to make an impression about you. And my experience says that generally those impressions last for a lifetime. So when you say put your best foot forward you need to actually do so. People will judge you and there are varied ways. It is not just the peers, it is the people who work under you. They make a judgement.  Both have to go together. It cannot be just one part. It is your entire character that is judged and again I am talking from experience. Junior's do not take too much of time to judge you. That judgement is very fast. They will decide whether they can take liberty with you by knowing that you will not care for that work or they know that they cannot take liberty with you because you are firm. You will not allow that to happen. So it is this period of the first foundation that you lay for yourself. That will decide how people will subsequently judge you. And that is why it is very very important that what you have learnt, you keep recalling it time and again. Go back to what you feel is right and go back to what you feel should take you forward. And let me just pepper it with a little anecdote from the Ami days. And it is just a sample of how things happen. It is different than the Ami but a similar thing can happen with you. When I joined the service, my unit was in Delhi. In those days there used to be only one unit in Delhi, half in Rajapati Bhavan, half preparing to do all ceremonial duties from the Red Fort. And the second day in the unit, my boss, the commanding officer told me that like Tirke and others who are good in sports, you take the sports team out. Now the sports team was well prepared. They decided here is a new man who has come. We will test him out. So we started going and as I had been taught, you must always lead. Officer always leads. So I stood with them and we started running and I was in the forefront and they took me for a real ride. They had the long distance runners. We started from the Red Fort, came to Shanthi one, from there we went to the old bridge and then we came to the Nizamuddin bridge and we crossed over. I barely managed to keep up with them. And when we reached Shanthi one back again, I found except for these two and me, rest everybody was lying on his back and looking at the sky, enjoying himself. Well we got them together, we came back and I realized that I had been had. They have taken me for a ride. And on top of it, when they rubbed it in, when I broke them up, they said today afternoon when you have a nap, use a quilt so that your feet don't hurt tomorrow. Well I digested it and I decided that I must get my back off. And next day, we again started on the same routine and I said, I want to be right behind so that everybody stays in front of me. And I took them, on the same route. I was tired, I wanted to give up. But I said, I have to tell them that I am the officer and not they who can take me for a ride. So we came back and I did the same and I told them, this afternoon when you people relax, put a blanket on your feet so that you don't have trouble tomorrow. Well that ice was broken between us. They realized they could trust me and I realized I could trust them. That is important in the armed forces but so is it important in the foreign service because if you do not have trust in people who are below you and they do not have trust in you then things will go wrong. And you have tremendous amount of responsibility that comes to you. Foreign policy may be shaped here, foreign policy may be tweaked here but you are the implementers. You are the people who will be on ground doing things so that the nuts and bolts of that foreign policy are fine tuned to an extent where it achieves what it is meant. And let me tell you the world of diplomacy is very interesting because you are not only being washed by your own people you are being washed by all the other missions you are being washed by the country in which you serve and they are all looking at you and they also make an impression of you. They know whether they can get by, they know whether they can fool you they know whether they can pull a fast one or you and it doesn't take much time to judge each other and that is what is important for you to know that the whole world is going to look at you and therefore your conduct has to be impeccable, absolutely impeccable. You got to have character qualities, you got to have integrity you got to have firmness, you got to have politeness you need to be diplomatic and yet know what your country wants from you. It's a mixture, it's a mixture which can bring down a lot of people and let me also assure you in all this you also have allurements you have obstacles which will make you fall there will be people who will look for signs of weakness in you there will be people who will see as to how they can manipulate you because there are too many agencies and forces working and therefore when you step out as officers keep this in your mind that you are the representatives of this country on you depends how the foreign policy objectives will be fulfilled on you depends how things will be moved forward you are the ones who will read between lines you will read the fine print before either a trade agreement is signed or before any other thing is made because if that is not done properly then somebody else will come to brief so you have to be meticulous to the extreme you have to be industrious you have to persevere and you have to be determined now I have told you so many qualities that you must be thinking it is going to be difficult life yes you have chosen a difficult life you have chosen difficult career and that is the beauty of it so prepare yourself it will be something which will be unique and language is one thing which will take you forward and like I said earlier all governments and organizations are expert at sending an expert in something somewhere else so you may have learnt Spanish but you might land up in France you have to relearn everything prepare yourself be flexible we have your mental abilities so flexible that you should be able to pick up another language in a short time frame so that you can get by it is important when you talk to somebody, wish somebody shake hands with somebody and you are able to speak in that language the ice is broken it makes a difference and it also conveys to them that they cannot talk in the language and say something which you won't understand so all that I would say is being an officer is tough and being an IFS officer is even tougher and that is why lot of grilling has taken place in these two years that you have spent here and I feel that there is a great amount that can be done by you to ensure that things go right always remember when you give a report you must know what you are saying and it is not words we always say in the armed forces one visit to ground is better than thousand reports what comes from you is what will be acted upon so if you have gone wrong you can imagine what will go wrong subsequently and remember be truthful to yourself and truthful to the country that is what is the trust that people will have on you and then I wish you and your families the very best we will have the best of results from you we will know that where you are we can expect things to go right thank you very much thank you sir I request the honorable minister of state to kindly remain on stage for a group photograph with the officer trainees may I have time for a photograph to join us on the stage to welcome the officer trainees the honourable minister of state the honorable minister of state the honorable minister of state the honorable minister of state and my dear friends may I have a good evening today I have received all this by the hands of Mahodaya how I feel that I am so lucky to share this in my words because words are one of my limits but still आप सभी के सामने में अपने मन की बात कहना चाहती। मैं सहर्दै आबहारी हूँ इश्वर की अपने गुरुजनो की विदेश तेवा संस्थान की अपने परवार और मित्रो की जिनकी निरन्तन मार्ग्दर्षन और सैयोग से आज मुझे ये सवबहागे प्राथ हूँ महुदै, मेरे द्रिषकी में मैंडल मात्र एक सम्मान छिने नहीं है अपितु ये प्रतीख है उस दायत्व का, उस करता विका जिसके निर्वाहन के लिए मैं और मेरे सभी साती प्रतिबद हैं अपने कारिष्वेट्र में प्रदिती करते हुए राष्टर के उतकर्ष में सभ्योग देना और देश विदेश में बसे भारतीगों की अपेच्षा पर खरे उतरना ये दायत्व बलकोल आसान नहीं है मेरे विचार से इच्छा शकती, विद्या शकती महोदे आज मैं और मेरे सभी साती मन्सा वाचा करूना पुन सक्तिनिष्टा से अपने आपको बारतीए विदेश सेवा के प्रती समडपित करते हैं मैं अपने वक्तबे का समापन शिहरिवान श्राय बचन के कविटा के कुछ पंक्तियो से करना चाहूंगी इस थल गया है बहर पतो से नाम किकनो के गिनाओं स्तान बाकी है कहाँपत एक अपना भी बनाओं विष्षु तो चलता रहा है ताम रहा बनी बनाई किन तु इन पर किस टर हमै कवी करन अपने बडाओं विजे कुमार सें फोर ग्रेसिं तु देस अकेजिन विटिस काईन प्रेसंस अन शेरिंग विटास विजिन फोर इंटें धिप्लोमसी फोरें सर्फिस आन शोविं अस देरस्पोंसिब लिटीस अन चाहलिंगे से लाईं अहिट फोरेस मने से किन्टीक underlying अहिटास शल्ठ बने से आन धिप करंचिया आप आन सो.. न के दोलगा हमान अहिटास विजे की आपने सदमा तु अधाओधिं न आपने आछठां न जातते कि जाहें जर। from the first day to this विजिन श्ठार से पुझन काईन मुत्ences आप खूद, låिए मुनमिय म газोगा ँरतिक ल़हpool अऐ आप एद डिकobe etwas गषा विस्रा dels बर्वंशा पश JHागना साญगे अथ आहगेmedim और छशिलक आखेडी Playingo 2 mean अना किय मुस wonder Ok Okay Okay Yeah Thank you


I pressed it from video. Video is one of the early companies that dealt with video conferencing and with video technologies. And here is here to explain how these technologies can assist us when you start and take what we have today in the browser towards mobile. And what these things do, you learn to improve the quality there. Flora is yours. Thank you, Sahi, and thank you for the organizers for us being here. My talk today is about achieving the best video quality on mobile. And video has been building scalable architectures for over 10 years now, and we've been using a scalable video coding in order to achieve this on lossy networks, which are especially important on mobile environments. When people think about a video quality solution, thinking about the WebRTC codec itself and the transport is really not enough, you've got to think of the whole thing holistically. The platform, you need to think about what kind of video routing you're going to have in the background, what kind of video codec you're going to choose, which makes a huge impact of how your stream is constructed. You have to think about your audio solution and device management and rendering. All those things have a big part to play in the actual quality of the delivered stream. It's rendering as well as transmission over the network. So with mobile, when we were building our video service, we had to solve all these problems on our user's behalf. This is the same problems that WebRTC experiences, and most of the issues are that the mobile is the worst case scenario for most of your endpoints. Mobile has fluctuating bandwidth. It has packet loss and jitter. It has varying device capabilities. You have retina devices, you have devices that have very low CPU and performance, and you have to make decisions about tradeoff between bandwidth and battery life. Most of these devices, you know, if you're ever played with some of the other video solutions, you'll notice that the device might get too hot, and it doesn't provide a great experience if your device only lasts for 20 minutes in the video conference. Apart from all of that, you also have to deliver very low latency throughout your entire network. Real-time communications is a special challenge over any other type of media because of the low latency problem. You have to deliver a packet end-to-end within 250 milliseconds timeframe. And that's a huge burden and requires very specific choices about how you construct your stream and how you create your video solution. So to describe why we need scalability, I'm going to talk about some primers of video coding. What is a video stream? A video stream is essentially a series of video frames sent one after the other. In a very simplistic way, you can think about it is if you were to transfer a series of JPEGs at 30 times a second, now, while that would deliver you a great quality, you certainly wouldn't be able to do it in the bandwidth that you have. And in order to make this process fit into the bit stream, what happens is we have to create a dependency structure. This dependency structure starts off with a main frame that you encode and then you send differentials. To make it simple, we break this down into five different frames. In this example, we start off with a key frame one. That's a very big frame to send and transmit over a wireless network. Once that's sent, we can start sending little differentials piece by piece over to the other endpoint. But this creates a huge problem. For a basic singular encoding, missing any of those frames in the middle will break the stream. Once the stream is broken, you have to actually retransmit the original frame or ask for the missing frames back, which, again, creates latency and if you have to retransmit that original frame, it actually creates a lot of bandwidth limitations because that original iframe is very large. So just to solve some of these quality issues, you also have to think about what kind of routing architecture you have in the back end. A traditional routing architecture uses singular coding like you're used to and it's an MCU. An MCU is very simple in the way it functions. You send your video stream to the best of its capabilities. The server decodes everybody's streams, composites it, and recodes it back to the endpoint. Now, while that is simple to do, the same problem that I described earlier with having this interdependency between frames, especially on the mobile device, creates a lot of issues when it comes to bandwidth and bitrate and packet loss. In addition to that, all this transcoding induces delay. Having to decode a frame, reencode it back adds a lot of latency to the network, which is really bad for real-time communications. Not to mention the fact that all this decoding and reencoding takes a lot of CPU and this is something that you wouldn't be able to scale to a large conference. Now, moving to a much better architecture is a simulcast architecture. Now, this is great because now you can send two separate streams. They both still have this interdependency, but now the router can pick which stream to forward to the endpoint. Now, this is much better for error resiliency. It also allows you to create custom layouts on the endpoint. Now that your router picks which stream to send to each endpoint, you can choose how you want to composite them and lay them out. This is a very common way of doing video conferencing right now, and it does not require any server-side decoding. The problem with this is that you have to pay the penalty. The penalty is that you're encoding the stream twice, and that creates about a 50% overhead over a single layer. Now, having to send two streams itself also creates a synchronization problem because now that you're sending both streams at the same time, when you're making the switch, you have to choose. A better approach is to use a scalable router. This is something that video has been building for over 10 years, and this is something that we are trying to make sure that the VP9 has in its future to create the best coding and the best routing available. In a scalable router, you only send one stream, but that earlier interdependency that I showed you gets broken up in such a way that you can now choose frame rate and resolution by just picking packets out of that single stream. And a scalable router can do that delivering the benefits of both an MCU with a single stream and a simulcast, in addition by adding air concealment that now you can do because of interdependencies, and it utilizes less bandwidth. So how do we do that? We can start with a series of video frames. As I described earlier, it's a set of frames. We're going to make it simple and call them frame one through frame five. Now, in a single stream coding, as I described earlier, that interdependency is linear. You have frame one, frame two, and they all depend on the previous frame. If we were to create a temporarily scalable stream, what we would do is we would break this dependency. A way to do that is to make sure that we pick key frames, let's call them T0, and only make them dependent on each other. Now, once they're dependent on each other, and we have frame one and frame five, we have a 7.5 frame per second stream, which isn't bad. But we can now create a dependency, again, in a different layer zero that will give us a 15 frame per second stream. As you can see, the big difference here and the big innovation is that now the T1 frame only depends on the T0 frame. And if you were to lose it on the network during transmission on your mobile device, on your Wi-Fi, or anywhere else, you can still continue decoding, and you can still get your 7.5 frame per second stream. And all you're going to see is a bit of a glitch. Expanding to a third layer, we can add two more packets. Now the dependency tree grows, and you have an extra layer that allows you to have 30 frames per second. Now, the way that the router would adapt to this is that as it's receiving these packets from the endpoint, it can decide which packets to drop on the fly. So in this example, you can transition from having a 30 frame per second stream to a 7.5 one just by choosing to drop the T2 and T1 packets. It's a very simple thing to do. It does not require decoding, and all you have to do is look at the packet headers. This allows you to shape the stream into the bitrate that you have available on your mobile endpoints. This also adds a huge layer of error resiliency. Now that you can lose the T2 frame without impacting the decoder, without having to retransmit any of the important frames. And the resilience itself moves on as you're losing packets over the network. Losing a T1 frame will lead you to having a 7.5 frame per second stream, but losing a T0 frame will require you to retransmit it. However, if you look at the new layout, now the retransmission only affects a quarter of the packets. So we don't have to retransmit a lot. We only have to retransmit a little, and there's lots of methods to do that. FEC, forward error correction, or ARQ, automatic request repeat are two of the ways that we can retransmit those packets without having to lose any data. And if you think about on the mobile side, having to retransmit that iframe in the restarted decoding stream is the worst time to do it is when you're in a packet loss. So most of the hardware decoders output the single layer stream, and what happens is that they either produce a periodic iframe, which is very big and very fat, and you have to squeeze it into a small pipe, or you have to have this interdependency problem where losing any of the frames requires you to request the iframe again. Now, building on top of that, a scalable stream can also have a spatial component. Just like I described to you earlier when you can break the dependency on the temporal packets, now we can actually create an interdependency in space as well. We can create two layers, an SD and HD layer, where the S0, the HD layer, derives from the T0 layer. In fact, we use the benefit of the fact that those frames are very similar to each other to create a differential in space as well. So as you saw earlier, a video stream involves differentials from one frame to the other, but that is also true when you scale the stream from being small to being large. We can use that differential to save ourselves a lot of bandwidth when we transmit over SVC. Expanding this to a full picture of interdependency, we now have both spatial and temporal scalability. This is a specially encoded stream that has all this information in it that allows the intermediary router to pick out any frame rate or resolution that it chooses. For example, you can send one stream up to the server, and the server can decide that it wants to prioritize frame rate. So by using these highlighted packets, the T0 frame, it can deliver 30 frames per second in SD. But if I'd like to have resolution instead, I can create a packet stream that has 720p and 15, and all of this can happen dynamically and on the fly. Now, how do we solve most of our video challenges? Well, the bit stream itself becomes shapeable, right? So fluctuating network on your mobile device as you walk away and your single strength drops could be shaped dynamically without having to do any of the other extra retransmissions. There's not much cost there. The loss in jitter can be concealed, and there's a lot less to retransmit. The device capabilities themselves, this allows you to have a priority of what you want to do in terms of the way you want to view the video. If you're on a retina device, you might want to have a high quality image. If you're on a small device with low battery capability, you want to slow down the frame rate and make sure you don't receive anything. None of this will affect the originating source. So if you have a lot of people in the same conference, you do not want to use the lowest common denominator. You, in fact, want to send the best thing you can up to the server and let the server decide for each endpoint what best to deliver. You can choose battery life trade-off versus bit rate. As you determine that your battery life is depleting, you might want to say, hey, don't send me higher spatial error. So don't send me any more temporal errors. And you can reserve the battery and still have a conference just at a lower frame rate. And, of course, this allows you to have very low latency because the server no longer transcodes any of the media data. In fact, all you're dealing with is the penalty of a hop. This low delay also helps in retransmissions because when you're transmitting less packets, the video, if you had to ever freeze the video, it would be for a very short amount of time just to retransmit those packets. And that will significantly improve the delay instead of having to wait for the entire frame to arrive before you continue decoding. So even though we're now adding a little bit more bits to do the scalable coding, we did gain a lot. We have about 20% fewer bits over Simulcast due to our adaptive spatial scalability, and we can tolerate up to 20% packet loss with no significant impact due to error concealment. Now, if you think about a mobile device on a mobile network, which is the worst case scenario for you, having a 20% packet loss that you can easily tolerate is a great thing for your video quality. Now, this kind of technology is something we really want to have in WebRTC. And we're working with Google to make sure that VP9 has all the scalable extensions. Some of this is already in VP8. If you look at the VP8 right now, it has temporal scalability, which is actually great. It's the first thing that I showed you on the slides where you can pick out a temporal stream from that VP8 stream. But going forward, it's becoming more and more de facto to have the scalability built into all of our future codecs. Both on VP9 and the Open Media Alliance AV1, where the temporal is mandatory and the spatial is under review. The error resilience that I've described earlier is also available in VP8, H264 SVC, and all the future codecs like H265 and VP9. So in addition to that, we at video, we love to work with WebRTC. This is something that I think Google is doing a great job on. And the future would be with VP9 for us. All we need is to have these scalable extensions that we feel will benefit everyone. We're contributing code to both WebRTC and WebM to make sure that all those spatial extensions are there and for everybody to use. Chrome now has a full VP9 scalability in the decoder, and the encoder can be configured through URL flags. And going forward, we're working with WebRTC editors to provide ways to configure the encoder preferences themselves for different use cases.


Hello and welcome to today's episode of International Daily Roundup by People's Dispatch, where we bring you some of the top stories from around the world. Let's take a look at the headlines. COP262 addresses climate-link damage amid mass protests. Socialist President Daniel Ortega leads Nicaragua's election. Anti-coup civil disobedience continues in Sudan. And Palestine Authority rejects Israel's veto of the United States consulate plan. In our first story, the second week of COP26 opened with the adaptation, loss and damage day on November the 8th. The conference will resume following mass protests worldwide over the weekend. Over 100,000 people, including indigenous communities, trade unions and activists, took to the streets in Glasgow. They demanded systemic change to achieve climate justice. The COP26 conference has been condemned for excluding marginalized and frontline voices. Travel restrictions and other last-minute rule changes have meant that only four Pacific Island states have made it to Glasgow. Around two-thirds of civil society groups which usually attend COP are not present. Meanwhile, among the largest delegations at COP26 seems to have been sent by the fossil fuel industry. According to Global Witness, 503 people are set to lobby on behalf of oil and gas companies. Talks around financing for climate-linked loss and damages are scheduled for Monday. Rich countries have successfully avoided any legal liabilities for their emissions so far. Moreover, they have also consistently fallen short of the $100 billion a year in climate finance pledged in 2009. As per reports, this goal will not be reached before 2023. Moreover, around 70% of these finances will be provided as loans. This will mean more debt for poor countries who are reportedly already spending five times more on debt payments than their climate response. To address the urgency of the crisis, a parallel People's Summit for Climate Justice has been convened in Glasgow. Organized by the COP26 coalition, it is bringing together Indigenous and frontline communities, activists and social movements. In our next story, incumbent President Daniel Ortega has taken the lead in Nicaragua's general election held on November 7. With 49.25% of the votes counted as of early Monday morning, he has secured 74.99%. Ortega is the leader of the Socialist Sandinista National Liberation Front, or FSLN Party. In second place is Walter Espinosa of the Constitutionalist Liberal Party, with 14.4% of the votes. According to the Supreme Electoral Council, 65.3% of the 4.5 million eligible voters took part in the election. As per local reports, voting proceeded peacefully across over 13,000 polling stations without any major incidents. 600 journalists and 27 countries were invited to observe the elections. Celebrations broke out in several areas with the announcement of the initial results. The executive secretary of the ALBA organization also highlighted the government's achievement. Poverty has been reduced from 48% to 24%. Maternal and infant mortality have also reduced by 70% and 60% respectively. The FSLN government has also expanded access to education and healthcare. Sunday's election took place despite imperialist attempts by the United States and European Union to discredit the process. Before the results were announced, United States President Joe Biden released a statement calling it a pantomime election. He also threatened sanctions against Nicaragua. In our next story, protest and workers' strikes against the military coup continued in Sudan on November 7. The Sudanese Professional Association and neighborhood resistance committees have organized a civil disobedience campaign. Hundreds of people gathered in the capital of Khartoum on Sunday. Similar protests were held in Umdurman, Adbara and Badmadaani. Anti-coup resistance is taking place amid continuous internet blackouts and violence by security forces. According to the Sudanese Doctors' Committee, at least 14 people have been killed and 300 have been injured. Ahead of Sunday's protest, people barricaded roads in several cities including Khartoum. The Sudanese Teachers' Committee also held a sit-in outside the Ministry of Education. Protesters rejected the coup and an appointment of members of the former dictatorial regime to post in the ministry. However, police forces soon attacked the teachers with tear gas. At least 87 people were detained and one person suffered a broken leg. The Khartoum State Resistance Committees have announced another march of millions on November 13. The protests will be held under the slogan, no negotiation, no partnership with the military and no cool legitimacy. People are demanding a full civilian government and have rejected any power-sharing deals with the military. The Palestinian Authority has condemned Israel's rejection of the reopening of a U.S. consulate in occupied East Jerusalem. Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett stated on Saturday that there was no room for another consulate in Jerusalem. Foreign Minister Yair Lapid added that the mission could be established in the occupied West Bank instead. The Palestinian Foreign Ministry later stated that Israel, as the occupying power, had no right to veto a U.S. decision. An official also added that Israel's decision was the latest in a series of unilateral measures such as the settlements, killing and destruction and land grabs. U.S. consulate in Jerusalem had served as its de facto embassy in Palestine. However, it was shut down by the Trump Administration in 2019. Trump also recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and served diplomatic and aid ties with Palestinians. Israel occupied East Jerusalem in 1967 and then annexed it in violation of international law. Israel's sovereignty over the area is not recognized internationally. East Jerusalem has been claimed by the Palestinian people as the capital of their future state. U.S. President Joe Biden had promised during his election campaign that his government would reopen the consulate.


Ychydig, chyfnod i'r unig hynny. Yn ei oedd yn nhw'n gwneud o fod yn grath rhan o ddigon nhw. Y cyddoedd gyda'r hwn ychydig Cyfrgell Hyrfrinaryll, ddylai ar hyn o uch稱io eu gymryd honno, i yw myhoffa i gwahaniaethol yma yn y 80-th— a'r wych yn y 80-th mor hwnna i'r由ch o gyllideb mwy ar y ganddoedd yma. Mae Soni Amwai First na fawr adegwydol, er rydych chi ydych chi arall a'r Soni Amwai Ymwai Cyngor. Fel ydych chi'n bwysig ar y byd a fyddion i weld i gael gael leirio. Roeddwn i'n gweithio'r gwahogol o'r Llywodraeth, ond yn y fwyaf, rydw i'n dod o'r gweithio'r ysgiliau ar y postdoctrwll ar y codi ymddangos ddwyf, o ddwyfodol ystod o bwysig o'r ffordd, o'r ffordd, oed o'r pwysig. Roeddwn i'n ffraith o ddwyfodol yn y ffordd sy'n ddwyfodol mewn ddwyfodol ond how to identify various types of objects and all that I can say is I wish I knew now what I knew in the early 1980s because my PhD might have been slightly different. However, I very quickly realised that to do a talk on ivories we really needed to do this together because to appreciate what actually is an ivory and what isn't from Rome and Britain because one of the biggest issues you're here has been the identification. You really need to understand how you can actually identify these objects in the first place. So tonight, see when you have an act from both of us, Simon is going to begin by talking about the actual material itself in terms of the identification and then I'm going to follow that with and here's the material that we know of so far from Rome and Britain. So I'm going to hand over to Simon to begin. As an archaeological conservator it was always very important to me to know what the material was that I was working on. If you misidentify something you might mistreat something and that could have really bad results. The York Archaeological Trust, we have a lot of material that was coming in, was beautifully preserved and exceptionally preserved so material that wasn't only found on archaeological sites often but also in a state of preservation that we didn't recognise as well. That's really when I got started working with these materials but it wasn't until Stephen said that I managed a few years ago to do my postdoctoral studies on skeletal materials worked into cultural objects which was funded by the EPSRC and the AHRC's Science and Heritage Fund. This gave me three years to really bring together all that I'd learnt over the previous 30-35 years and validate and evaluate different approaches to identification and also to develop more the skills for visual identification because most of the other approaches can be destructive but what we want to talk about today is the ivory and what an ivory is. Although ivory is often the term used as shorthand for elephant ivory it's really the dentine of teeth. The dentine is the material, the main body of the tooth and it's built up in my new layers over the pulp cavity and we see here a human tooth on the left and you can see it's quite a complex cavity in the centre and the layers of dentines are laid down successively over that pulp cavity gradually closed the pulp cavity down, closed the roots down until the roots are squeezed up and basically the tooth stops growing. But in open-rooted teeth like elephant tusks you have a conical pulp cavity and as more layers of dentine laid down around the pulp cavity the pulp cavity remains open and it's just like stacking ice cream cones into each other so the tusk grows down and forwards away from the skull and more ice cream cones are pushed in at the back so the newest most recent idea is right up around the pulp cavity. So when you look at this material in the cross section it's made up of cone within cone shapes of fine layers of dentine that you can really only just see under magnification one after another around a conical pulp cavity that has an oval cross section. And there's no blood vessels in the dentine the blood vessels are all in the pulp cavity and so that makes it very different from bone and ivory where you have a blood supply ramified throughout the material. Instead there are many tubules called dentinal tubules that keep the material hydrated during life and transport fluids in and out of the material. But elephant ivory is not the only ivory that was available to the Romans. They had access to hippo ivory from Egypt. Spurnware ivory from our own shores here is certainly the use of spurnware ivory as I've indicated here go back certainly into the Bronze Age. We're getting a lot of pommels on daggers which are either cetacean bone or actually cetacean ivory cut usually from the teeth of spurnware. And of course there's smaller teeth as well some of which are big enough to provide chunks of material which are substantial enough to cut objects out of them and this is just a little gaming piece here from a very ruffle cut piece from the tusk of a pig. These tusk, these curved tusk do tend to crack longitudinally and produce plates of material and this helmet from Cyprus, a date which I can't remember, I'm sorry, is an example of how those plates might have been used at least in a decorative form if not as something more protective. At datafine ivory there's lots of pitfalls here and a lot of common mistakes that people make in identifying them. Yes, something like the Goodman of Plain. There's very few materials that could be made out of other than a large chunk of ivory from a large tusk most probably elephant. But you can get large chunks of competitive tissue from Wales, from the George sperm whale for instance, which would be burned. Another thing that people often think of is that anything that is highly or intricately carved is going to have to be ivory because who would put that sort of work into something that's just made up of something as worthless as bone, or bones only butchery waste after all. In fact an awful lot of the pins that I see that are highly carved are actually bone and not ivory as people hope.  Here are some bangles for instance, one of which is elephant ivory, and another one which is a fragment from a bangle of identical cross-section, joined in the same way with a little bronze fitting, but it's an antler. So that's the other mistake people often make because something's being published as ivory somewhere, maybe correctly, they've seen that their object of the same form is going to be ivory as well. And this has led to a lot of objects being identified as ivory quite erroneously over the years. Identifying ivories chemically has its problems. All ivories and bone and antler are all chemically very much the same material. They're a combination of a structure made from the protein collagen stiffened with a mineral, a calcium mineral, which we call bioappetite. Detail chemical analysis of this, using the most non-destructive techniques such as vibrational spectroscopy, can differentiate between some ivories and there's been some success in being able to show an ivory as from a marine source rather than a terrestrial source. But a lot of the work that I've reviewed, which tries to take this further and separating different sorts of ivory, I'm afraid the differences that they're picking up may well just as much be differences between individuals with different diet, different bone physiology, different states of health, and that may be causing greater differences in the spectra that they're getting than the difference between the species. Add to this a sort of contamination you get from archaeological sites. You've only got to have a little bit of dissolution of calcium or a small amount of magnesium being absorbed by your material, for instance, and your ratios will change and the results you get really don't mean very much. It just means you have contaminated material. DNA, of course, where you do have preservation of DNA is a very powerful way of identifying material to species. There are problems of contamination. A lot of objects have been in collections a long time and have been handled. And there's also the problems of decay. And DNA isn't the most stable of the protein molecules, and the more broken up it is, the more difficult it is to be sure exactly what you're looking at. And certainly from archaeological sites, this can be a real issue. Proteomics, the more recent development, is very, very useful. Proteomics looks at the collagen, and collagen is much more stable. And that collagen, depending on the components of the collagen, the fine detail, can allow you to differentiate, say, go from sheep, for instance. I know that we're talking about ivory, but it will allow you to separate elephant from walrus, for instance. In ivory. But it can't often differentiate between species. So African and Asian elephant, you can only separate using DNA. And neither technique is going to tell you what tissue you've got. You may, in fact, have bone and not ivory. So you really need to look at the structure and these results together in order to get the full picture. And looking at the structural detail is what I do and what I tend to promote, because it's the most non-destructive way of the human material. It's non-invasive. We're moving, looking at the object using a light and a low-power microscope and recording the information, usually using a digital microscope and a camera. And you don't make any changes to the object at all. The object at the bottom here, you see in detail on the right, is bone. I can see here we have a vascular structure. We have blood vessels running throughout this. And no matter how beautifully polished and finished and carved, this object is, it is just bone. It can't be ivory because it has a blood supply. Reading these objects requires that you know not only to look for things like vessels, horizons or not. You actually have to read them in a way that we would do, for instance, wood identification. Because of the way that these materials are laid down, the ivory is formed, you cut it in different directions, you will see different structures. And as I say, it's like looking at wood to do an identification on a piece of wood. You ideally look at a transverse section, a radial section and a tangential section. And putting all the information together from those tells you that you've got walnut wood in this case. And so the same it is with ivories. Looking at transverse sections or sections as close to transverse as you can get, radial sections, tangential sections will give you completely different information. You put that all together and you can come down to differentiating one ivory from another, walrus from elephant from hippo, etc. And one of the most characteristic things about elephant ivory is a pattern, and we can see that on the example of the transverse section here on the left. And that is running across the very, very fine layers of the dentine itself, which are more or less running vertically through that end section. You've got, it's overloaded with this pattern of crisscrossing lines, which form these little dark and white lozenge shapes. And this is called the Schrader pattern. And it all comes down to the organisation of the dentinal tubules within the ivory, which is very, very particular. And it produces this pattern, which you do not see in any other species of ivory. And that Schrader pattern does allow us to do things to a certain extent, we can use it to say, yes, we have an elephant ivory rather than a mammoth ivory. Because it's not just the extent elements that show this, the extinct species as well also show some form of pattern. And when you look at mammoth ivory right out of the edge of the tusk, what we call the, just below the rind of the tusk, the outer angles in the Schrader pattern, they almost remain below 90 degrees. But in extent elements, that angle gets flatter and flatter and flatter as you go out towards the rind, it becomes greater than 90 degrees and often almost completely flattened so that the Schrader pattern is hardly visible at all. And then we can say we have elephant ivory, but only if we know right at the edge of the tusk can we do this. What it can't do is separate Asian elephant from African elephant. That can't be done. So we can't take it down to absolute species. And here's an example of that. There's been a long debate about Anglo-Saxon backrings, where is the source of this from? I can't say if it's African or Asian, I can tell you it is elephant and not mammoth from the Schrader angle because we have, for instance, on this particular piece of cement. And you can see how the Schrader angle isn't just an optical effect as it appears in the modern pieces. It's actually a physical orientation, changing orientation of the structure of the ivory so that when you get decay, often it's enhanced. And you can see that here in the continuous rising and falling of the surface in the same way that we see the lozenges elsewhere. And the only way to separate the species, as I've said already, is using DNA, which of course is destructive and mostly we can't really afford to do that at all. Also, when looking for the non-elephant iris during my postdoc, I wanted to know when we know that a lot of iris are coming into this country at certain periods and a lot of them are not elephant ivory, but where were they? But certainly in the running period, actually everything I did look at that was ivory was elephant ivory. And the frosted corp dye was particularly problematic and it would be past ground for generations. I think I saw it three times over the years and it had been to the Natural History Museum and all sorts of places and people looked at it and said, well, it's an ivory, we put these fine and yellow layers, no blood vessels, but I can't tell you what sort of ivory. And in fact in the end, through the work I was doing, I was able to confirm that it was elephant ivory, but it was one of the examples where the Schrader pattern really wasn't very visible towards the centre of the tusk. And the only non-elephant ivory that I did come across on Roman date was the South Cave sword cache, which was actually a mid to late 1st century, I think you may have a better date of it now, and deposited at the time when the Romans were just across the Humber to the South. It's an eye-nation too, but as I say, that close, the Romans were clearly just across the water and presumably trading was going on backwards forwards. And here we have this cache of swords, five swords with handle confirmance, some of them rather smashed up. And looking at these, I was able to identify antlers, cetacean bones, cetacean ivory, the sperm whale tooth, elephant ivory and horn, and here's a diagram that shows a little more about the detail of how they were distributed between the pieces. And now we'll have a little further look at Roman icons. OK, I'm going to start really with Sonya left off. One of the key difficulties that we still have is identifying when is something ivory and when isn't it. And from when I came back into archaeology, my list of Roman ivories having now been taught by Sonya has shrunk by 33%. But we still see quite often things identified as ivory, which aren't. And one of the things I learned quite early on from Sonya is just applying common sense to some of the objects when you look at them. And I've just picked out a couple of examples. This is a series of Roman boxinges and the picture in the middle shows how they actually work. These are cut quite clearly from either cattle or horse bone and they're a very, very common type. There are hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of these identified throughout, certainly throughout the Western Empire, days into the first and early second centuries. But just occasionally, and the ones you see there on the left-hand side, they are identified as ivory, but they are in fact not a single example of one of these English segments, which are ivory, they are all made of bone. You sometimes see Roman ivories identified by what I've called association. Many people in this room will remember Hugh Chapman, who Chapman wrote paper in 1976, identifying the object on the screen now as an ivory. It's a Roman scabbid slide, which basically works the way that the illustration shows above. In Hugh's paper, he also published an illustration of a very, very similar, so it's an illustration of the other way around looking at the side, scabbid slide from South Shields. He didn't say that it was ivory, but when it was next published, and it's now been published four times, it's always been described as ivory, and it's been described as ivory because in Hugh's paper, he did publish one ivory one from London, and I'm sure that's why the South Shields one, which is very clearly when you look at it closely, not ivory, but bone, has been so described. And just occasionally, you still find a very, very rich burial, and this is a burial, a very recently published excerpt of publication in Britannia, of a find from Colchester with four very small feats, which have been published as ivory. I've blown this up as much as I can, but nowhere on there can either I or Sonya actually really identify, for example, a Shrager pattern, and we haven't quite got to grips with these yet. They could be ivory, but we feel it's probably an unlikely attribution. So there still remains a big, big problem in the literature today, but it is possibly from small objects, and I hope that those of you at the front can just about see where the arrows are pointing, that you can see the Shrager pattern. This is a small peg, only a few centimetres long from Silchester. Very clearly this is of Roman ivory, and quite often it's very, very obvious that the objects you're looking at are ivory, and I've just picked out three, not to scale, a pen knife handle, a class knife handle from Roman York, a razor, minus most of these iron elements from Carl Isle, and very much blown up, end of an ivory bracelet, and on each of these you can see the features that Sonya has been talking about earlier on. So let's just very briefly take a look at the wider context of ivories in the Roman and slightly earlier world. There's good literary evidence that ivory has been a valued product for a long time, and there are a few references to the actual value of ivory, which can clearly vary over time, just a few examples. In the third century BC we're told that the ivory market was flooded by autonomy for the Delphius, and the price dropped to one fifteenth of what it had been a hundred years earlier. Just moving on into the Roman period, and to the imperial period, in the first century AD the price went up quite a lot, and Pliny, probably writing in the 70s, tells us that ivory was very rarely obtained except from India. African ivory was very rare in the first century AD. In the mid-second century, for evidence from Papyrus in Egypt, we're told that the value of ivory was about the same as the value of silver. But moving on, in Dioclosion's edit, the market by this time had been flooded by the new source of ivory from East Africa, and we think that at this stage in the early fourth century it only had one fourth of the value of silver. So compared to maybe 150 years earlier, the value had dropped from equal with silver to about one fourth of the same price. There's plenty of evidence of the trade in both tusks and of the elephants themselves, and of course on the finished objects that I'll come back to, and there is some evidence that ivory was hoarded. In terms of actual workshops, the only good evidence for a workshop actually comes from fourth century Rome, but there is other evidence from Rome that ivory was worked there. So, for example, there are seven inscriptions of the first century BC and first century AD which mention ivory workers. They are all male and they are all freedmen. It's clearly mentioned as a female doing great images on ivory, as well as working as a painter. There are ivory workers mentioned in the second century. Opium mentions ivory cutters of inlay in the Hadramic period. There's evidence of ivory, people working with ivory and citrus wood together. And an imperial edict of 337 includes ivory workers amongst a group of artisans exempted from public service in order to improve their skills and instruct their children. So, there is other evidence as well. That's just by way of a background. From Britain, there is one small piece of evidence which is a sawn piece of ivory which comes from the second century context of Berylamian. That's the only piece of evidence for working of ivory in their own period from Britain. And just to remind ourselves, yes, there was a trade clearly in task, but sometimes the trade was in the finished objects. So, from Pompeii, there's an Indian ivory figurine and from Osium in Hungary, there's an Indian ivory comb. So, how is the industry actually organised? We know from literary references that there were factories operating as early as the 4th century BC. Just, for example, there was one factory using ivory which was producing couches, which employed 20 slaves. It was also making weapons. And they were selling off their byproducts, presumably chunks of ivory, to other people. And as far as the fury couches are concerned, as you'll see in a moment, these continue through at least into the late 1st century AD. And just looking again at literary references, at least three, if not four, Roman emperors were buried on a funerary pyre laying on a couch decorated with ivory. And we do find quite a number of these burials. So, here's a distribution map of rich burials with ivory couches which have been through the funerary pyre. There is, of course, one country known here, which is Britain, but not to be outdone. We have two examples. There is a very, on the left-hand side of this slide, there's a very small piece of a funerary couch in ivory, which, and I'm just illustrating where does it come from on the actual leg of the couch, which is from the 2nd century Barillianium. And there's a very famous burial, the so-called child's burial, which is preflavium from Colchester. But that's not ivory. That's absolutely every single piece of that. It has been described on occasions I remember that every single piece is of bone. So it's very much not quite up to the same standard as the ivory couches, which more or less dates to the 1st century BC until around about 50 AD plus a bit, which is perhaps one of the reasons why more examples from Roman Britain. But it is clear there was an organised workshop producing, in particular funerary couches, we don't know exactly where, probably more than one, but certainly not in Britain. There's limited evidence throughout the rest of the Roman world for other forms of manufacturing in an organised sense which we're using in ivory. I've just got two or three more potential examples in the late 1st, early 2nd century. You find these razor handles. I've already shown you the one from Carl Isle. There's a slightly more battered one from Richborough. The one on the left, the drawing from London is also an ivory, as is the one from Vindonissa. Just to show that these are actually quite widely distributed down, certainly down the length of the Rhine. The one from Vrallianum is in bone, and I've chopped half of this inscription off, but chose the workshop of Lucius Cornelius Asimus from the 2nd century AD, and the more eagle-eyed of you should be able to make out that on the bottom row there, every other one of those objects is a razor of the type that you can see here. There's about four examples in ivory from Britain, but these couplers and perhaps others like them were clearly using ivory, iron, there's lots of bronze examples which have wood infill. So a whole variety of material was used, but perhaps the most rich of those was ivory. Moving on into the later over period, the top left-hand side there for York is a pair of fan handles. There are other examples, but not many, as you can see from the distribution map on the bottom right-hand side, and not all of these are in ivory. The two on the bottom left are from mites and are probably of bone. You can see just from the cross-section there that they're not going to be ivory. So again, perhaps small organised workshops somewhere produce these very rare objects. Principally in ivory, although there's only about 80 examples known by the other materials as well. Finally, that's just how the fans are represented in various tombstones, the most famous of which is probably the one on the left-hand side from Cumbria. Then moving right on to the later over period, some has already shown you a picture of ivory bracelets, probably in the second half of the 4th century AD when we're told that ivory once again is quite common and quite cheap. There's a significant number of ivory bracelets produced. There were a lot more until Sonia told me how to tell the difference between ivory and amber bracelets. It's interesting going and looking at some of the large cemeteries which have published a lot of bracelets as ivory, for example at Black Hills. Many of the bracelets published and identified in the 70s before I even started working on my PhD when I went to look at those for the first time a few months ago. Quite a number of those which are published as ivory are in fact not ivory at all. Nevertheless, if you look at the number of ivory from Rome in Britain, almost 50% of them are actually bracelets and date to the 4th century. Maybe evidence of four workshops at different periods working in other materials, including ivory. Let's move on and have a look at some of the nicer ivory that we have. I'm sorry, I've tried to put all these on the same page and the scales are slightly different. These are all quite small, only a few centimetres in height. These are the only ivory that I'm aware of which actually show free-standing figures in any way. One from a guesting thought on the bottom left, unfortunately now, I think he's lost and he's quite a small piece. The one on the drawing on the right-hand bottom side from Hoxmy has recently been published as a very, very, very small piece of an ivory pixus dating to the very end of the 4th century, maybe into the 5th century. The other finds on the top line near Toofan Carlyan, one from Greenwich Park and one from Lexton are all free-standing, but probably come from boxes. Well, I was in Ephesus last year and I thought, well, I've never seen anything like this, it's just possibly something perhaps not as grand as this, but some scene and the ones in particular from Carlyan all have nail holes in them, showed that they've been attached to other objects. But as far as Britain is concerned, that's it in terms of nice free-standing ivories. It's interesting when you look at much of the western provinces, the Germanism and the Gauls, you find a very similar pattern. You don't find hundreds and hundreds of ivories, it's not just in Britain where they're uncommon. This goes throughout most of the western Roman Empire. Perhaps the most commonly illustrated find from the whole of Roman Britain is the South Shields Gladiator. Here's a page of just a few of the different publications. It's a class 5 handle or broadly dated 250, so it's mid-2nd to mid-3rd century. There are lots of class 5 handles in other materials, but in ivory, they're very rare, there are only three from Roman Britain, there's one from Southwick, a rather nice example together with a chain which probably had a key on the end, one from a pit in Silchester. The Southwick example was from a 4th century grave, so it was obviously a curated item because it was at least 50 to 100 years old when it was placed in the grave, and there's the South Shields Gladiator. But that's it, and when you look all the way down the Rhine where quite a number of class 5 handles have been published, the number we have in Britain in true ivory is not unusual, that's about the same number that you find there as well. And here's just a page of other gladiator class just to show there are lots of them, but only one from Britain is in ivory. The middle one there from Clywent was in fact published as ivory, but you can see from here that in fact it's not ivory, it's bone. Very closely paralleled to the one on the left-hand side which is from Avonche, which is in true ivory, and you can see some of the splitting of the ivory which is dried out that Sony referred to earlier on. Now, I think because there are lots and lots of class 5 handles with figures on mostly in bone, there must have been some sort of industry producing these, perhaps in Britain, perhaps down the Rhine, or more in more than one places. But there are no close power, this is about as good as it gets in terms of a close parallel. So I suspect most of these were actually made to specific order. And of course, the good and the plain that Sony has already referred to is the largest chunk of ivory that there is from Roman Britain. Unusial object to find in ivory, from a late 4th century sealed context. So we know it is a good sealed context. So we know it is Roman, found with other tools as well, but a remarkable and very, very unusual piece. And just to return to some of the more common ivories that we find in military equipment. We know that in the Roman army you could buy parts of your own equipment and you find a great smashery of different parts of swords in particular made from ivory. Here is just a small selection of them. I have included an illustration from mites where there is a rather nice complete ivory hand or pommel hand or hand guard. From Britain we don't have anything like that. There is all just odd pieces, not always found on military sites. Mostly from the 1st century, although the three in the middle are the scabbard shapes from York, from Neffleton and from Greenwich Park are of late 2nd and 3rd century dates. And just occasionally you do find parallels for the military equipment. Here is a dagger handler from London, just about a parallel by one from Heddonheim. And the reconstruction you can see on the left shows you what the normal bronze or sometimes iron dagger handlers look like. But on the whole most of the ivories that you find for military equipment again are one offs. There is a deep production centre producing bits of military kit and an ivory. Apart from the good and the plain, the next really unusual thing is the south case source that Sonia has already mentioned. I want to put this on just to remind us that this is a really unusual amalgam of an Iron Age tradition and a Roman tradition of two different types of ivory found on the same object. So just looking at chronology, of maybe what's the organised production and the four examples that I've used throughout the Roman period. The others also span throughout the Roman period. Maybe a few more in the 1st century AD and certainly a lot more in the 4th century but remember that mostly of one type which is the bracelets. This is a distribution that I'm not drawn up by myself but by Ella Hacart in a recent book which shows you that ivories actually occur throughout the whole of Roman Britain. So you might have gathered by now that what there is of ivory in Roman Britain is rather sparse and not very common. So how much ivory is there actually in Roman Britain? Well I think about two elephants worth. It's probably actually only one and a half but as this was Sonia's elephant I didn't like to cut it in half. The only evidence that there were ever any real elephants in Britain comes from Dio talking about the Claudian invasion. Now this is one of the translations of the actual phrase in Dio. Remember you write for a very long time after the Claudian invasion and what he says is that there were elephants amongst the extensive equipment which had been prepared. It doesn't say that the elephants actually ever got to Britain and yet if you read some accounts of the invasion of Roman Britain model accounts you find Claudius arriving to sector trike in Camledon with his elephants and you even see a number. Sometimes I've seen 12 and I've seen 16 reference but Dio doesn't actually say that. So whether there were ever any real elephants in Britain or not is really unknown. And what about what sort of objects are there? Well you can see there how a number I have on my list did start off before I was properly trained by Sonia about 140. It's now only just over 100. It's 101 and the first number there is the number of context and the reason why the number of context is smaller than the absolute number is quite a number of the ivory bracelets are found in the same grave together. So there's only 105 good Roman ivories and some of which I haven't gone back and checked on yet and I suspect that number is going to shrink even further from well let's call it 360 years of Roman occupation of Britain. So at the moment we only know of about one ivory for every three or four years of Roman occupation in Britain and many of those like the bracelets are very small fragments of ivory. And when we look at the types of ivory objects which are talked about in classical literature some of those we find in Britain like for example the dice on your shoulder a picture of the dice from Frostacourt which is in fact the only ivory dice from Roman Britain. There were seven published in the literature, there are seven published in the literature as ivory. There is in fact I think only one that is really true ivory. And where do they all come from or perhaps it's no great surprise they come mainly from large urban centres such as London, Colchester and York and then the next in the list is military science which obviously includes most of those pieces of military equipment and then a smattering from other types of site but mainly it's from the main cities of Roman Britain. So in conclusion the ivory from Roman Britain are typical in that they are very very few in number they are very difficult to parallel but it's a similar pattern throughout most of the western provinces in that sense Roman Britain is not unusual. But they occur right away through the Roman period they are the most common, if common we can actually say they are in the major towns, many have been misidentified I'm pretty sure still on my list of just over a hundred there are a few more on there that will bite the dust when either Sonia or I actually go and get to have a look at them. And they most probably are all imports we've only got one example of a piece of working, a piece of waste which is from Roman very early on and the one thing that we can say in conclusion in Roman Britain ivory is not only are they exotic but they're also very rare. Thank you.


What's up guys Michael Rajaspis, and we are doing the 2023 Panini Phoenix football four box break pick your team number three We've got Eight boxes left in the case we're gonna randomize which ones we do but this was a pick your team So no randomizers needed and a flip it here Thank you to this group for getting into the break Appreciate it. Let's do a little randomizer though. I got the dice We're gonna go one two three for the left side of the boxes four five six for the right. So here we go it is a Five so these four boxes right here are going to be saved for pick your team number four Which is in the store right now and is down to 14 teams left So past halfway on the next pick your team of Phoenix if you guys like what you see maybe consider getting into the next break But uh here we go ready to rip I don't know who honestly either of those guys are who uh, what do you guys have for tomorrow the two games box there? We'll do two boxes at a time matters and Ravens Yeah, I'm in the same boat as you no idea Rex. I will say I do want the Lions to win. I just don't see it That is true Well, maybe that was just a trap that the NFL sets that People would bet on those two teams thinking they gave out the script and they just fooled everybody Doesn't red and blue make purple You got a look deeper deeper into it. Yeah, I don't think so either This one's gonna be a little bit of a longer break All right, here we go box one good luck everybody first hit here Rodney Harrison Super Bowl autograph for the Patriots going to Karen Patriots strike first On-card autograph It's from 2022 Panini. There's a lot of these insert autographs in here Got a Bryce young there take that Sam Howell these are the like the color bursts not numbered but one per box and James Conner fire and ice For my Cardinals that's out of 35 going to Adam They silver Bryce young behind it a couple brises So far a good or a bad thing. Do you guys still believe in Bryce young? Rigged conspiracy Rogers, I don't think that one is numbered. No, Nick Chubb to 125 for the brownies Chris O'Lave to 199 and James Conner There's a lot of fillers in this too, which is kind of annoying TJ Hawkinson number 299 for the Vikings Russ When I learn how to sleeve while I still Well, I still have the cards in my hand like Jason does that's when I'll have taken my breaking to the next level Juju Smith Schuster to 175 Yeah, unfortunately, I'm a Cardinals fan Eric and a grid iron greats Gil Brent Another insert autograph From 2022 Don Russ For the Cowboys, it's gonna Shawn all a fame inscription though. That's pretty cool And Will Levitt's relic to 199 nice one for Tennessee. That's gonna David. That is 85 out of 199 Got Drew Sanders to 175 for the Broncos Tyreek Stevenson to 125 going to the Bears To a to 150 that is two out of 150 One off T-Law To 125 Michael Mayer Silver Joey Porter Jr. To 199 and Tony Pollard Honestly, I feel like we can only go up from here. I agree Chad We can only go up from here.  Well, you guys have definitely Been a lot more successful than we have All right box to Keon White and off rip got Sam LaPorta Relic there Lions that's going to Chad nice Bijan number to 199 Atlanta is picked up by Joe Najee Harris another one for Pittsburgh Pittsburgh was picked up by Michael Michael G To 175 just Gibbs Josh Jacobs 1099 for the Raiders Devonte Adams another hit for the Raiders to 175 Porter Devon a chain silver nice one for Miami with a Jalen Hyatt to 199 99 out of 199 a lot of numbered cards in here Just nice What is this? Trey Hendrickson Cracked ice autograph going to the bangles Cincinnati that's going to Adam Scott From 2022 Don Russ. I mean, what's going on here? Penini you want to give us some Phoenix cards got a Kenny Pickett color burst Some more Steelers here another Najee to 150 going for the rainbow Leviss canine and Cedric Tillman to 35 Nice rookie there for the Browns brownies was picked were picked up by a Jerry very nice Yeah, it's two boxes. Sorry Eric, I believe there are there should be Aaron Rodgers autographs in here. There's another Tillman To 250. All right. Okay heating up a little bit my homes to 150 It's nice, and I think we do have a redemption Which means it'll be a Phoenix card DK To 125 No, not not a redemption. It's passing the torch TJ. What? Going to Pittsburgh It's going to Michael. This is actually pretty remarkable That there hasn't been one Phoenix autograph in here 2022 clearly Don Russ With a Quinton Johnson there I have no idea I Did a whole case yesterday. There was probably less Non-phedics autographs in the entire case than there were in these two boxes No exaggeration. There's actually a pretty solid Adam, there's a pretty solid vet checklist for most of the teams obviously they're all pretty rare, but Each team has some solid vets, and I don't know what's going on here Also, Philly is beating the nuggets with no maxi and no indeed I will say though TJ TJ Watts sells pretty well. There's one box in there our last box here These also have to be the worst tax to rep I will say that Please give us an RPA please Here we go boxes three and four Christian Watson to 99 for the Packers Baker Baker to 199 for Tampa Bay Nick Chubb to 150 for the Browns Bijan Joey B Two out of 150 Devon Witherspoon for the Seahawks To 199 there's a Bijan Silver See our hate here mmj Marvin Mims It is Marvin Mims. There we go a Phoenix autograph Marvin Mims Jr. RPA going to Denver. That's for Timothy He's a football in there rising rookies That is 61 out of 199 Michael Wilson to 50 Nice patch for my Cardinals. That's going to add them. That's three color patch Okay. All right Heating up a little bit AJ Brown out of 50 The Eagles it's gonna Angel Herbert to 75 Michael Pim in Jr. To 175 So click something Justin Jefferson a little off-center there but to 199 Rishi Rice To 150 Yeah, the packs are tough. Sorry Sometimes I get a little distracted and Don't see the chat as much but we got Michael Wilson nice Another one for my Cardinals going to add them 47 out of 75 nice Nice passion. That's the dual patch auto nice break for 14 bucks a Bryce young there's CJ Jamar Chase colorburst and not numbered filler Kirk EO to 199 and a JSN there to close out the third box All right last box here guys got Kenneth Walker to 150 Chubbs and a Jaden Reed 45 out of 75 for the Packers What's the Packers Green Bay is Simon Clayton tune another one from my Cardinals to 125 Always buy the Cardinals when I'm breaking First autograph is gonna be a Girvin Dexter senior For the Bears Chicago that's going to Christopher that is numbered 44 out of 50 Rex I will do I will do to you what Joe's been wanting to do for a long time and I will I'll get you out of here, man Rashad white to 199 JK Dobbins color blast filler Nick Bosa To 25 nice one for the Niners it's going to Michael Michael J. Got a silver Stroud and For the Chargers, that's a triple relic of Charlie joiner Mike Williams and Quinton Johnston. Nice one there Chargers, it's going to Adam Adam Kay 116 out of 150. All right. All right. I'm liking this box. Here we go. I Picked up two cards Anthony Richardson to 199 for the Colts It's for Joe Mahomes Kyler Chad Ryland for the Pats to one or 250. Sorry. Well, Leviss Wow CJ contours to 150 this is the box we needed You know what you guys can send a message to support at Jaspies comm If you guys want to report me, I Deserve it got a Jared Goff to 99 for the Lions Bryce young and a Jameer Gibbs to 150 Hey, what? So the blue is to 150. Oh, no, sorry the Stroud is to 199 It's just stamped on that pattern. It makes it hard to see We should we actually should Chad Drake London for the Falcons to 199 and Jared Goff I mean, I guess you can rex Not that I would do anything now to a silver To 49 Jordan Addison Whoo rising rookies RPA Minnesota it's going to fill All right, the first two boxes were a little tough, but definitely a nice way to end it. Oh, yeah Wait, he's the only one I could feel Joe's annoyance through the screen. Yeah, I could kind of tell to Christian Kirk. He just wasn't getting it. I guess All right, let's do a little recap. We'll recap the hits here Jordan Addison to 49 nice RPA triple relic for the Chargers Dexter senior to 50 Michael Wilson is 75 another Michael Wilson This one is to 50 Marvin Mims RPA and this is where it gets a little bit funky passing the torch TJ Watt Trey Hendrickson Laporta patch will Leviss patch Gil Brent autograph and Rodney Harrison Obviously the first two boxes weren't even Phoenix autographs, but We got Panini We got Panini But if you guys want to finish off that case, I feel like I said we can only go up from here So pick your team number four is Posted that's down to 13. So if you guys want to grab your spots for the next next four boxes Would love to do that as well, but thank you to everyone who got into the break. Thank you guys for watching And I'll see you guys in the next one. Bye guys