What's going on, everyone? Sam here with late sports cards. We're up in 21, 22. Can you select basketball each two? 10 box break number 21, random team style. There's a look again at your random results. As always, you can find those on the website under the results tab, as well as the link that's in chat. So good luck, guys. Again, five group break spots left on the night. Three to go in 10 box Tuesday. Football at the end and two to go in Star Wars. Topped Chrome, random box style. We've got an added bonus tonight. Donnie is here for Star Wars, so you get noises and names and potential donglatius. All kinds of nonsense. There's Jalen Sugg's premier level, disco. Definitely a lot of nonsense in the Star Wars. Oh, yeah. For this, I would do any golds and under, and then if there's like a big rookie color, I guess any rookie color you could just do. Anything rookie numbered. Kristen Wartey, courtside, Rage on Rondo, Kauai, concourse, disco, and Silver Yanis. They're pretty sweet Yanis out of the, there's an RPA, very nice. First box, we'll take it, we'll take it. Paul George, gonna be Jaden Springer. Nice one there for the Sixers. Disco, rookie at Jersey Auto, congrats Billy. Nice one there, that's going to Hudson. There you go, Hudson. Tatum, and Silver, select Josh Giddy. Real level Giddy. Kaminga, Springer, there's a nice Red Deiron Sharp to 49. There you go, Nets, and Pierrot Allen. It's nice too, is the highest number in this entire product is 49. So it's Red to 49, blue to 25, gold to 10, green to five, black to the one. It's pretty solid actually. There's been a couple of like, sold to Caitlyn Clark based many, how much did you get for it, like a hundred bucks dude? It's nuts right now, it's insane. Jalen Green, concourse rookie. Disco, Moses Brown, and Shreyman, premier level rookie for these thunders. I'd say a Todd, Davion Mitchell, I'd say James Booknight, disco, AD, and Silver Kyrie, 125 in an hour of listening.  Zion Disco, nice one there. And James Hardin, concourse blue two of 25 for the Nets. He's still a net in this product.  It's the world we live in right now. Russell Westbrook Disco, and Eric Bledsoe. Again guys, if you are interested in like the Bowman University products, we have breaks listed for Friday, random player style, two players per spot. I believe, what was I gonna say? I believe two players a spot at $48 a spot. Christopher Drafik's basketball have mangas. Yes, they do have mangas in it. Yes, yes, it is mangas in their college jerseys, correct. So I pulled like there's Trey Young, Paolo, Zion. Yeah, there's a couple like Larry Bird might have one. There's a couple of like veterans that have it as well. Kate Cunningham, and there's a Bradley Beale Disco. Brook Lopez, Jalen Green, Jose Atod, Jericho Sims Disco. Silver, Scotty Barnes, Disco, Herbert Jones. Yeah, that's a good point. I don't know if they are in choice actually. Gold, Kai Jones, it's one of 10, nice one there. Congrats on that there, it's actually a good point. You bet while it glitched, can't see my balance. Might be right now. Too many people saw on Caitlin Clark base. Andrew Wiggins, Red 249, Premier level for the Warriors, and Blake Griffin. Next box, number four. I know many just broke the system with that.  God, Garza Bones, Highlanderookie for the nuggets. He's still a nugget in this, of course. Disco, Luke Knart for the Clippers. He's still on the Clippers, right, yeah. Disco, Moses Moody, Concourse. Silver, Trey Young, nice one there, because they, if they're in choice. Yeah, I was gonna say, I don't know if they're in choice. We got a green coming up, green to five. Evan Mobley, there's a potential they won't be, because there's like choice exclusives obviously, but I guess we'll just have to see. Disco Kawhi and Green, Devante Graham. Nice one there, that is gonna be five of five. Congrats on that. Sure, wink, wink. Sure, Manny, sure. Cam Thomas, Concourse Rookie. Giannis, there's a Disco, Tatum, and Zyra Williams, Premier level. Simon, taking a spot in Star Wars. Got a one to go in Star Wars, everybody in the magic. Just sold in a couple of impeccable. Take your teams tomorrow morning with Forest. Oh man, Forest is excited for tomorrow, I know that. Forest, if you're in chat, tell me how excited you are for tomorrow, I know you're excited. Was he excited? Oh, he's excited.  Crazy. Luca Lamello, Disco Premier level. And Alvin Shengun, Turkish Tim Duncan, with rockets on the Premier level rookie. Oh, he is excited. Will you be sleeping tonight, Forest? I'm gonna go with no. Quartz side, Siakam, there's a Disco, Ant-Man. Second year, Concourse, Silver, Time Lord. Deepa, Quintengrimes, Kisper, Jalen Green, Disco, Concourse. Silver, Alvin Shengun. Yes, yeah, you'll be the first personal to go tonight, Edward. So my guys will be doing 12, 12, 15 around there. Cade, Concourse rookie. Disco, Isaiah Todd, Concourse. And, exactly. Isaiah Livers, Disco Premier level for the Pistons and Jalen Green, Premier level rookie. Andre Igadala, there's a nice James Harden and Quartz side, Red to 49. Congrats, Nets, two Hardens. And Silver, Rookie of the Year snub, Jalen Johnson for the Hawks. That's my state for Jalen Johnson last year. Rookie of the Year snub. I think I've heard that one. Similar to, yeah, Steele of the Draft, Adrian Griffin from this year. Mattis Sabonis, Disco, Concourse. Silver, Kyrie, Kisper, Clarkson, Jayshon Tate. There's a Disco, Kelly Ubre. Nice one there, Concourse for the Hornets. And DeMar DeRose, yes, which is nice. Josh Giddy, Concourse rookie. Disco, Levine, Premier level for the Bulls and Jalen Sluggs, Premier level rookie. It's like Black Cherry soda, nice. Jericho Sims, there's a Corey Kisper, Disco, Concourse for the Wizards. Silver and Nimi Eskita, Concourse rookie for the Kings. Put the last spots, go Manny. Nice. That means we're down to, is that just one group break spot left on the night, Donnie? I think it might be. I think it very well might be. That's crazy. Two, two group break spots left on the night. Two to go in 10 bucks Tuesday. That is it, let's go Manny. Manny taking the last spot in Star Wars. Let's go. Alfred Shen, Goon, Concourse. Super Fracture, let's see it, dude. Jordyn Clarkson and a blue, McCall Bridges, 22 of 25. Manny, did you see the Super earlier? Is that one of our guys hit? Franz Wagner, Disco, Jayshon Tate. I don't know if you were around in the chat. That's wild, dude. We met when Sean came in. Everybody started coming in and stealing mags. Yeah. Thank you, Liss. Yeah, okay, Manny was, okay. Well, I was way off, what was I way off with?  Oh, I was saying that there was two two group break spots left. I'll get this guy out of here. Josh Richardson, Courtside. That is a Anthony Simons, Disco, and Silver Bradley Biel. I was way off for us. It's kind of embarrassing. You should be ashamed. Santiago Dama, Luca Garza, Bones Highland, I should be. Disco, Zyre, Williams, Rookie, and Silver Deandre Eaton. That is an SMH my head moment. I agree. All you could do is just go back, watch the film, do a better job next time. It's really it, man. Robert Williams, Disco, and LeBron. Premier level. Real all there's left to do, Donnie. That's it. That's it, that's it. Mobley, Rookie. Disco, Kyrie, Premier level. And a Joshua Primo. I could say the same thing of opening boxes. Yeah, that's definitely true. Guys, we'll watch the film, man. Let's watch the film. See where I went wrong. That's how you can do, man. Give it right next time. Let's improve next time. Primo, Trey Young, Reg, Jason Tatum. Nice one there, Premier level, 38 to 40 on. The C's. Silver, Jalen Brown. Saltix back there. Gold's coming up. Gold, Courtside. Come on, baby. How's the address? Disco, Chris Dwork said. That is going to be it. Lonnie Walker. Gold, Courtside, Disco, 10 of 10 for the Spurs. Nice one there. Had a very good series with the Lakers. He's now a Laker. Sat down and did what? Rewashed film? Yeah, oh yeah. Rewashed my breaks, what I could do better at. When I was first starting, dude, I stunk. That's Jalen Suggs. AD, Disco, Ky Jones. What would you say you're the worst part, like that you were bad at when you first started to wear a better. Start like, where to put the cards on camera. Now it's just kind of like natural. Right. Jamal Murray, Disco. James Book Knight. It was just like putting everything together, I guess, was the way to do it, all the different aspects. It's a little different with group breaking. Cause like, you have to continuously like be looking at stuff and answering questions, like managing stuff. But with Personals, it was mostly just where I put the card on camera. Yeah, that's right. No, he goes to the Lakers. I mean, he goes to the Spurs, Spurs card. Spurs card. One to go on 10 bucks, Tuesday. But I think he'd be Jets. Yeah, he's on the Lakers now. That was a Spurs card. Moses Moody, Disco, TJ Warren. Silver, Io D'Souzmu. Premier level rookie, nice one there. Josh Gidi, nice one there. Santi Aldema, Disco, Trayman. Again, guys, one group break spot left on the night. That's it. And we are done. If you want to be in the fun with Donnie and myself, that is it. Jericho Sims. Jayden Springer, Disco, Premier level. And Eric Bledsoe. Yeah, it goes, the rule we have is it goes to whatever teams on the card. Unless it's a collegiate card, then it goes to whoever they are currently playing for. And if it's like a retired guy that has no jersey or no denotation of who it is, it goes to longest tenure. Disco, Anthony Simons, and a Jarrett Allen. I'm not fun. Let's do a... I miss your boring. Let's do a quick recap. Kai Jones, Gold, rookie for the Hornets. Gold, Lonnie Walker for the Spurs to 10. It's a Green Devante Graham to five. And Jayden Springer. Jersey Auto, rookie Jersey Auto. The Sixers. That'll do it for the break, guys. Thanks again for getting this filled up. Up next we have collegiate draft pitch choice 10 minus.


Afrin neurons transmit action potential from the periphery to the central nervous system. That is to spinal cord and the brain. These Afrin neurons have sensory receptors at their peripheral endings. Receptors as the term indicates receives information or we can say characteristics of a stimulus from the surrounding. Stimulus is a change that is detectable by the body. It can be the internal change within the body or external that is outside the body. So these receptors can respond to stimuli in the external world or in the internal world. Now the stimuli are of various types depending on the type of energy chain. For example they can be either mechanical stimulus, chemical stimulus or thermal stimulus. So that means to detect these various types of stimuli there should be various types of receptors right? Yes, body has receptors for detecting different types of energies. But once the receptors detect the stimulus it has to be transmitted to the CNS in a language which CNS understands that is action potential. So receptors act as translators converting various forms of energy of the world into electrical signals. This conversion of one form of energy into another form is known as signal transaction. So basically the receptors do two things that is they respond to a specific type of stimulus which may be either internally or externally located and convert the energy form into electrical energy telling the information to CNS about the stimuli. Now the information which a receptor provides about the stimulus is dependent on three things. Where the receptor is located, which type of stimulus it is detecting and how fast they adapt. Thus receptors are classified based on these three categories which we will discuss one by one. So first is classification of the receptors based on their location. Based on the location receptors are classified into exteroceptors, interoceptors and proprioceptors. Exteroceptors as the term indicates detect changes in the external world. For example touch pain, temperature changes while interoceptors are located inside the body and sense a change inside the body. For example chemoreceptors which detect changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide in blood and in turn effect respiration, then baroreceptors for detecting changes in blood pressure, then there are thermal receptors also inside the body which detect a core body temperature. Then third type of receptors based on the location are proprioceptors which detect the changes in the position of the body. So suppose if you do an experiment and I ask you to close your eyes and keep on hand in one particular position and then keep the other hand in the same position or with your eyes closed like this, will you be able to do that? Yes, you will be able to do that even with your eyes closed because the information about the position of your body is reaching to the central nervous system via proprioceptors which are present in joints, muscle bellies and tendons. So that means location of the receptor is important in order to provide information about the location of the stimulus, right? Second classification of the receptor is based on which type or modality of stimulus they detect. So based on this receptors are classified into mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, no-c-ceptors and electromagnetic receptors. The mechanoreceptors detect deformation, for examples receptors for touch, pressure, vibration and also hair cells of cochlea for auditory stimulus. Then chemoreceptors detect change in chemical energy like oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration, chemical compounds in food by smelling and tasting, thermoreceptors detect change in temperature. Electromagnetic receptors are photoreceptors that is rods and cones which detect different frequencies in electromagnetic spectrum. No-c-ceptors detect physical and chemical damage. So how come different receptors detect different energies? Well this happens because the sensory nerve endings are modified into many types. Thus it is the design of the receptor and the channels which are present on the receptor which determine to which modality of stimulus it will respond. So say suppose for mechanoreceptors whenever there is deformation these mechanosensitive channels will open cause entry of ions and cause change in potential in the receptor. Well now coming to third classification of the receptors. Third classification is based on how fast or slowly the receptors adapt. Adaptation is a decrease in the response of the receptor with time despite the stimulus being continuously present. This is important for detecting the duration of the stimulus that is how long the stimulus is staying. So we will take some example to understand all this. Basically we will take the example of mechanoreceptors on a skin. Now in the skin there are various mechanoreceptors but mechanical stimulus may be of various types that is either it may be a sustained mechanical stimulus which may be light or very deep pressure or maybe it comes and goes very fast like this which we call vibration. So how do receptors detect all these various kinds of mechanical stimuli? Now see this diagram. This diagram is showing various receptors that are present on the skin. Now because they are located on the skin all of them are extra receptors right. However they are located in various layers of skin. See this one that is the Merkel cells are located superficially in dermis while this one Ruffiny ending is deeper in dermis. And now if I ask you which of these receptors was made responsible for detecting light deformation that is touch and which one for greater deformation that is pressure. You can say that deeper one will be for pressure because pressure means more deformation of the skin right. Similarly the various mechanoreceptors have different rates of adaptation. The ones which adapt very slowly detect sustained pressure like this Ruffiny ending that means the stimulus is detected throughout the time it is present right and the receptor keeps on responding to the presence of the stimulus. Similarly hair follicle receptors adapt very fast that means that when the stimulus comes they will detect the presence of the stimulus but with time they will stop responding to the presence of the stimulus right. So that is adaptation and that is why we feel the touch at the beginning of the stimulus and then it is gone that is why you do not feel your clothes whole day ok. Now also appreciate the difference between Miesner's corpuscles versus Prasenian corpuscles. Both these receptors adapt very fast thus they detect vibration sense that is only coming and going of the stimulus but Miesner's corpuscles respond to slow vibration while Prasenian corpuscles respond to fast vibration because Prasenian corpuscles in comparison to Miesner's corpuscles adapt very very fast plus Prasenian corpuscles are located deep so they respond to deep pressure vibration while Miesner's has to be superficial because it is located superficially so it detects something like a flutter on the skin. Also Miesner's corpuscles detects a sensation from small superficial area see the size of the Miesner's corpuscles compared to Prasenian corpuscles it is small right. So only stimulus in this area will stimulate Miesner's corpuscles while Prasenian corpuscles respond to the stimulus even when it is present here, here or here that is from a little larger area. This is known as receptive field of the receptor so the receptor response only when the stimulus is in its receptive field well there is more to receptive field which we will discuss in other videos of sensory system. So anyways this is a great example to understand how location of the receptor, design of the receptor and adaptation rate of the receptor tell us about the characteristics of our stimulus. Okay thanks for watching the video hopefully we answered some of the questions which we raised in the beginning. If you like the video do not forget to subscribe to the channel Physiology Open, thank you.


We've all heard about bringing high-tech businesses to Hawaii, so we don't have to depend—our economy doesn't have to depend on all those retail operations that don't quite pay enough to pay for a home in Hawaii. Well, here is an instance of a high-tech business coming to Hawaii, and when they succeed by George, we're going to have that high-tech money coming in here, too. It gives me great pleasure today to introduce Stephanie Jurgensen, not executive account manager of Carbon Lighthouse. It is a high-tech company that is different from other energy saving companies, and we will delve deeply into that. Stephanie, welcome to the program. Great. Thanks for having me, Howard. A pleasure to be here. Looking forward to talking about a whole bunch of good things. Now, first, if you could tell us a little background about where Carbon Lighthouse originated and how it made its way into Hawaii. I'd be happy to do so. So, Carbon Lighthouse was founded in 2010 in San Francisco, and our founders, Brendan Milstein and Raphael Rosen, actually have been friends since kindergarten. So, it's a great lifelong story for them. Friends since kindergarten, they attended Harvard together and, in fact, were physics lab partners. After college, went their separate ways a little bit, but both of them share a passion for solving our climate crisis, and knew that together they could be a catalyst for change. So, Brendan and Raphael established Carbon Lighthouse, whose mission is to stop climate change, and recognizing that 40 percent of global emissions, excuse me, 40 percent of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S., 20 percent globally, come from buildings. They wanted to form a different kind of energy service company. Now, there are any number of companies out there that specialize in reducing energy use and improving the quality of life in buildings. So, how is Carbon Lighthouse different from all other such companies? In a lot of different ways. If you'd allow me to give you an analogy of how we look at the energy efficiency space in buildings. I love analogies. So, let's tell a brief story here, and let's imagine that you and I, instead of in the studio, we are cattle renters in Texas, and we're on our land, and there's oil shooting from the ground, and I think there might be a visual to show this here. There we are. There's the oil. So, here's our family excited for joy because likely we're going to be very wealthy. However, to make that happen, there's a lot of financial and operational risk that we would need to take on. So, we could pick up the phone and call a geologist and have them help us determine what exactly the resources are on the ground. You and I may run down to our local Ace Hardware Store or City Mill and buy some PVC piping, build a drill, build a refinery, and ultimately sell that oil as gas at a gas station to turn that into financial value. However, more likely we're going to run in the house, pick up the phone, and not call the geologist, but call Shell or Exxon, and we're going to ask them to take on that operational and financial risk of turning those reserves into financial value for us. So, Carbon Lighthouse, ironically, being an environmental company, models our business after big oil, where we want to be that entity that real estate owners run into their office, pick up the phone and call to take on the operational and financial risk of uncovering their efficiency reserves or hidden inefficiencies in their building, and through our efficiency production, turn that into guaranteed financial value. Wow. Sounds good. Sounds like a performance contracting company, but I bet you can tell me how Carbon Lighthouse is different from all other performance contracting companies. Absolutely, and thanks for asking because that's a great point. So, it's not a performance contract or a shared savings model, but Carbon Lighthouse guarantees a financial value. So, let's say, for example, we find $100,000 of savings in a building, and we write $100,000 into our contract of guaranteed savings. This would be $100,000 annually. Correct. Yeah, thanks for clarifying. If we fall short one year and we deliver $80,000, that's on us to deliver the remainder, and so we simply write a check to make up the difference. However, on the flip side, even better, if we overperform, and on average, we overperform by 10%, if we overperform and find $110,000 one year, all of that remainder, all of that additional savings stays with the building, and we don't take a piece of that. You don't take a piece of that. We don't take a piece of that additional savings. In essence, you're working for free, then. How nice of you. That's not true. We are a for-profit company, so our founders absolutely believe they want to make it easy and profitable for building owners to reduce carbon emissions, and we're a part of that, too. Is this a deep, dark secret about how you are going to put some money in your pocket? No, not at all. We're very transparent about that. We target a profit margin, and we, and in describing our process, can kind of explain a little bit more of this, but we do charge a service fee to guarantee savings. But if now's a good time, we could talk about that process? Absolutely, because I've been in this field for a long time, and you're teaching me something new here. I'm excited to do that. I've actually learned all of this very recently, too, having just been with Carbon Lighthouse for five months, so it's fun to be able to teach this to someone who's been in the energy space for a while. So our process is essentially three steps. The first step, we deploy sensors like this one here, and we deploy hundreds of these throughout the building, and hundreds of sensors we leave in place for a month or two, and they're gathering data on one to five-minute intervals. If we do that math, hundreds of sensors, one to two months, one to five-minute intervals, we're looking at an original data set that's literally millions of new data points. This is what allows us to uncover those hidden inefficiencies in buildings, and then find more efficient ways of using the same equipment that's already in the building. Rather than just going after the obvious stuff, the obvious stuff is lighting, HVAC, air conditioning system, power.  Well, we do focus on HVAC and lighting. However, it's having this original data set that allows us to uncover these inefficiencies that haven't been discovered before. So for example, in a building where there might be the most up-to-date equipment that's very efficient, there might be the most advanced building management or energy management system, might be a very experienced on-site engineering team. However, they just simply haven't had visibility to this amount of data. So that's what's enabling us to uncover those hidden efficiencies. Additionally, it's our software that our engineers have spent hundreds of thousands of hours over the last eight years developing and are continuing to improve and develop. The software analyzes the data, then finding those more efficient ways of running the same equipment to deliver the same comfort and sometimes are often improved upon that comfort for tenants and guests in a building. You know, that brings up an analogy. When you go for a medical checkup, the doctor can maybe take your pulse, take your blood pressure. You're fine, get out of here. Or he can order any number of blood tests and a lot of other tests to look for your whole lymph system and everything else and get way, way, way down deep into how your system works as a whole in detail. Is that a pretty good analogy? It's a great one. I love it, especially because my background is actually in health care and my colleague in the Honolulu office here with me often uses a similar analogy saying that a building management system is like a stethoscope. However, the data that we uncover and collect and then analyze with our Carbon Lighthouse Unified Engineering System software is like an MRI or those additional blood tests. And it brings to mind another aspect of this. You referred to the fact that in your mythical building, the engineers have been there recently and they're the highest qualified types. In my experience with buildings, sometimes the engineers who were there when the equipment was put in place are no longer there and they hand off a manual to the next engineer or manager and the manager says, oh yeah, that's kind of interesting and puts it off in a corner and then it gets covered up with other papers. And he really doesn't understand the mechanisms of the HVAC system as the most complex. So he might not understand all the parameters and know what to look for, in which case it sounds like your system would uncover and any deficiencies that have developed within the first one, two, three, four years. You're right. And actually uncovering that is really just a piece of that first step of our process. So uncovering those hidden inefficiencies, modeling thousands of ways of running the same equipment more efficiently, that first step is all done at no cost to the building owner. Our next step is not just uncovering and modeling more efficient ways, but actually implementing the solution. And this is where we're very different from other players in the energy efficiency space. Because our deliverable is guaranteed financial savings, we're going to implement those changes, manage that full implementation and ensure it meets our standards. That's where the savings start flowing. However, the third and final step, performance management is arguably the most important and possibly the most differentiating, as that's where we guarantee the savings over the term of a contract most often 10 years. So we'll stay with a building and in that scenario that you talked about where possibly an engineer was on site when equipment was put in, but has since retired or moved to a different building, there are changes that happen. And if we stay with a building monitoring energy consumption utilizing our software, if we see a deviation from what we've expected, that flags our engineers to them pick up the phone and call the current onsite team and investigate. It might be a change of hands in building management. It could be that something was put in manual mode for maintenance and then not put back in its automatic startup sequence. Those deviations would cost money if it weren't for carbon lighthouse monitoring that. That brings up a related analogy. Say you've been going to the same doctor for your physical checkups in general for 10 years and you walk into the doctor's office and there's a new young face. What happened to Dr. Suzuki? Oh, he retired. I'm Dr. Wang. Oh, how do you do? The thing is that Dr. Suzuki, he has 10 years of accumulated wisdom as to how your body system works. And all of a sudden that's gone. He can instinct. Didn't we have some trouble with your liver? Ms. Juergensen, let's see. The new doctor has no knowledge of that. So same principle with a new engineer or new manager. Absolutely. You walk in the door and Dr. Suzuki sees a look on your face and might know what's wrong. An engineer in a building might hear an odd noise and know what piece of equipment to check on if they've been in that building for a while, but we want to maintain that consistency for the building and be responsible for insurance savings. That's a great analogy because I talked to, especially the mechanical engineers, the old navy guys who used to manage the great big engines in the ship. They say, you know, I was going along one day and something didn't sound right. I heard a little squeak there and sure enough, something is not lubricated and he goes in and he lubricates it. The potential disaster is averted there. But on that cheery note, we need to take a break. Ms. Juergensen, energy, no, carbon lighthouse. Carbon lighthouse, yes. And we will be back in one minute. Think Tech Hawaii code green. Aloha. I want to invite all of you to talk story with John Wahee every other Monday here at Think Tech Hawaii. And we have special guests like Professor Colin Moore from the University of Hawaii who joins us from time to time to talk about the political happenings in this state. Please join us every other Monday. Aloha. Aloha. I'm Dave Stevens, host of the Cyber Underground. This is where we discuss everything that relates to computers that's just kind of scare you out of your mind. So come join us every week here on thinktechawai.com, 1 p.m. on Friday afternoons. And then you can go see all our episodes on YouTube. Just look up the Cyber Underground on YouTube. All our shows will show up. And please follow us. We're always giving you current, relevant information to protect you. Keeping you safe. Aloha. Good afternoon, Howard Wigg. Think Tech Hawaii code green. My honorable guest is Stephanie Jurgensen. What is your title again? Executive Account Manager. Executive Account Manager, so impressive. As it is, yes. Carbon lighthouse. We left off with giving an analogy between what distinguishes carbon lighthouse from other such companies. And you talked about staying with the building. And you're talking about the fact that building managers, engineers have a pretty substantial turnover. I speak from experience, having dealt with many, many of them over the years. But carbon lighthouse stays with that building for 10 years. And what we have found is when a new building opens up something called commissioning is really, really important. And it doesn't always get done with new buildings. Commissioning is when the, all the systems are supposedly in place, running properly. A third party comes in and checks the lighting, the lighting controls, checks the HVAC, the HVAC controls is everything running as it should. And very often it's not. So that is the function of the commissioner. And then we have DX retro commissioning where another or same third party goes in a year or even two years later asking himself, is the building still running as it was supposed, as it did run perfectly when it was brand new. And you, you people serve that kind of commissioning and retro commissioning of the function. Actually, you know what? I'll add to that because that's not exactly true because retro commissioning will make sure that the building equipment is functioning as it was intended originally. A lot may have changed. Some pieces of equipment might have been changed out the function of the building. There might be a change in intended use of the space. So carbon lighthouse's goal is to look at the building holistically and deliver that whole building savings on average 10 to 30% off of a utility bill. And we have to consider the interactive and cascading effects of every system and every loop in the building and not just look at individual components and returning them to their original function. Retro commissioning, although it has its purpose, isn't going to guarantee financial savings. Instead, working with carbon lighthouse, we will find the most efficient way of running your existing equipment, understanding the interactive and cascading effects that different systems and loops have on each other. I like that word interactive because it stick to the medical analogy. The doctor prescribes you this prescription and some other doctor prescribes you this. It turns out that they have contraindications. Same way, this system over here might be running a foul of this system over here in a building, and your task is to uncover that. Very simply, it might be finding more efficient ways, might be as simple as turn up these two fans in this pump down for net energy efficiency savings, but you can't not consider what happens further down the line in that loop. So with the goal of delivering guaranteed financial savings, we have to consider all that, which is what makes us quite different from retro commissioning. And in terms of all of your sensors and speaking of interactions, if you have good lighting controls and lights are able to be off a lot of the time because the spaces that are supposed to be occupied are not occupied, so the lights are off with good controls, this reduces the heat produced in the building, which can reduce the air conditioning load and so forth. Another example of interconnectivity. Yep, absolutely. And some of the different measures that are parameters that our sensors are looking at when we're gathering data include occupancy, also a thermodynamic map, so to speak, of the building, looking at temperatures, humidity, relative humidity in the building, in spaces, equipment rooms where rooftop equipment is also outside, amperage, voltage, power factor, other parameters that we're looking at. So all of this needs to be considered in finding the most efficient ways of running existing equipment. A good example being yesterday, I was born and raised on this island and yesterday was one of the most climatically miserable days we have ever had. It might go over well in deep Mississippi in August, but not in Hawaii. It was terrible and a good HVAC system will sense that outside humidity, sense that heat and adjust accordingly. And then when the trade wind breezes come back, it'll back off because it'll be running pretty well full bore at that point. Then the trade winds come back, the humidity goes down, zoom. It modulates accordingly. And I think that's, with all your sensors, I think that's exactly what you're trying to do. Right, so we would be finding those more efficient ways based on what the inputs are telling us, they're telling the equipment, and then potentially programming an additional code into a building management system so that depending on what the sensors are delivering as the input, we can then determine the output automatically so that the building engineer doesn't have to go and make those adjustments throughout the day as the cloud rolls in or the trades come. And another complication which I'm sure you deal with is the fact that yesterday, the miserable day was Sunday, so most buildings, commercial buildings are office type, are very sparsely occupied, so the AC system has to adjust to that also. And then the zoning, I'm sure you go into zoning also. There's people in this part of the building, this part of the building and the rest of the building is vacant. Absolutely. So adding those additional sensors and wiring to take in additional inputs and then automatically make changes. And that, I'm sure you have something to say about health and comfort? So most often making these changes can improve tenant comfort in a building. So we are not looking to take away the air conditioning or suggest that we raise the temperatures. We understand that for building owners, whether it's the hospitality market, the office space, education, industrial, regardless of who the occupants are, guests, students, tenants, tenant comfort is of the utmost importance. Without that, there isn't a whole lot of reason for the building. So we're taking that into consideration, always keeping that top of mind and often improving upon that. In the old HVAC systems, including in my building, state government building, no surprise, the system goes off on Friday evening at 4.30. And it doesn't, there's three-day weekend, it just stays off until Monday morning again. And that certainly saves energy. But what if we had an advanced system where it would sense, oh, Mr. Wake came into his office, let's give him at least a little bit of air there. A very, very, very little energy expense. Absolutely. Or a system that also is continuing to monitor that after changes are put in place. One example I love to use about our performance management step four that guarantees the savings is there was a building in San Francisco where a cold spell came through. And so the building engineer had to start up the building hours earlier in order to make it comfortable before the tenants arrived in the morning. And what our system flagged was that after that cold spell passed, the building was still starting hours earlier. And so that flagged our performance management engineer to call the onsite team and investigate. And it was simple in that case where they just had to put it back in a manual, I'm sorry, in automatic program startup mode. It would have cost the building an additional $20,000 a year had that not been caught by carbon lighthouse and our software. Beautiful example.  That one was simple. But if it takes coming back to site to correct to make changes, we commit the time and resources to do that. Speaking of time and resources, we only have a few minutes left. I believe we have some examples of projects. If the next slide could come up please. What in the world? These two very handsome people, they're discussing something or other. Yeah. So we've had a lot of success here in Hawaii. And so far, we've worked with Alexander Baldwin as one great example. And this is at Manoa Marketplace. The upgrades that we've done at their Manoa Marketplace and the next couple of slides, I believe, are Pearl Highland Center. The upgrades that we've done there have resulted in reducing nearly 10,000 tons of carbon and saving over 22,000 barrels of oil. That's probably a few dollars too. Absolutely. It is. I'll let you do the math yourself there. But Alexander Baldwin is committed to enhancing the local community. And this partnership enables them to be good stewards of the environment as well as improving their carbon footprint. I like that. I live in Manoa, so I'm in that marketplace all the time. I like that. And they didn't chop down the trees either. There's a little controversy there. So if we could look at the next slide, which I think is Pearl Highlands. Yep. Oh, no, no, no, this is a restaurant row. So here, this is the historic Waterfront Plaza, owned by the Shidler Group in downtown Honolulu, where Restaurant Row is, which I'm sure many of your viewers are familiar with. So we have a pilot starting with them this fall, where we're deploying these sensors throughout these seven five-story buildings that make up the Waterfront Plaza. And we're excited to be working with the Shidler Group. Like Alexander and Baldwin, they're a very well-respected commercial real estate company in Hawaii. In this pilot here, we're expecting to uncover significant efficiency reserves and turn that through efficiency production into guaranteed savings for the Shidler Group and significantly reduce their carbon footprint. Okay. And you know, this complex is a lot bigger than most of us think. We go to a restaurant there and, oh, that's all there is to it, but no, there's all these office buildings. Great point. So it's seven five-story buildings making up 535,000 square feet of space, a building space. Is there any chance of us reversing these slides that possible to Pearl Highlands? Ah, this is Pearl Highlands. Right. So the Pearl Highlands, when I spoke of the Alexander and Baldwin work that we've done with them, it included Manoa Marketplace, Pearl Highlands Center, and Kakaako Commerce Center. So that was a part of that 10,000 tons of carbon reduction and 22,000 barrels of oil saved. Oh, okay. No wonder your numbers were so high. Right. There were three sites there, and we're very excited to continue rolling out across AME's portfolio and our partnership with them. Now, this looks like somebody looking at a complex piece of equipment here. And this, I believe, is also at the Pearl Highlands Center. Yes. So placing a sensor. One of our sensors is actually an ultrasonic flow meter, so possibly taking a reading of the flow rate through the pipe there. And this would be in the HVAC, the air conditioning system. Yeah. Yes. Yeah, just speaking of that, very often there's a lot of water waste in an HVAC system, so this young lady may be monitoring for that. So if we could jump forward, I think we have a final slide featuring Mr. Tesla. Elon Musk has been in the news on steroids lately, but you probably have something less exotic to talk to. Well, I think it's quite exotic. In fact, we have lots of success stories on our website that I think are very exotic, but Tesla is one of them. And we share a vision with improving sustainability throughout the world with Tesla. So this is a great partnership with us. It was a great example of how our carbon lighthouse process and engineers were able to uncover additional hidden inefficiencies. After Tesla, you can imagine being an energy efficiency company, they have an advanced on-site team or experienced on-site team advanced equipment. They'd already worked with third parties to improve energy efficiency. And even considering that, we were still able to deliver about $91,000 of annual savings on top of what had already been found by other third parties. Good Lord. So you out engineered the Tesla-type engineer. Can you imagine the brain power that comes in and out of that building there? And you managed to uncover more hidden savings. Uncover hidden savings. And all of that was at no upfront cost for Tesla, which is another great part of that story. Yes, yes, yes. And Mr. Musk can use every penny he can get his hands on these days. So he's grateful to you for that. On that cheery note, we need to wrap up. We just got really warmed up about time to bid fond farewell. Ms. Stephanie Jurgensen of Carbon Lighthouse, thank you so much for being my guest. This is Howard Wigg, Code Green, Think Tech Hawaii. See you next time.


Good afternoon. I'm happy to be here. The idea today is to share a bit about what we do in France against cybercrime. So it's not really related to your conference, but it's actually a very technical topic on some aspects. It's also a sociological subject. And it's something that I suppose you've all been confronted with at some point in time, and you might have a role to play in this area. So just a few words about myself. I'm a colonel with the Gendarmerie Nationale. That's one of the two national police forces in France. We're in charge of everything that's outside big cities. So that's roughly half the population and 95% of the territory. And in the Gendarmerie we have 100,000 police officers doing all sorts of police activities. So from criminal investigations to safety on highways, etc. My background is technical. I entered the Gendarmerie as an engineer back in 1995. And since 1998, I've been working on the cybercrime-related topics, first in forensic laboratory as a head of our forensic IT laboratory near Paris. And then I've been in different positions looking at strategy against cybercrime, managing a cybercrime unit at a national level most recently. And since last May, I've been appointed as a Chief Digital Strategy Officer. It's a new position that we've opened in our organization to deal with digital transformation and our strategy against cyber threats. So it still has a cyber aspect. But we also try to cover all other aspects of innovation related to digital tools, techniques, methods, platforms to enhance the work of our law enforcement agency and our relationship with the public. So it's actually a very interesting new challenge. But I'll be focusing on cybercrime in my talk. The idea is to give you a view of how things have evolved over the past 20 years. I'm not going to cover everything, so it's going to focus on roughly three aspects. But if you have questions more generally about how we envisage the digital transformation of our organization, feel free to ask those questions at the end of the talk if you wish. So we have roughly 30 minutes and then 10 minutes for questions, and then you need to rush for your social events. So that was about me. So just to give you a broader focus to be sure that you understand all the actors in terms of law enforcement. So Interpol, that's the police cooperation organization at an international level. The main base, the main headquarters for cyber are in Singapore. It used to be in Lyon, where Interpol is still set, but there's a special team that was set up five years ago in Singapore. It's in the Interpol international global complex for innovation, and they have the cybercrime division there. It's people from law enforcement but also people from the private sector who work together. Now if you look at Europol in Europe, the police cooperation organization is Europol. There's a special unit that was created in 2015. It's called the European Cybercrime Center, and it's organized on three main pillars. One is called Cyborg, as you can see on the left, against cyber attacks, malware, etc. The second is called Terminal, against credit card fraud. And the third one is called Twins, that's against child pornography. So those are the three main priorities, but actually they tend to also work on drug trafficking on the internet, money laundering, etc. All other aspects that are related to the cyber arena. Today I guess there are around 80 or 100 staff at Europol dealing with cybercrime. Since 2015 it's made us do a lot of progress. So it's a good opportunity that was developed there. In France, so coming back to France, I told you there are two national police forces. One is called Police National, the national police. The second is called the Gendarmerie. We also have customs. We also have consumer protection agencies and so on. But the two main actors are the police and the Gendarmerie. And for the Gendarmerie, our network of specialized investigators is called CyberGend, or CyberGendarmerie. And it's 270 specialized investigators all over the country. And 3,800 local correspondents. So the specialized investigators, they do forensics, advanced investigations. And the local correspondents, they have a much shorter training and they're in direct contact with the victims, with the public, dealing with cybercrime directly on the field. At the top of that pyramid, there's a team of roughly 50 people dealing with cybercrime on the internet. So looking for crime on the internet. Or my former unit, now they're 25, also dealing with IT forensics. So that's the people working against cybercrime in the Gendarmerie, in the police. There's a similar organization, but they're organized in a different manner. But there's specialized investigators against cybercrime as well. Okay, so now my first focus, credit card fraud. So if we look a bit back in time, so these are not credit cards or these are not counterfeit credit cards, actually it's counterfeiting of telephone cards. So for the younger ones, we used to phone booths. There's no longer any one of them working in Paris. And you needed a special smart card that contained units, 120 units or 50 units. And you could make a phone call with that. The counterfeit here used programmable smart cards. So at the bottom on the left, it's self-made. So there's a programmable component, a programmable chip from different manufacturers. And there's the memory. You write the program in the memory and in the programmable component. And then you can fake the functioning of a telephone card. Then they moved to programmable cards. So it's all included in one card that physically is just like a real smart card, but you can reprogram it. And, well, that's useful for people who want to make phone calls, but it's not a lot of money. So they moved to banking cards. So we had a series of evolutions in credit card fraud. And the ID here, what you see on the screen, is the chip and the contacts from a programmable card that has been put on top of a real banking card. But before doing that, they copied some of the information from the real chip on the banking card. So that no longer works, but it was an attack that was possible. And they just reproduced some of the encryption keys, signature keys, actually, that were used on the smart card. This is another type of device. It's more simple, the ID. So maybe you've encountered some, it's just to copy the magnetic stripe from the smart card. And to copy also the PIN code. You can see many of those on different websites describing how they work and how they store information or transmit information and so on. The bad guys are always developing new techniques. And actually in this case it's not the bad guys developing the techniques. It's a university in the UK. And actually it's interesting. So they discovered that it was possible to do a man in the middle attack on the dialogue between the smart card and the smart card reader. This is no longer possible, but they found a flaw in one of the first implementations of those cards in the UK and Europe in general. This is a case we had more recently in 2013. So there's the technical aspect is interesting, but also the organization behind it. So the technical aspect you see from the picture, the difference between the two, is that on the left the card seems to be inserted all the way inside and on the right inserted just a bit. So there's actually half the card that's almost out of it. So on the left it's a modified version of a terminal that was used to copy the magnetic stripe. So to copy the full magnetic stripe you need the card to go fully inside. And when the card owner removes the card, there's a magnetic stripe reader that copies the stripe. And it's also modified keyboard. Actually they plugged into the actual keyboard of those devices and they were able to copy the pin code. So normally that's not possible. Actually they managed to go around the safeties that were set by the developer of that specific type of point of sale terminal. And they were able to open it. Normally if you open it, it becomes a brick. You cannot use it anymore, but they found a way around it. And they modified the actual shape and the content of the terminal. And then they needed to replace the point of sale terminal inside shops. So what they did, they sent people around France, around Germany with modified devices and they swapped the devices with the modified ones. So inside the shops, the shop owner wouldn't notice and they were able to copy cards using that process. So in that case it's just to copy the data from the magnetic stripe and the pin code. So what that allows you to do is to withdraw cash from cash machines that don't use the pin. So that's the case in many regions in the world outside of Europe or outside of America. But it's less and less the case. In Southeast Asia for instance now the chip card is used as well. So it's not possible anymore. So in this case it was not people from our usual suspect areas in Europe that were behind it. It was people from Canada, from Quebec who were organizing that. And it's actually motorbike gangs who usually do drug trafficking. And they invested in credit card fraud and they paid for people to move around the world and do that. So it took us one year with the Surte du Québec in Canada with Europol and the BK in Germany to identify the guys and arrest them. It was quite an interesting case. So that's the evolution of credit card fraud. And the last aspect is this one. So in France we have an organization that's in charge of collecting numbers around fraud against credit card fraud. It's called the Observatory on the Payment Card Safety or Security. And since 2006 we've been collecting information from banks. So that's official numbers. And I extracted some of the numbers. So the actual volume of fraud hasn't evolved a lot. It's roughly the same percentage of the overall transactions. So because we've had the chip cards for a long time in France and in Europe. So there's not a lot of fraud. But because there are a lot of transactions it's still a lot of cases potentially. Roughly every year there could be around one million users that ask their bank to change their credit card because of fraud. So the numbers on the chart. It's the evolution of the share of fraudulent transactions committed on the internet against the total number of fraudulent transactions. So in 2006 we had between 6 and 10% of transactions that were done illegally on the internet today. So those are the numbers from last year. The total fraud on credit cards that is done on the internet for France is between 60 and 70%. Depending on if you look at the value of the transactions or the number of fraudulent transactions. So that's 70% of roughly 2.1, 2.2 million cases. So the actual evolution is we've moved from fraud that was mainly copying cards and using them to withdraw cash. And today it's mostly data that is stolen from online merchants and then is used on the internet. So credit card fraud is really part of cybercrime today even more than before. Second aspects, if you look at attacks against computer systems, you can have the same chart in all countries. So it's not that different. So if you look at all the types of illegal activities, illegal access or malware, botnets, denial of service. It's mostly international, the origin of the attack. Sometimes it's local. The local attacks are mostly around fraudulent access companies buying on each other even in France. Some malware cases originate from France, but most of the cases the suspects are in other parts of the world. For us, other parts of the world is the east of Europe, North Africa, sometimes South America. And depending on what country you're sitting in, the suspects are very often in another country. And I suppose Russians are attacked by suspects from other parts of the world as well. The actors, and I'm going to go more in detail about that, it's mostly isolated people with some form of organization. They work with people who do the coding. There are some script kiddies, but most of what we see is some form of criminal ecosystem with people developing, selling and using. And then in some cases there's a real organized crime. And I'm going to give one example. So CEO fraud is something that has developed a lot in France over the past let's say five to eight years. The idea is to convince a company that you're the CEO of the company or an important member of the organization. And you order your company to send a wire transfer money by hundreds of thousands of euros to an account outside the company. Because you need to do a transaction because you have a contract negotiation and so on. And the fraudsters behind that, they use information from inside the company to pretend that they're the CEO. To pretend that they are the right owners of that money or the right owners of the company or that they have the right to do that. In some of the cases that were identified by Symantec in this case, the companies that were victims were first attacks by people who were supposedly based in Ukraine. So they attacked the local network of the companies to get information about their banking accounts, their security procedures, the names of the people working there and so on. Sometimes they managed to get information to be able to redirect telephone calls etc etc. And in this case the people organizing the fraud were based in Israel. And then the money would go through Cyprus, Malta, Southeast Asia and so on. So this is the type of cases where we see a form of organized crime. The organized crime is mostly in this case based in Israel. And they were using other people from Ukraine that they hired maybe online or maybe they met with them. I suppose they met with them. And this is a typical case that we have. On those cases, there's been hundreds of thousands of euros leaving France and leaving other countries. And since a couple years ago, let's say three years ago, US is struck as well and other parts of the world. But what we see most of the time, it's not organized crime. It's more of an ecosystem of different people with different roles on the internet. And from developers, coders, people who develop malware, who find vulnerabilities, who exploit using those vulnerabilities, who develop distribution platforms, so malware distribution platforms. So they develop tools and then you have people using them. Other actors are managers of infrastructure, so they're going to rent servers inside a bulletproof hosting organization or inside an actual organization that does web hosting. So they're going to buy servers or rent servers and then run them again back to the bad guys. And they're going to protect their identity from investigations. There's people developing crime as a service, for instance, credit card check. So you can check if a number is still valid or people managing online markets. So where the bad guys meet with each other, chat online. It's mostly web forums. They've moved to a tour, for instance, on onion servers, but it's still web-based forums. And then there's people who are also useful, middlemen, to do money laundering, money mules, and people who organize that. And all those people work together to develop a botnet, for instance. So you need malware. You need server to distribute it. You need the server to coordinate your botnet. And then you're going to need people to resell the information you've collected. So if you've collected passwords, there's people specialized in laundering of those passwords and so on who are going to sell it for them. So actually there's actors in the cybercrime world who have no technical abilities. They just pick from different services. And what is really important behind that is that for us, when we start an investigation, the situation can move from one day to the other. So for instance, you have a victim or you have a series of victims. They've downloaded malware by clicking on a link from a specific server. And then their passwords are sent to another server. So a typical botnet setup. The next week, the server who is being used to distribute the malware is used to do something else. To send phishing or to host phishing or to do legitimate activities. And there's no way you can investigate anymore because it's been erased. The reason is they tend to move a lot. Or they simply want to change partners because they get cheaper costs or because the guys were arrested and so on. So it's a very moving environment. So just to illustrate that a bit differently. So this is a typical setup for a ransomware distribution. You receive spam or you visit the website and you're redirected or your browser is redirected to an exploit platform or an exploit kit. And without you having to click anything sometimes, the computer is downloading malware and then connected to the command and control server. After that, your personal data goes away or your computer is used to send spam or used to do a deny of service attack. In the case of ransomware, it's just used to collect your payment information in this case. In many cases, once there's one malware on the victim computer, there's other malware that is going to be installed. So in this setup, you have different people managing the different aspects. So people doing the spam to distribute the links to victims. People developing the malicious JavaScript to redirect the victims to the exploit kits. People hacking into servers to install the malicious JavaScript in this case. People managing actual advertising that is used to redirect people as well. People selling the exploit kits. People who are going to install the exploit kits and so on and so on. Different people doing the different aspects. Sometimes they've never met each other and they work together. And so that's the difficulty of the investigations today.  In some cases, like in this French news article, actually the actual stories comes from elsewhere. The bad guy seems to be someone not very motivated in the end. It looks like his mother told him to stop doing it because he says, I'm very sorry that I stole your money and I blocked your computers. You can download all your information from this server on mega.co.nz and I will never do it again. What this shows you is that in this case the guy behind that just bought a kit to distribute his ransomware. He did not develop anything. He just learned how to do it on the internet and then did it and made a number of victims. And that happens a lot. In those cases, it's mostly people from inside countries in Europe, inside France, inside Germany, etc. Who are the suspects behind that? Then the last aspect of my talk. So who's heard about WannaCry? Yeah. So this malware distribution is interesting for many different reasons. Well, one reason is that officially no one knows who's behind it. Actually, there's a police investigation going on around the world and there's been some police operations and there are suspects somewhere. But that's not the important aspect. What happened in this case is the distribution model was using a worm-like propagation. So the malware was moving from one machine to another directly on the internet using a vulnerability that was actually published after a revelation of some tools that were developed by an agency somewhere in America. And it's okay. I can tell you a lot about why agencies in US, in Europe need tools and why that's necessary. The problem is the vulnerability was published in the end. And once the vulnerability is published, it is exploited. And it is exploited very quickly. In this case, it was exploited to distribute malware, such as a crypto locker. It could have been used to do spying and so on. And it could happen to a French agency. It could happen to a German agency and so on. So let's be modest. So what happened, and it's very different from what we used to have in the past few years, the malware was going from one machine to another. And in practice, it looks like they tested it on Thursday. Friday, they started spreading it. And Friday evening, it was all over the planet. That usually never happens. And those are the infections that were measured during the weekend. So Thursday, some tests. There are some traces of the tests. Friday, the actual launch of the spreading. And then it moved from one point in the world to the whole world. And you see victims in Russia, potentially China, Ukraine, France, Canada, US, and so on. So France was actually a big victim. The victims we had were people having a machine directly connected to the internet. And that's not very common. Usually people in France connect to the internet behind what we call an internet box. And you're not directly connected to the internet. And unless you put your machine on the DMZ, it cannot be attacked from the internet directly. It's not a proper firewall and so on, but it's some protection. In other countries, it's not always the case. People just plug in behind the modem and the ADSL modem. And that's why they're spreading in different regions. So the cases we had in France, it's people who are using those machines to collect surveillance camera information. And it's something we see more and more often. It's devices that you plug in somewhere that you configure quickly. You actually don't know what you're configuring. And it works because you can see what's going on on your smartphone. Hey, I can see the camera from my home. Everything is safe. The problem is your network is not safe anymore. That happens to companies. That happens to private people. Actually, one of the victims was a boulangerie.  A bakery, exactly. So a place where you can buy good stuff in the morning. So they had cameras to protect the store and actually they were directly connected to the internet. So those were Windows machines. But in other cases, they're Linux machines with basic busy box, for instance, or different types of setup that can be used. So actually the victims were not victim of much because the information that was encrypted was just videos of surveillance in most cases. But that was for WannaCry. Other attacks were more damageable. So that's an interesting evolution. Fast distribution. It's not on actual computers. It's on devices that are used to store web surveillance. Something you just plug in your home. We've seen also cases in Europe of actual TV sets that are bricked because of ransomware. So you can have a TV set with Android on it, with LG. I don't remember the name of the OS, et cetera. Well, if it's Android, there's Android malware and it can also attack the TV. And if you have a 2,000 Euro TV that just shows that sort of screen, it's not very useful anymore. So one message actually to a community like you is that security is really important. Systems that can be updated. Helping people that install systems to secure their environment to secure their systems is really important. If something is easy to set up, it needs to be easy to update, easy to secure. Otherwise it becomes dangerous. So that's one of the major messages for today. Thank you. We have time for a few questions. I'm writing the story of a post-it play in France. I know some stories about it. It's a part of the Holocaust investigation in France. So I might put that as a reference. You know what you have on your machine, right? So what happens on a tour relay is that it's not set up to collect any type of information. It's just set up to be a relay. So for law enforcement, it's not very interesting to see the computer. There's other strategies that can be developed to be able to identify suspects on tour networks. I'm not going to go into detail, but you've seen cases in the press of people who've been arrested. Their servers, their hidden servers have been seized. So law enforcement is working and is able to, in some cases, to identify the bad guys. So the bad guys is some of the people who are using your relay, but they're also using the internet. We're not going to seize the whole internet and so on. So that's the technical answer. Of course, there's nothing wrong with you running a tour relay. But it also means that a high level of the activity on tour from the point of view of countries like France is illegal activities. In other countries where it's not a democracy, it's used mostly to protect private conversations, not to be arrested by the police, who are actually going against people who express themselves. In France, what we see is that most of the activities on tour is around selling drugs, selling malware, etc. So you need to be aware that part of what is going on on tour is not for good reasons. But that's for you as a message, not for, yeah. And maybe in some cases, if you can help law enforcement, if you have information, then it's up to you. Maybe you should be able to share it. I know it's not on your tour server, but maybe you can see other types of information that can be helpful. Another question over there?  So can you say more about that? Because that seems to not be what we see, for instance, in other parts of the world. So in Russia or other countries. Where should I? Actually, in other presentations, I have more examples, but even if you look at criminals from Russia, usually when groups are arrested that come from Eastern Europe, or Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, and so on, it's not more than four or five people that are identified. Some of them just know each other on the Internet, and some have met. But in many cases, it's isolated people. In some cases, it's really organized group. They even set up companies to do their illegal activities. And yes, in that case, they're very often hidden in the country where it's difficult to get cooperation from. So it exists. But the huge volume of the activity, for instance, from those countries at the east of Europe, it's people selling tools for others to use. They're not really managing botnets and so on. And there are some individual groups managing very large botnets or larger activities. But in many cases, they don't really know each other. It's not the typical definition of organized crime as we would have it in the past, like the mafia that we have in Europe, in Italy, or in France, and so on, with a big structure and a pyramid structure with a big boss at the top, and so on. So it's not typical criminal organizations. And thus, it makes it difficult for us to investigate because we have special tools for criminal organizations. We can investigate faster. We have access to tools like wiretaps, like undercover investigations, and so on. And in some cases, it's not available for us in cybercrime. That's the idea. Thanks. There's two parts of state cybercrime. People who are fighting like yourselves, and then there's people who are, let's say, doing intelligence work. I'm generating tools that exploit overdue, as you say, coming to use operating systems. Is there rooms in the EU or in France that you're trying to standardize where if one organization in a country is aware of the vulnerability that the population is exposed to, that there's a timeline for actually disclosing that responsibly to others that the general population will be put at risk? Is there anything like that? So there's no actual solution in place, but the debate is on the table, and it's the kind of debate we have with the European Commission at the moment on how we should deal with those. So the first answer is no, but yes, we're talking about it.


Okay, so for the past couple of videos I have basically been telling you that a lot of the atoms, especially in the first three rows of the periodic table, have a preferred electrical charge. Lithium likes to be charged at plus one, oxygen, when it's charged likes to be charged at negative two, helium likes to have no electrical charge, et cetera, et cetera. And then I said, and I give you some rules, or I said you could memorize the edges of the periodic table and figure out what the charge of a lot of atoms like to be. And I said the middle of the periodic table, the rules kind of broke apart.  And part of the reason why the rule breaks apart is that the metals, many metals, can actually have more than one type of electrical charge, depending on the environment that they're in. So the way this slide is titled, some metals break the rules. They can have more than one type of charge. As an example, iron, and the symbol for iron is a little bit weird, it's Fe. Iron basically comes in two charges. It can either be charged at plus two, or it can be charged at plus three. It depends on the environment that it's in, what charge it will be. But because of that, you have to tell people what type of iron ion you are working with. You can't just say, I'm working with an iron ion. Because people are going to say, well, which one do you mean? The one that's plus two, or the one that's plus three? You don't have to do that for a lot of the other elements that we were talking about before. If I said I have a lithium ion, according to the rules, you always know it's going to be plus one.  However, for a lot of the metals, you have to tell people which one you're working with. So if you were going to speak this one out loud to somebody, you would call it iron two. And obviously, if you were going, if you were working with this iron that's charged at plus three, and you were going to describe it out loud to someone, you would call it iron three, you know, you'd spell or you'd say the word three, and that tells people who have been trained with this which charge your iron has. There's another way of doing it, and that is to write the name of the element, and then in parentheses right next to it, you write the Roman numeral for whatever charge your atom has. So if I was working with iron that is charged at plus two, I could write the word iron, parentheses, and then the Roman numeral two. That is another way of telling people that I'm working with iron that has this charge. And if I wanted to describe this one to somebody, I might write iron, parentheses, Roman numeral of three. So if you ever see Roman numeral next to an element name, that is telling you what the positive charge of that particular element is. So if I write iron with a Roman numeral two, you should know that I mean this type of iron and not any other type. Here's a problem that you can think about for a minute. If I told you that I had some material, it's an ionic compound, so it's made of iron two and chloride ions, and I want to know what the formula is. Remember the symbol for iron is Fe, so it's going to be Fe some number of irons stuck to some number of chlorides. And you can pause the video and think about that on pausing. If I write the Roman numeral two, that means this iron has a charge of plus two. I'm telling you in the question that the chloride has a charge of negative one. So you have to play the game that we played in the previous video that basically says how many irons and how many chlorides do I need to stick to each other so that their electrical charges completely cancel each other. So if I had one iron at plus two and one chloride at minus one and I stuck them to each other, these do not cancel each other's charge out completely because this is plus two, this is only negative one. How many chlorides do I need to cancel out one of those irons? Well, I need two of these. So if I had a single iron with two chlorides, here's my second chloride stuck to it, this entire blob of three irons is going to have a total electrical charge of zero because this guy's plus two and these guys are both minus one. So I have a total charge of zero there. So if I wanted to figure out what the formula for iron two chloride was, I would say it's a single iron in my blob. So Fe, I could write the one, but most people don't. And how many chlorides? Well, there are two of them there. So it's going to be Cl2. So the formula for iron two chloride is FeCl2. And the same principle applies as what we did on the previous video. However, people have to tell you what the charge of the iron is for you to be able to finish the question or to be able to answer the question. You can pause and ask this question as well. What if it was actually iron three with chloride? So what's the formula for iron three chloride? Well, this time the iron comes with a charge of plus three. The chlorides are still stuck at minus one because that's pretty much the only type that they come in. And then you have to ask yourself, how many chlorides do I need to cancel out the charge of one iron that is charged at plus three? Well, I need three chlorides to do this because the chlorides only give me a charge of minus one. So if I wanted to make iron three chloride, it would be one iron and then one chlorine, two chlorines, three chlorines, each one charged at minus one. And the entire blob has an electrical charge of zero. So what's the formula for iron three chloride? Well, there's one iron in here, so we just write Fe, and there's three chlorides in here. So we write Cl3. And this is the formula for iron three chloride, and this is the formula for iron two chloride. Again, we're just following one rule, but now you have to be able to interpret this Roman numeral. Here's a different question, pausing whenever you like. It's a little bit backwards from what we just did. Copper, again, has a little bit of a weird symbol. It's Cu. Copper ions come as copper one or copper two. So what that means in English is that this copper has a charge of plus one. This copper here has a charge of plus two. The question is, if I told you I had a compound, I had some ionic compound, and the formula was CuCl2, which kind of copper ions do I have? Do I have copper ones or do I have copper twos? And you have to realize that the chlorides, each chlorine, comes with a charge of negative one. And how many do I have here? This is Cl2. I have two chlorides, so I've got two of them. And how many coppers do I have here? You have to be able to read the formula and realize that there's only one copper. And if I have one copper stuck with two chlorides, and the chlorides give me a charge of negative one and negative one, and the whole charge of my blob, the charge of my blob has to be zero, then this copper has to be charged at plus two, because it needs to cancel out the charge of the two chlorides. So now we can tell that CuCl2, the copper here, is actually copper two. It's not copper one. So that's just another way of seeing whether you understand the rule that we've been going over and seeing whether you can interpret these Roman numerals. So that's it for this video. I'm trying to keep the video shorter. We'll see if that continues successfully or not. But that's it for this video.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's casebreaks.com. That's me. And that is 2021 Panini Certified Football, four box, random team break number nine. One spot gets you two teams and all card ship. Big thanks everybody here for getting in on it. Let's double up, like Sir Mix a lot. And there's all the teams right here. Let's roll it, let's randomize names and teams, three and a one, four times for names and teams. One, two, three and a one, fourth and final time. After four we got John down to Sean. Three and a one, four times for the teams. One, two, three and a one, fourth and final time. Buffalo, down to the Miami Dolphins.  Let's get all this on one screen. Let's sort by column B. And we're gonna pause the video when we come back. We're gonna see if there's any trades and then we'll have that four box rake stick around. I'll be right back. All right, welcome back everybody. No deals were done so that list here remains the same. We've got another four box rakes from a fresh case. We've got another four box rake up on jaspyscasebreaks.com. If you wanna run another four box rake back, we can definitely do it.  And if it happens to be sold out, if you're watching this video later on down the road, just go visit jaspyscasebreaks.com. We've always got some kind of football on the website among other sports. And we group rakes seven nights a week. Get all these boxes out here. Our raiders are looking good, Jeff. They are looking so far so good. But I've also seen good early starts from the raiders before. So if they can keep this up across an entire season, that could be a decent amount of Ws. But second half of the seasons have been a little rough for the raiders. So let's select a die and select that red one right there. So there's stacks of four right here. You can see it on the top camera as well. We'll go one, two, three, four on the dice roll. Five or six, we'll just roll again. Four, one, two, three, four. So we're gonna do that four right over here. And let's just mark these with some Xs on box just so we know that they're all from the same case. It's kind of hard to see the black against the black, but you can kind of tell right there against the reflection. This would be their second season in Las Vegas. The first season was last year, but there are no fans due to the pandemic. So first year with fans, second year in Vegas. It'll be interesting to see by the end of the year if there's any kind of what they call a Vegas flu when the Golden Knights first, their first season, their first season, their home record was pretty incredible. And a lot of some people attributed to, hey, teams fly in the night before, maybe accidentally have a little too much fun. All right, good luck everybody. We're looking at two autograph, two memorabilia cards per box on average. I have a little extra fun. And then, oops, for some reason, they're tired for the game the next day. I guess Miami is going to Vegas. I guess Miami is a fun town too. Maybe the Dolphins players won't be affected by Vegas too much. But whatever hotel that the Dolphins are staying at, I would be like, well, no, you know what? They're not staying on the strip. That'd be crazy. So where would the Dolphins stay? Where would, where do road teams stay in Las Vegas? They wouldn't stay at like a casino.  But maybe they are, I don't know. All right, there's the very exciting Lamar Jackson right here to lead things off. And a nine out of 75, J.K. Dobbins. Just kidding, Dobbins. And a Miles Garrett right here to $2.99. And our first hit is gonna be a new generation relic, Ian Book, to $2.99. Yeah, Kevin's like everyone's affected by Vegas. I hope so, for my Raiders' sake. There's Miles Garrett for the Browns. He's pretty good. And I like the sort of street art look in these certified inserts here. They stay in Airbnb, says Randy. Imagine having to book all those Airbnb's. Hey, Marcus Allen, autograph. Nice, speaking of the Raiders. Little Raider Joe Mojo. 21 out of 30. That's gonna go to Mark, Mark Rao. I randomized my Raiders. Michael M is saying, your buddy went to the Raiders opening against the Raiders. He said the stadium was unbelievable, yeah. Nick Jaspy, my colleague Nick. Here's Demetri Felton. And his dad were actually in Vegas that weekend for the industry, there was an industry conference that was there. There's Austin Eckler, $2.49. And the Agile Sprady right here, to $2.49. And they actually went to the game. They were able to find some pretty affordable tickets and pretty nice spot. And yeah, they said it was amazing. They said it was better than SoFi. Oh, Kevin says, you're from Miami and Vegas still gets you every time? All right, so yeah, maybe the Dolphins will be affected. There's Remandre Stevenson, $2.45 to $2.49. Nice patch, nice auto. Even with that high number, you get a nice patch. That's what I love about certified. That goes to the Pats, Greg. Last spot Mojo strikes again, 70% of the time. Last spot Mojo hits 100% of the time. Pete Steelers were affected. And they didn't have to travel. Mahomes, Patrick Mahomes, $67 out of 99. Certified Relic going to Jared and the Chiefs. I wonder what's the line on the Raiders game. There's Aziz Ojalari to $1.49 for the New York football giants. And then we've got a Owusu Koro Moa, Jeremiah right here. It's $2.99. That's for the Browns, that'll be for John. And a nice Joe Burrow, 2021 edition. And that street art look, second year Joe Burrow going to Mark. You know, I've driven by the stadium a number of times, Kevin. I've actually not been inside the stadium since it's opened. Definitely have to make a trip out there sometime this fall. But yeah, Nick and his dad were saying that it was pretty, pretty incredible. When they were discussing the concept of Legion, I heard a room they wanted to create the ability to bet on various plays in real time from their seats. I don't know. I don't think so. But I feel like there has to be some casinos must have mobile wagering apps where you can do play-by-play sort of, you can do in-game wagering, which is growing in popularity. I think, I heard that too. I want to say I heard something like that. But I think they were more talking about like making sure like the infrastructure, like the Wi-Fi there to make sure that infrastructure was strong enough to be able to do that eventually. Whether it's from an official provider like MGM or Caesars or any of the major sports books that are there, whether it's a partnership through them or whether it's something that the Raiders will actually have their own app for. I would guess that they would have like a partnership. They'd be like, you know, Caesars. The official odds provider of, you know, of the Las Vegas Raiders featuring in-game mobile wagering.  There used to be, some of you may remember, there used to be an old bar game where you would get like a little pod that would actually be about the size of the certified box. Anyone remember this? And there'd be like a little TV at the bar and then you'd be able to press like, it's going to be a run left. There'd be like arrows right here and run left and pass right or something like that. But yeah, eventually that can be possible. There's Tyler Vaughn's 99 and we've got a Frank Gore stat smashers, that is. I like that insert. But yeah, once that in-game wagering technology becomes available, it's going to be just another way to experience the game there. There's Mack Jones autograph. Two color patch in auto, 106 out of 149. Patriots, Greg. Last spot, Mojo. And we got a Desphits patch and New Generation Relic to 249. Tennessee, that'll be for Sean, Sean A. There's Nick Chubb to 249, DK Metcalf and 2-2 Atwell to 399. Got a pink pair all here, Justin Herbert to 199. For the Bolts, there's Justin Jefferson to 75. And we got a Jacob Harris, New Generation Relic 12 out of 199. For the Rams. It's Greg with the Rams. Both of Greg's last spot Mojo teams hitting.  Next four box break in the store if you want to go for that. There's a nice Miles Sanders right here. Kevin doesn't think that any franchise will live up to the Raider Stadium and amenities. It's only going to get better and better as technology and investors catch up. Yeah, absolutely. Nine out of 20. And we, the team, the Jaspeys team, we had a team outing at SoFi on Sunday to watch Dallas at the Chargers. And again, Nick and his dad recently had recently experienced a legion. And they were like a legion blows SoFi out of the water just in terms of just being able to get in and out. Just the customer service that was there. I think the service level they said was huge. Like every employee they talked to knew exactly where everything was. At SoFi, you know, we were trying to get to, because we had, the company had picked up a suite for the team to watch the game.  And no one, every employee we asked was didn't know where it was and pointed us in four different directions. And so, but they said that at a legion that experience was the complete ops. Everyone knew where everything was. And a lot of stuff was more, a little more football focused, I wanna say. The huge, they have the Oculus right at SoFi, that huge round video board thing that's at the top of the dome. And that was almost distracting in a way. I don't think the Raiders stadium has anything like that. I think they have a huge video boards on like the sides of the stadium. Maybe a smaller thing in the middle. But yeah, I've been watching a lot of like the construction videos of that stadium. And it's pretty incredible.  That's why I think that customer service, I don't know why that Jaylen Davis is turned around. And customer service and having knowledgeable staff at this, at the stadium, I think was one of their top priorities at Allegiant. Here's Jonathan Taylor for the blue horseshoes. So yeah, I think the level of service there, I think is gonna be something that's very like Vegas hotel-y, you know what I mean? There's Pat Friarmouth, 007 to 299. Looks like he's gonna be a pretty good player in the league for Pittsburgh. That's for Bill and the Steelers. And Justin Fields getting his first start. It's a nice one for the Bears. Nick L with Chicago. I mean, once he starts, is Andy Dahl never gonna use his job back? Especially if he's done decently, I don't think so. I'm rooting for him. That'd be hashtag good for the hobby. There's Mike Evans to 75. And we got Kellan Mon, two-color patch and autograph to 499. It's from Minnesota. That's gonna be for David. Yeah, I was surprised that Allegiant, a sort of budget airline, I think, had won that bid. It was something that also surprised me. But I'm looking this up right now. I think their headquarters are in Las Vegas, Kevin. So I think they wanted to go with the local company. Cause I was like, they're either from Vegas or they're based in Oakland or something like that. But apparently they have like these really, they have like flight packages going from Oakland to Vegas. Which I'm not sure would be if that would be a fun plane ride or not a fun plane ride. 1375 Mirror Sanctures. Damier Bird. Auto for the Pats, that'll be for Greg. Xavin Collins to 249. Tua to 299. Not sure what his injury status is this week. Chris Evans to 399. Bangles. Russell Wilson, Derek Carr, Davante Parker. Last box, fourth and final. Let's see. I think the Raiders are, according to ESPN, the Raiders are minus three and a half, home favorites. Short home favorites. Oh, Derek Carr's questionable, huh? Interesting. He did take a big hit in that Pittsburgh game, but he finished the game. He's listed as questionable. He should be able to play. I think Tua is also questionable. I think he's more questionable than Derek Carr. I'm not sure what's gonna happen if Derek Carr, he should be able to play, but if he's unable to play, I think they're back up quarterback. Marriota ended up on the IR. So he's out, like a short IR. I think he's out for a few weeks. I guess Nathan Peterman might be the, that would not be good. All right, fourth and final box and other four boxes in the store.  And speaking of the Raiders, Hunter Renfro, two out of 15. Nice certified potential autograph, third and Renfro. Turning out to be a great clutch receiver, especially in those third down situations. They always seem to go to him. Mack Jones to 399, rookie card. For the Patriots, Greg, 68 out of 99, Tom Brady Starr's insert. And there's J.C. Horne to 99. J.C. Horne for Carolina, and that Brady insert goes to the Buccaneers for Bill. There's, whoop, Fillure, 299, Minnesota, David. 71 out of 75, that's Peyton Turner. And we got Chuba Hubbard, two color patch and autograph. 146 out of 149, Carolina Panthers, John. And the last little stack here, good luck everybody. See what we got? We've got an Austin Eckler, dual rally. 238 out of 249. That's Nick with the Chargers. Saquon Barkley to 25, McCaffrey, Kurt Cousins, and Jonathan Taylor for the Blue Horse Shoes. And that is that, boys and girls. Thanks for getting in. That was four box, random team break number nine. The next four box, random team break is in the store on jaspyscasebreaks.com. Let's run it back, let's do it tonight. We'll see you for that one next time, bye-bye.


Contact tracing and testing for COVID-19 has proven critical in the national fight to contain the community spread of the novel coronavirus. Chief Medical Officer Dr. Sharon Belmont-George says over the past week, from Friday, October 30 to today, Thursday, November 5, 2020, 1,056 tests have been conducted and a total of 30 new cases of COVID-19 were recorded. Most of these cases were captured through the contact tracing process. This information is very meaningful to the public and useful for the Ministry of Health in our management of the current outbreak as it indicates that we are managing clusters of cases. This also indicates that we prevent further spread of the virus by identifying the positive COVID-19 cases who are linked to previous cases. As efforts continue by the public health team of the Ministry of Health to conduct health education as well as to conduct contact tracing and the testing of individuals, we make an appeal to every individual to continue regulating their movements and behaviors to reduce the risk of exposure. When leaving to go to public places, please maintain a high level of alertness. Be sure to ensure that you have your mask and your hand sanitizer as these two items are effective in preventing the transmission of the virus. In addition, upon returning home, it should be a priority to immediately wash your hands with soap and flowing water, making these a habit with help in reducing the spread of the virus.