Thanks very much. For anybody who would like to follow along, there's a short link for the slides and it's bit.ly slash tidy Tuesday. So that's bit.ly forward slash tidy with a capital T and Tuesday with a capital T. Thanks for the opportunity to talk with you today about an online data visualization learning community and what we found out about how accessible it is for blind people using screen reading software. So who are we? My name is Sylvia Kanalan. I'm a postdoctoral research scientist at the University of Pennsylvania where I use the R programming language to analyze electronic health record data. I'm Liz Hare and I've been working with R for about 15 years to do working about genetics and genomics data analysis and I met Sylvia in MyR which is an organization of people from minority backgrounds working together to make our better space for everybody and Sylvia had this idea she had an interest in data accessibility and she had an idea that she wanted to scrape up the information that was being generated by the tidy Tuesday project so that we could see how often descriptive text was being added so that blind people could follow the data visualization. There are a few things that we wanted to give you to take away from our talk today. There are a lot of online learning communities around R and other data science software mediated in places like Twitter and Slack that are very supportive and people are really enjoying participating. Tidy Tuesday is a specific data visualization project using the tidy verse packages in the R open source statistical practice programming language. We found that 3% of the tweets displaying data visualizations had alt text which would describe the contents of the data visualization in a way that could be read by a screen reader. 84% were described as image which was just a default placeholder when the user didn't enter anything. So we're still wondering about how blind people can participate in these data science learning communities. You may be asking why blind people need access to data visualization. I know that there are people who think that it's a form of communication that can't be transmitted in any other way but most of the time it does need to be. There are blind scientists who need to be able to access read the scientific literature and contribute to it and present their work. There are more general applications in current events things like election maps and public health we all would like to be able to have access to knowing the COVID infection rates in the communities around us. There are some statistical software packages like form and SAS that will use vector oriented graphics to produce data visualizations that have aspects that can be grabbed by a screen reader but R doesn't have any of that capability at this time. Screen reading software provides voice or braille access to text that's on the computer screen. It does not describe graphics. You may be familiar with artificial intelligence image descriptions that are provided newly by some operating systems and Facebook and LinkedIn. These processes have not been developed enough that they could meaningfully describe data visualizations. Then we wondered specifically about Tidy Tuesday and the ability of blind people to participate. What is Tidy Tuesday? As Liz had mentioned earlier it's a social project that happens on a weekly basis and it's part of a broader online learning community. It provides participants an opportunity to practice summarizing and visualizing data with modern tooling like the Tidy version of packages. On the right hand side of the screen is an embedded tweet which is an invitation for people to participate on Twitter every week. This tweet was sent out by Tom Mock who leads the social project. He sent this out last night in preparation for today which is Tuesday and so we can see that the tweet includes information about the data set and where it comes from about the project itself and includes some relevant links that people can follow. Then on this slide on the left hand side is an embedded tweet showing an example of what one of these what we're calling Tidy Tuesday submissions or data visualization shares what they might look like and what they might include. In the body of the tweet itself there might be a verbal description, maybe the author shares their interests in the data or what they found, maybe they share something about their learning process, maybe they try a new function or a new package and then they may also choose to include some interpretation of the data as well. The tweet can also include a link to the author's source code which is another really important aspect of the social project as participants are encouraged to share their code openly so that others may learn from the process that went into creating the data visualization and then reproduce it or modify it for their own needs and then of course the tweet will generally have an image attached of the data visualization that was created but rarely do these images have text descriptions or alt text attached to them. So how are the data collected? The tweets for Tidy Tuesday have been collected over time since April of 2018 which is when this project started and Tom Mock has been collecting that data and he makes them available in the Tidy Tuesday repository and he collected this information using the R-Tweet package from R-OpenSci and so what I did then was I used that data to identify links for each individual tweet and did some processing and and used the R-Celenium package also from R-OpenSci to scrape the alt text attribute that corresponded to the image in each of those tweets. So the right hand side now shows a screenshot of what it looks like for me if I'm in my browser in Firefox and I open up my web inspector if I'm looking at the tweet that I shared in the last slide you can see that on the left hand side there's some HTML code that corresponds to that tweet and so the way the R-Celenium helped me in this process was essentially running a browser that would travel to each of these individual tweets, find the picture, find the image that was attached and then take out that or scrape that alt text attribute and so in this particular screenshot we can also see the alt text for the image underneath the image itself in a block of text and and that's visible to us if because we there are certain extensions you can install in your browser that lets you see the alt text for different images so that's what is showing up here. So what did we find after scraping? We found that over the three years of the Tidy Tuesday project there were over 7000 data viz tweets and only 215 or 3% of them had alt text. Participation in Tidy Tuesday has increased over time but as we can see from these line graphs the use of alt text is recent and remains really low so what we see on the right hand side is a line graph where there's a gray line corresponding to all the tweets submitted as part of this project over time and then there's another line that is a darker color and it shows the which of those tweets also have alt text attached to them so we can see that for the most part there has been increased participation in the project over time but there hasn't been much change in how alt text is used in this context except for at the end where we see this this spike and so that corresponds to a conversation that was had on Twitter when Liz and I found out we would be presenting at this talk today and there was some conversation about our preliminary findings and some changes that were implemented because of that. So Liz could you tell us where else alt text is missing in addition to this project? Yeah there's a lot of great open source material books and tutorials available on the internet and they're all wonderfully searchable by Google so that you can answer the questions you have while you're coding but many of them are lacking alt text for their data visualizations and also sometimes even display code as PNG images which can't be read by a screen reader. This problem is also found with Bookshare which is a nonprofit that provides access to electronic books for people with print disabilities. They work with publishers who often also don't provide alt text for images. They don't provide it themselves and again sometimes the actual code snippets are missing from those books and manuals. A lot of our package not a lot but some our package documentation has data visualizations in it to show you how these interesting new tidyverse kinds of graphs look and come out and it's really difficult to figure out as someone who's trying to display data and you can't see those what what the code actually produces. There are also a lot of our blogs that have educational components but again are lacking alt text or lacking access to the code. This happens both at the individual level as we mentioned with things like blogs and also at the corporate level where our studios documentation on their websites is often missing these accessibility features. So one of the things once we had scraped these alt texts we were interested in in asking what about them makes them good and what about them makes them effective and based on my experience online and reading media and also going through each of the alt texts that Sylvia scraped. The first the first item that I felt was really important was that something is shared about the what the data is showing what what is the meaning being conveyed 34% included that 28% included description of what variables were on the axes of the data visualization. 12% had some indication of the scale of the axes or a way to find out what the scale was from the description of the data and this one is pretty important too. You need to tell us what kind of graph it is. Is it a line plot? Is it a scatter plot? Is it a QQ plot or a visual plot? And 56% provided that. I'd like to also add that there are a lot of really cool modern new and also some very specialized kinds of graphics especially within tidyverse that if you're using something that's a little less common it would be really good to provide some orientation to how the data visualization works and what it's saying. So we saw in the line graph a couple of slides ago that there seems to be something changing now and so we wanted to ask you know is the tide you know has it started shifting are we sort of noticing changes outside of this as well. So we know that conversations are happening within our in different spaces so one great example is to use our conference that's happening this year that Liz is a part of and one of the organizers volunteers for. The conference itself has been very intentional about centering accessibility practices into the conference in terms of how it's delivered and in a way that makes it as accessible as possible for participants that are attending as speakers or that are just attending to participate in the different talks and tutorials. And as Liz mentioned earlier the MyR community is also a space where we're having these conversations like the one we're having today. There's an accessibility committee within that community that Liz and I are a part of and that where we regularly meet and discuss these things and then within Tidy Tuesday in particular as I mentioned when we shared our preliminary findings on Twitter the leader of the social project so Tom was able to add a whole section to the Tidy Tuesday repository about or inviting and encouraging participants to include alt text and the data visualizations that they share on Twitter and includes resources as well for participants and have a place to start from. And then more broadly we also have noticed conversations happening in other places so data visualization society had a conference earlier this year Outlier Conf that featured a few different talks about data visibility accessibility and then a variety of A11Y conferences and meetups also are having these conversations. There's also some changes happening with tooling within our so one good example is that within our markdown which is very popular there is now the ability to add alt text to a code chunk so as an option to a code chunk so that whatever a graphical output that code chunk is producing it can come equipped with alt text as well in the same way that one might add a figure caption now we can also add an alt text tag to that graphical output but it is important to note that these changes are great you know but they are just starting and they're slow so what can you do you can make your data visualizations accessible everywhere that you can so this includes adding alt text to websites journalism scientific publishing social media and other spaces and in situations where alt text isn't available in your particular document or platform try to find creative ways to describe your visualizations and words. Liz and I have provided a short list here of some resources including a great blog post by Amy Cecil the new chartability audit workbook by Frank Olapsky and then another resource for well and a few links specific to twitter so how do I even add alt text to the images that I attach how can I you know see the alt text if I want to what kind of extensions are available and then you know are there extensions available to help me remember to attach alt text to my images as a resource for that too specific to firefox but other browsers will have them as well so thanks so much resources Liz's analysis and also a link to the tidy Tuesday alt text package that we use for this analysis is available in the link on the slide thanks so much and we're excited to take some questions fantastic thank you so much for sharing this amazing and important work that you've been doing and and tips for us all to do better there's a question there's lots of questions but I think we only have time for one and so Jess asks are there any good resources for testing what the screen reader experience is like for people or accessibility in general yeah so I think a great place to explore would be some of those a 11 y resources so a 11 y stands for accessibility and it's there's a lot of conversations there that happened within the context of web development and and user testing and screen reader testing sort of part of that whole process so I would encourage folks to check out some of those resources


Machine learning, ML, techniques have been increasingly used in cancer research to develop predictive models for cancer progression and patient outcomes. Recent studies have shown that these techniques can accurately identify key features from large datasets and provide valuable insights into the progression of cancerous conditions. Furthermore, they can also be used to accurately predict patient outcomes and thus assist in the clinical management of cancer patients. This article was authored by Konstantino Kuru, Themis PxRCoS, Konstantino's PxRCoS, and others.


Okay, we're back. We're live, it's the one o'clock block here on a given Monday. I'm Jay Fidel. This is Think Tech, and this is Looking to the East. Do this every couple of weeks with Steve Zercher at Kansai Gaida University in Kobe, Japan. Welcome to the show, Steve. Hey, my pleasure, Jay. It's wonderful to see you. It's wonderful to be on the program once again. I'm sorry I'm not on the camera for the viewers, but you see the best picture I could possibly produce there. Well, let me say that you have great personal discipline that you could be so very unmoving. Exactly. That's yoga. I do yoga. So I was telling you before the show that we had a very interesting discussion with Nadine Tensal. She's a pediatrician here in Honolulu last week. And we talked about the birth rate, birth rate in Hawaii and maybe elsewhere in the world too, and how COVID has affected it. And there were fewer women who were getting pregnant. Remarkable reduction in the number of pregnancies right now. You know, in the past when we had blackouts and other short-term calamities, the birth rate would actually go up nine months from the given blackout, everybody would be having children. But that's not the case here. The birth rate is going down for a variety of reasons, largely because people have no confidence in the future. And at home, they just don't wanna have kids. And that is very troubling and it's totally relevant to our discussion today, which is about the birth rate in Japan. And for that matter, the birth rate in the US, what it was like before COVID, what it's gonna be like going forward and how it affects the economy and how it affects the society and how it affects, gee, everything, doesn't it? Yeah, it does. Yeah, I remember when we were under the stay at home lockdown that there were many articles saying that the birth rate was going to go up, just the opposite of what your guest indicated yesterday. And I do think that you're right, Jay, it's a different situation. When you're in a blackout, like the New York one, that was, we're dating, I'm dating myself, I remember that. But that was... 45 years ago, we're about 50, 55 years ago. It was 1965, it was. Was it? Okay, my goodness. I'm a part of this demographic wave that we're gonna talk about on this program. But that clearly was a temporary situation and this is not. Furthermore, I would imagine, and I've read too, that many women don't want to go to a hospital and put themselves and their child potentially at risk. The number of visits to hospitals in Japan, which it's kind of a cliche about hospital visits. We have socialized medicine here in Japan and older people, of course, are the number one group who go to hospitals and they've turned it into kind of a social occasion. They meet their friends in the hospital. We don't, they don't hang out in the coffee shop or the local denies or whatever it may be. They go to the hospital. And I had a kidney stone a few years ago and I had to go to the hospital, I think three or four times and I apologized to the doctor and the doctor responded and he said, don't apologize. There are patients who come here more often than I do. So just to show you the frequency, but with COVID here in Japan, the number of visits to the hospital, they're way down. So older people who are at particular risk are not going to the hospital. So I think that may be one of the factors behind this drop in the birth rate. One of our guests gave us some data on that last week. The number of visits to the hospital for serious things like heart attack and stroke have been seriously reduced over the past six months. And my reaction to that is, it's not because there have been fewer heart attacks and fewer strokes. It means not everybody who goes to the hospital complaining of a heart attack or a stroke has a heart attack or a stroke. Nobody wants to take the chance. That's why there are fewer visits to the hospital. Yeah, and that's probably not gonna change anytime soon. And I would imagine what your guest discovered is something that's occurring throughout the world. That women are just looking at the situation and going, no, no, I'm gonna wait. I don't wanna go until a vaccine is out there. It's in my world in academia, it's like students deciding to take a year off rather than go into a university and to take online classes. I mean, it's completely different. They're not gonna die by taking online classes, but they're choosing not to. They're delaying their entry into the school because of the COVID situation. So we're seeing that in many ramifications or many outcome, I think, through society is how COVID is affecting behavior. Well, so it was very interesting because we don't know all the changes that will happen in society because of COVID. We know we'll be more on Zoom than we'd be in personal meetings. We don't know the fallout of how that works if you don't have personal meetings. Maybe you make fewer deals in business for the lack of personal meetings. Maybe you make more deals in business for the Zoom. Maybe it's more efficient and people are more rational, who knows? We don't know yet, we're gonna find out. But one thing is clear, I think, we're gonna have fewer births. And Japan already has a low birth rate. Your fertility rate is way below 1%, I think. Number one fertility rate to number two and all that, right? Yeah, the fertility rate, the way that's measured, you expect a country to be at 2.1 to maintain its population so that every couple has, on average, a little over two children. In Japan, it's been trending for a long time now at about 1.4, which indicates that the population is going to go down, which it is going down. So just recently, a report was issued indicating that Japan's population in 2019 decreased by over 500,000 people, the population of Japan is going down. And the forecast over the next 10 to 20 years leading up to maybe 2045 is that the current population of Japan at 124 million will be somewhere in the 90 million range because of low birth rate. Who's going to talk to work? Yeah, so Jay, you talk about the ramifications of demographics on economics. There you go. You're going to lose a quarter of your population and therefore you have so many fewer workers and your GDP naturally is going to go down. So the predictions that I read is that based on these demographic trends, Japan's GDP because of lack of workers is trending down 1.1% a year, lower than it would be if it had a higher population rate and there wasn't experiencing this demographic shift. Well, that's pretty serious because if you don't have the workers, your productivity goes way down, your productivity goes way down, your economy goes down. And those 90 million that are left are having a really substandard existence compared to the way it was before. Right, and I would, I'd like to stop there, but it's worse because unfortunately the age distribution in Japan is skewing very strongly towards older people. So right now in this country, it's about 27, 28% of the population is over 65, which is remarkable. And that number over these years that we're talking about as the population goes down is going to trend up to 40%. So not too long in the future, 40% of the Japanese people will be age 65 or older. And that means that the remaining people, the ones that are not in the retirement zone are supporting the older people. So you have fewer and fewer younger people supporting more and more older people, which puts a tremendous drag on the economy and naturally taxes are going to go up in order to support the older people healthcare. And that's a big part of the Japanese government budget is maintaining healthcare for older people who consume health services at a much higher rate than younger people naturally. So you have the population going down and then the mix of the population skewing older and that is not good. So Japan calls itself a super aging society. So didn't we want to have fewer people on the planet? Didn't we all agree that we were overpopulated and 8 billion people was more than a planet to sustain? Isn't this the right thing? It's not the right thing for Japan. If you throw Japan into the population of the whole world, then maybe you could make that point, but the population growth is in where India and other locations. So there are Thailand where the birth rates are high. So some parts of the world, the birth rates are very, very high, much higher than that 2.1 level that you need to achieve parity. But in many, many advanced countries, including the United States, including the state of Hawaii, the demographics are shifting older and the population rate is going down. The United States, most Americans don't know, but the United States population, if it wasn't for immigration would be going down as well, not as dramatically from a percentage perspective as Japan, but the United States, Japan and most of Europe is aging and the population is going down. So there's an economic impact on that. So maybe on the aggregate J, the Earth sustaining 7 billion people is a strain, but then regions, the advanced countries or developed countries are experiencing this demographic challenge. Now, one thing about what Japan's attempting to do, there's two things. The one we've talked about a little bit before, there's kind of a backdoor immigration going on. So the number of foreigners in Japan, which is still quite small, it's like two and a half percent is increasing. Younger people are being brought in on study programs and I put that in quotes. So they're studying Japanese, but they're also working in the local retail like 7-Elevens and so forth, or they're brought in on work visas. So there's been some labor replacement through that. Is this just a policy of the government to allow them to come in? Yeah, it's not something that they put front forward and promote heavily. It's something that is being done because business is complaining to them that they don't have enough people in order to keep their businesses going. So it's a major pressure on the Japanese government, which is the LDP is a conservative government and they're very responsive to business. So that's going on. And that will probably be continued. This is a homogeneous nation and Japanese people have a sense that Japan is for Japanese people. So there's somewhat of a resistance to have being too many foreigners come in. Oh, with the numbers you gave, Steve, the 90 million plus the fact that of the 90 million more elderly people that has got to require new immigration and that new immigration is going to be from Southeast Asia. It is not going to be Japanese by any stretch. And those kids, just like in the US, are going to be looking for work and finding it and they're going to be working as immigrants really hard. They're going to be replacing Japanese workers on all those precision assembly lines, making precision world-class equipment and the like. And they're going to be marrying, are you ready for this one? They're going to be marrying the daughters of Japan. And we are going to have a call it a browning, a hop of Japanese community in fairly short order, I think. And there's going to be kicking and screaming about it, but it's got to happen. Yeah, the numbers actually indicate what you are saying, Jay. The mixed couples in Japan are having more children than Japanese Japanese couples. So I don't know the reason for that. Immigrants maybe have a more positive outlook. They're happy to be in Japan as opposed to where they came from. And for them they feel that they have a positive future, whereas there is a sense within the Japanese culture, Japanese younger people that I'm never going to achieve the same life as my parents because it's just not possible given the economic conditions. There is this kind of sense of dourness about the future when it comes to getting married and holding a job and so forth. But the other thing, and this is what caught my eye initially and made me think about doing this program, is that Japan is also encouraging people who would normally retire to continue to work. So there was an article that I saw just a few days ago from electronics retailer. The name of them is Nojima. And they have decided to let their workers work until they're 80 years old. So Jay, in Japan, 80 is the new 60. Yeah. Well, I mean, with modern public health, if you do it right, you can keep people alive a long time. And 80 still, if they're gonna live till 90 or more, 80 gives them a retirement on top of an 80 year working life. Yeah, so this solves several problems actually for Japan. Number one, these retailers can't find young people to take these jobs. Older people have been doing this for a while and they understand the products and can explain them much better. This is what the article was indicating. From the Japanese government perspective, that keeps these people producing and paying taxes and hopefully not ending up in the hospital and consuming more hospital services and so forth. So I don't know if it'll work. I mean, theoretically, it seems to make sense and Japan in some sense doesn't have a choice. They need to utilize these people. Now, my school, we have a retirement age set at 65, but I would imagine that's probably going to change. It may depend on the industry. Some companies have policies in place to try and encourage retirement because the problem is if you keep old people, especially in higher management, then the young people never have a chance to move up. They're just kind of stuck at the lower level because the upper management levels are continually being done by people who do not retire. So you can see on balance, maybe from a societal perspective, having older people work solves the labor problem, solves the problem perhaps of old people by not working, becoming sicker, quicker potentially. But on the other hand, at the micro level, if you keep older people in higher level positions, then you stunt the growth of the company because younger people never have a chance to move up and be able to contribute their ideas and their energy and so forth to the company. So it's a complex matter, but... What's the solution? What do you do in order to take the old people out of this kind of glass ceiling thing where they're stopping the young people from getting promoted with new ideas? Yeah, so one thing, this happens at universities, and I think it's more pronounced within companies. Traditionally, what Japan would do is at the retirement age, whether it be 60, for some companies it's as young as 60 or 65, you would kind of retire, but then they would give you another job. And it may be a management job or it may not be a management job and your salary would be cut by like 40 or 50%. So you're kind of moved into a related job, but not the one that you had before. But what's happening is that this is occurring so much now because people are getting so much older in Japan that some Japanese managers are suing their company and saying, hey, I was being paid $100,000 a year in my old position, I'm doing basically the same thing now and you're only paying me 50. That's not fair. And under the old regimen, when Japanese demographic issues were not so strongly skewed towards older people, the society kind of let that go and the judges were siding with the companies and say, oh no, the company has the right to do that. But lately, the judges are beginning to say, no, that is unfair, what you're doing. So you need to pay more to this employee that you're kind of semi retiring into a new job which may be the same as the old job or may not be depending on the case. So that's at a micro level, that's how some companies are beginning to address this. Well, I think you need national policy on it in Japan. And I also think that this is part of a whole transformation around the bell curve where you try to save the economy by making everybody more productive and so forth. The other part, of course, is immigration. But one thing is clear, Steve, and I'm interested in your thoughts about this, is transformations of which Japan is involved in and the US too. Transformations are painful. Transformations discombobulate people. They dislocate people. They dislocate those careers. In Japan, the whole thing is you get a job and you stay there for your whole working life until you retire or drop debt. And you're completely loyal and faithful to that job and that company. I don't think that's possible anymore. And I think that transformation is gonna discombobulate a lot of people. That's been occurring over the last 15 years or so that golden job at major corporations. That image has been shattered.   Under the old Japan, that just never would have happened. The company would have sucked it up and maybe lowered salaries or reallocated people. But now these corporations are at a point where they can no longer do that.  So that image is shattered. The reality is that those types of jobs are becoming very, very rare. And what's becoming more common is the part-time jobs or non-corporate jobs where you're working in the service industry, you're working for Starbucks when you graduate out of college and you're making minimum wage, basically, 1,000 yen or 1,500, about $10 or $15 an hour. And you get kind of trapped in that world, this kind of part-time job world. And many children, many students who graduate end up living with their parents because they can't afford really to be out on their own. And that's a big segment of the Japanese population now. That's about a third of all workers are in those types of positions. And getting back to the demographic issue, if you're a male and you're making $20,000 or $25,000 a year, would you have the confidence to start a family? Or if you're a female looking at that male and going, can I really believe that we can have enough funds to pay for children and have a quality life? So these are the things that are going on economically that are influencing demographics that younger people, like we mentioned before, do not have a feeling that the prospects for them are bright in the future.  And they're right, they're right about that. It's very rational. And some social scientists don't really, they see that there's other factors at society that is influencing this demographic shift and so forth. But I really, maybe it's my economics background or management background. I think this is the core problem. You're not providing opportunity to young people. They don't believe in the future. They tend not to want to get married. They tend not to want to have children even if they do get married. And it just drives the population demographics down and allows this skewing of older people in the society. So. I think it's all connected what you're talking about. And I think the same thing is happening in Hawaii and the same thing is happening on the mainland and maybe it's happening in Europe too. It's the way things are moving.  And what he did is he covered the gig economy last night, hither and yon all across the country. And he went and talked to people. And that's what you're talking about, Steve. It's a gig economy. Basically, yes. Where people try to sort of emulate a middle-class life even though they have no confidence that the jobs they have will last through a career. And the problem is that they can't be confident about building families.  And this country is largely into that. And there's a lot of people who in the last generation would have had actually a better shake on it than they would have now. They don't get married, they don't have kids. The whole thing is like flimsy. And so I keep thinking as a result of that concern, that condition, I keep thinking of, what was this name Yang, the Chinese guy who wanted to be president? Right. He talked about guaranteed minimum income. Right. That's what these economies need. They need a guaranteed minimum income. So you can have the best of both worlds. You can have a middle-class life. You can have some confidence in your income. You can become, you can get married. You can have kids. You can buy a house, whatever it is because the government is going to take care of you with guaranteed minimum income, with health insurance automatically. That's what we need. That's where it's all driving, don't you think? I agree with you, although there would be many people who would vehemently disagree, as you can imagine, to have that kind of program in place. That Yang kind of popularized that idea because he was running for the president, but that idea is an old idea. And I was introduced to it back when I was an undergraduate. It was Milton Friedman. You remember him? The iconic conservative economist, Chicago. He came up with the idea of a negative income tax. He said, America, rather than providing all these different programs, you know, food stamps and so forth, just have one overall program that guarantees the basic income of Americans. And that's the right way to do it. And that would benefit the economy overall. So he was the one who came up with this idea many, many decades ago. It's never really caught on because it kind of cuts across the American individualism culture and you need to pull yourself up by the bootstraps. But that also, it's just like the myth of the Japanese corporate job, that's gone. Economic mobility within the United States is terrible. If you're born into a certain class, then you kind of get stuck there. There's not a lot of movement. I was able to move up, but I'm a product of the 70s. So there you still had economic growth and I was fortunate enough to get into the tech industry. And that created a wonderful career for me. I'm an example of someone who was able to move up economically compared to my parents, but that example is becoming less and less prevalent and unfortunate. So I agree with you, Jay, but you and I, we agree on many things. I think some of the listeners, we may get comments on this saying that, no, we can't do that. People should make their own way in the world. And if they work hard enough, they'll be able to survive. But that's, if you look at it on a macro level, I just don't see that anymore. The economic conditions are really stacked against people now. It's unfortunate. You know, I think it's possible for this to happen. Maybe in some ways it is happening in kind of a, may I say a socialist trend in Europe. I agree with you, there'd be a lot of controversy about it here. And the Republicans in the right wing would oppose it vehemently. And so the only hope for it to happen here is we get new people running government, new people, and I actually hope for that. Yeah, my students, the younger people, they're on board. They understand all of this, Jay. It's not a mystery to them. They know what their future is going to be like.  So they are looking for change in a very dramatic way, which is, you know, why you see the support for Bernie and others. Old guy is, you know, galvanizing young people because he's painting a different picture of the future, which if, unless we make those changes, what Americans are gonna experience is what Japanese people are experiencing now, unfortunately. Well, yeah, I wanted to ask you about that. So, you know, here's a comparison between Japan and the US, including Hawaii. Do you think that it would be easier or harder to achieve universal income, universal healthcare in Japan as compared to the US? Ooh. That's a tough one, Jay. Probably here, although it would not be easy. Both countries, it would be extremely challenging, but maybe under different leadership, it would be possible. Even if the Democrats take over in the next election, I still don't know if this would be able to be accomplished in the United States. There would be so much resistance. So, yeah, if you're forcing me to make a call on this, probably the chances, they're not good, but they would be relatively better than the United States in Japan. That's encouraging. You know, I think the way to look at this though is if you don't do this and you let it continue the way it is, you let the bell curve, you know, get bigger at the top and the facility rate going down and the retirement age going wherever it's gonna go. God knows where it's going. Hey, DJ. Maybe you're okay. You know, we're going to have a different kind of society. And we're already on that track and a different kind of economy and a different kind of future and a different kind. It'll be a gig economy, I think, to sort of coalesce these ideas. And the gig economy for the people involved is really not as attractive because you have no safety net, either in health or longevity. And so the governments really have to do something about it. And I actually can't think of anything else that they can do except take the reality and support it and say, okay, this is the way it is, gig economy. Now we're gonna help you make it work for the individual person and family. I mean, I can't think of anything. Can you think of anything else from an economic point of view that governments could do to take the sting out of what's happening? No, I see so much investment on the part of government to try and encourage business development, business growth. Most of it's ineffective, quite frankly. So if all of that money was put into basic income, the benefit to society, certainly to the individuals and then economically, the fact that that much money would be then spent because people lower income do spend the money that they get. They have to, right? They don't save it like wealthy people do. Where a lot of it just goes into investments and so forth. So it would have a profound impact positively for the economies overall. So I think many economists would make that point. So yeah, I can't think of anything else either, Jay. I mean, I have two weeks before our next show. Let me try and come up with something different. But at this point, I agree with you. That's probably the only thing that can be done that would have a positive impact that's within the realm of possibilities. Yeah, yeah. And I would like to add something to make your work all the more difficult in these two weeks. Homework, Jay? Are you giving me homework? I'm giving you homework. You know, COVID is going to accelerate this process. It is already accelerating this process. I think you are right. The early signs like your guest yesterday, the population rate going even further down. Oh my gosh. Yeah. That just is not good. I know we can work this out, Steve. Yeah, thank you. Thank you for the assignment, Jay. You're welcome. So it's great to assign a college professor a dean of a major university homework. I've never done that before, but I must say it feels good. Congratulations. Thank you, Steve. Steve Zurcher. My pleasure, Jay. It's always wonderful. Got to say, Gada University in Kobe. We look forward to our next show. Thank you so much. Thank you.


Hey there Chameleons, it's Chamele, and today I have a very exciting video, and I know I say that every time I do something hair-related, but it's because it's really exciting. And the reason for this one is because I based my edges off of my galaxy hair, so I did these beautiful galaxy edges with a bunch of different colors, freshly done dye job, added colors, added glitter, and it looks so cosmic right now. I'm living for this look, I'm so happy with it, and I hope you guys like it too. Let's hop on into the tutorial, and I'm going to show you how to do this. Okay, so the first thing I wanted to do was bleach my roots, because as you can see, they've already grown out quite a bit since I posted the tutorial on this look, which is linked in the description box down below. So I'm using my regular bleaching routine to do that. I have a good bleach powder with a 30 volume developer and bring it down to 20 volume using an Olaplex dupe, which can also help strengthen and repair bonds in your hair while bleaching. I have a video that's an extremely detailed breakdown showing how to get the lightest color with the least amount of damage, and that's linked in the description as well. So you want to start around and then you can loosely clip your hair out of the way.  And normally I would do this on all of the roots of my head, but if you've seen my bleaching video, it's an incredibly long process, but once I do update my roots, I'm going to make everything match. I made the roots super saturated because I wanted every hair completely surrounded so I can get them as light as possible, because once again, I am cheating worse than a college admission scandal and only doing one round of bleach. After rinsing, do the Olaplex dupe step two to help repair hair and then let it dry. The next day, my roots look like this, which is definitely light enough to put my galaxy colors on top of, and will be evened out next root touch up to prevent banding. These are some dyes I used in my hair listed below and I started with the pink because it's the lightest color and it's going to be overpowered by the other colors once added. It gives a nice bright base and when the blue bleeds into it, you get a nice purple raspberry shade. Next, I'm doing purple because it's the second lightest, so I want to get good coverage with that, and by the way, you need to make these sections really tiny, like as small as possible so they don't look like blocky lines but more of a cohesive swirl. Lastly, I'm adding the blue because it's the darkest and going to bleed into everything, as you can tell now that it overtook all the purple in my hair. How rude. And this is what it looks like in the end and I am absolutely thrilled with how it came out. When I did the roots, I also just pulled the dye throughout the rest of the hair so it would be a nice little refresh. So the idea of this is that I would lay my edges to the gods and then fill it in with some color so that it will go with my hair color combo. I also have a video on how I did this and it's linked in the description box down below if you haven't seen it already.  So pretty much what you'll need for this is some eyeshadows in the color of your hair and then some eye liners, especially if you don't have the right colors of shadows, which I don't because I didn't bring my whole collection to Maine after I left New York City. So I'm working with what I have and of course you need stuff to do your edges and I'm using my regular Eco Styler and a toothbrush and I will show you guys how I do that. And then the topping on the cake is glitter and we will get to that last. The gel I use to lay my edges is the Eco Styler Olive Oil one. They have a lot of different variations. I'm not really sure what the difference between all of them are because they're all pretty similar. So I guess it doesn't really matter what you get, but as long as Eco Styler and it's in like this kind of container. There's also that an award from NaturallyCurly in 2019 for being the best of the best.  Now let's get to work. I'm going to clip my top hair up to get it out of the way. You want to scoop up a good amount of this to make sure that your edges stay laid.  I'm going to start by swiping the middle down a little. Mine looks extreme right here because I have a widow's peak, but if you don't, no worries. You don't have to have a stick of a swoop. So that is definitely going to hold in place and the toothbrush has already gotten a little blue. Now that the sander swoop is done, I'm going to go around on the rest of the edges and make as dramatic swoops as possible because obviously this Galaxy Edges tutorial has to be out of this world. Out of this world. Out of this world. Out of this world. Out of this world. Out of this world. Out of this world. You can go as heavy-handed as you want with this, but since it's dramatic, we're just going to take it all the way. You can also use a comb to help get the edge perfectly straight. I don't have a rat-tail comb with me, but next best thing, pretty much the same. I love that the colors just naturally swirl together before I even added any color or liner or anything to them, which is why I wanted to refresh my roots, not because I actually like doing my roots because you guys know I always let it get overgrown, but because I thought it would be super cool to do edges like that and when am I going to have a chance to do this kind of look again? Once my hair starts fading and then I get tired of this color and then I move on and then you'll see what the next color is in my next hair tutorial. Unfortunately this little baby has got to go. It was just a little bit lower, I could have kept her. I want to define between the swoops a little more so I am going to use the comb to kind of straighten that out and then brush the next part down. Edges is really an art. You can get so creative with this and people have tons of different methods and you can make different shapes. It's just a little bit frustrating sometimes because you'll get a really good swoop on one side and then the other side will just disappoint you and then it takes a lot longer to do your edges than you thought and then you're late for work or whatever. Not me because I just work from home, but I'm just looking out for you guys. This swoop is getting pretty long, so that's how you know you want to go section it out and then do a secondary swoop and that's the scientific term for it. I think I'm going to turn this guy into a curl actually. That would be kind of cute. So this guy is going to dry into a curl and it should be ready by the end of this tutorial. I'm very happy with how this side has turned out so far and remember that it doesn't have to be exactly perfect because we do have the shadow and liner to help fill in any sparse areas or any area you want to add a little bit more color or a different color to. So this is a really good start, but now I have to make the other side just as good which is going to be really hard. It's like painting the other side of your hand or like the other side of your liner. Sorry, I just like talked over myself. I'm pulling down a little bit forwards and swoop! It's pretty good. I think this side is going to be the same. It's going to be one more swoop and then I'll take this and turn it into a curl. I'm going to clean up the edge of this edge real quick and I'm going to make the same curl on this side. Get out of the way. There we go. Twist and scrunch. That's how you get the best cute little curls. Congrats, the hard part is over. Now on to the easy part. We're going to start with you subscribing to my channel and then we're going to start filling this in with some powder. This is my OFRA makeup palette in bright addiction. I love this palette. It has so many bright colors. It's kind of my go-to for when I want something really pigmented. I'll link this and everything else that I use in the description so it's easier to find. Now you just need a couple of little brushes. One is from B&H and one is from Luxie. They both make really good brushes. Happy birthday Kyler. 25 years old quarter century. I can't wait to give you your present later. Oh I'm so excited. I know you're going to love it.  Lipstick, thank you. Just air kiss. The cool thing about this is you can do it even if you haven't dyed your hair this color because the gel helps hold on to the powder and you can also do it if you have light roots. Also if you're blonde you can just pat right over it and it will be super easy. If you have dark hair it will be kind of like a darker effect but it will still be kind of cool. I'm using my Makeup Forever Aqua XL Liner and I believe this is I-90. Yes, I-90. So this is a beautiful purple. It comes out really easily which is why I thought it would be perfect for this because I don't want to really be pressing too hard and messing up what I've already done. So I'm just going to put that I need to sharpen it.  Especially lip liners. Those are always so hard. I'm just going to be coloring in here a little bit with the purple. This is such a good purple. This part up here is still so wet. Why? I did this part first. Probably overdid it with the gel but you kind of need to do edge art because the last thing you want it to do is just start falling apart on you. You can also kind of define the swoop a little bit more with this. Same thing on the other side. You get the drill. I love using the purple to break up that blue and I'm going to do one more color on top to kind of pull everything together because I do have a lot of teal in my hair so I'm going to teal your heart with my new teal edge and you already told my heart. That's the past tense of teal. Same thing. This is Aqua XL liner and this is in i24. It's a beautiful bright teal and it's going to pull the rest of the look together. Oh my goodness. This is beautiful. I'm going to swoop that one out artificially. Look at that. I just totally faked a shape right there. You can do this with any color by the way. Whatever color you have for your hair you could use that. You could use a different color and accent color. You could dye just the roots and do kind of like a Billie Eilish type thing. You could do just the front two strands and do some sort of TikTok e-girl type thing. Whatever you want to do I support it because I am just here for the self-expression and I love when you guys tell me that you watch my videos and got the confidence to dye your hair because a lot of people tell you that you cannot bleach and dye natural hair because it will break or ruin your curls and blah blah blah but it really just takes like work to get it right and you can do it and I also love when people say that they were too scared to have like a bright color and then they were less scared about it after that. I'm just going to use that little brush and just sort of blend any areas that need to be blended. This guy needs some help and this also helps blend your colors together.  To top everything off I am finishing this look with the Urban Decay Heavy Metallic Liner in Midnight Cowboy. Yes. It's just a beautiful gold glitter liner. It's a clear base so I'm pretty much just going to be brushing that on. So this will give an illusion of stars in your galaxy. So you can be the star that you are. I always wanted to be a Disney Channel star but I think I'm too old for that now. I love this look more than I expected. I'm rushing to go to Kyler's birthday dinner which is just outside down by the pool but I know dinner is like pretty much ready and I'm almost done these edges. I'm going to blend that with my finger. You don't want to add too much glitter otherwise it will kind of cover the actual color itself. And realistically stars are not even that close together so adding too many in one spot is just unrealistic expectations. I'm putting some stars in between. You know how people always say that when you do your brows they're sisters not twins. That's an excuse for not being perfect. Well I'm going to tell you the same thing about this. These are quadruplets not wait they can still be identical. These are a really large family of siblings and none of them are twins. And that's what makes this look special. Okay my edges are officially laid and glittered and this is what it looks like. I got this little curl down here. I love how the glitter just looks in the light and now it's time to style. I already did my hair routine and my curls are hydrated and happy. I can't even believe how that one's just beautiful. Pretty much I'm just giving myself a side part and then this is going to be a little bit more pulled back so you can see the edges on that side and then this one you can see the edges when your hair is blowing in the wind you can have it pinned back whatever you please and I please this. I like that. Just like a little tuck behind my ear and you can see everything. Alright so that's it for today's video. I really hope you guys enjoyed it. I enjoyed doing it and trying something different with my hair. I love turning different stuff with my hair as you guys can tell that's kind of the whole point of the channel in my life. So if you guys like this video don't forget to subscribe and check out my other social media linked in the description box down below. I hope you guys enjoyed it. I wish you all a happy healthy life and I will see you in the next video. Kisses!


Okay, I hope you can hear me now So as I was saying Declaration just defines the properties and methods That's why when we access an object in TypeScript and we are using a library written in JavaScript We have all the methods and properties of that library. It's because of the declaration files developer experience One reason to use TypeScript is because of the developer experience So types prevent bugs first of all If we for some reason we misspelled writing method or we are passing a wrong type to a function If we compile this code we always we automatically get the Some errors by the compiler. So we don't have this kind of errors in runtime Which is nice and it can save us a lot of time refactoring code It's much easier using TypeScript to refactor code. Basically, we are refactored. We are renaming a property in an interface So it will find all reference to that type and it will change in all places where we are using that property pretty nice IntelliSense, so as I said before When you access an object we get all properties and methods of that object Using the declarations so it's pretty useful and it increases the developer productivity Okay, now let's talk about migration So now that we know the basics of JavaScript and the advantages. Let's migrate From JavaScript to TypeScript So our migration goal Basically, we have a really simple API written in JavaScript. It's using epi as a web framework and Our goal is to migrate to TypeScript Here is a project if you can check later So what is our migration plan? So first we start by installing TypeScript We install as a dev dependency Then we install declarations in this case we install the node declarations and the epi So since we are using the we are in the node environment we need to use to install the declarations for node and Also declarations for epi that is a web framework written in JavaScript Then we set up our tsconfig.json. So instead of passing all compiler options via argument we can Initialize this tsconfig.json and we can specify all the compiler options much easier Then we enable This option allow.js that basically says to the TypeScript compiler Well, you compile TypeScript and now you will also compile JavaScript code And then optionally we can enable this prop this option check.js So instead of just copying the JavaScript code It will also analyze a JavaScript and report some errors how using js docs and declaration files. I Will show you then we just start renaming our js files to TypeScript fix errors and then Go back to step four until we migrate the all application now let's Do a simple demo Well, so can you see my screen? So here is the package.json and as you can see We just have epi as a dependency and as dev dependencies. I have epi node declarations and TypeScript Then I just created a few scripts to help me building the code. So let's migrate our first file Let's migrate our server So we just go here We just renamed the file to TypeScript and that's it Let's compile this Okay, it's running the tsc command the TypeScript compiler and as you can see it generates to our output directory the JavaScript code, but as you can see it's missing the other JavaScript files So this is the on the the TypeScript file that was compiled So let's also Instead of export as a lot JavaScript. We are using Export a lot a lot TypeScript So to enable compile compiling the JavaScript code we need to enable this option So there is like a bunch of compiler options and we are enabling this one Allow gs. So when we enable this option now the compiler It looks at the TypeScript files and also to the JavaScript so Here we have our JavaScript code also. So we have our TypeScript that was compiled and our JavaScript and it basically just copy the file into some kind of indentation so Nothing special So let's try to run this NPM start So our server is running Then let's call our server and it's returning some stuff. So it's working. So and as you can see we have Well some TypeScript code and some JavaScript But let's make things more interesting. So now I'm Now that we are using the TypeScript compiler I want to take the full advantages and I'm going to enable this option Check gs. So instead of just Compiler JavaScript, it will also analyze the JavaScript code and report some errors Let's just clear these and if I compile Okay, yeah, we have errors. So if you can see it, but basically it's saying that Type number is not assignable to Boolean in a JavaScript file So if we go here It's complaining that it's expecting a Boolean and we are passing a number and how TypeScript knows this Because of the GS docs if we go to the GS docs here It says that insert is expecting a task and the task The done property is a Boolean and we are passing a number. So we can define types in GS doc Using this notation And it's pretty useful So let's fix this So now we pass a Boolean so and it was reporting another error here in this file Saying that We are passing a string and we expect a number and This code at first it looks that is correct. Well, we just receive a request. We Get the the program ID and then we access the database The thing is if we go to the get method in the GS docs It says that we are expecting a number and you are pass passing a string and how it knows that Params is a string because of the declarations. So the TypeScript uses the declaration the happy declarations and it knows that Params is a dictionary of strings. That's why ID is a string And here you we can see the all definitions of the request object in epigest So let's just convert our variable to a number and if we try to compile this Well, no errors cool. We just fixed two errors in our JavaScript Using TypeScript, which is great so let's just Migrate another file Well, now we are receiving an error. So as you can see we don't have intelligence here. So But if we had types We are saying that we are receiving an error now we have all properties of error method error object, so Let's just print the message and let's make things even more interesting. So Let's enable More options in our compiler. So there is a bunch of type checking options here We are going to enable all of them So if we enable this now we are saying to the compiler so if we have like Unusered local variables or unused parameters, please report errors and this is true for our JavaScript code and also for our TypeScript code So let's try to compile this again. Okay found some errors So here it's saying that object is possibly undefined. Whoa, this one is It's hard. So why because Task can be of type task or undefined. Why because here in the get method in the GS docs it says that it can return a task or an undefined and since we enabled This option here strict null checks It says that well task can be null so we can have a problem here. Let's protect against this problem So we need to just check if Task is null. Well cool. We catch another problem and And we can just slowly like migrate the whole application from JavaScript to TypeScript And so we can have people in our team implementing new feature in TypeScript and still fixing some problems in JavaScript We don't need to migrate like at once. We can just like smoothly migrate our applications Let's back to the slides. So Let's just recap So convert JavaScript files to TypeScript and enable allow GS to also compile the JavaScript code Optionally we can enable this option check GS. It's very useful And take advantages of the GS doc and declarations to also report errors in our JavaScript code So and these allow us to use TypeScript, but not write TypeScript We can just have a whole application written in JavaScript and having type checking if we enable this option and if we install the declarations So we can write JavaScript with types Then if we want to catch even more errors in our code we can enable the strict type checking options To detect even more problems So and That's it Thank you. I don't know if we have time for questions They are not enabled by default Well, it's like a TypeScript decision when we generate the TS config file It basically you have like all options and all of them are basically commented. So you just need to uncomment all options There are some rules that we can catch with linters But if we have if we just use TypeScript, it's much easier


تشرف بالاشتغالي بالعلم ولا تبغي به ما عشت يا دادا دالا وياله من شراف عظيمي ومany other reasons that the scholars mentioned تطبقات المدلسين المدلسين have levels and there are five levels there are five levels of Mudallisim the first type and Ibn Hajar is the one who mentioned this is called Tabaqat and Mudallisim there are five types he wrote a book in regard to this issue one is ملم يوسف بدالك إلا ناديلا somebody who is not referred to as a Mudallis except rare and he is who يحي من السعيد الأنصاري he is rare very rare the third type is من احتامل العيمة to تدليسة the second one is those whose تدليس is taken on board the scholars meaning they when I say that تدليس is taken on board meaning the scholars have accepted their تدليس their حديث has been accepted even with the تدليس in it the scholars have accepted it such as who سفيان الملعيينة such as who why would they do that because سفيان الملعيينة only does تدليس of تقات the only people who drops out are people with تقات when he was asked every time it was a reliable people and we took it before when he dropped out who to get to زهري that's how he did it are you with me so those people who are تقا and محمد معمر الرشد is تقا so سفيان الملعيينة was known he was only dropped out تقا so he is when he is accepted even that there is تدليس in it or his تدليس is very little such as سفيان الملعيينة no it's the second one سفيان الملعيينة because of how high he was a person nobody was and his تدليس was very little the scholars also accepted that the third time is من أكثر من التدليس مع تقات somebody who's تدليس is a lot but he's still a تقا he's still a تقا what do you mean is أبي زبير المكي مثلا even though there is خلاف regarding his reliability but أبي زبير المكي and four is من أكثر من التدليس عن الضعفاء والمجاهيل of تدليس from people who are unknown and people who are weak from people who are unknown and people who are weak fifth one is من ضعفاء بأمر الآخر تدليسي the fifth one is a person who is weakened due to something that is other than تدليس he was weakened due to something other than تدليس he is a مدلس but other things made him weak the first type of people who have تدليس the first I mentioned the first I mentioned the first two types are accepted the first two types are accepted the ones that are rarely due to تدليس which is the first one and the second one is those who do تدليس but they do only do it from the people of تقا reliability the third one which is the third type of the third type as for the first fourth type the third type the third type which is the people who are تدليس and they are تقا like for example the scholars they dispute each other on views and there are four views regarding that the third type the first group they said we are not going to take it so that's the third the first two is accepted what are we talking about here what is the ruling of the narration of the مدلس I said the first two طبقه are accepted the third type there is a خلاف whether it should be accepted and there are four views regarding it I didn't say five I said four did I say five four views the first fourth view is يرى جماعة يرى جماعة من الفقهي وصحابي الحديث أن الخابر المدلس غير مقبول المطلقان it's not accepted the second view is يرى جبع من أهل العلم أن الخابر المدلس مقبول المطلقان the second type is that it is accepted generally it's opposite to the first one right the third view is what وقال آخرون بالتفصيل the third view is that they saw a تفصيل it has to be explained no if the مدلس he narrates it with a بسبع such as or he says مقبول محتجم بي it's accepted and it's exactly it's independent وإل روا إفهي ناريته بلافد محتمل if it's محتمل كعان فلا يقبل and this is the call of who شافعي ابر صلاح نواوي من حجر you with me the fourth is what another group of people they said it has a تفصيل but their تفصيل was not the same as the third group what did they say they said if the person if the مدلس is known and no liar we إلا عن ثقة if he's known to not do at least except of a ثقة then they said whichever way he does it is accepted if he's known to just drop a person who is what ثقة then they said whichever form he narrates it in it doesn't matter whether he says it doesn't matter it's accepted وإن كان المدلس but if he does it with ثقة and other than a ثقة فلا يقبل إلا إذا صراحة بتحديث they said we not take it unless he does تصريح تحديث like he's صريح صراحة he mentions it what about the fourth and the fifth as for the fourth and the fifth the fourth one there's no Khilaf في عدم القبول إلا مع تصريح بالسمع the fourth one I'm talking about I'm going back to the original the fourth one which is the one who only does to the least from the وعفة and the مجاهيف there's no Khilaf amongst the scholars of hadith except unless he mentions that حدثنا أخبارنا they don't take it the fourth one the fifth one they're not accepted even if they do تصريح السمع even if they say حدثنا أخبارنا are you with me it's a third type which is the people who narrate من أكثر من التدليسة مع أثقاتي وإذا ثقة I said four views came out of that one right which view is the strongest the third view of that one is the strongest which is the view of شافرعي which is what إذا كان المدليس يروي بلافد السماعي or حدث it is accepted and it's very dependent on if he uses عن or not and the شاف عزيو ام صلاح عزيو ام حجر عزيو is the strongest والله أعلم we took the مردود the rejected hadith we took if the rejection occurs or the rejection occurs from two angles or two reasons إما أصقطوا في السنة أم أطعنوا في الراوي the chain of narration is disconnected or the narrator of the hadith is what or the narrator of the hadith is criticized okay we are on the last type of أصقط في السنة the disconnection that occurs in the hadith because we said the سقط is how many types two, just like the way أطعنوا في الراوي is two types أصقط في السنة is what إما ظاهر أما واضح and خفي we took the ظاهر or the واضح we are now on the خفي we also took the مدلس the مدلس the مدلس we took which is the ظاهر sorry which is the خفي we took that one we are on the last one which is called المرسل الخفي is called المرسل الخفي مرسل الخفي is it means أن يروي الراوي it is that a narrator with the rate عم اللقيه who somebody who he has met or عصره or he lived with him time ما لم يسمع منه that which he hasn't heard from him بالفضل in a wordy يحتبل السماعة وغيّره كقالة he will use the word قالة the example for that is ما رواه ابن ماجة that which ابن ماجة has narrated on the through the chain of عمر بن العبد العزيز who narrated from عقبة ابن عامر who narrated from عقبة ابن عامر and he said رحم الله حارس الحارسي this hadith عمر ابن عبد العزيز we know he hasn't met عقبة he hasn't met him he has not met him as إمام المزي منشن in his كتابة الأطرافي but did they live at the same era yes how can one realize and recognize the مرسل الخفي how can one identify it and know it there are two ways to know it the first one is نصون a text بعض الأئمة from some of the scholars على أن هذا الراوية stating that this narrator لم يلق من حدث عنه that he has not met the person who he narrated from or he hasn't heard from him at all to إخباره informing عن نفسه he informs of himself بأنه لم يلقى he informs of his own self بأنه لم يلقى من حدث عنه he informs it himself saying I have not met this person which I am narrating from or I haven't heard anything from this person okay those are the two ways to identify The Hadith which is مرسل الخفي is لأنه من نور المنقطة because it's a disconnected chain of narration one of the best books to find this topic and to study a bit more in details is the book written by خطيب البغدادي is called خطيب البغدادي he called it خطيب البغدادي he called it خطيب البغدادي خطيب البغدادي can be found in that book now insha Allah we're going to move on to the Quala of Hafer إبلا حجر then says so we've studied سقط of his senate the first reason why حدث is rejected is because it's disconnected we're now going to move on to the next type which is ثم طعنوا The criticism إما أن يكون Remember we said that the criticism The criticism is what The criticism occurs in what In either In Adala to Rawi Regarding his Adala Or his dub His Adala Or his dub Each one has five The Adala has five And the dub has five Let's remind ourselves again The Adala is what Five The first one is الكذب Lying التهمة بالكذب To be suspected as a liar الفسق To be a fasq البدعة To be an innovator الجهالة You are Unknown The other That's A طعنوا Criticism Regarding Adala The next one is A طعنوا Criticism That is directed at A dub His memory What is it فحش الغلم الغفلة مخالفة الثقات الوهم سؤلهم We are going to take each one إن شاء الله Which one are we going to start with The sheikh says ثم طعنوا The criticism إما أن يكون It can be لكذب الراوي Because the narrator is a liar He is a liar The criticism is because of his life What does lying mean نغة نميستيكلي نقير الصدق Is the opposite to truth Is the opposite to truth يعالب يسي كذب يكذب كذب وكذب وكذب وكذب وكذب وكذاب Look at the Kitab إصلاح المرضق أن الإسان العرب إصلاحا What does it mean تكنيكلي It means هو الإخبار It is to inform عن الشيء is to inform a matter على خلاف ما هو Opposite to what it really is It is to inform something to the opposite of its reality Whether you say it deliberately or you are joking It's a lie Whether you say it deliberately Or even if you say it by accident Even by accident It's called a lie It's a lie In the Arabic language So whether it's عمدن أو سهول We don't condition For a speech For us to say that this speech is a lie For it to come from a person deliberately فلا يستارط We do not condition لتسمية الكلمة To call this speech a lie قوله صدر من قائله عمدن By having to come out from the person deliberately No بالمجرد الإخبار Just the mere fact that the person forms us Of something which is the opposite to the reality Is a lie That's enough for us to say that it's a lie Where is the evidence for that? The Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم Say من كذبا anyone who lies about me موتا عمدن Deliberately What does that show us? That there is a lie That is not deliberately صحيح Anyone who lies about me deliberately فلا يتبقوا بقع عدن من النار But what's the benefit of this حديث That if you are lying It's not deliberate You don't fall under them You don't fall under this حديث You think the warning is not regarding you The warning is regarding who? A person who does it deliberately But it's still a lie What you said is still a lie نعم Whereas the معتزلة They say The معتزلة which are a deviated sect يرون اشتراط العمدن They say that They condition That the person say the deliberately So the speech can become a lie That's what they say And that's something that goes against اهل السنة What is the ruling regarding the person Who lies about the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم اجمع It's a unanimous agreement Consense من يعتدوا بقوله من المسلمين Anyone whose speech is taken into consideration From the Muslims على تحريمين That it's haram الكذب على رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم That lying about the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم Is haram والحكم بأنه And it's also the ruling is what That it's a major sin من كبائل الزنوب It's from the major sins Because of the Because of the Hadith Which is متواتر Which the Prophet said من كذب علي متعمدا Anyone who lies about me deliberately فليتبوا مقعدهم من النار So he prepared his place in the In the Hellfire امام أبو معالي الجويني رحمه الله Who's our Imam Ali al-Jwaini إمام الحرمين إمام الحرمين Who's Kitab al-Warakat We're studying currently as well right now He narrated from his father His father's called Mohammed His father made Takfir Of anyone who places the Hadith Deliberately He said he's a kafir But the son He said that's very weak To make a kafir of a person And he said about his father وأنه هفوة العظيمة That my father to say this Is a very big mistake Because he said لأنه قال لا أحد من الأئمة ، لا أحد من المسكولات ، فقد قال هذا في المدهب الشافعية ذا برحم الله يقوم من ابن جوزي قوله ولا ريب أن الكذب على الله without a doubt that lying about Allah and his messenger في تحليل حرام أو تحريم حلال كفر المحب ابن جوزي قال لكن تلاقي about Allah and his messenger in making حلال that which they made حرام or making حرام that which they made حلال then this is كفر محب this is a clicker كفر وإنما الشعنو but the matter is في الكذب عليه في بس ودلي but the matter is lying about both of them in a matter which is not making حلال that which they made حرام or حرام that which they made حلال also the speech that theكرامية theكرامية are a deviated sect they ascribe themselves to a man by the name of محمد ملكرام السجداني they see the permissibility of إباحة وضع لحاريث they see the permissibility of fabricating and making up a hadith المطبم منه that what that consists in it للترغيب في الطاعة والتدفير من المعصية that brings the people to the obedience of Allah and that also pushes away the people from what the disobedience of who Allah so they said those type of hadith very good no problem and they start they they claim they say that the hadith that the prophet said anyone who lies about me on me they said that the prophet said and they said weird that's not what we do we don't lie about we don't lie about the messenger I said we we lie for the messenger إِنَّا نَكْذِبُ لَهُ وَلَسْنَا نَكْذِبُ عَلِيْ we lie for him we don't lie about him صلى الله عليه وسلم and this is a calam which is متهافت is calam which is no basis it's childish and it's really to be honest it doesn't even deserve to be refuted وَأَقَلُ مِنْ أَنْ يُرَدَّى it's too pathetic for it to be even talked and spoken about the messenger doesn't need anyone to lie for him he doesn't need anyone to lie to spread his دعوة عليه الصلاة و سلام


Hello friends, I am Sanjay Gupta. In this video I am going to demonstrate you how you can implement constructors and destructors together in a class in C++. Before starting, you can note my information. You can connect with me by following these details. You can download my app TakMS that is available on Google Play.  Here I have included a header file IO screen. Then I have used a namespace that is STD. It is a predefined namespace. Then name of class is complex. Its attributes real and imaginary are declared here in form of RNI variables. Both are of integer type. Then in public section, first I have implemented default constructor. So constructor is used to initialize attributes of an object. It is called automatically whenever object of a class is created. So this constructor will initialize real and imaginary with 10 and 20 respectively. Now second block of this definition is destructor. So destructor is called when an object goes out of scope. So you can see that in main function I have created an object C1. So at the time of its creation, default constructor will be executed automatically. And after completion of this main function, when control will be out from this main function, then automatically this destructor will be executed and it will display destructor called message on console. So this message will say that destructor is actually executed because I have not written any particular statement for calling of the destructor. So it is called automatically without writing any particular statement. So constructor will call whenever you will be creating any object, but destructor will be called automatically when an object goes out of scope or you can say a function has terminated. And the proof destructor called message is the proof that this destructor is executed. Then print function, which is printing real and imaginary values on console. Now I am executing this code. You can see the output 10 and 20 are displayed because of constructor calling. And at the end destructor called message is printed. Now I am going to create one more object C2 and I am printing its values by calling print function. This time I have created total two objects. So two objects will be destroyed with the help of destructor and their memory will be released by the destructor so that that memory can be used by some other programs. So this time destructor called message will be displayed twice. So let's see the output. You can see 10, 20, 10, 20 are displayed two times because two objects are created. So two times constructor is working. You can also see destructor called message are printing twice. So destructor also executed twice. So if you have created more than one objects like n number of objects, so constructor will be called n number of times. Similarly, destructor will be called n number of times. And remember that for destructor you have to use this tilde sign. It differentiate constructor and destructor because name of constructor and destructor are same as their classes. So I hope you have understood the use of constructor which is for object initialization and the use of destructor which deallocates the memory and prints a particular message on console. And it is called automatically when object goes out of scope. So implement this concept. If you want to watch more programming related videos, you can subscribe my YouTube channel. Thank you for watching this video.


The Blue Beetle. Weeping down upon the underworld, a smash ganglin' comes the mysterious, all-powerful character who is a problem to the police, but a crusader for law. In reality, Dan Garrett, a rookie patrolman, loved by everyone but suspected by none of being the Blue Beetle. As the Blue Beetle, he hides behind a sprained mask and a suit of impenetrable blue chain armor, flexible as silk but stronger than steel. Today's episode of the Fox feature, The Blue Beetle, is the second part of a story entitled, Saved by a Hare. In the first part of the story, the troman Dan Garrett has taken on the investigation of the parole racket in an effort to save Jim Horton, the son of a friend of Mike Mannegan, from a long-term in jail. The body of officer Joe Riley investigating the kidnapping of parole commissioner Downey's daughter Helen has been tossed out of a fleeing sedan. The license number of the murder car leads to Gus Heinrich's cafe owner. While questioning Heinrich, Dan Garrett in his Blue Beetle disguise is temporarily stunned by a blow on the head. Nosy, one of Heinrich's henchmen, has been sent to cover up the murder trail by running Heinrich's sedan off a cliff into the sea at Lover's Leap. As the episode ended, Heinrich's was turning over to Officer Mannegan, the unconscious body of the Blue Beetle. As our story opens today, Mannegan, still in Heinrich's office, is questioning him about the murder of the Dan. Now, what about this license number I have here? I'm sure I don't know anything about it. It's your number, ain't it? Yeah, it's my number. But the license plate must have been stolen from my car. Well, where is your car now? In the garage, back of my office here. Well, suppose we have a look. Well, what about the Blue Beetle on the floor there? No, he's still unconscious. He'll stay there till we get back. I've handcuffed him to the radiator pipe. All right, then, did they? I have a passageway connecting with my private garage.  Oh, I'm unconscious, am I? I've just been playing possum. Now to burn these handcuffs off with my magic rays. Now to catch Nozi with Heinrich's other car, the murder car. Before he runs it off, lovers leap into the sea. I'll need that car for evidence. And maybe I can pick up the kidnap trail from Nozi. Now, that looks like the murder car ahead. Only one man in it. It must be Nozi. Yes, he's turned off on the road to lovers leap. I'll have to step on it. Here we go. Now, this motorcycle can certainly travel. All right, Nozi, pull up. No motorcycle cops gonna stop me. This is no motorcycle cop. It's the Blue Beetle. And he's going to nip. Hey, take it off this running water. Put on those brakes. Put on those brakes quick. We'll both go over lovers' leap together. Maybe you're going, but not me, brother. Oh, you don't. You're staying with me. Put on those brakes. It's too late. We're headed right for the cliff. Let me out of here. Let me out of here. You're going where I go, Nozi. I hope you can swim because here we go. No! Hello, Mr. Mannequin. I hope you're satisfied. Not completely. It'll continue me investigations elsewhere. Oh, and don't forget to pick up the Blue Beetle in my office. Oh, I'll pick him up all right. It'll sure be a feather in me cap. Well, here we are at my office. You tell the DA I'm at his service to testify against the Blue Beetle anytime with you. Where is the Blue Beetle? It's lying right there. Yeah, but he is now. And here's me handcuffs going right through. This is serious. We've got to catch that thief. Yes, but how? He's a slippery one, that Blue Beetle. That's your job, Mannequin. Better get busy or I'll report you to the commissioner for negligence. No wonder our city is overrun with crooks. What we need is better police protection. Hello. Commissioner Downey speaking. This is the Blue Beetle, Commissioner. The Blue Beetle? Yes. I think I've located your brother. You have? Where is he? He's being held prisoner at the old Sawmill. How do you know? I rescued one of the kidnapped gang from Browning. On the car he was driving on over the cliff at Lover's Leap. He confessed to me. Fine work. I'll have the police on the trail right away. Just a minute, Commissioner. Don't do that, please. Oh, what is this, a joke? If it is, I'll have every police officer in the city on your trail. I'll... Now, wait. Listen to me. Well? There's a chance of rescuing your daughter and apprehending a lot of crooks if this matter is handled right. What do you mean, handled right? First, tell me, have you received any ransom demands from the kidnappers? No. Not a word of any kind. Have you anything that might be of value to a gang of crooks? No, not that I can think of. Any papers of any sort that might be of value to the wrong people? Only the parole records and recommendations. A list of prospective parolees. Or are they? In my safe here at home. That's the answer. This whole thing ties up with the parole record. What do you mean? The kidnappers are after those papers. Who knows the combination of your safe beside yourself? Only my daughter. That's why they're holding her. To make her devote the combination of your safe. I plan to steal those papers and blackmail every man that's out on parole or who may be later released on parole. Why, I never heard of such a fantastic plan. I'll call the police commissioner and have... Listen, Commissioner Donny. If you do that, you'll scare these rats underground. What do you advise, Blue Beetle? Set no guards around your house at all. Move to a hotel right away. But I'll leave everything to me, Commissioner. The Blue Beetle will have these crooks rounded up before dawn. Now look, Miss Donny. Leave on the combination of your father's safe. I won't tell you. I am sure you will, Miss Donny. Swim. Yeah, boy. Start the saw going. Right. Run along through. Do you hear that, Miss Donny? Yes, I heard it. What about it? Just imagine yourself bound to a log being run through like a glass log. Why, you fiend. You wouldn't dare do that. Dare? Swim. Yeah, boss.  Give me a hand here with Miss Donny. Right. You take our feet. I'll take our head. You dare touch me and I'll scream the whole world down around your ears. You go ahead and scream. No one will hear you out here. We are miles away from civilization in the woods here. Pick out up, Swim. Hey, the gagger. He made me know he was on stage to warm his yellow. I heard that log on the saw rack while I stick this gagging up out there. Help me. Now, Miss Donny, one last chance. When you tell me the combination of your father's safe, shake your head, yes or no. All right. That's your last chance. Nobody knows you're here. Nobody knows we're here. Start the saw, Swim. Oh, hold it, Swim. Oh, you're ready to talk, Miss Donny. Another foot, and it would have been too late. Remove the gag, Swim. Right, boss. There. Now, Miss Donny, the combination. Dial left to seven, right to 12, then left twice to eight. This is fainted, boss. What'll I do with her? We've got what we wanted. Leave her let her go. She will sweep. Now, start your saw, and let's beat it. Right, boss. Hey, hey, what's that noise? The blue beetle. Stop that motor or I'll blast you. What'll I do, boss? Get away from that motor. That puts you out of the running squint. Now for you, Heinrichs. Where are you? Oh, there you go. Well, I'll get you later. The blue beetle's going to nip the whole gang of murderers, kidnappers, and racketeers. Seven, right 12, then left twice to eight. There. And now? The last scene of the play, Heinrich, the blue beetle. Yes, and he's going to nip. Not this time, blue beetle. Drummond, the mouthpiece. Ganglin's famous old man, counselor at law, who dyes his hair to keep him young looking. I may be old, but I know my business. The law's never caught up with me yet, and they never will. I'm too clever for them. You're not dealing with the law now. You're facing the blue beetle. But the blue beetle will never nip again. Put down that gun, Drummond. Not till I wiped out you and Heinrich. Not saying, Drummond, I didn't feel. No, but you were trying to double-cross me. So here's one for you, Heinrich, and one for you, blue beetle. Drummond, your hair. It's turning white. White? My beautiful black hair, turning white. That for you, Drummond. Never turn your eyes from your opponent. If you want to win your point. You bane old man. Your hair was your undoing and my salvation. Here comes the law for you, you crooks. Now I'll put you where you can't prey on poor unfortenance like Jim Horton. Your parole racket is smashed. The blue beetle's job is done. And so the blue beetle smashed another racket and won another battle in his crusade against crime. The moral of this story is that neither experience nor intelligence is proof against right and good. History proves that, in the long run, right always triumph. Further adventures of the blue beetle will be dramatized in the next episode of the blue beetle. The blue beetle is a copyrighted box feature appearing in Mystery Men Comics Magazine and the blue beetle magazine. The blue beetle is on the air twice a week on this same station. Consult the broadcast schedule in your local newspapers. And don't forget to listen into the blue beetle.