So I just left the gym. It was a really, really good workout. So I'm walking home. I am hungry. You saw that I had my protein coffee this morning. That's all that I've had. I thought about having a little something before I went to the gym, but I wasn't hungry.  So as soon as I get home, we're going to make some breakfast. I need to take my fiber supplement of the day as well. I didn't take that this morning. I typically don't take it before I work out or before I'm away from home because fiber can help with certain things besides keeping you full. So I'll take that when I get home and then of course get started on my water for the day. I also want to do a little self-care today. I feel like I've been neglecting a little self-care. I feel like working out, exercising, taking care of my body as self-care, but I really want to do extra self-care today. I have a few sheet masks that I want to test out. So I think we'll do a sheet mask. I have an eye massager that's new-ish to me. I've only used it a couple of times and I love it and it really feels like self-care. So we're going to do that. It's going to be a good day. I'm trying to decide what I want to make for dinner. So I'm just going to take you guys along with me throughout the whole day. So let's go ahead and head home, take that fiber supplement and get started on breakfast. So for breakfast, I'm making a breakfast sandwich. I've been loving having a breakfast sandwich, post-workout, good carbs, good protein, some healthy fat. So I'm going to use one of the Thomas Protein English Muffins. I love these because there's eight grams of protein. So if I'm going to eat an English muffin, it's going to have protein.   So let's put together breakfast. So here is my breakfast. I've got my breakfast sandwich and the rest of the mango and blueberries. I'm really excited for this. I'm super, super, super hungry. I just got home from the gym, just got ready for the day. We went simple today. My little mascara leggings leopard t-shirt, actually one of my lovely subscribers and friend Susan gave me this t-shirt threw my hair up in a clip, put on some earrings. We're going to call it a day, but I need to take, like I mentioned, my fiber supplement. I try to eat a lot of whole real food. I try to get in a lot of fiber from the foods that I'm eating with a high protein diet. We can have some issues in that area and taking a fiber supplement helps me out greatly. And I've shared my Bellway fiber gummies with you guys in a couple different videos and I've been asked a lot, what fiber supplements do I take? This is one of them. I actually take a couple but this is one that I take every single day. These are the super fiber gummies and raspberry and lemon.  And what I love about these is there's no sugar. A lot of gummy vitamins have a lot of sugar in them. That's why I don't take gummy supplements in general but these have no added sugar. They're organic and they're actually sweetened with stevia. So I take three of the gummies every day and that gives me four grams of delicious fiber. Absolutely love these, obsessed with these. Again, I take these every single day and then this is another great fiber supplement from Bellway. These are the super fiber and fruit. They're psyllium husk, prebiotic fiber and this is the pineapple passion fruit. I talked about this a few times too. Troy takes this in his water every single night. So you get a little bit of flavor and then you get some fiber. Five grams of fiber per serving. If you want something to add to water that's going to give you some fiber and some flavor. These are great options. The watermelon one is one of my favorites. They also have a blueberry or berry one and then I can't recommend the gummies enough. This is really my favorite thing and like I said, I take these every single day. So I wanted to share those with you. I will link Bellway down below with a discount. Get a baller. Get a baller. Get your baby. Oh, this is the moment I have to baby.  Mama, come here. Come on. Get a baller. Yeah, get a baller. See, I'm feeling good. I want to play. You want to play?  Look, get the baby. You want it? Start my first little bit of self-care today and I have a bit of a headache. I'm getting old and I have glasses. I just never wear them. I should wear them. I do get a lot of eye strain just from straining to read things. I always have to hold things really far out to read them. You know, I spend a lot of time on my computer. I also spend a lot of time on my phone and the font and the print is really small on both of those things. So I do suffer from frequent headaches, frequent eye strain. And so the self-care that I want to do a little bit this afternoon involves another product from Bob and Brad. I talk about Bob and Brad a lot on my channel. I have their massage gun, which we use constantly. Their foot massager actually used that yesterday and this is their eye massager. This thing is incredible. This is the Bob and Brad eye massager. It's a heated eye massager for migraines with compression and music. It is rechargeable with a simple USB plug-in. It includes a travel case. It has physical buttons and it's powered by quiet tech. It's extremely quiet. It includes music, adjustable soothing heating and super fast charging. Bring relief to strained tired eyes, faster and quieter. It features a row of soft cushions over each eye which gently inflate in series to provide a rolling massage sensation. The compression is to relieve dry and tired eyes whether it's from staring at a screen for too long and promote circulation and encourage relaxation. The heat is about 104 degrees to about 113 degrees Fahrenheit so it's a super comfortable heat temperature. Reduce stress and anxiety, soothe headaches and eye strain and even improve your sleep quality. You guys know how important sleep is for weight loss. That was the self care that I needed. This thing is incredible. I love the music, the heat, the massage. Highly highly recommend. Everything I've purchased from Bob and Brad has been a 10 out of 10. This included, I definitely will be getting a lot of use out of this. So I'm going to make some lunch and I decided that I wanna have kind of a snacky lunch and I wanted to share these fun little snack plates that I bought off of Amazon.  So they come in really handy for little snack plates and I love the colors. You can get all white or the multicolors like I did. Again, I just bought these off of Amazon. I'll link them for you. So in my little snack plate I'm going to do one packet of the Starkis tuna creations in lemon pepper. I love these, great way to get in protein and it's only 80 calories with 17 grams of protein. I'm going to have a few crackers. A serving is 16 but I'll probably do half of a serving because I think eight crackers is enough to eat the packet of tuna fish. And then I'm going to have a serving of roasted red pepper hummus.  And then I'm going to have some cucumbers to dip in the hummus. And then lastly for some added protein I'm going to do a serving which is half of a cup of cottage cheese and top it with some fresh pineapple. So let me put together my little snacky lunch and then I'll show you the completed lunch. So here is my lunch. This looks amazing. So I have two tablespoons of the roasted red pepper hummus, my packet of tuna fish, half of a serving of those everything crackers, about eight slices of cucumber that I'm going to dip in that amazing hummus and then half of a cup of good culture cottage cheese topped with 55 grams of pineapple. So I will link these cute little snack plates down below for you and I'll put points, calories, macros here on the screen. So for an afternoon snack I'm going to make a yogurt bowl. This is different than my normal yogurt bowl. I do like to change it up, get a little bit of variety. So today I'm going to use the Oikos Triple Zero vanilla. I've been doing about a cup of this. I think a serving is three quarters of a cup. Yes, so I do about a cup. And then I always add fresh fruit today. We're rolling with raspberries. And then I bought the reduced sugar craisans because I didn't realize they had 10 grams of fiber per serving, which is a quarter cup. Now I don't put a quarter cup on, I put about a tablespoon, but I'll take the extra fiber and I like the little bit of tartness and chewiness of these. And then I've been putting some cacao nibs, pumpkin seeds and hemp seeds. So let me make my yogurt bowl and I'll show you the completed concoction. So here's my yogurt bowl. This is so good. You've got the crunch of the hemp seeds, the pumpkin seeds and the cacao nibs. And then you get the chewiness of the craisans. The fresh fruit is so incredibly good. It's been my complete jam lately. So go ahead and put points, calories and macros here on the screen for you. For dinner tonight, I am making a saucy beef and broccoli. So let me show you what's in the recipe. First you're going to need minced garlic, soy sauce, beef broth, brown sugar substitute of your choice. Of course I'm using Lakonto. I do have 15% off Lakonto site-wide. I'll link that down below for you. Fresh ginger or ginger paste, cornstarch, green onions. You can do rice or noodles. I have these rice noodles left over from my Vietnamese rolls from my meal prep. I am going to cook these up and we're going to do noodles and beef and broccoli. And then this is actually the top sirloin from ButcherBox. We love ButcherBox grass-fed, grass-finished ground meats way better than any other meat you can buy. So I have four small top sirloin steaks. So the first thing we're going to do is put together the sauce. So I need one tablespoon of cornstarch, three quarters of a cup of beef broth and I'm going to mix that together until the cornstarch is dissolved before I add in the rest of the ingredients. Two tablespoons soy sauce, add a teaspoon of minced ginger, tablespoon of Lakonto golden and then a big scoop of minced garlic. Go ahead and stir all of that together until fully mixed and then set it aside. I have a skillet sprayed with some non-stick cooking spray. I went ahead and sliced the steak into strips. I'm going to add it to the skillet and cook it for about four minutes. Once your steak is about three quarters of the way cooked, we're actually going to remove it from the pan. So I'm just going to place it on a plate. To that same pan, I'm adding in my chopped up broccoli and I'm going to allow it to saute down for a few minutes. Then I'm going to add in my diced green onions and allow those to cook down a little bit with that broccoli. While our broccoli is still cooking, I'm going to add in my noodles just so that they have a chance to saute down with the broccoli. I'm going to add back in my beef and then again, allow that to warm through with the noodles and the broccoli. The broccoli is not quite cooked all the way through. We want to make sure it's cooked before we add in our sauce. Then we're going to add in the sauce and allow that to warm through. So here is our beef in broccoli. Again, I did add noodles. You could pair this with rice. You could skip the noodles. I am going to go ahead and plate this up and I'll be back to share points, calories and macros. So here is dinner. Here is the beef and broccoli. You could top it with some sesame seeds, really any other toppings that you would like but this looks absolutely delicious. We've got protein, we've got vegetables, we've got a good carbohydrate. All the information is here on the screen for you. So before I do my sheet mask tonight, I wanted to show you what I'm going to have for dessert. We're keeping it pretty simple. One caramel rice cake. These are the Kroger brand. I actually like these better, I think, than the Quaker. They're a little more crunchy, little more caramel, really, really good. And then I'm going to do two tablespoons of blueberry cheesecake almond butter from American Dream Nut Butter. You know I love American Dream Nut Butter, so good. I actually really like this one paired with the caramel rice cake. I don't know what it is about it but it tastes really good together. So that is going to be tonight's dessert.  This is from the Creme Shop, Clarifying Peppermint Cocoa Sheet Mask. I've actually had this since last Christmas. So we're going to use her up. That's going to give me some refreshed skin. So let me put this on. We'll wait about 20 minutes. I'll remove the mask. I usually just rub in whatever oils and things are left into my skin and then I'll do my normal nighttime skincare. For joining me for today's What I Eat in a Day on WW, I hope you enjoyed coming along with me today. Seeing all the good food that I ate. Don't forget to check out Bellway and the Bob and Brad eye massager down below.  Subscribe if you're not, turn your bell on because we do a What I Eat in a Day every Wednesday. Don't forget down in the description box you'll also find tonight's dinner recipe which is on my recipe website. Nutrition coaching, links and discounts to my favorite things. And come join our Facebook group. We would love to have you. Thank you for watching and we'll see you in the next one.


Hello again and welcome back to yet another video where we're going to see two examples of the chain rule in action. This one's a little different because we're going to see rules mixed up together here. It's one of the important things about having a lot of tools available to differentiate functions is knowing exactly what tool is right in a given situation. This isn't always an easy process. So let's think through it. First of all, let's take a look at the function y equals x squared times e to the 5x. So if we're going to take the derivative of y, we need to think about what rule should we use first. Well, let's think through what we know. What rules do we have in front of us? We have the chain rule, we have the product rule, we have the quotient rule, and we have all the sort of more simple rules that we saw earlier on in the section. So which one is it that we should be using first? Well, I think what we're going to use first is the product rule. And the reason that the product rule is going to be in play here is because at the top level of structure here, think about how this function is built. It's really two functions multiplied together, and I'm just going to circle those here. Here's one function, and I'm multiplying by another function. So you look at this function here, and if you pay attention to the video on exponential functions, you see an e to the 5x, and that might make you think the chain rule is going to occur at some point in this process, and you'd be right about that. But it's not going to occur at the beginning of this process because y, globally speaking, is not a composite function. It is a function that's a product first. One of the terms of that product is a composite. But when you look at the very, very top level, this is a product first and foremost, and so we're going to use the product rule to differentiate it. Now what other rules may show up in the process? We'll see, but this is going to be a product rule problem first. So let's start cranking on that. So I have my first function, x squared, and my second function, e to the 5x. I'm just going to write out what the product rule would tell me using my d over dx notation. So y prime should be the derivative of the first function times the second function, sort of left alone, plus the first function times the derivative of the second function. Now let's just take stock and see what's going to happen next before we actually do it. This derivative here is going to be pretty easy peasy because that's just a simple power function. This one here, if you think about how I'm going to differentiate that, again, if you paid attention to the video on exponential functions, you know that when we see an e to the complicated power, that's going to involve the chain rule. So I believe that this derivative is going to involve the chain rule. So we suspected that the chain rule would make an appearance and it will here in the smaller sub-process that's going on. So let's see what we can do up to this point. So first of all, the derivative, this first derivative over here of x squared is just going to be 2x. It's already being multiplied by an e to the 5x. And I have plus x squared times, now let's get rid of this here and think about what that derivative would be of e to the 5x. Well, this is a composite function where the inside function is the exponent 5x, and the outside function, the second link in the chain, is e to the x. So for the chain rule, I need both derivatives of these functions. So g prime of x, the derivative of 5x is just 5, and f prime of x is just e to the x again. So let me switch to blue and do the derivative that I had been doing in green here. I'm going to put a large parenthesis here to encase this process. So the chain rule says I should use f prime, that's here, with the original g function put into it. That's e to the 5x. And then I would need to multiply all that by the derivative of g of x, and that's just a 5. Okay, so all the derivatives have taken place here, and before we do some simplification, just recap what we did. First of all, I need to decide what rule should apply first when differentiating y. And to do that, I have to step back and look at how the function is put together. It's not a pure composite function because this function is not one single function with another put into it. It's really a product of two things. So I'm going to use the product rule. Now in the course of doing the product rule, I encounter a chain rule that I have to do as well. And we've done that right here. Now let's start to simplify here just to clean this up a little bit. I'll do one thing here, and that's just to multiply the blue stuff out. 2x e to the 5x plus rearranging all these terms here gives me 5x squared e to the 5x. And I see just one last algebra step here. I see that I've got a common factor of x e to the 5x on all these guys here. So let me pull out that common factor and I am with my final answer x e to the 5x times 2 plus 5x. Now let's look at this other example here, y equals cosine of the square root of x squared plus 1. So again, what sort of rule should I be using here? To answer that question, I need to step back and take a look at how this function is put together. I have some choices here. Is this function a product like the one before it? Well, the answer is no. In fact, there is no multiplication taking place here at all. Don't be fooled by thinking that when I write cosine of x squared plus 1, square root of x squared plus 1, this is somehow cosine times x squared plus 1. That is not multiplication. You're looking at their underline in the red. That's function evaluation. So there's no multiplying going on at all in this problem. And so unless you count x times itself. So product rule is out the window and clearly no quotient rule here. So let's think about the chain rule and see if that's got something to say in this problem. Well, is it a composite function? If so, what's the inside, what's the outside?  If I evaluated this function at a point, let's say x equals 0, then I would have to go through a stage of processes like so. The first thing I would have to do is evaluate this inner function at x equals 0 and then run it through the cosine function. So that gives me a sense of what's inside quote unquote on what's outside. I'm going to move this over here. We've been letting g of x denote our first or inside function and that appears to be radical x squared plus 1. And then the outside function is f of x and that is cosine x. If I chain those two functions together with this one first and this one second, I get my original y function back. So let's go through and write out what the chain rule would say in this case. y prime would be f prime of g of x times g prime of x. Now that would involve taking the derivative of cosine, okay, which we know is minus sin of x. And it would also about mean taking the derivative of g of x. Now let's just think about this. The derivative of g of x, that's the derivative of radical x squared plus 1. Now how would I take that derivative? Well that derivative is another chain rule problem. So I would need a second set of chain rule calculations, which I'm going to do right over here. If I am differentiating the function x squared plus 1, that too is a chain rule problem. The inside, I'll just call it g of x again, but I'm using green for the sort of sub calculation here is x squared plus 1. And the outside function f is radical x. So this is not a combination of one rule and another rule like we saw in the first example. It's an example where the chain rule has to be used twice in the same problem in order to catch the derivative. So a lot of moving pieces here, I think I'm going to go and make a clean slide to do all the green calculations here and then pull it back over and finish the main derivative. So here we are and we're going to do the small piece of the main calculation off to the side here. So I'm taking the derivative of radical x squared plus 1. I've identified that the inside function is x squared plus 1, the outside function is radical x, which I'm again going to write as x to the one half because I know a derivative is coming up. So g prime of x is just simply 2x, and f prime of x is going to be one half x to the minus one half. So that's enough information to put together this piece of the derivative. So this derivative is equal to f prime evaluated at g, that's one half quote unquote x, which I'm just going to leave as a blank here, with g plugged into it, that's x squared plus 1. And then I need to multiply that by the derivative of g, that's 2x. Just to simplify this a little bit, the 2 and the one half multiply off and I'm left with x to write it a little bit more pretty is over radical x squared plus 1. So that's the piece of the bigger derivative that I was calculating. I'm just going to simply import that into the main calculation now and carry out the steps. So I'm going to start cleaning here on this slide. And the main function cosine of radical x squared plus 1 is a composite. Here's the g function I see up here, and we decided that g prime of x was eventually equal to x over the square root of x squared plus 1. And the f function cosine, as we know the derivative of cosine is minus sine x. So that's enough information and I'll put together all the derivative for the main event here. So I would need f prime which is minus sine of quote unquote x. And what I put in for x is the original function for g and that would be radical x squared plus 1. And then I'm just going to multiply by the derivative of g which we said was x over radical x squared plus 1. There's really not much of the way of simplification. I can just move the furniture around a little bit and write this as negative x sine radical x squared plus 1 over radical x squared plus 1. And that's the result of my derivative taking process. Again, this is an example where the chain rule was used twice. I guess you could say the original function was not two functions chained together. It was really three x squared plus 1 than the square root function than the cosine function. So thanks for watching.


Defections raise Kanu's stakes as presidential heavyweight battle for massive vote. And Aynag is, of course, being reacted to as the disapprove of political campaigns in worship centres. This is Plus Politics and I am Mary Anacorn. With Lagos topping the list of states with most registered voters, Kanu is the state with the second highest number in the nation. Politicians and political parties in Nigeria beginning to position themselves as the suitable grooms to win the hearts of the Kanu state residents, a state in the north of the country which has evolved over time in advance of the general elections in 2023. This may have something to do with the state's total number of registered votes. Kanu had more than five million voters in 2019 according to Aynag's voter list. Well today we're joined by two gentlemen to break down this conversation. Ibrahim Kabara is a political commentator and a former YPP governorship aspirant and comrade Kabiru Dakhatta is the Executive Director Centre for Awareness, Justice and Accountability. Mr. Kabara, thank you so much. Kabiru, thank you so much for joining us. Thank you for having me. Great. Let's talk about what's happening in Kanu states. Like I said in the opener, it's one of the most courted states right now. We see presidential candidates flocking to Kanu states, of course, trying to also get involved in the politics behind whoever has the power to give them these votes. But we also see that there's been this divide of voters or following between three people, the sitting governor, the former governor, who is now the presidential candidate of the YNNPP, and of course the now PDP member, Mr. Shakarao, of course, these three men seem to have the upper hand when it comes to politics in Kanu states. So let's start with that. Why do these people have such a cult following? And why does the average politician or let's say presidential candidate have to, one way or the other, court these three? I think to start with the presidential candidates who are propping Kanu to get support of the voters is because, you know, for the last five consecutive elections we had, there's one major factor that almost dominated the politics in Kanu, especially when it comes to the issue of presidential election. That factor is the Bohari factor. And for 2023 we are going to have presidential election without that factor. So presidential elections are going to see how they can take advantage of Bohari's exit to get support of the voters. And for the five elections we had, presidential elections, no presidential candidate that contested with Bohari that got the minimum 25% in Kanu state. And some of these candidates are still contesting for 2023 elections. One of them is Artikawa Bokor of PDP. We couldn't get 25% of the vote cast in Kanu in 2019 and still because of Bohari's factor. And today there is no Bohari. So Artikawa is trying to see how he could get votes, both votes are from Kanu state. For Konkoso, people are seeing Konkoso as the likely replacement of Bohari's factor in Kanu state because he has followers, he still has the influence in Kanu's politics and in politics of some states in the northern part of the country. You talk of Govnaganduji. You cannot in any way compare Govnaganduji with the other two political gladiators in Kanu. Govnaganduji is relevant in the system because of the position he is occupying. And also, people are seeing Govnaganduji as not a strong politician, a national politician to influence votes for a candidate. So you talk of these two people and even among the two, Konkoso is the dominant politician in the state. For Shekarao, when you talk of national politics, Shekarao tested his popularity in 2011 when he contested presidential elections. What happened? We could only got 526,000 votes in 2011. He couldn't get the 25% from his state when he was a Govno. So also in 2015, Shekarao supported Jonathan. He moved to PDE, he was given an ministerial appointment to support good luck availing Jonathan. But even at that, Shekarao could not support Jonathan to get reasonable votes. He could only got 10% of the votes passed in Kanu, he could only got 215,000. So if you talk of national politics and presidential elections in Kanu, the two gladiators, Ganduji and Shekarao, cannot in any way compare themselves with Konkoso. This is being the fact that even with the dominant popularity of Buhari in the first elections, we talk about 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015 and 2019. For all the three elections before 2015, Buhari maintained 1.6 million votes from Kanu state. But what happened in 2015 when he joined Kanu with Konkoso? Buhari got 1.9% but in 2019, with Buhari as a question of this country, with Ganduji in Buhari's camp in ABC, with Shekarao in Buhari's camp in ABT, the three of them could only got 1.4 million votes. The worst result Buhari ever had in his presidential contest from Kanu. So the three Buhari, for Shekarao, he has stated himself to be a supporting actor. So people are saying why can't Shekarao, instead of jumping from one party to another, to be bold enough to do what Konkoso did? Konkoso adopted a small party. In four months, you can see how the party is gathering momentum, not only in Kanu state but in other states and also southern part of the country. So I don't see Shekarao making any impact in terms of supporting Atiku to get more support. In fact, in one of the articles I have released recently, I advise Atiku not to put so much expectation on Shekarao because Atiku himself can do what Shekarao cannot do for him in Kanu. Atiku got 21% from the presidential vote cast in 2019. Shekarao could only got 90% for himself in 2011. So Atiku also can do something for himself, not necessarily lying for Shekarao, who has little or no political influence as it is because for any movement he had, leaving one political party to another, some of his followers would refuse to follow him. Recently we have heard one of them had an interview with BBC. He said, yes, Shekarao left but we are not going with, we are not following him. It's a current House of Representatives member from Kanu state. So I think we need to contextualize this conversation to make people understand that in Kanu we have our voting pattern that sometimes the voters will look at one person and vote for that person must be. And like I said, Buhari has been the major beneficiary of that factor and is exiting the stage and people are seeing as the likeness, the placement of that Buhari's factor. Great. Joining us also is of course Ibrahim Kabara who is a political commentator and former YPP governorship aspirant. Mr. Kabara, if you can hear me, Kabara is saying that the governor, the sitting governor of the state in Kanu does not have as much political prowess as of course a Kwankwa Soul who is now a presidential candidate and of course a Shekarao who has again jumped ship from the NNPP to the PDP. But let us know where you stand. Is this really a three horse race in Kanu state in terms of how the votes will be split or is it, like he said, mostly a Kwankwa Soul takes all? I think the view is, presently the political temperature in Kanu is very hot and no barometer can really give you a very clear reading of where the pendulum of the clock will swing to come 2023. Kanu politics is a consist of majorly three political shed. That is the APC shed is under the incumbent governor of Kanu, while the PDP, you cannot specify who had the political shed there because it is presently a split. Mohammed Abacha and Anin Wiley, as a major division that formed that political shed, while the other shed under NNPP is spearheaded by his Excellency, former governor, former minister, Ravi Musa Kankoto. This shows you that what may likely happen in Kanu in 2023 may be what happened on the 4th December 1991 when the election between NRC and the SDP took place. The former governor, architect Kadeel Ibrahim Gaya, suddenly emerged victorious over Magadji Abdelahi, who was assumed as the clear victory come that election. But just over the night Kanu people suddenly changed direction and voted NRC bringing in Governor Kadeel Ibrahim Gaya. Now if you say the whole shekharu has defected from NNPP to PDP to APC and letter to NNPP and now back to PDP, that may still give him an advantage of being somebody who has massive supporters behind him because he was a governor for 80 years, he was a minister and then presently an incumbent senator. And because of the high respect people who follow him have for him because they say he is a person of high morality, a person of high simplicity, a person who has changed in his religion and they say these are rare virtues that are easily seen in politicians. So Mr. Kabara you are saying that Sen. Shakaral has these characteristics, these virtues that, are you saying that the other politicians, I'm talking about the former governor, Kwon Koso and of course the sitting governor do not also have these qualities and that's why they may probably not have as many followers. I'm trying to understand your point here. Not at all, Kwon Koso has his own style and qualities as well because that's why he is heavily endeared by the youth in particular because the time he spent as governor and as minister he assisted in no small measure a large chunk of youth who are unemployed and who are looking for educational channels to pursue various professional endeavors and he fulfilled that kind of aspiration for them and that has really made him be held highly elated by this class of political voters because out of the number of over 6 million voters in Kano Kwon Koso will boost up having the greater part of the youth behind him because youth constitute almost 73% of any registered voters in any location in Nigeria and so Kwon Koso has that advantage while Shakaral has that advantage which I have enumerated. Let's talk about quickly. I'm so sorry to speak over you quickly. Let's talk about the recent political nomadism that we've seen two of these three exhibits. I think Mr Kabiri Dakasa spoke quickly about that but let's come to it in its entirety. We've seen Shakaral move from one party to another in the space of a very few months and you talked about a following that he has. How are people supposed to trust his choices if these movements are happening in quick successions? Believe me, the defection scenario which really surrounded Shakaral has depleted a number of his followers. So many of them now have known talent as far as their faith is concerned in Shakaral and they are saying they may likely vote or not vote come 2023 and those who will vote may not vote in the direction of Governor Ibrahim Shakaral. These are the things. As for the incumbent Gen Duje, the Wahar effect that surrounded him before has now fizzled out because a number of people are disenchanted on the performance of the ATC at the national and the state arena. So as far as visual projects are concerned, Gen Duje collated very high because he has achieved a lot in executing communal projects desired by the citizens. But despite that, the Wahar effect may not allow him to have an age over his competitors when it comes to the next election.  It's very interesting what Ibrahim Kabara is saying here about, you know, the governor, the sitting governor. I mean, let's just oppose this with, let's say, Governor Wike in Riverstage who is saying you cannot win these elections without my state. So I'm putting this question to you. Can anybody, let's say, can Governor Gen Duje say this? I mean, again, your colleague here is saying that he's not necessarily done well and he's somewhat lost the trust of the people in Kainu state. And of course, the people are also aggrieved with the performance of the APC at the national level. Where does this put the APC and their ticket or their hopes in winning, you know, some or if not most of Kainu state? I think Gen Duje has not that power to claim that you cannot win. Of course, he can say one cannot win an election without Kainu. But he cannot in any way claim that he has an influential factor to determine somebody's victory in this state. But let me say something about trying to compare Malemi Bram Shekaro and Governor Konkosu. Of course, the two gentlemen have something in common. They are both governors who ate years in the state. They served as ministers of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Konkosu was a minister and Shekaro is a current minister. But can we interrogate the numbers? If we can use numbers to, you know, add value to our conversation. In 2015, the total registered voters in Kainu state were around 5 million. Konkosu contested the senatorial position of Kainu center. He got 728,000 votes. Being the senator with the highest number of votes in 2015. In 2019, when the total registered voters in Kainu, the number was 5.8. Shekaro contested election, the same constituency. But Shekaro got only 506,000 votes. In 2015, Shekaro supported Jonathan. Shekaro was given a ministerial appointment in 2014 in preparation of 2015 election. Jonathan got only 215,000 votes. That was 10% of the votes cast in Kainu in 2015. The PDP which Shekaro worked for in 2015 did not win a single House of Reps member. Did not win a single senator. Did not win a single House of Assembly member. Did not win the Gobernatorial election. So if somebody today come and tell us that Shekaro is influential. He has followers that are ready to vote for him. Then we can ask ourselves where were the followers in 2015. They could not support Shekaro to get more votes for Jonathan. They could not support Shekaro to get one single House of Assembly member. They could not support Shekaro to get one single House of Reps member. They could not support Shekaro to have one senator. But in 2015, like I said earlier, Konkoso supported Buhari. And he got all the elected positions from Kainu state. They won the presidential election. They won the Gobernatorial election. They won the 24 House of Representatives members. They won the three senators. They won the 40 House of Assembly members. So I think for election we need to see the end of it is that victory. And one argument for one point to support this argument is even with the Buhari's popularity for the three elections before 2015. It was only in 2003 when we saw that Buhari's followers followed the same direction with Buhari. That after Buhari's victory, most of the candidates that contested under his ABP then also won the election. Which some of them not even had a single poster in some of the polling units. But in 2007 it was not this case. The vote for his party was in 2011. When Buhari got 1.6 million votes in the presidential election, but he could only win two House of Representatives members, he could not win a single senator, he could not win a single House of Assembly members. So if we're talking of political influence, the numbers, the politicians won, will be our guide. Not just having goodwill for somebody. I agree with him. Malam Shekarao is highly respected, is morally okay, and he has his followers in the stage. But that does not come down to the numbers. Three people jumping from one party to another is making him to lose so many supporters in the stage. All right, quickly, because we're out of time, I'm going to give you a comment. Sorry, Ms. Ibrahim Kabara, I'm just going to give you, finally, what do you see for see happening in Kanu? Now that we have so many people who are, like you said in your words, undecided, you know, voters and non-challenged, as opposed to the many followers, what happens? Earlier, nobody can say where the pendulum, the political pendulum is swinging to. There is general voter efforts up at high now. A lot of voters, registered voters are not going to vote, as they said, they are indifferent. Because they say they are tired of political development in the country. No dividends of democracy has really come down to the level of the poor person. And secondly, even those who agree to come and vote, they said they will only look for personalities and vote for them, not for any political party. So where there is a very good and elegant person who stands for an election, irrespective of which political party he belongs to, he will just be voted. That is just to solve this political crisis. Well, I want to say thank you. Ibrahim Kabara is a political commentator and a former YPP governorship aspirant. And of course, Comrade Kabiru Dakata is the Executive Director Center for Justice. I want to say thank you gentlemen for being part of the conversation. We appreciate your thoughts. Thank you very much. Well, we'll take a quick break and when we come back, we're talking civic responsibility. And of course, we have civic education every Thursday on this show. Today, we're going to be talking about, of course, INX disapproval of political campaigns in worship centers. It will be very interesting to be with us.


For his History 389 course, Will had to write an original research paper using both secondary and primary sources. From his previous classes, he knew that primary sources are original sources created in the time period being researched and that they provide a type of eyewitness account to history. He also knew that primary sources come in many different formats. Photographs, letters, oral histories, and much more are all primary sources. A diary from 1756 would be considered a primary source, but a tweet could also be considered a primary source. Even though he knew what primary sources are, Will was still worried because he wasn't sure how to actually locate the primary sources that he needed. He spoke with an archivist from Steeleys Special Collections and University Archives Department and she gave him some valuable advice for working with primary sources. First, she explained that primary sources are often kept in archives, special libraries, and museums. So searching for primary sources often involves using the websites of these organizations. Many primary sources have now been digitized, which means that they've taken digital images of the original source and made them available online. This is very helpful for students like Will, because it makes it easier for him to be able to get an authentic understanding of the source without having to travel. She did tell him, however, that not all primary sources have been made available online and for some sources he might have to travel to an archiver museum. The archivists explained that archives and museums have different strengths and weaknesses in their collections. For example, one archive might have a strong medieval history collection, while another might have a great collection of Cold War primary sources. It would be important for him to identify the archives that had strong collections in his area. If he needed help, he could talk to his professor or with an archivist or librarian in Steeleys Library. Finally, the archivist provided him with a list of digitized primary source collections that he could use to get him started. For international research, these included the European Library and the World Digital Library. For national research, options included the National Archives and Records Administration, the Library of Congress, the Internet Archive, the Digital Public Library of America, and the New York Public Library's digital collection. He could also try the archive grid, which does not actually host any primary sources, but which provides information about different archival collections. For regional resources, his options included the Kentucky Digital Library, the Kentucky Historical Society, the Kentucky Department of Libraries and Archives, and Pass the Word, which provides information on archival collections of oral histories. Finally, he could visit the NKU's Special Collections and University Archives, which has both digital collections and resources that he could use in person. To search, he would first go to the topical list to see what broad categories are available, or he could contact an archivist and see if there were any resources that might be of use. After searching a few of the recommended sites, Will was soon able to locate the primary sources that he needed for his paper.


Bureaucracy is the enemy of humanity. End of story. Right? We used to have a member here like he used to come. His name was Bureaucracy. Bureaucracy kills I think. He went by. Right? And bureaucracy does kill. Bureaucracy is the enemy of humanity. Simple as that. Bureaucracy is insane. It's the worst thing to happen to humanity.  Hyper drive. Try to build a house in Canada right now. Unbelievable. Right? The bureaucracy you need to go through to try to build a house. Right? In my city they're not giving out permits anymore to anyone that wants to build a house and have a gas pipeline come into their houses. Or they're going to start, they're going to stop giving out the permits in, I don't know, months, six months within a year. I think six months, I think it's already happened. It's just bureaucrats. They're, most of them left-wing, the ones that are bringing on these draconian measures. Most of them indoctrinated through our centralized indoctrination centers that doesn't educate anyone. It just makes them cogs in a wheel. Many of them very low IQ motherfuckers. Okay. They're garbage. Many of them. Cheryl, I know you don't want to hear this. Many of them leftoid morons. Right? I should know. I used to hang around a lot of them. I used to consider myself a leftoid. I am a leftoid. I didn't realize what leftoid was. I used to get into discussions with people who were conservative and whatnot. I go, look, man, the conservatives, these these idiots started Iraq war one, Iraq war two. You can't be conservatives. The only people that opposed this stuff were the left. Right? And then Obama came into power and you saw what the left did. Left packed up on left. They left. The leftoid's left. I'm like, wait a second. Where are you guys going, man? Obama's starting seven war. He's he's dropping more bombs than Bush Jr. did. Oh, she told, he's black. He's okay. I'll go motherfuckers.  Not only you're not a peace activist, you're not anti-war.  Right? Obama was the biggest veil that could have been lifted on society. It wasn't Bush Jr. It wasn't Trump and it wasn't Biden. It was Obama that lifted the veil more than anyone else. Right? Not just on the politicians, on the government, on the system, on the corporations, but on people, on our society.


This video is sponsored by NordPass. More about that later on. In 1975 and 1982, a Soviet-designed RBMK reactor would experience a fuel-melting event and would signal the dangers of a flawed design, but these signals would fall on deaf ears. This one is a double bill and an intro to the RBMK reactor. It will form part one of a new series of videos on Chernobyl. Think of this as how the Hobbit is to the Lord of the Rings, which will be the Chernobyl disaster of 1986. Now, both of these events in this video have very little in forms of official reports, and this was due to the period of the time in which they existed, where a Soviet government would cover up any hint that Eastern block technologies were lacking in comparison to their Western counterparts. Today's subject I will place here on the Plainly Difficult Disaster Scale. Leningrad NPP is a nuclear power station in Solznovibor, Leningrad, a blast, 43 miles west of modern-day St. Petersburg. However, when the plant was first constructed, the city was actually called Leningrad. Construction began on the site in 1967 and was the first to use the ill-fated RBMK reactor design. Unit 1 first began operation in 1973, with units 2 to 4 opening in 1975, 1979 and 1981 respectively. Each installed reactor had the same net power output of 925 MW of electricity, however they produced much more in thermal energy. Now let's look at the RBMK reactor and its design. Reactor's history can be traced back to the mid-1950s with the light-water-called graphite-moderated 30 MW of thermal energy, AM1, reactor in Obnisk. The design was further expanded upon in the 1960s with the AMB100 and the AMB200 designs. Between 1964 and 1966 Soviet designers needed to field a new reactor that was cheap, easy to build and maintain, and be capable of electricity generation and also be able to produce plutonium for nuclear weapons. To facilitate this, the designers opted to use light water for coolant and graphite for moderation, a style which is unique to the RBMK. Now, moderator is used to reduce the speed of fast neutrons released from fission so they can better facilitate a chain reaction. Ideally, moderators work without capturing any neutrons, leaving them as thermal neutrons. So because of this, most reactors need a moderator to work efficiently, and different designs use different methods for moderation, for example graphite, light and heavy water. The combination of graphite moderator and light-water coolant offers up a strange result. As when compared to the PWR reactor, which is one of the world's most popular designs, the coolant and moderator in the form of light water are the same. The PWR is a very safe design, as once the coolant heats up and turns into steam, it loses its effectiveness as the moderator, slowing down the chain reaction, improving stability and eventually cooling down. However, the RBMK didn't have this due to having graphite as its moderator, and as it does not evaporate easily, still does its job even if the coolant boils away. When the coolant heats up turning into steam, it loses its neutron absorption capabilities, creating free neutrons, leading to an increase in reactivity. This is known as a positive void coefficient, which is not instantly a dangerous design if the working parameters of the reactor do not rely on the neutron absorption of the water to stay safe. How the RBMK reactor design did rely heavily on the steam content of its core for its reactivity. This has to be countered by the control rods, which regulate the overall power of the reactor, leading to a very fine balancing act. If not properly managed, an instant of a runaway can happen as the coolant heats up, increasing the reactivity, heating up the core more, creating more steam, leading to greater reactivity. This is called a feedback loop. Create a similar result to a diesel engine runaway as shown in this very well shot video. The use of the graphite core allowed low enrichment uranium-235 fuel to be employed for power generation at only a quarter of the expense of heavy water reactors, which had higher startup costs and much more complex maintenance. Also low enrichment unsurprisingly cost less to make, which was good for the Soviet accountants. The fuel was enriched to 2% and formed into pellets which were packed into a 3.65 meter long Zercaloi tube forming a fuel rod. 18 fuel rods were arranged cylindrically into a carriage to form a fuel assembly, which was then placed inside one of the reactor cores 1693 fuel channels. Within the reactor, each fuel assembly is positioned in its own vertical pressure tube 7 meters long. Each channel is individually cooled by pressurized water, which is allowed to boil exiting at the top at about 290 degrees centigrade. The steam is passed through a separator where it is sent to a high then low pressure turbine, which turns the generators producing electricity, after which the coolant is run through a condenser cooled by a separate coolant circuit from a nearby water source. From there it is sent back to the core to complete the cycle. The reactor had two separate coolant loops which mirrored each other passing through its own half of the core. Each loop had four pumps, three for normal operation and one for backup. The graphite moderator consisted of multiple blocks placed next to each other with a gap filled with a mixture of helium and nitrogen gas that formed the core region of the reactor and was around the size of a small house. The graphite didn't receive any type of cooling meaning its operational temperature was around 700 degrees centigrade, however the gas in between the blocks helped with heat conduction. The reactor was equipped with bore and carbide control rods with graphite tips and these were used to shut down and regulate the power of the reactor. Most of them were inserted from the top, however a number of shorter rods were inserted from the bottom for axial power control. The reactor had a safety shutdown in the form of the AZ5 button, which once activated would initiate a reactor scram. The main top inserted rods provided automatic manual or emergency control. The automatic rods were regulated by feedback from in-core detectors. In addition to this some shorter rods were inserted into the bottom of the core to help combat hot spots of uneven criticality. In total the RBMK at Leningrad had 170 control rods. The final part of the RBMK was its containment or lack thereof. You see the doctrine at the time of the RBMK was that it was always going to be operated within design specs hence no risk of disaster. But it didn't take into account human nature for buggering things up. What little protection to the outside world was provided was in the form of a reinforced concrete lined cavity that acts as a radiation shield. The reactor itself sat on a steel plate and was topped by a thousand ton steel cover. The steam separators were also housed in their own separate concrete containment. A contributory factor to the lower containment than other reactors was that it can be refuelled whilst in power operation. To achieve this a large crane is situated above the reactor. This meant that building a massive concrete dome containment structure would be time consuming and more important costly. Now that is a basic overview of the RBMK. The version installed at Leningrad was a first generation design. However there was a second generation design which was the type installed in Chernobyl unit 4. The second gen was virtually the same however one of the main differences was increased control rods to 211 and a reduction of fuel channels to 1661 in the graphite core. And now here's some words about this video's sponsor NordPass. NordPass is a one stop shop for password management where security meets simplicity. If you're like me then you find it hard to keep track of all your passwords for different websites. I'm a very messy person and if it wasn't for Mrs Plainly Difficult I'd be living in a bomb site and my digital life is no different. So having somewhere safe and organized to deal with my passwords is a must. It helps as I like to keep my brain space free for arbitrarily rating disasters on my painted Plainly Difficult Disaster Scale. NordPass helps speed up the login to websites as well by also filling information so I don't have to exercise my fingers all the time. The service also can store your debit and credit card information so you don't even have to need to try and find your wallet when buying online. Even can generate passwords which is definitely better than whatever I come up with. NordPass has both desktop and mobile applications for macOS, Windows, Linux, Android and iOS featuring a zero knowledge architecture which means your data is encrypted before it even leaves your device to be stored on Nord servers. You can also share passwords securely for websites like streaming services with people you trust. If you want to give NordPass a go then you can for free at www.nordpass.com forward slash Plainly Difficult. You can even upgrade to a premium package which allows up to six active devices and a data breach scanner as well as many other bits and pieces. This leads us back to Leningrad and relatively new RBMK Unit 1 on 30th November 1975. It is very difficult to reconstruct the accident as at the time the reactor was shrouded by secrecy, however some parts of the first person account does exist from a trainee who later worked at Chernobyl. On 29th November the reactor was being started up after some regular maintenance. Whilst powering up and reaching around 800 megawatts one of the reactor's turbo generators had control issues leading to the need to lower the power to 500 megawatts to take it offline. This was near 12 o'clock midnight and as with most disasters was the time for a shift changeover. The night shift was tasked with the continuation of raising the power of the reactor. By accident one of the operators shut down the remaining turbo generator leading to a reactor trip causing a scram of the control rods. This in combination with the reduction of the power due to the TG being taken offline increased the level of zen and poisoning within the reactor. Not wanting to cause too much of a delay the chief operator issued the order to put the functional TG back online and to restart the reactor. The unit was restarted to the minimum controllable level however the poisoning of the reactor was at an unacceptable value reducing the operational margin to just eight control rods. This meant that nearly all of the control rods had to be fully removed from the reactor in order to achieve an output level for the TG to resume power generation. Again a scram was triggered shutting down the reactor due to uneven neutron power. This is due to the size of the RBMK core meaning that different areas could gain criticality whilst other areas remain poisoned which would lead to hotspots. Another restart was attempted and was more successful in reaching the minimum controllable level. At 6.15 am the reactor capacity was raised to 1000 megawatts of thermal energy. By 6.33 am the power was raised to 1720 megawatts. The operators had conducted too much of a fast rise of the reactor power, deadly for the highly poisoned and small margin state of the reactor. Power levels to load the TG were achieved when operators received warnings of low water flow levels. The core had developed hotspots and the operators attempted to fight these by lowering some of the manual control rods whilst leaving the automatic ones to manage the overall power output. Scarily a new alarm sounded in the control room indicating moisture in the graphite channel 1333. The presence of moisture in the graphite moderator hinted at a rupture in the high pressure cooling tube around the fuel meaning a potential meltdown. At this point the AC5 button was pushed activating a scram shutting down the reactor. It was found that severe damage to the reactor core, one technological channel had collapsed and 32 fuel assemblies had burned due to operating the reactor in an unsafe manner. The damaged channel proved difficult to remove using the refuelling machine causing issues for workers. Due to improper confinement around 1.5 MCI was released into the atmosphere and five kilometers from the affected power unit radiation levels were recorded at 600mph immediately after the fuel damage. The accident was caused by the operators trying to make good the error of accidentally shutting down the operating TG. By doing so they worked outside the regulations for low power operation but the management culture at the time didn't consider this a major issue. Well how wrong they were. The Soviet Ministry responsible for nuclear industry was in charge at Leningrad making any information about incidents state secrets. This meant that no operators at other RBMKs would have even known about the fuel damage let alone learn from the mistakes. Right let's go on to the other lesser known Chernobyl incident and that is the fuel damage at unit 1 in 1982. Chernobyl NPP is a now shut down plant in Ukraine. Unit 1 was the same type that was used at Leningrad and was installed in 1972 achieving operation in 1977. There isn't a great deal to write about again as it was covered up at the time with the help of Viktor Brookanov who will most likely show up again on this channel in the future. However what is known from a KGB internal memorandum was like at Leningrad the RBMK reactor had been shut down for maintenance and have received fuel damage. The maintenance was scheduled to be complete on the 13th of September 1982 and before this the reactor had to be tested. Upon restarting and reaching 700 megawatts during the test run a fuel channel number 6244 was starved of water overheated and melted severely damaging the core and again leading to moisture in the graphite moderator. The issue wasn't noticed for between 20 and 30 minutes before an AZ-5 button activation allowing significant contamination of the coolant. Now it's unknown for certain what caused the coolant starvation as initially the operators were blamed however later on a failed valve was also seen as a potential cause but it is difficult to know for certain due to the cover up. The channel was severely damaged and the repair turned into a dirty radiological cleanup. It took almost a year to fix the damage from the accident and the core area adjacent to the destroyed channel was out of use indefinitely. The biggest issues from both these incidents was operators not working within the parameters set out from, either from negligence or pressure from management. The worryingly dangerous culture set out by management and their wider political sphere of nuclear power in the USSR would culminate in a much bigger involving an RBMK in 1986. Thank you to NordPass for sponsoring this video, sponsorships like this really help keep the lights on at Plain and Difficult HQ. Check out www.nordpass.com forward slash Plain and Difficult to try it out for free. This is a Plain and Difficult production, all videos on the channel are creative commons attribution share alike licensed. Plain and Difficult videos are produced by me John in a sunny southeastern corner of London UK. Help the channel grow by liking commenting and subscribing and check out my Twitter for all sorts of photos and odds and sods, as well as hints on future videos. I've got Patreon and YouTube membership as well, so if you want to support the channel financially you can do through there. And all that's left to say is thank you for watching.


Dear UNICEF, I am a little girl, a flower, crushed by the hand of autumn, a child that did not get the chance to play. My story is out of a wanded senses, and silent scream, mourning my slaughtered keen. Do you want to know me? Don't look in books, all you'll find is the liquefied ink from my tears. I am the sister of a thirsty infant quenched by his blood, the daughter of a mother who stares at an empty cot, the cries of her babies haunting her dreams, paraded from city to city trapped in every slum we see. I am the little girl who cries herself to sleep in the hope to see her father again. His severed head is her silent gift. I am not dead, for I am alive, living proof of the love bestowed on every daughter who happily greets her loving father in her dreams. Gaia, until I sayne.


The overall goal of the exercise King Sword was to work with the Japanese Special Operations Group, share our capabilities, share our culture, show that those capabilities are able to support a free and open Indo-Pacific. The 17th AMU starting up from the beginning, we highlighted and enforced the multi-capable airmen concept. We have had our airmen cross train into other specialties, learn multiple jobs, essentially become a jack of all trades. Doing so allows us to go to exercises with the smallest footprint possible. We were able to take the minimal equipment required and that is our ammo, our own tow bar, our own maintenance, and a full crew. Our own crew goals for this exercise was to not only execute the mission but also to build relationships with our Japanese allies and that is through working with them on the ground and just building relationships and building a good narrative for the gunship enterprise as a whole.


Hi, I'm Dan Quinn, head coach for the Atlanta Falcons. Please join me for the third annual DAV 5K held this Veterans Day November 11th at Piedmont Park. And I'm Leon Booker of DAV, disabled American veterans. The DAV 5K honors the service and sacrifices of American veterans and gives our community the chance to say thank you to the brave men and women who serve. Veterans went all the way for us. Join me to go 5K for them.


the Baltimore Ravens so the sexiest move for them is they brought in Lamar Jackson at number 32 overall in the NFL draft so is Lamar Jackson going to start over Joe Flacco that is the question or is it should it even be a question is the question I'm confusing a lot of you guys but pretty much my opinion I'm just gonna set this straight Joe Flacco is the starting quarterback for Baltimore a lot of people want Lamar Jackson and everybody's saying oh bye bye Joe Flacco your time is up put in Lamar Jackson put in the Heisman trophy winner put him in because he can lead this franchise to an eventual Super Bowl victory it's a lot of talk but Flacco I don't think he's underperformed to the point where he is losing his job the people that say they want to see Lamar Jackson as the starter or let me backtrack people that say Lamar Jackson is going to start or the people that want it to happen okay this isn't a matter of what you want to happen because people say well I want Lamar Jackson to start over Joe Flacco so that's what's gonna happen no it's not people get confused over what they want to see over what is actually logically smart for the team and what is smart for the Baltimore Ravens is to start Joe Flacco like I said he that he hasn't performed to the point where he is has to lose his starting job in 2018 I don't feel like Lamar Jackson he's gonna get snaps but he's not gonna start a game unless Joe Flacco were to get injured at that point I'm not calling Lamar Jackson a bust but for now guys listen I know you want to see Lamar Jackson start because you love seeing those highlights on Instagram or YouTube where they play some random rap music in the background and it's showing him make some amazing plays which those videos are lit which I'm totally with you on that they're amazing hype videos but bro Joe Flacco is gonna be a starter


Hello, everybody, and welcome to peer-to-peer application hosting on Skynet. My name is Chris, and I'm the VP of Engineering of Skynet Labs, formerly known as Nebulus. Today, I would like to introduce you to Skynet. I'm going to talk about what it is, what problems it solves. I'll give you a high-level overview of how it works, how people are using it right now, and how you can get started right away. Skynet is a fully decentralized content publishing platform. It can be used to upload files, download them, and share them with anybody. It can also be used to host stateful web applications, which are called Skynet apps or SCAPs. SCAPs are essentially decentralized websites on Skynet. All of that can be done by using so-called Skynet portals. A portal can be thought of as a gateway to Skynet. They offer decentralized APIs, which means that everyone hosting portals will provide the same API through them. Portals are also very resource-friendly and can be run on a simple consumer device with about 8 gigabytes of RAM. You can also use one of the available public portals to get started right away without having to install anything. One thing we are very proud of is the fact that portals are stateless. What we mean by that is that every portal provides the same content through their API. So a file or SCAP uploaded to one portal is immediately available on all the other portals without the portals communicating with each other or being hosted by the same entity. In that sense, a portal is a bit like a browser. It doesn't matter what browser you're using, Chrome, Edge, or Firefox maybe, you always access the same internet. With portals it's the same. You always access the same Skynet. I mentioned already that Skynet is a decentralized content publishing platform. So what does that mean? What makes it decentralized? So obviously all code and protocols we write and run are open source to encourage contribution and verification but also to allow people to easily write their own tools and implementations. Skynet also doesn't depend on centralized infrastructure. So even if Skynet let's stop paying the bills and we took all our portals offline, nobody would lose any data. We don't host any uploaded data ourselves and our portals don't store use data. We only develop the tools. Another important aspect is that everyone can run their own portal. Nobody has to rely on centralized public entities to grant them access to Skynet. So even if a portal hosted within your home country is censored, you can just run your own portal in your home network or your personal computer. Thanks for open protocols, APIs, and stateless portals. There's also no vendor lock-in. So even if you don't run your own portal, let's say your favorite portal is restricted in some sense, just swap out the domain and you're good to go. You don't need to migrate any data and you don't need to learn a new API or change any code to talk to it. You might wonder, but what's wrong with centralized services anyway? Well, first of all, corporations in charge of large social networks essentially become publishers of data who can censor information and speech as they like. We have seen that in the past actually. For example, certain messengers are not allowing you to send links to certain news sources. Secondly, centralized services can be banned by governments. So for example, look at the recent controversy around WeChat and TikTok in the US. Another problem is the power that content publishing platforms like YouTube have over their content creators. Those content creators continuously run into problems with YouTube's magical algorithm and their methods of demonetization. And last but not least, centralized services introduce single points of failure. Sure, AWS has a 99.9999% uptime, but during the few hours that it's offline, it takes massive chunks off the whole internet down with it. At SkyNet Labs, we believe that this is not what the internet was supposed to be like. So how does SkyNet prevent that? As mentioned before, preventing access to one portal does not prevent access to the content. That means the content on SkyNet is censorship resistant by default. Even if the data disappears from the physical locations there stored at, the data will simply be replicated throughout the network again, guaranteeing continued access. For developers, this means that they don't have to worry about servers at all. From the ground up, the network was designed to support a fluid network. That means that storage providers can't just come and go as they want. The user does not have to worry about them. This is also what makes catastrophic failures highly unlikely. The data is spread over the globe, which on one hand guarantees fast access from anywhere. And on the other hand, it means that even if the whole continent went offline, your data will still be fine. So all of that sounds very cool, but how does it actually work? So the foundation of SkyNet is SIA. SIA is a decentralized marketplace for storage, which allows you to upload and download data. You do so by using an API similar to Amazon S3 running on your local hosts provided by a daemon. On the SIA network, anyone can offer spare disk space or rent disk space. People who sell disk space are called hosts and they can choose their own prices for bandwidth and storage. So they compete in a free storage market. That's also the secret to the cheap storage price on SIA network, which is around two USD for one terabyte of data, including the redundancy, which is about a 10th of what leading storage providers charge. Since SIA allows anyone to offer and sell storage, it needs a way to replace the component of trust. We don't want hosts to run away with your data after all. That's why we use so-called file contracts and a reputation system for hosts, which I'll come back to in a moment. To be able to use file contracts, SIA depends on their own blockchain. The token that's used by the SIA network is called SIA coin. A file contract is an automatically enforced, financially incentivized agreement between a renter of data and a host. To achieve redundancy, a renter chooses multiple hosts and forms contracts with them. The hosts are chosen using various metrics like the best price and quality of service. When a contract is created or formed, a host locks away some money or SIA coins as collateral. That collateral is lost at the end of the contract period if the host loses the data. To make that possible, a contract contains a special type of hash, which is a root of a mercury. Mercury is a type of cryptographic accumulator that allows a host to cryptographically and approve possession of the data that they hold on to. So basically it's like a automatically enforced service level agreement between two parties that don't know or trust each other. So yeah, you might wonder, oh, this is great. We'll punish the host, but the data is still gone. Well, that's not true. So that's where ratio coding comes in. We store data redundantly using read solo encoding. That means that by default, every chunk of data that we upload is split into 30 pieces of which we only need 10 pieces to actually restore the original chunk. So we can lose up to 20 out of 30 hosts before we are no longer able to recover the data. Well, actually we need to lose 21 hosts. So of course, SIA does not wait for that to happen, but as hosts become offline, maybe, we will replicate the pieces and upload them to new hosts. That's also what gives SIA a 99.9999% uptime, which arrivals the uptime of centralized services, even though individual hosts may only have access to consumer hardware and they're only able to provide an uptime of about 90%. As mentioned before, SIA also has a reputation system for hosts. It will continuously scan the available hosts and rank them by score to optimize the selection of hosts and to make it unlikely to choose low quality hosts. We'll also block hosts if they try to sheet the renter in some way. Okay, so now that we know the basics of SIA, let's get back to Skynet. Skynet is the first truly universal cloud. As a cloud, it gives you access to all of your content from any device and also lets you share content with anybody, but the special thing about Skynet is that it also lets you share content seamlessly between apps. For example, you don't like Twitter's feed algorithm. Well, just move your feed over to some others gap, some kind of Twitter clone, for example. Applications can save data about you, the data that you provide, but you are in control of that data and it's up to you to share that data with any other application. That works without storing any use data on portals, which makes portal status. So the best part about Skynet is that it's extremely cheap for developers to get started. You're a single dev who built a SCAP and wants to publish it. Sure, head over to one of the free public portals and just upload your SCAP. If it becomes viral, you don't need to worry about getting a huge bandwidth bill, for example, because there is no bill at all. In fact, the person or the portal that's accessing the SCAP is actually the one paying for the bandwidth. Another thing to note is that all the content on Skynet is public by default. That means it's not encrypted, although encryption is supported. We at Skynet Labs think that this is going to change the way that developers think about web application on a fundamental level. But well, how far is Skynet really? So when we talk about the development process of Skynet, we split Skynet into three phases. Phase one is allowing for static data to be uploaded and shared and study websites. Phase two is the phase we're currently in, which adds state to Skynet. Similar to centralized login, you can visit a website, modify it, revisit it again. And as long as you log in with the same credentials, your changes are preserved. Phase two also adds the ability to follow other users. For example, your friends creates a block using a SCAP. You can use maybe a different SCAP to read the block. The final phase is phase three, where we add monetization. So you will be able to charge money for your content. For example, the images you upload, and other people will be able to reuse your content and put their own fee on top of it. So for example, if you are a photographer and you upload pictures, someone else can create logos or artwork out of those pictures and add their own fee. And whoever is consuming those logos will pay both you and the person who modified the pictures into something else. The way that content on Skynet is addressed is through so-called Skylinks. A Skylink is a 46 bytes, base 64 encoded string, which contains a hash of the upload data and also some extra metadata. It is returned by the API after uploading to Skynet. You can use your own portal or a public one to download the data again at any moment. The easiest way to do so is to just type in the domain of your favorite portal in your browser, for example, SciSky.net, and append the Skylink which is pre-pended with a slash. Since Skylinks can also be a bit hard to read, we integrated the handshake protocol or H&S for short. H&S is a decentralized name service. You can see at the bottom of the slide the difference between downloading a regular Skylink and one using H&S. Both of them use SciSky.net which is the public portal hosted by Skynet Labs. So if you want to try it out right away, just head over to SciSky.net and there you will see a simple interface like the one in the slide where you can browse for a file or a folder and upload it. Then you will get the Skylink and you can just share that with anybody with them to also access the data. There are also other portals run by our community. It's also super easy to run your own because the portal stack is fully dockerized. In the future, we also expect premium portals to emerge since portals have to pay for the bandwidth and storage right now. So premium portals would just give you maybe faster access to files or they would not have an upload limit. For example, our SciSky.net has a one gigabyte limit right now and it will also provide simpler means of payment. So you would not have to use SciCoins but instead you could use your credit card for example to pay the portal provider. As mentioned before, someone needs to pay the hosts for the services. This happens by pinning Skylinks. So you don't need to pin a Skylink to be able to access it but if you want to be 100% sure that the Skylink remains available in the future then you should consider pinning it or have some portal pin it for you. All free portals pin Skylinks on upload right now but since they're free to use, there is no guarantee that all of those Skylinks will be available forever. Pinning, so pinning means that your portal will watch the redundancy of a file behind a Skylink and it will keep paying hosts for storing it. Okay, so before we continue to some practical examples, let's do a quick recap first. So SciNet is a decentralized content publishing platform built on top of the decentralized storage layer called SciNet. Content on SciNet needs to be pinned to make sure it's accessible. Content on SciNet can be accessed through public or private portals and content on SciNet is public by default which means it's not encrypted. Okay, so when we first released SciNet, people immediately started sharing all kinds of static contents. For example, pictures, simple websites and also videos. You should definitely go and try upload a small video clip to see for yourself or maybe try one of the links in the slide. SciNet is super fast and it also streams 4K videos without problems. A bit later, people started using our SDK to create actual scabs that produced contents themselves. So two of the more popular examples are Skybin which is a paste bin film where you can just copy paste some text in and then you get a skylink to the text and the meme generator which you can choose a already uploaded picture or upload your own picture and add some text to it to create a meme. And then you also get a skylink to the meme which you can share. After a while, people started to creating more sophisticated scabs. For example, SkyChat which has grown to be a basically fully decentralized IRC server. It's not IRC but it behaves the same way. And SkyBlockbiller, a tool to publish blog posts and also SkyGallery, a platform to share photo albums on SciNet. Of course, there are many more, about a hundred at the moment and one of our community members built the SciNet App Store which itself is also a scab and lists all the known scabs that are available right now to make sure to also head over there and try some of them out yourself. Yeah, I mentioned a SkyGallery before but let's give it a bit of a more detailed look for a second. It was created by our community member, the elevator and it can be used to combine images on SciNet into albums. So how that works is that the image you want to add to the album is uploaded alongside a thumbnail. The thumbnail is created client side in the browser. That results in a skylink. When you're done creating your album and you hit the save button, a metadata file is created. It's also uploaded to SciNet. The metadata file contains the skylinks of all the uploaded images and also of their thumbnails. That's what SkyGallery will use to display your album. Unfortunately, there is still one tiny problem with that approach. Every time you add an image to the album, the link to the album actually changes. So you can bypass that by sharing a handshake domain that points to the latest album Skylink but that's still mildly annoying because well you need to wait for the text entry of the handshake domain to update which can take up to several hours. This is where SkyDB comes in which is a mutable database built on top of SciNet. It enables users or scabs to persist user data. Right now that only includes public data which is not encrypted but it will also support private data which is encrypted. A simple example would be a note-taking app for example. So you would log in using a username and password and then you write down some text and hit save. When you log in again later, you will still see the note you just took. Of course, that's also fully decentralized. So even if you log in from a completely different portal, you would still see your note because all the user data is stored on SciNet itself. That makes it practically impossible to de-platform users. So you don't like Facebook, the Facebook scabs algorithm move to a different one and grant permission to your user data. This will change how we think about applications because there is a cleaner separation between data and presentation and moving from one scap to another can happen instantly and seamlessly. That results in much more blended apps instead of data silos. For example, in SciNet world, this would mean that following someone on Twitter would also populate your feeds on Facebook, Instagram or YouTube. If you are a developer yourself, you can get started with our SDK right away. It's available in multiple programming languages on our GitHub. We also provide tutorials and workshops if you're interested. It's also super easy to use the SDK. It basically just takes a single line of code to upload a file and to get a skylink and one more line to download the file again using the skylink. If you want to get more involved or simply want to learn more, you can find us on pretty much all the popular platforms including Reddit or Discord. I hope you enjoyed the introduction to SciNet. If you have any questions, just ask in the chat but also feel free to shoot me an email or to find me on Discord. Thanks for listening.