Laterzinomab is a new drug being developed to treat frontotemporal dementia, FTD, caused by heterozygous loss of function mutations in the prognulin, PGIN, gene. It works by reducing the amount of sotilin, a protein that binds to PGIN and transports it to the lysosome for degradation. This reduces the amount of PGIN available for degradation, leading to higher levels of PGIN in the body.  This article was authored by Michael Kernelis, Ononia Mitra, Tina Schwab, and others.


The study found that silk fabrics died with madder and gallnut-maintained nearly 99.98% antifungal activity against candida albicans after five washes, while HPLC-PDA detected colouring compounds and their peak heights in the dyed fabrics and CIE-lap spectrophotometre measured their colour values. This article was authored by Rizan Alkan, a mine tool gun, and redjet caradag.


We'll see that Judaism actually has various rhythms. There are various rhythms to the life of a Jew. As part of the nation, for example, we are all part of the history of the Jewish people that is moving inexorably towards its destiny to its prophetic destiny that we've described in the past few sessions. But we are not just here in the present. We are part of a nation that has a future and we're heading towards that future. So that's part of our rhythm of life. There's also the rhythm that Jewish experience that's tied into the Jewish calendar. So for example, each day, there's a rhythm of the day that revolves around the three different times for prayer. The morning prayer, afternoon prayer, evening prayer, then of course there's the rhythm of the weekly cycle. The six work days followed by the Sabbath is a great part of the consciousness, the rhythm consciousness of Jewish people. Then there's the monthly cycle, where every month we celebrate the new moon. Each month has its own character. The lunar month, approximately 30 days long, but that's part of again, the cycle of rhythms that we go through. We're conscious of the fact that we're now in a particular month and in a few days or a few weeks, the new month is going to begin. And then during the course of the year, there's the rhythm of all the different Jewish holidays. For example, one rhythm of the year are the three pilgrim festivals. There were three festivals when the Jewish people lived in Israel and there was a temple where it was an obligation to go to Jerusalem and be there for the festivals, the Passover of the Feast of Week, Shavuot, and the Feast of Tabernacles. And there were other holidays during the year. Every year there are the high holidays that revolve around the beginning of the Jewish calendar year, the new year, Yom Kippur, the day of Atonement after that. There were the minor holidays like Purim and Hanukkah. So we have a rhythm to our lives that revolves around the holidays that come out during the year. If you're living in Israel during the time when there was a temple, even now a bit, there is the cycle of the sabbatical years where there's every seventh year, the Shemitah, the sabbatical year, actually even a longer cycle, which is every 50 years, the Jubilee year. But Jewish life is a life of rhythm based upon the calendar. Then there is the rhythm of the life cycle events that we each go through as individuals when we experience these events in our own unique personal timing. So tonight we'll try to explore some of the major features of Judaism's life cycle from cradle to grave. So the very first commandments in the Bible, the very first commandment in the Torah is when God commands Adam and Eve to be fruitful and to multiply. Now aside from the personal blessings that come from having children, Judaism is also concerned with the importance of having descendants to carry on the national mission of the Jewish people. So for example, we see throughout the book of Genesis, we're not patriarchs and matriarchs, we're having difficulty having children, and conceiving their concern was not just a personal concern that they wanna have pleasure from their children, they were concerned about who is going to carry on their legacy, who's gonna carry on the mission of the Jewish people. And Jewish law teaches that a man and a woman fulfill their obligation of having children when they have one son and one daughter, just like God created initially a man and a woman. So even though a couple fulfills their obligation of being fruitful and multiplying when they have a son and a daughter, Judaism encourages families to go beyond this minimum and to actually aim for larger families. However, we have to be cognizant to the fact that there are many factors that have to be considered when considering how many children a couple is going to have, including the physical and psychological well-being of the mother. And so when warranted, family planning is certainly permitted. Now, one of the things that expectant parents deal with is choosing a name for their child. Names in the Bible and names in Judaism are extremely significant and important. They have a strong relationship to the person and the person's nature. There's a correspondence between who a person is and what their name is. And even though according to Jewish teaching, prophecy came to an end around 2,400 years ago, there is among other remnants of prophecy that we still have. For example, our sages teach that often dreams are a 60th of prophecy, but our sages teach that when parents are naming their child, they're also gifted with an infusion of divine inspiration when choosing the name for their children. Usually Jews of European descent, we call these Ashkenazic Jews, will name their children after deceased relatives. So if there's a relative, a grandfather, or an aunt, or some person in the family who has not been named yet, a child has not been named after this deceased person in the family. So when Ashkenazic family is very common to name a new child after a deceased relative, either with the exact same name of that relative or a similar sounding name. Among spartic Jews, these are Jews that come from places like Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Iran, Iraq, and Africa, they will often name their children after living relatives. Now the names that are given traditionally in Jewish families are often names from the Bible, usually good people from the Bible, not usually evil people from the Bible, and also special righteous people from the Talmud. But we have a reservoir, a bank of names of people from the times of the Bible and Talmud, and it's very traditional to name Jewish children after these people. However, today it's not uncommon for Jewish parents to also give their children a non-Hebrew name, especially in societies outside the land of Israel, where for many reasons it's just convenient to have a non-Hebrew name. For example, many people that live in the United States or Canada cannot pronounce easily Hebrew names. So for example, Boruch might get the English name Brian, or Chaim might get the name Charles, but it's often given not just a Hebrew name to a child, which by the way becomes their official Hebrew name that's used in all official spiritual events, like when they get married or when they get called to the Torah, any official religious event, they're called by their Hebrew name, but often people will use their English or non-Hebrew name as well, although it's increasingly popular for many Jewish people to use their Hebrew name only. So you'll find many people who will not use any name other than the Hebrew name. Our sages teach us that one of the merits that we were able to leave Egypt when we were slaves in Egypt over 3,000 years ago, one of the things our sages say that we did that was meritorious was that people did not change their names. We kept to our traditional Jewish names so people will often use their Hebrew names exclusively. Now tonight, there are going to be many, many variations in the practices I'll be looking at tonight. We're covering a huge, vast amount of material and I won't be able to cover all the different variations of customs that exist. I'll be sharing what is genuinely speaking normative. Now the naming of girls usually takes place on the Shabbat on the Sabbath after they're born. Normally what happens is their father of the child, the baby girl is called up to the public reading of the Torah in synagogues on the Sabbath, the scriptures the Torah is read, there's a weekly Torah portion, they divide up the entire five books of Moses into 52 sections basically, so each Shabbat they're reading about 150th of the Torah and seven men are called up to recite blessings before the different readings so the father of the baby girl is called up and that is when the girl will be given her name publicly, the father will announce the name of the girl at that time. There will also be at that time special blessings that are recited for the health of the mother and for the newborn baby. In some communities is also a reception, a party that's held in honor of the birth of the baby girl. Baby boys are named when they're circumcised which takes place generally eight days after they're born and in many communities from European descent, Ashkenazic Jews, there's a custom to first have a small celebration on the first Friday night after the birth of a baby boy which is called a Shalom Zachar, welcoming the boy and again it's informal celebration held in the home usually on a Friday night after the Friday night Sabbath meal and there are words of Torah that are spoken, songs are sung and songs of thanksgiving, light refreshments is served, it's a nice little reception that the family has but then the major event for the boy is the circumcision again taking place eight days after the child is born. Some people have the custom of having little children come to the house on the night before the circumcision for the little children to recite the words of the Shema Yisrael, the famous prayer from the Hebrew Bible, the declaration of Jewish faith. Hero Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one. Little children will recite that prayer in the presence of the little baby about to be circumcised. The Bible tells us that when God entered into a covenant with Abraham, when God first established his covenant with Abraham and Abraham's descendants, God decreed that there should be a sign of this relationship that would be marked on Abraham and his male descendants. The word in Hebrew for covenant is a breed or we say bris and this is also the word used for the sign of the covenant. So the word breed is both a covenant itself and it's also used for the physical sign of the covenant that takes place on the eighth day. There's a general attempt to perform all Jewish religious obligations as soon as possible without delay and so therefore the bris ceremony, the circumcision is normally done right after the morning prayer services on the eighth day which takes place usually seven, eight o'clock in the morning and unless the boy is underweighed or jaundiced or is unwell on some other way, they stick to that eighth day timeframe. What happens is a baby is usually placed on a pillow. Sometimes the pillow is specially decorated. Normally what happens is the mother of the baby will hand the baby on the pillow to a friend, the mother, married woman. She then hands the baby off to her husband and then someone is then honored to take the baby and place the baby on what is called the Kisei Eliyahu, the chair of Elijah. Elijah was the Jewish prophet who encouraged the Jewish people to keep the covenant and keep the covenant of circumcision so we have a special chair at the circumcision ceremony to honor Elijah the prophet but also we know that Elijah was a very critical prophet and he criticized the Jewish people in front of God for not observing the Torah and not observing the covenant. So according to Jewish tradition, the Bible actually says that Elijah the prophet never died. He went straight to heaven after he died and he is constantly around, he visits every generation and so he actually is made to come to every circumcision where God chose him. You see, these people thousands of years after you are still observing the covenant of circumcision. After the child is placed on the chair of Elijah, he's taken by someone else who hands him over to someone that's called the Sandek. Sandek is often a grandparent, grandfather or some other honored person who holds the baby on their knees during the circumcision itself. It's very rare for a father to circumcise their own child. It's very difficult to do to your own child. Most fathers are not trained anyway. Even if the father is trained, it's just not the kind of thing fathers can easily do. So they have a specially trained person to do the circumcision that's called a mohel. Sometimes a mohel will also be a doctor but doesn't have to be a medical doctor. The mohel is trained to an extent where actually they do a much better job than circumcisions performed in a hospital. After the mohel performs the circumcision, the people assembled bless the boy and they all say together just as he, the boy, has entered into the covenant, into the covenant of circumcision, so may he enter into the study of Torah, marriage and the performance of good deeds. And after this, the baby is given its name, the baby boy is given its name and the ceremony is followed by a celebratory festive meal. Now the number eight in Jewish thought is very symbolic and very meaningful. Seven is often seen as the number that describes the completion of something in the natural realm. There are seven days of the week, there are seven colors in the rainbow, in the western hemisphere, there are seven notes in the musical scale, but eight is seen as the number of going beyond the physical to the metaphysical, going beyond the physical realm to the spiritual realm. And so the eighth day is a very significant and meaningful day for the circumcision because God's covenant with Abraham was that he would ensure that the Jewish people will exist forever. Now when you think about that, that the Jewish people should exist forever, totally defies the laws of nature. We have many mighty empires from thousands of years ago that totally disappear, they no longer exist. And yet the fact that a small people, the people of Israel are still here is quite miraculous. So circumcision on the eighth day where eight symbolizes the idea of supernatural is a very appropriate time for the circumcision to take place because it symbolizes the idea that the Jewish survival is not a natural phenomenon. This is one reason that's given for why the mark of circumcision is made on the reproductive organ. Because again, it's speaking about the continuity of the Jewish people. But another reason that the circumcision takes place on the reproductive organ is to teach us the lesson that we have to always be in control of our passions and our desires and we have to strive for purity and holiness in our relationships, especially in our intimate relationships. Now this significance between the circumcision and purity in relationships was not lost on one of the greatest evil people in the history of the world. Adolf Hitler said the following. He said, it is true that we are barbarians. It is an honor title to us. I free humanity from the shackles of the soul, from the degrading suffering caused by the false vision called conscience and ethics. The Jews have inflicted two wounds on mankind, circumcision on the body and conscience on the soul. These are Jewish inventions. The war for domination of the world is waged only between the two of us, between these two camps alone, Germany and the Jews. Now if a woman's child, if a woman's first child is a baby boy, there may be another life cycle event that takes place 31 days after he's born. We know among the people of Israel, among the Jewish people, there are three groups. We have what is known as the priests, the Kohanim, the Levites, the Levium and everyone else who are referred to as Yisra'elim Israelites. Now originally, the original plan that God had was that the role of all first born children, all first born males, would be that they would be the ones to serve in both the Tabernacle in the desert and later in the Holy Temple in Jerusalem. That was supposed to be the role of the first born male children. However, after the debacle of the golden calf, after the Torah was given, the first born children lost that privilege and it was transferred to the tribe of Levi who did not participate in the sin of the golden calf and they therefore then assumed the role and privilege of responsibility of the temple service. Now in the tribe of Levi itself, Levi was one of the 12 tribes, there was a smaller group within the tribe of Levi. These were the descendants of Aaron. Aaron was the brother of Moses and the descendants of Aaron among the rest of the Levi and the Levites, they became the actual priesthood and the priests were the ones that actually performed the sacrificial services in the temple. The rest of the tribe, the rest of the Levites had secondary responsibilities associated with the temple like singing the psalm, singing the songs in the temple during the services and assisting the priests in various ways. But that was the tribe that was gonna be serving in the temple. The first born lost that privilege. However, there was still a connection, an ongoing connection between every first born child and God and that traces itself back to the 10th plague in Egypt. We know that the 10th plague in Egypt was a plague when all the first born in Egypt were supposed to be killed, every first born were supposed to die. God, however, saved the first born of the Jewish nation and that saving of the Jewish first born basically connected the Jewish first born to God. We as first born became gods. He in a sense, we are his. And therefore, what happened in the Torah was that once the responsibility of serving God was given to the tribe of Levi, a commandment was given to redeem the rest of the first born, first born male children to any mother who herself was not a daughter of a priest or a Levite. So if a mother who herself is a daughter of a priest or a Levite, she doesn't do this, but any other mother that has a first born when their first born child is a male, the Torah requires that that male child, male first born child be redeemed. And what happens is the father on the 31st day after the birth of the child gives about 100 grams of silver, usually in the equivalent of five coins, it's given to any priest. And this celebration, this ceremony of giving this money to the priest to redeem their first born child is again usually celebrated with family and friends coming to a informal reception. Some people have beyond this another life cycle milestone for young boys. Some people have the custom of not cutting a boy's hair for the first three years. Now this is sometimes connected to the biblical prohibition against using, not using any of the fruits that grow from a tree for the first three years after the tree is planted. So after three years, the baby's hair is cut for the first time. And again, some families make a special party for their child when their hair is first cut. Some little baby boys begin wearing a kippah, a skull cap at that time if they're able to. It's not easy for a three year old to keep it on its head. And then we will go about 10 years into the future for the next life cycle event, which is called bar or bat mitzvah. According to Jewish law, a girl reaches adulthood at the age of 12 years and one day. For a baby, for a boy, their adulthood takes place at the age of 13 years and one day. And it's at this time when the boy and the girl become fully obligated to observe the commandments of the Torah. Until this age, the parents are deeply involved in trying to educate and train their children to follow the ways of the Torah at appropriate stages. So for example, every Jewish family is gonna only feed their children, even babies, kosher food. But little babies are not going to be trained to recite blessings before and after they eat food. That will only kick in when a child is able to do that. So at the appropriate ages, parents will begin training the children to do the appropriate religious observances.  Bat mitzvah means daughter of the commandments. And again, it's at this age when they become responsible for their behavior and it shifts the responsibility, shifts from their parents. Until this age, their parents are responsible for them. What happens at this age, again, 12 years and a day for a girl, 13 years and a day for a boy, is that they begin to become more sensitive to the callings of their soul. Until this time, basically, children only are attentive to their bodies. They're totally selfish. But the ability to begin thinking beyond their own physical selfish needs begins at this age. And it's because of this that they now have more free will to decide right from wrong, and therefore they become responsible and accountable for their behavior. It's customary for families to celebrate their children becoming bar about mitzvah with a festive meal. At the meal, they're usually speeches given about the significance of the event. Sometimes the child will speak at the event as well. Sometimes these receptions will be held at home. Sometimes at a synagogue or some other kind of reception hall. There is absolutely no obligation to make a lavish, expensive affair as is very common today. These are often actually not really even in the proper spirit of what a bar about mitzvah should be. What is often more appropriate than making one of these lavish, sometimes not in good taste parties, which are really basically big birthday parties, is to possibly some families will take their children to Israel to mark their bar about mitzvah. Now in traditional Jewish communities where a boy can be counted into the necessary quorum for public prayer when they become bar mitzvah, you need 10 adult men to have a prayer service. It's customary for a bar mitzvah boy to be called up to recite the blessings for the public reading of the Torah on the first available time it happens after they turn 13. It could be on a Monday morning when the Torah is read, a Thursday morning, or a Shabbat morning. In some places they'll throw little candies at the boy when he concludes saying the blessings to help celebrate. Some boys will not just recite the blessings, they'll actually read the Torah itself and they'll lead part of the prayer services in non-orthodox communities when women are included in the quorum for public prayer. So bar mitzvah girls will often be given some role as a full participant in the prayer services there. The next major milestone in Jewish life is marriage. Bar and bat mitzvah is a time when we come into a more spiritual maturity, but marriage is the time when we reach another level in personal development. According to our mystical teachings, the Bible itself hints at the fact that the initial human being was formed as a combination of both male and female. The original model off the assembly line was hermaforditic, both male and female together. And in a later point in the creation story, God separated the male from the female and they became two separate beings. But when people get married, what they really are doing is they are coming together with the original half. That's why the Bible says, therefore a man shall leave his father and mother and cleave to his wife and they will become one flesh. In marriage, we reunite with our other half to really achieve the original state we were meant to be in. And because finding the right marriage partner is such an incredibly important and weighty decision, Judaism discourages the kind of casual and recreational dating that is prevalent in our Western societies. Young adults are encouraged to focus primarily on maturation, maturing into integrated spiritual and ethical individuals that develop clarity in terms of who they are and what their values and aspirations are. Dating usually only begins once someone is ready to get married and wants to find a suitable life partner. The dating process is geared to exploring whether the other person is compatible in terms of values, goals and personalities. They also meet to determine whether or not there's physical attraction and chemistry between them. But in traditional societies, there is no physical contact between the young man and the young woman until after marriage. Once a couple decides they want to get married, they'll announce their engagement. Often their families will make a public reception in one of their homes to celebrate the engagement. The couple continues to refrain from physical contact in traditional communities and it's custom for them to try and therefore arrange a wedding date that's not too far in the future. You don't usually find in traditional societies people getting engaged and getting married a year and a half later. They will try to get married soon after their engagement. It's also customary for the bride and groom, the soon to be bride and groom, not to see each other at all during the week before their wedding. Now in Ashkenazah communities, again these are from European communities, the groom is given the honor of being called up to the Torah on the Shabbat before their wedding for a public reading during the public reading of the Torah and it's customary again for congregants to shower him with candies after he says the blessings and there's often a special celebration with refreshments after the services are over. Some communities have a custom where the bride's friends spend the Shabbat before the wedding with her for informal celebrating this is called the Shabbat Kala, the Sabbath of the bride and it's customary for a bride and groom to fast on the day of their wedding. This fasting is in recognition of the fact that they're beginning a new life together, they wanna begin this new life in purity, in seriousness and it's a day where they're both seeking spiritual renewal. So the fasting of a wedding day is somewhat similar to the fasting of Yom Kippur the day of Atonement. At traditional weddings the bride and groom begin the wedding day in separate rooms. The bride is in one area and receives her guests and greets her friends and family, the groom is in another room, usually there's music and refreshments and singing and the groom is greeting his guests. Sometimes the guests obviously go back and forth between the different rooms. What happens is in the groom's room the marriage document which is called the Katuba is finalized, usually the Katuba which outlines the obligations of the husband to his bride it's normally prepared before the wedding. Now it could be a standard printed document that you buy in a store, it's often a handmade decorated illuminated work of art but at the reception before the wedding actually takes place this document is signed by witnesses. In an Ashkenazic wedding before everyone proceeds to the actual wedding ceremony itself the custom is that the two mothers of the bride and the groom come together and they break a plate to symbolize the seriousness of the day and to symbolize the fact that just as the plate when it's broken is broken forever it really can never be put back together. So the prayer is that the relationship between this couple will be permanent and will never be broken. Before the actual wedding ceremony the groom's friends and family dance him accompany to music to where the bride is seated and he places the bride's veil over her face. This is actually based upon a story in the Bible where Rebecca is veiled. It's a sign both of modesty and the fact that what's truly important about the bride is not her external physical beauty but her internal beauty and the presiding rabbis and parents will often bless the bride at this time. Everyone then proceeds together to the chuppah the chuppah is the marriage canopy which symbolizes the new home that the couple will build together. This chuppah the canopy is basically open on all four sides like a tent. Sometimes the chuppah is set up under the stars outside and sometimes it is set up indoors in the synagogue or reception hall. The groom and the bride will each be marched down to the chuppah by their parents usually at Ashkenazik weddings. The bride will walk around encircling her groom seven times at a Svartik wedding a prayer shawl will be draped over the bride and groomed together and held by their friends. Often at the wedding ceremony a groom will wear a white robe called a kitil. It's a very significant garment. It's a kitil is a garment that is worn on the high holidays to symbolize purity. It's worn at a press over Seder. It's also ironically the garment that a person is buried in. And yet it's worn under the chuppah because of the solemnity of the occasion. The person conducting the wedding will recite a blessing over a cup of wine and then the bride and groom will each be given a sip of wine from that cup. A simple gold ring is then taken by the groom and put on the forefinger of the bride as the groom declares that they are now betrothed together. It's customary by the way for the bride not to give her groom a ring under the chuppah but she can do so later if she wants to. Next what happens is the katuba, the wedding document is read publicly and it becomes the property of the bride. This is followed by honored guests at the wedding being called up to recite seven special blessings for the marriage of the new couple. Afterward the bride and the groom each sip again from a glass of wine and next a clean glass is placed on the floor wrapped in a napkin and the groom smashes it with his foot. This symbolizes the fact that even at our most joyous moments in life we express our sadness over the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem, the fact that we don't have our temple today standing in Jerusalem. All the guests then congratulate the couple and they are marched off to company by music to a private room where they left alone together for about 10 minutes to spend time together for the first time in their relationship. They have not been allowed to be together in a locked room before. Since they've been fasting all day there's often food for them to eat. They can also express their physical affection for each other at this time. And while the couple is in this private room the guests all sit down and they begin a festive meal and when the couple enters later on everyone rushes to dance around them and the entire wedding basically moves back and forth between courses of the meal and dancing around the bride and groom entertaining them with dancing, with juggling, with skits, with acrobatics and with rousing music. Again the purpose of the wedding is not for people that are going there to have a good time for themselves it's to make sure the bride and groom have a wonderfully joyous day. At the end of the wedding meal everyone recites the grace after meals together and another seven special guests are honored to recite the seven special blessings for the bride and groom again at the end of the wedding meal. During the first week of their marriage friends and family will arrange special festive meals each day for those first seven days for the bride and groom and again at each of these festive meals they recite these special seven blessings at the end of the grace after meals. The first year of marriage is an incredibly special one where the husband is really supposed to be especially attentive to rejoicing with his bride making her happy. For example, there's a custom that the groom does not travel without her away from home during that first year unless there's a huge need and she gives permission but the year should be focused on building together a solid foundation of love and respect for their life together. Now it's been said that people often live their lives in the same way that they write a postcard to someone. When you start writing a postcard you begin writing with nice big words and then you realize later on that you're running out of space and you haven't said all the things that you want to say so people begin writing very very tiny letters they turn the card over and they start writing on the front of the postcard they turn it all inside and they write around the stamp but it's very tough after you begin writing a postcard with very large letters when you run out of room it's very hard to get everything in that you want to say and people often live their lives in the same way we often waste so much time and only wake up much later and realize there are so many things in life that we really never accomplished. The same thing is really happening here in our class tonight. We don't really have that much time together and there's still a huge topic ahead of us but I'm going to have to try to squeeze it in. The essence of who we are as human beings is not so much our body but our souls but the body is important because the soul is housed in the body and therefore we have to treat our bodies with respect and with dignity and therefore when a person dies autopsies and embalming and cremation are considered to be desecrations of the body the only exception to these prohibitions is when there is an emergency need in order to save one's life so for example if an autopsy will help save someone's life or the donation of an organ there's someone immediately that needs an organ those are the only times when anything can be done to the body the Bible says in the beginning of Genesis to Adam and Eve to Adam by the sweat of your brow you will eat bread until you return from the ground from where you were taken for you are dust and you will return to the dust so in the same way that our souls return to their spiritual source in the spiritual realm after death the body is returned to its place of origin which is the earth it's considered disrespectful to the body to delay a burial and so normally burial is not delayed unless it's for the dignity of the corpse so for example a burial might be delayed for a day or two to allow for relatives who are living far away to be able to attend the funeral the body is never left alone from the moment of death until the burial there's always at least one person who is watching the body guarding the body, reciting psalms it's called a showmare but it's a way again of paying respect and honoring this body which was housing a soul for its entire life prior to the burial the body is washed in a special way prepared for burial it's wrapped in plain white linen shrouds and this is normally done by the local Jewish Burial Society almost all Jewish communities have what is called a chevre kadisha which is a special burial society that tends to the needs of those who have died and prepare them for burial it's a great, great merit for people to become part of a burial society the body is supposed to be buried in a plain wooden coffin that can return the body to the ground quickly and easily in order for the body to decompose quickly and easily we don't bury a body in fancy metal or other materials a plain wooden coffin is all that is done in Israel actually they put the body straight into the ground at least in Jerusalem that's the custom is to put a body directly into the ground that cannot be done in North America there has to be some kind of a coffin before the burial the community gathers with friends and relatives and the deceased is eulogized the eulogy is especially serious time to reflect on who the person was it's not a time for necessarily entertaining anyone people are supposed to actually come to tears when they hear a eulogy the body is then taken to the cemetery and buried it's customary for those present to take turns shoveling dirt onto the coffin after it's been lowered into the ground psalms and special prayers for the dead are then recited and then people will return to the home of the mourners now for the mourners themselves there are several stages in the process where they deal with the death of a close loved one the first stage is when they hear about the death itself our tradition says that when you find out that someone has died you recite the blessing blessed is God king of the universe who is the true judge we accept the fact that people die and we accept the fact that God knows what he's doing and we bless God even upon the death of someone that we love when a close relative dies which is again a parent a spouse, a child or a sibling one tears their garment when hearing the news some people will tear the garment only at the funeral service itself but the garment that you're wearing should be torn the next stage is called aninut the person has lost a close relative is called an onain an onain is someone between the death of their loved one and the burial this is a time when they're supposed to be preparing for the burial and therefore they have no obligations to perform any positive religious practices for example an onain does not pray does not recite blessings, does not study Torah an onain is supposed to be basically focused on the needs at hand which is preparing for the burial of their loved one after the funeral itself begins seven days that are called shiva shiva is the number meaning seven it begins after the funeral where during that seven day period the mourner basically does not leave their house they don't attend to their external appearances so for example men don't shave no one takes haircuts, mirrors in the house are covered they wear the torn clothing that they tore at the time when they heard of the death no one puts on cosmetics no one bathes or showers unless it's for hygienic reasons we don't wear leather shoes during that seven day period we don't sit on a regular chair we only sit on a low stool prayer services are held in the home and during the shiva period guests come, relatives and friends come to pay their respect and to console the mourners the purpose of coming to the house of a mourner is not to take their mind off of their loss the purpose of coming to the house of the mourner is to help the person through the bereavement process which is basically to encourage them to speak about the person that passed away their relationship to the person it's not a time for people to tell stories and take the minds of the mourners off of their loved ones after the seven days there is a less intense period of mourning that lasts for 30 days that's called shloshim shloshim is the word for 30 and still no shaving or haircuts takes place people do not go to parties or social events joyous occasions during the shloshim but during this period they are able to leave their house they can go to work they can wear normal clothing and except for parents the mourning process ends after these 30 days for parents however the mourning period lasts for a whole year and during this year a mourner is allowed to shave get their hair cut but they don't attend festive events they don't attend social gatherings pleasure trips, they don't listen to music and a special prayer is recited during the entire first 11 months which is called a kadesh kadesh is a prayer that we say that is associated with someone dying it's a prayer we basically praise the existence of God and we pray for the expansion of God's presence and reality in the world every human being is created in the image of God so when someone dies God's image so to speak is diminished so kadesh is a prayer where we ask God's presence to be magnified in the world and it's a time for the mourner to demonstrate that the loved one that passed away had a positive spiritual influence on them they are now the kind of person that's getting up in front of a group of people and praising God and magnifying God's name for parents there is a custom to celebrate to mark the yurt site which is the anniversary of their death every year after they die people will say kadesh on that day the light of candle on that day is a custom to again mark the passing of relatives during special prayers during the year called yuskor prayers of remembrance which are held on certain of the holidays during the year there's also a custom to visit the graves of people that have passed away at least once a year but the entire system of the laws of mourning is geared toward maintaining the dignity and respect to the person that's passed away and secondly to help the bereaved people process the loss one of the most difficult things is for people to confront the loss of a loved one we know that psychologists tell us that the first stage in mourning is often denial people deny the fact that someone has died and the jewish tradition asks us to do the exact opposite we do everything possible not to deny what's happened we try to confront what's happened and to become very real with our feelings and to work through our feelings and this system of different periods of mourning where there's an intensity of seven days followed by thirty days followed by a whole year helps a person work through their loss come to grip with their feelings and it's an extremely cathartic experience an uplifting experience where hopefully a person is able to both pay on in respect to their loved ones but to also themselves grow through the process in their own comfort as well


So hello everyone welcome to our next talk in security room and it's Stefan and his talk about secure logging with SysLockNG. So let's welcome. I'm going to talk about secure logging with SysLockNG that's a project that we performed at Albus but of course we profited a lot from the open source community and I hope that we will also enjoy what we've enjoyed when using this development model. So I'm going to talk about forward integrity and confidentiality and before actually coming to the topic I want to perform what we want to protect against. So what is actually the threat model that we want to protect against? So forward integrity and confidentiality is about securing the log host against attackers that gain full compromise. So currently if an attacker is able to compromise your system fully he can mess up the logs and tries to hide his traces. For example he can delete files, he can delete individual log entries from your file, he can even alter individual log entries and you will never notice it if you have any security mechanism attached to your log file. The problem is typically you open the log file you can delete one line you will never know that that was there originally. So that's what we want to protect against. In addition we at Albus you know we are producing aircraft and aircraft are not always connected to a network. They are connected to a network sometimes through specific protocols but they are also disconnected. So when an attacker for example is compromising our system that's airborne which is onboard the airplane so there is no connection. So we want to protect it also when it's airborne and typically in our operational model log files get offloaded off the airplane when it's at the airport through a series of mechanisms but typically we can assume that an attacker for example that is on board the airplane is trying to take our system so we must also take that into account. So how does log integrity now work in principle? So we have a log host here you see a log host it's an airborne computer it is a standard form factor for airborne computers quite different than the ones you used that in a server rack probably. That's an airborne server rack what you see here so that's our unit and it is the log host so other systems are connected to it and other systems are providing log records to that log host. So at time t0 we have a log entry l0 and so on so we have a series of time of log entries. So now what does log integrity mean? So let's assume that at this particular time somebody is trying to mess up with the logs after having successfully compromised our system. What does the attack actively do? He will probably delete that log entry he will probably change log entry edit the log entry and what does that mean for us? So our log file will now have an altered entry in this example we changed the log file so you see this l3 prime here. So the l3 prime cannot be distinguished from what was originally stored under l3. So let's assume that the attacker has gained root access so we will probably have a root access on the log. So that root access at that time will be deleted. So how can we know that this was the case? So with our principle now that we've edited this log ng we can use a verifier later on to actually verify that this changed log entry as we know was not the original one. So the verifier would indicate that there was a tampering with our log file. What does forward integrity actually mean? You're probably aware of the forward integrity in network encryption so it's a very similar principle here so we arrive a series of entries in the time and as in the previous example we compromise at a particular instance of time we compromise an entry and then we know that because the attacker has already compromised at that particular instance of time everything will be lost because we cannot rely on what has been written to the log after the log has been compromised. Forward integrity no means that we can still rely on what was there originally. So if the attacker hasn't tampered with let's say all the log entries before T3 in this example we can still use them for forensic purposes which is great because in an old model where we don't have forward integrity we can forget the whole log. So the question is how can we achieve that? I'm going to present you the algorithm so I will not go through all the details. You can read our paper which is on the foster website how that actually works. I will just explain briefly the principle about how this is supposed to work. It's very similar so some colleagues that I talked to mentioned the word blockchain that is a very fancy topic. I will not go into that any further but it's similar in principle.  Now you can say okay if we do this for each and every lock entry then do we always use the same key because then we wouldn't have forward integrity and in our example of course we don't do that what we do is we do key evolvement that means that each individual lock entry is encrypted with its own key and the key is then deleted from the system and this is what gives us the forward integrity because the attacker that would compromise our system at a particular instance of time of course has access to a key which is stored in the system but that key doesn't give him any additional information about what was originally encrypted before that compromise. So now you can say okay if I do that that's nice but what if I delete let's say a time t2 a lock entry from a lock how will you notice that? In order to guarantee the integrity of the whole lock file for example we an attacker might either delete an individual lock entry or he might truncate the lock we also have to protect the whole lock archive and this is we do this by what is named here aggregated MAC so we compute an aggregated HMAC over the whole lock file in addition to the MAC that we created for a single lock entry. So now if you delete an individual lock entry from the file we will notice that when we check that MAC so and in order to be efficient we do this iteratively like you say here so we start with the key not which is the individual initial key that is installed on our server when we put it into the airplane and once the first lock entry gets written we create the key key one and here you see how the key evolvement is actually happening so you have the K key i so the key at instance t3 is based on the key at instance t2 so we derive the key from the previous key so this is what is similar to a blockchain so to say but we also do the same for the aggregated MAC so this gives us the protection of the whole lock archive now how did we implement that so this is essentially a theoretical example that was also presented at some cryptographic conferences and what we actually did in our project was to answer the question okay this is a nice principle how can we apply it to the on-born logging system how can we implement it and then we came across the syslog and g architecture which you see here so we chose this lock and g because syslog and g has a very nice architecture which makes it extensible and you see here syslog and g essentially has these mechanisms to extend it so in the syslog and g terminology which can look up also on their website I put it here so you if you're in case you're interested you can pull it down from there it's very comprehensive they have a source driver which is a piece of software that actually acquires lock records maybe from a network socket like in classic syslog it may be a file it may be a database wherever it comes from it can be fed into the syslog and g system then it has a filter mechanism so we can actually filter and route individual lock entries inside syslog and g and you can also rewrite them this is the template mechanism so you get let's say you get a message in from a database and you want to reformat that message for the output let's say to a website or whatever then you can use the template mechanism to rewrite that message and then you write it to the destination and the destination can also be everything that you can think of it may be a database maybe a flat file maybe another lock relay another syslog instance whatsoever so you can create cascades of syslog and g instances like this and this is what we actually used when we implemented our cryptographic extension to syslog and key we use the template mechanism and implemented a template into the syslog and g so the good thing is that we can benefit from everything that was already there so we have all the source drivers we have all the filters that we use we just insert a template there and form of a plug-in which is essentially a capi within syslog and g we write that we add the two files as you see here so we have the key file and the mac file and then we write it to the destination so in our case we already had a syslog and g lock host on our album computer so this was a very very small change because we only needed to replace the binary essentially so to add our plug-in there and then we had to change the configuration in such a way that it would include our template so how does this typically look like I just created a very small example for you to have a glance about what that means so these are some random lock messages so to say they come in at the source and then you see the encrypted messages like these what we added here in addition but that's mostly for computational convenience is a counter so you see the colon there and the code before the colon we actually have a counter so when you now create the plain text at the very far as and it will look like this so the counter is convenient for us because of course you know because for each lock and to we have our individual key and if you want to trace the key file we also put that counter into the key file so how would that look like if you configure it well this is very simple so you see here a minimal syslog and g configuration files not very fancy doesn't use any filters but you see here there is a network source so standard syslog and here you see our template that's everything what we added and we we didn't need to write any any configuration file code of configuration pipe file parsing code everything was already there so we just use the interface of syslog and g so what you see here is the s log which is the secure logging template that we added we have to oh you don't see the mouse okay so you look at the the template line there then you have the s log minus k which is the location of your key file so where you store it the minus m is location for the Mac file and that dollar raw message gives you actually access to the raw log message that was received at the source in order to get that macro fill you have to add this particular flag which is called flags store raw message because syslog and g by default parses everything that it receives at the source into syslog conformant message and for encryption we don't want that so we want the raw message to be also encrypted so that's why we added here as the raw message and that's it and then we have a log entry you see it here the source is just the network and the destination is our local log file so this is what everything what you need to do in order to work with our code so how did we implement it just to give you a small example about the amount of effort that we put into it so we I don't know if it's it may be hard to read so you can read it on the paper which is on the fostering website so this is the source tree of syslog and g or part of it and this is where we added our source files so in addition to the source files existing so we had only six new source files to add why because most of the crypto code that we use relies on open message cell and open message cell is already present in syslog and g because it's also used for other plugins so we essentially all the crypto functions that we use are in the lip directory and the template code is in the modules directory so that's where we would look at we had no new dependencies so that means other than open SSL we don't need any new dependencies so if you want to compile syslog and g without code then it's very easy to do this is already set and in addition to that we did a lot of performance tests because we didn't want to empower the performance of our airborne computer where we have resource constraint of course in terms of power and we relied on AES and I already talked about this in the Intel CPU that we use we use a Skylake CPU in our airborne server so there was no performance impact for the lock entry the only impact that we have was the file I owe for the two small files so just to give you some numbers so on the development machine with these parameters we were able to digest about 9000 lock entries per second which is much more than we normally have a normal operation typical lock entry per on our lock host is about 200,000 lock entries in 25 hours so that's what we have on a normal airplane if you say if you extrapolate this to one year you will have about 73 million entries per year and still we will can can do the key derivation in less than a second so that's very very efficient of course we also had to face some challenges the first is the lock system behavior on the load you all know this so if you use a lock system that uses network sockets then you have the reliability problem so you if you have too many messages coming and you will either lose messages directly if you use UDP but even if you use TCP you can use loose messages if you don't want to lose those you can resort to things like the the rail protocol by the arseys lock guys which adds a layer 7 reliability on it but even then you you you have the challenge to face that you might lose messages for us it showed in the test that yes but this is normal behavior even if our module is not included so if you have plain system again G will have the same problems so it's not worse than we were before a major challenge was the syslick and G API which is not very very well documented so we really have to read the source code debug through the source code in order to know actually how the plug-in interface is supposed to work that was a bit tedious so no developer skype was available where you can just say okay this is the API if you want to extend it then you do this these steps this was not there the build system also was quite complex so it was not so easy because syslick and G is a very comprehensive system with a lot of plugins and you need to strip it down in such a way that can easily build your own code and that was also not so very very easy to do because also the build system was not well documented it relied on the GNU tools of course and you know how those work but if you just want to for example comply your own plug-in you have to do some handwork and the packaging of course had to be done manually the the syslick colleagues they supply a spec file for the rpm based Linux distribution which is what we use on body airplane but we had to tweak with this as well so that was handwork more or less very important thing to notice also that we will have no lock rotation because you can think of having your cryptographic chain where you change your lock entries together and you have the overall integrity tag on the whole lock file so if you now rotate things then you will delete content from your lock archive you cannot verify the lock any longer yeah because it you delete something from the crypto hierarchy so you have to be careful about lock rotation not to do lock rotation anymore so if you use syslick and G with any lock rotate you have to get rid of lock rotate what we do on the airplane for example as we have limited storage anyway what we have to do is to offload the locks down to our analysis tool and then do the verification there and then continue logging with the crypto lock an example scenario how it would look like in our operation so we have an airplane which has an on-board lock host like in this picture that's actually the rear box that flies on a320 so if you happen to fly on a320 from Otto Brussels you will probably have that box on board and on that box we do the keyword derivation and we do the the lock record creation so that box is actually running our crypto lock extension of syslick and G and when the airplane lands at the airport there are different facilities for transmitting data from the airplane to the infrastructure so in this example it may be an access point so we have a wireless connection between the airplane system and the other one infrastructure and from there we will transfer the locks into our security information and event management environment which in our case is a Splunk environment where we then can integrate the verification in and then we can do the normal lock analysis as we've used and that brings me to the summary so we achieved a system that is industrial ready because we have it on board the airplane it has passed a lot of tests we have colleagues who did some very interesting and deep tests on the system before we actually put it into production we have a minor change to syslick and G so everybody who is actually already using syslick and G will enjoy that it does not bring a great effort into to benefit from forward integrity and lock files we can do the verification offline so even if we have a small resource constrained airborne system it's not needed to do the verification on board so this is separate so we offline the locks offload the locks and then on in the round infrastructure we can use more computing power to do the verification and in the future what we intend to do and we just started to work on that was also an exciting an exciting project is to extend that into a system which can also recover from crashes so think about your lock host crashing and because of buffering you might lose lock entries if you now have a crypto lock then of course the verification will complain because you might have lost some data which is okay because you have lost them so your lock is not complete what we will now do is extend what we've already done for the tamper evident logging here we will do a crash recovery with a particular efficient algorithm that is storing the data in a redundant manner approximately about 11% increase in storage will give us crash recovery so that means that if somebody crests the lock even deliberately as an attacker in order to mess up logs we can recover those and still benefit from cryptographic integrity and that brings me to the end thank you so these are the languages I accept questions in yes that yeah how do you have a command line tool for this yes so what we what we call what you call decryption we actually call verification because it's not simply decrypting it's also checking all the hashes and for that we provide you with a verifier tool which is a command line utility so that's part of our package so if you build it with this login G without patch you would get that command line utility and you can use that command line utility in your scripting environment wherever you want to verify the locks in our case it's of course always on ground in some analysis environment it's not about the airplane so it's detached so you have one on one hand you have the lock host on one and on the other hand you have the verification to the decryption to just which we need this solution to a using on the lock host so in our cases redhead enterprise Linux 7 with our own custom build environment for the airborne of course you can think about it's a resource constrained system where we need to strip down the distribution and I this is my development machine so I build it on the fedora but yeah it builds on every little I also use it on a build it on open BST successfully although you have to patch it there but that's not because of our code that's because of Cislik and G needs patches and for open BST so it builds on a lot of open systems thanks for talk I'm more question on so you said one of the key properties that allows this mechanism to work is to delete the old keys so but I wonder do you also do you just store them in memory and realize that it's just not going away or do you write them to files or yeah for for reliability reasons we write them to files so I can probably check switch back to the picture here just to give you an idea where is it so here here you see the there are two small files that we write one is the key and the other one is the Mac so the problem is that if the system for some somehow has power interrupt also you will lose your key and then you cannot continue anymore in our case the we will resort to complain text logging in order not to lose any log information but the user and write for it like each step like each log line you overwrite basically yes yes yeah and this is this is of course the main a performance impact that we create reading and writing of small files it's a 56 by file okay and another question the templates that you show it looks a bit like it it looked like a string with like bashing lining and then line ending so is it actually do you actually call a sub-process all the time or yeah so it looked template and then braces and parenthesis yeah so it's no this is not a sub-process it's actually just in a function call so in syslog and G if you if you program a template because it's not in C++ it's plain C so there is a magic macro which essentially extends this into a function call which is particular to the template and then calls your template whether it finds an entry in the configuration file your functions call okay that's very efficient this is in contrast to our syslog they they actually do a fork exit yeah okay thanks you've got maybe one minute for last question okay it should be quick during the presentation you mentioned that it doesn't support a local rotation is there any particular reason why or is there any feature that could be similar to that log rotation yes a lot rotation will not work anymore because each log entry is cryptographic deling to the next one so if you rotate the locks you actually delete them and if you now want to do the verification then you have to do the verification from the starting point so you start at K naught with the fast key you you decrypt the first entry you evolve the key to the second one and so on if you now do delete all the entries in between you cannot no longer verify the locks because there are no hashes to verify so you can no longer use log rotation that's that's basically part of the principle if you need log rotation if you need to care about space as we do on what the airplane for example you can imagine that bought the airplane we don't have much storage space you need to offload the logs so the thing is that you can generate a signal when let's say 80% of your storage space is exhausted and then you would generally offload the logs and then verify them offline in another environment we have more storage space to pull them off the lock thank you we are out of the time so thank you for our talk


Welcome to our next talk Vicente Aguilera does he's going to Tell us that we're not only followed by the government and he shows it with a live demo So and hopefully he says everything will go Alright today. So give him a warm applause for his talk Thanks with morning Well at this moment perhaps some of us are being Investigated or under investigation without our knowledge But at the same time maybe Some of us are investigating some other Okay, we don't have the same infrastructure and resources that the government but We have access to a lot of information public information and We have the tools and we have the knowledge to exploit this information and to generate intelligence. Okay This talk is about well now It will speak about a tool that I have developed team for League To analyze The public information in social networks mainly Twitter and I will talk mainly about the five points the first point is is about why the social networks are Focusing my attention and why I chose Twitter to analyze Okay, the second point is about well how this kind of tools can help use can help you to Understand the the information and to to interpret and to generate intelligence and the third point is definition or team for League and I will present some of the Main features and the last part is the most important because I will so I Live demo so I will hope her nothing's Go wrong But this is the idea. Okay Why why? It's important to analyze social networks mainly because Nowadays if we want to know what happens in the world in real time we need to monitor the social networks okay and here quake and Terrorist attack social event all is In the social networks And we can access this information and we can exploit this information This is the most important part to exploit this information. Okay. Why I chose Twitter because Between all the social networks Twitter have a lot of Activity not only because this social network have a lot of uses because also because it's very easy to post a tweet and to it's very fast we need only a few seconds to post a tweet and The second reason is because All the most part of the content in Twitter is public it's public information So we can access The third reason is because the most content in Twitter is text. So we know we know to hope to Exploit the text how to extract the information So it's I would I would never do to analyze Okay, how can help team for it to investigative purposes? Well, regardless of the type of investigation Basically exists three main types or Targets for our analysis the first one is individual for example It's maybe interesting for us to know who is behind and Twitter account or for example What are The relationships with other people or we can predict Where this individual Will be tomorrow at 11 o'clock. Okay. This is important. So the second group is an organization we can investigate an organization for example a company or Terrorist group or community okay, so we can ask something like Who are part of this? organization or for example What are the relationships between the members of this community? Okay, and the third target of analysis is a place a place for a specific location for example We need we can need to to know Which people are in the effort over at this moment or What? Media content are bursting the users at this place. Okay so People you can extract all this kind of information. So this information is useful for several purposes for example for security forces, obviously for intelligence analysts for Journalists for security pentesters for social engineering and so on but not only is useful for professionals is Useful only for us for every vote for everyone because we need to to know what is that the exposure of our information Okay, it's important is it is important for our privacy Okay, so what? What is team for it team for leak is a tool that I have developed a few years ago I am working with this tool and Now I present yesterday I present I released the last version is some specific version for for this camp and It's a tool that I write in in a scouting in Python And it's open source so you can do a lot the code that you can modify and you can improve this tool and you can use for for your For your benefit. So it's a social media social media intelligence tool. So This tool can extract information not only for Twitter also for for different social networks, but mainly for for Twitter and Call it a lot for a large volume of information of tweets for the timeline of a user of in the global timeline and It's able to Interesting information and to format this This information in in a form that we can easily Interpret and and generate intelligence The requirements for to insert this tool are basically a Python osbily and To a P to a P is a is a Python library to access The Twitter API, okay change it to is another library for That I use for for the template for the output HTML and we need Tokens wealth tokens for the dedication with the Twitter app. Okay so You can do a lot from from this tool from my website and as is included in in several distributions like buscador or Kane or black arch, okay and Well as input for for this tool you can have three options you can have A user for example, we can analyze a user Twitter user we can analyze a place and a specific location you can you can enter the coordinates of a place and You can search for for content for takes or for Media content. Okay, so and the rest will is an HTML report But as you can generate output in several formats for sampling in CSV And you can import this data in in other formats and other platforms and you can generate a key mail to For import the data in Google Earth, for example, okay The last version as I can say previously is the dot to that one is the race yesterday and I have developed it for mainly for new features that I will show in the last part of this conference and I think it's a it's a tool that you can use for For several purposes. This this is the output for the hub As you can see is we have a lot of parameters. So it's important to to know Every parameter how we can combine the parameters to exploit with with more powerful The the capacity of the of these two, okay so this is the header of the HTML report for a user for example for the central intelligence agency and we can see some Specific information for this account and we can see the menu or for the different features some of the main features of this tool, okay as You can use the tool in a in a console in a terminal, okay at this moment I Don't have a graphical interface. So you need to to Be able to use that terminal and you can search information about the user For example, where is the home of the user is This tool is able to answer this question or about the place Specifying that the coordinates for for a specific location And about content for example We can filter in the timeline in the global timeline for for a specific cable or we can share for For media content or we can share for the original tweets nor a tweet or and so on, okay Okay about What information we can set about about the user? Well, we can start a lot of data and we need to To analyze this information because intelligence is different from the data, okay The data is the first step and we need to to analyze this information. We need to generate intelligence. So we can set Basic information about this account for example the the Twitter ID the location for this user the status of his shell location or Ho How many times this user is listed in For by other users, okay, or we can identify Which applications are you said are using this user for example? You are using you are using Instagram or Freaker or Facebook or Runkeeper or similar with devices. Are you using for example? an iPad or an iPhone or Mac Android or similar and Which is the use frequency for every application and for every? Device, okay So we can for example in defy if a user is How many users are behind a Twitter account? for example analyzing this kind of information and We can extract hashtags and user mentions and likes we can it's interesting to to know About what is speaking this about about? What cables which cable are using this user or this organization what are the relations and We can filter for for the text for example we can Analyze the worst frequency For example Which are the the worst most used for by this user and which is the frequency? We can know what are the the Visited prices for this user we can for example identify if this user is traveling from from Barcelona to Paris and After to London and we can know how many days are Standing in every place for example in Barcelona is the same for five days after travel to Paris for two days After a week in London, and we need maybe we need to know How is traveling for example if the user is using a flight or a car or Is working for example we can Generate this kind of intelligence, okay, and we can identify the identity in other social networks for example if this user is Registered in in in first square in Facebook or in 20 social network more or less At this time and we can analyze the four ways friends. We can extract all the four ways and all the friends And with all the all the Futures that the two therapy can Can allow for for example we can extract all the four ways for For For a member of an or a terrorist organization We can identify relationships between different organizations or between members of the same organization Okay, and we can extract also all the conversations or For a user for example We can identify All the conversations in in similar to to what's up or a chat and We can identify with With people we are We are speaking Okay This is about the user some of the most important things but also we can extract information about that place for example we can search for In this place we can search for Which hashtags or Or which users are in this place or in in In a specific location and we can Indify the users you can identify all the information all the media content or all the relationships between this Users okay, and also we can search information about the global timeline not foreign specific user not foreign specific location, but We are searching information in the global timeline. Okay Well, so this is the moment for this is the time for for play with team for League I Will so only some of the other functions because the features because Team for League is now is is complex to use Okay, okay, I have connection internet connection. This is the help Okay, a lot of parameters that we can combine to to improve the the power Okay, so for example, you can extract Information about that location For example, we know We make a search for People in the Sarada family in Barcelona my city. Okay. We are searching for the coordinates Okay, and We copy the coordinates so we are searching for this coordinates and one one kilometer for from this Specific location, okay and We can analyze for example only the last 20 tweets posting in this location from the most recent to the To the order. Okay. I am using Maybe Can extract? No, it's correct. Okay. Five kilometers and 100 tweets My I'm sharing my The connection of my mobile device. So it's not a good connection but now we are analyzing The last 100 tweets posting in this location and We can We will show how we can identify different users, okay For example, this is the report okay, and this They are the tweets posting in these coordinates in in a radio of five kilometers. We can identify The date and time and the specific coordinators the media content and the application you said, okay For example, Instagram in this case we can be able to do it and this is the user that post the tweet for some part we can be able to the picture Italy or we can Be able to eat, okay This is Instagram, okay, and we can be able to use a profile or we can request for the coordinators to be in Google Maps displays Okay, it's this tweet is in this location okay, and We can see also not only images also videos for example and see videos interesting Okay, and This is a part also we can identify These users in what in which social networks are Resisted okay, for example, we can locate these users This user for example have This user have an account in Twitter and Instagram and the picture is different Dimension of his profile is different. So at the name can be different. So for example This Cocoa and eventos eco-mobile so I am not searching for for the image or or the username so We can We cannot have False positives Maybe we can have false negatives, but not false positives. Okay We can Intify also the hashtags that this user are using in in several social networks to see About what is speaking this user and also we can identify Not only the people that have the allocation enabled in his device, but also people that As target by another user for example These users are in Instagram the first column are users that are in Instagram and Don't have the geolocation Enable, okay But this user is target by this your other user. Okay in this dating time in this picture in this image for example, we can See the image and We can see the tweet The tweet have a picture in Instagram. We can enter In Instagram we can see The same picture, okay, okay, so it's important to note that our privacy not Depends also on the party, okay Maybe we are aware of for the important the importance of our security of and of our privacy, but maybe our friend is Not have these concerns about the security or privacy, okay So a lot of people only analyzing the last 100 tweets, okay So this is an example and Also, for example, we can Search information about a user for example Please Please DPS 3 Sample please DPS 3 we can search for example information about about his account about the source applications or About hashtags and mentions and Media content that is posting this user in the last for example 100 tweets obviously we can analyze We can more information if we analyze all his timeline all the tweets of a user or large volume or tweets, but for this demo we can use and for this Connection we can use only the last 100 tweets, okay, so now teamfully is searching in the timeline of this user and Is analyzing all the content of these tweets and Are extracting the most important information and are collecting and We will display this information in an HTML report. Okay, so We can also specify the name of the report, but my fault is teamfully HTML Okay, so This is the user this is his profile we can see the picture and This is have a lot of a lot of activity more than then tweets by day Is from Madrid for La Brada is city from from Madrid have the yellow case on enable it's true Okay maybe can and We can search for a sample for for apps Is Twitter is using basically Twitter for Android is an Android user Also is an Instagram user, but basically is posting the tweets for from the Clean the client for for Android, okay We can also See the first use of the device Okay, for example, is Instagram is using in the in this data and this date and we can view the first tweet posting by this device Okay and the last to it for example, we can See the hashtags. This is the hashtags that the user are posting in the last 100 tweets classified by date and time How many Retweets and likes You can see the the tweet This is the user For so this is a retweet because we are searching information by this user You have another call for this row for the role of the of the Twitter or that user that we are analyzing at this at this moment Also, we can see all the hashtags in his timeline Okay, so we can have an idea of With topics are Are speaking to user for example, okay, and so We can In this case, we have a row for every tweet. Okay, so maybe Hashtag is Repeated in different tweets. So here we have Every hashtag they take for every hashtag When is using this hashtag, okay between in this period and how many the tweets likes Counts, okay, for example, the other amistad Champions League and so okay, and also we can see the last or that top The hashtags must use it by this user in his timeline. Okay, so You have this information and the same is similar for the user mentions. Okay We can identify all the user mentions for this user We can see the tweet. We can see the Mention the profile, okay, we can see a repeater or video or To it we can see also have a lot of user mentions We can also Every user mention how many times are Mention this user Okay, between the period of time and The same information that the hashtag, okay, and also we have the Most user mentions. Okay, so maybe or surely these users are friends or Have a relationship with The target of analysis. Okay. Well, also we have Information about the media. Okay, for example, the Images a video that this user are posting in his timeline for example, this picture from Instagram Surveillance or likes, this is the the user that have posted this this content his media content and In the other column We have Okay, this is the The column for the original user that are posting this tweet and this is the user Make a retweet. Okay So We can identify Also platforms or applications mafia or Twitter for iPhone Okay, we can identify Little details in the in a picture. So we can identify the exact location or we can identify some Cable or some picture that that is useful for our investigation. Okay, and We have auto information only with the request About the last 100 tweets, so You can imagine all the information that we can start analyzing All his timeline. Okay, but We can start more information. For example about the same user we can start Information about The last 10 locations the last 10 visitor locations, okay well Sorry, I will start by the fall The tool analyze the last 200 tweets, but for this demo we analyze only for sample 20 tweets Okay, so So Tool is executing the operation is analyzing. Okay Finish it we can access to the report and now we can see the geolocation information Well only Only went to it in the last 20 tweets, but we can instead Sorry, I will Use another user with more information. For example Steve Bosniak with 200 tweets is Very fast we have analyzing 200 to it and is that I'm collecting and analyzing information Okay, this is the account of Profile image of Steve Bosniak Steve Bosniak have Enable his geolocation Okay, so We consult the request Okay We see the The different different tweets with the his coordinators and the application for example this tweet is Posting in this location Okay, so if you analyze Latchable of tweets we you can predict his The next movements for this user for example You can identify Sponsored also media content Okay, but we have more information another section in the in the report we have The route that is used as forward in the in the last days for example Have a lot of activity this user from now This user is in San Jose, but During two two days previously is in Los Gatos San Jose, California Another cities that I can I cannot pronounce and We can see all the we can follow that the trip Of this user, okay, maybe this is interesting for our investigation to follow this user or Or to see which cities are visiting this user Okay, but that's so we have information about The top locations this is important because if you are posting tweets a lot of tweets from the same location every day in In the night for example This location Surely is your home Okay, so you are revealing your your home your workplace your favorite restaurant So on only following few tweets, okay For example, this user is we are analyzing remember we are we are analyzing only 200 tweets so this information can have It's not Satelli or more but this is useful. Okay, we can see that this user is posting information posting tweets All the day all the days are in in a lot of in every moment of the day In every day, this is in red color Is the date that a posting more tweets so to say is very active this user from this location and we can view we can view the The place This is okay This is a park maybe We have a shop or is a Favorite place for this user Okay, this Location is also interesting because a lot of tweets are posting here and This is the home of Steve Bosniak Okay, so Maybe house case So you can predict the The next place is for this user or you can see okay every free day this user is in this restaurant so you can You can go to the restaurant pretty at this time and maybe you can You can find this user. Okay. Well, we can set more information for for example About New agencies for example CNN We can set for example the last or the 25 Wars must use it by this Agency in the last 300 tweets for example Okay, this is interesting because we can We can use we can compare this information for example and United States agency and Russian agency, okay, and we can compare about the topics Okay, for example CNN Location enable, okay This is the word frequency This tool also drop empty words in in English and Spanish for example Particles or or prepositions are drop it. So I I try to Set it only the important important words. Okay, for example CNN is speaking about Trump a Lot is the most Used word, but also president Plans military China China will Venezuela, okay, Korea Well now I will compare with That's I think is that's your refuge That's is an I don't remember the Sorry one moment this Agency news That's agency. Okay, it's an Russian Russian agency news with the words in in English Okay, so We are searching for the last 300 tweets Okay, and this is the report That's what frequency Well, this is not speaking about about Donald Trump is speaking Russian Russia sanctions Kremlin Army anti-Russian Putin, okay, okay, we can this is only one example, but we can analyze The most important is to analyze large volume of of data, okay We can search also information about Well, not about the place we can make an example about We can search in the global timeline not for a specific user not for a specific place we can search for example Tweets in the global timeline that contains This hashtag Also Media content Okay in the last 300 tweets Maybe you are posting about T7 or this conference Okay, we are analyzing in the global timeline 200 tweets at this moment. I hope you have a better connection Okay, so in the last 300 tweets we found 97 sorry 97 tweets with this criteria, okay so Okay, this is the tweets we are searching for tweets with the this hashtag and With many media content. Okay the date and time so we can search Media content So it's another form of identify users that are in an allocation and don't have the location enabled. Okay For example different users For example, we can we can identify the most used application in this camp for example if we are Android users or Apple users for example Okay, they are retweets. Okay. This is red wheat but we can filter also by by the original tweets or retweets for example Not tweets about this conference. That is not good Okay Or maybe it's good. It depends of the point of view and Okay, this is an example we can see that to it and for example we can Search nor retweets media The last 100 225 the original original tweets The original users that posted These tweets. Okay. Now we don't have retweets only original tweets so it's also important to We have media content Okay, this is an example of the kind of things that We can identify If you are interested in more details about this tool in two hours more or less. I I will teach in our shop About how to use this tool for With all the parameters and combination Okay, and real case So that is all. Thank you for your time. Okay, and you have any questions Thanks So there is Another five minutes for question and answer. Does anybody have a question for Vicente? Hi. Can you hear me? Yeah, you showed in one of the HTML reports. You had like red Twitters and blue twitters. What's the difference? Yes, the difference is that The red color indicates that this day the user is posting the most of the tweets for example, okay, you can post 20 tweets in a week, but The Friday you post the most of the tweets 12 tweets this day. So it's Marketing in red color that the blue color is that this day Are posting tweets and you don't have Colors these days without tweets Next you have only shown output into HTML files is there also an option to output the data into a database or a graph database? At this moment The information is not a story in a database But in our future in a near future, yes Because it's important to to restore this information and to correlate this information with previous experiences Okay, so it's our another question Nobody what the give a warm applause for for Vicente Thank you very much


Have you ever wondered why foreign languages are so different from your own, or what sounds their speakers produce, or how they say the big book in their language? Do you want to know what language they use in your neighborhood, for example in Germany or in Jamaica? Or are you doing linguistic research, let's say, by exploring the sound system of a language? Then the language index is for you. Our mission is to capture the richness of the world's languages and to make it accessible to anyone interested in science and beyond. The language index is part of the CLARIN-D infrastructure, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research. It provides you with linguistic data, with tools and services in an integrated, interoperable and scalable infrastructure for the social sciences and humanities, such as annotator programs, corpus analysis tools, online dictionaries and the latest addition, our language index, developed by the Marburg Linguistic Engineering Team. And here is what you can do with the language index. Via the hyperlink explore, you can explore all samples that are part of the language index database. Currently, the language index hosts more than a thousand languages with structured audio data. Structured audio data means that the same data set has been recorded cross-linguistically. So instead of presenting languages, the language index presents speakers. You can access our speakers via an interactive map, or via a pull-down menu, or via linguistic parameters such as word order, particular vocaliate features, and so on and so forth. And all audio files can be downloaded in the MP3 format and can be used for further linguistic research. The hyperlink contribute is your interface. Here you can upload the data. You can upload general information, images, and of course the sounds you recorded. This includes an editor with a preview function and the possibility of editing your audio data. To guarantee that the same data will be recorded for each speaker, the language index supports you with information as to how to edit and prepare your data, including language-specific data sheets in the respective orthography. These data sheets are developed by the language index community. Further help is offered via several video clips, so-called screencasts, that inform you about the use of audio editors and the use of our language index interfaces. But what would a language index be without speakers? They supply us with the audio data recorded in their personal variety, so the language index does not present languages but speakers. In order to record them, we have developed our data sheets in cooperation with our native speakers, one for each language. Thus, all new speakers have to do just one thing, read the text in their mother tongue and in their script. If a new language is added, we develop a new data sheet and add it to our database. And if a language has no writing system, well then we can apply an interactive picture-based method to retrieve the audio data. All entries provide you with a wealth of audio information, for example a welcoming message. Here in Turkish, let's listen. And then of course we have information about the speakers' sound system, the vowels and the consonants. All clickable, standardized phrases and sentences, a standardized passage, free passages and a lot more. The language index, which has been part of the Virtual Linguistics Campus for several years, is currently being reconstructed to match the Clarin-D infrastructure. So some features may not be operational yet. Nevertheless, you can already follow us and explore the existing wealth of linguistic data. You can use the data in class to enhance your teaching or support your research with data taken from the speakers from all over the world. And if you have any questions, do not hesitate to ask us. You're welcome.