Hello in this lecture we're going to continue on smaller type of problems. These are types of problems that could be used in a multiple choice type problem setting so these could be used to study for multiple choice type questions because they are going to use the smaller setting which means we're going to restrict some information and have less information when working problems in this format. Now I'm going to have this over here on this side and I'm going to take a look at the trial balance on this side and the only reason this this is an unrelated trial balance to this problem but the idea being here that it would be a good idea to have the trial balance open or a book open or some kind of cheat sheet I think the trial a trial balance like this is a good cheat sheet because it'll show you the debits and the credits and what type of accounts are debited about counts and what type of counts are credit balance accounts so if you're able to have something open I recommend having some type of trial balance open. So this problem here we have a company's ledger account and their end of period balance before closing entries are posted below what amount will be posted to the capital in the process of closing the income summary account. Okay so we're gonna they're asking for this journal entry the third journal entry of our four step process and closing out the the income summary account and closing and doing our closing process remember that we're gonna close income out first and then we're gonna close all the expenses the income summary and then we're gonna close the income summary to the capital account so note they give us this list it's not in terms of debits and credits so we got to kind of interpret what the debits and credits are and and then work this through this so we could do this with journal entries if we choose to so let's try it that way we're basically gonna do these journal entries so first thing the first journal entry has to do with of course the revenue that's the first thing we get rid of and again we don't know whether the revenue is a debit or credit here but we know on our trial balance over here it has a credit balance we're gonna close that out to the income summary account so therefore it has a credit balance so what we're gonna do is gonna close it out therefore we're gonna do the opposite thing to it we're going to debit revenue so the first entry to close this out would be a debit to revenue of 31,000 and a credit to something the something being the new income summary clearing account so we got the clearing account over here I'm gonna call it income summary this is our four step process first step of the four step process now if we thought about a trial balance for the income summary this is our account this is our T here we're gonna have a T account you know on this side this is gonna be underlined and then our T is over here our T account looks like this and we just credited it so that's on the credit side of our T account like our GL account in the income summary so we have a credit of this amount here I'm gonna make a negative one it's a credit you don't have to do that but that's how I'm gonna represent the credits and just indent this okay the next entries are gonna have to do with the expense accounts these are all expense accounts here once again they don't tell us if they're debit or credit accounts but we know that all expense accounts over here are debits so these are all debits we need to make those go down to zero how do we make something go down we do the opposite thing to it which in this case would be a credit so I'm just gonna copy all these and this would be a credit so I'm gonna skip a line and skip another line because the credits should go on the bottom and there those are and I'm gonna just say this is a negative of these I'm just bringing those numbers down so I'm crediting all these I'm gonna represent credits with a negative you don't have to do that but that's what I'm gonna do and then we need a debit of something to the income summary we're closing out the expenses to the income summary and if we just add these up this plus this plus this plus this adds up to 11 to 15 I'm gonna do that with a formula instead of just typing in there I'm gonna say negative sum of and I'm gonna add them up from the bottom except things in the way or else you can just move this thing if you want this plus this plus this plus this and enter and so now the debits minus the credits equals zero so that's gonna be this journal gene now if we look at what's in the income summary we have the debit and the credit here and if we had a balance account then this is gonna be the balance in row we have this hinted at this time then we have this plus the debit and the credit that brings us to nineteen seven eighty five that's where we're at at this point in time what is that nineteen seven eighty five that's net income because we closed out income expenses that's what's in there now now we're gonna close out income from the income summary net income being in the income summary making this a zero and taking it to the capital account so that's gonna be the journal entry that we're looking for here so when we do that then we need to make this go down it has a credit balance in it therefore we're going to do the opposite thing to it so the income summary is going to be a debit i'm just going to copy that we're going to debit the income summary for the amount that it's in there now one nine seven eight five which is net income and then we are going to credit something and that something will be the capital account in this case i'm just going to call it capital and that would be the process now if you wanted to do this a bit more quickly than that you could just recognize the fact that of course once we close out revenue and once we close out expenses to the income summary what will be in income summary that the income summary will have net income in it so the answer being in this case is that nineteen seven eighty five we could come to that same conclusion by just trying to figure out what you know net income is because we know what net income is going to be and how you're going to calculate net income it's revenue and we could say the revenue is over here at this thirty one less expenses and we know that the expenses are here so i'm just going to copy these and i'll put them on the inside this what an income statement would generally look like right i'm going to put a colon here and then i'm just going to sum up all the expenses equal to the sum of the expenses so this is total expenses and that gives us net income so net income equals the revenue less the sum of all the expenses and that once again it's going to be that nineteen seven eighty five nineteen seventy eighty five that's going to be the journal entry to post out of the income summary to the capital account so next one we have here at the beginning of the year a company's balance sheet reported the following balances we have assets of two fifteen liabilities eighty eight five equity of one twenty six five during the year the company reported revenue fifty four one expenses thirty five four in addition owners withdrawals for the year total twenty three six assume no other changes to owner's equity the balance and the owner's equity accounts at the end of the year would be so let's just do this more like a financial statement instead of doing it through journal entries we'll just do it as we would basically calculate the statement of equity where we would have basically beginning capital which they gave us in this case would be one twenty six five and that would go up by revenue so then we have well let's just call it go up by net income net income being calculated as revenue minus expenses just like down here revenue minus expenses so they gave us those two numbers so we're just going to subtract those out so during the year reported revenue equal to fifty four one less expenses of thirty five four and there we have that then the last piece to this is less the amount that the owner took out in the form of draws i'm just going to call them draws instead of withdrawals for make a little faster here and then we have twenty three six so that's going to give us our ending capital at the end of the period so that equals the capital we started with plus the net income which would increase capital less the draws here and that's going to give us the one twenty one six couple things to note here note that the draws were actually greater than the net income that's okay you can't do that forever of course but we could do that in this case because we still had income that was retained that's still in there and had accumulated from prior periods also note that there is sometimes that is this capital count up here could be affected if there was other investments in here notice they told us in the problem that there were no other activity in the capital count what other activity could there be other than draws well it could be that there was added investments hopefully that's not going to happen because they're drawing money out rather than putting more money in so the next one we have at the beginning of the year company balance sheet reports total assets of two ninety four total liabilities one thirteen five during the year the company reported revenues of three forty seven expenses of two sixty eight five also owner withdrawals during the year totaled seventy assuming no other changes owner's capital the balance in the equity account at the end of the year so note what they did not give in this problem that we have seen in previous problems they gave us the total assets the total liabilities they didn't give us the the beginning equity but we can figure that out with the accounting equations so we're going to say assets we need to first start off with the beginning equal liabilities i'm just going to say plus equity or say owner's equity that's our accounting question assets equal liabilities plus equity now they gave us the assets here so we're going to say the assets are two ninety four thousand equals the liabilities which they gave us of one one three five plus the equity that's the unknown that's x so first we got to get that beginning number x therefore we got to get rid of this uh one thirteen five on those sides i'm going to subtract from both sides one one three five on this side i'm going to subtract from the side one one three five and then that will leave us with the one uh two ninety four plus the negative it's going to be a subtraction problem but in excel i'm saying plus the negative so all i did was say this minus this gives us the uh one eighty five that's what we have that now equals and then of course uh the liabilities we just reduced that to zero we took it down plus x and of course that's going to be the same thing as just the uh one eighty equals zero plus x and if we rewrite that we can say well if one eighty five equals x then x equals the one eighty five and we know that x is equity equals the one eighty five hundred so now we have the beginning balance and we could do the same thing that we did in prior problems we can say well how do you calculate equity at the beginning capital and now we just figured that out to be the one eighty thousand five hundred then we're going to put in net income net income is calculated to be revenue less expenses so they're going to tell us what those are hopefully up here during the year company reported revenue revenue equals the three forty seven thousand less expenses equaling two sixty eight five and then we're going to say i think that's right we're going to say this revenue equals the three forty seven thousand minus a two sixty eight five that looks more right and then we're going to say less draws and draws happen to be seventy thousand and that's going to be our ending capital so any so the capital then would be calculated as one eighty thousand five hundred plus the net income seventy eight five minus the draws of seventy thousand next one says that after preparing the post posting the closing entries for revenue and expenses the income summary has the debit balance of thirty two thousand the entry to close the income summary account so this is the this is the only tricky thing about this is that they're kind of jumping into the third step of the four step process and so we have to just basically realize we're kind of down here meaning there's already something in the income summary we did the first two steps we closed out income to the income summary we closed out all the expenses to the income summary so what is in the income summary right now net income and it's good to realize that because later on problems might start talking about the income summary being allocated to different partners and we got to realize that the income summary is just basically the books way or it's a lot of books way of saying that's what net income is that we need to now allocate instead of calling it net income they'll call it what's in the income summary before we allocate it to partners and stuff like that so we know that that's what needs to be allocated out that's kind of what's in net income in the income summary that we now need to put to the capital account so the income summary then would have a credit balance of net income in it and we would have to then debit it to make it go down so we would debit the income summary for the amount in there of 32 000 and then we would credit the capital account what would that do to the capital account increase it which makes sense so it's a credit balance we're going to credit it doing the same thing to it which would make it go up this makes sense because uh we we owe the owner more money of course because the company made money and therefore owes it to the owner next one says company accrued wages of 7650 that were earned by employees unpaid at the end of 2014 assuming company uses reversing entries provide entry for reversing their cruel wages at the beginning of 2015 so what happens as of December as of the cutoff date these are these are the adjusting entry process we had to adjust wages because there were some wages where the employees were working but the payday happened after the year end and therefore we had to recognize that we owed this amount of money before the year end even though we're not paying them till after the year end so if we if we think about that uh let's think about what that journal entry would be and then what the reversing would be so if we think about the adjusting entry adjusting entries always have a balance sheet account and an income statement account and we know that the income statement account year is going to be wages expense because that's what's going to be related to wages or something or salaries expense or something like that so we're going to say okay it's the wages or salaries or whatever related to payroll expense is going to be debited six five seven six five zero why is it debited because expenses are always debited so the expenses are always for the most part go up obviously not in the closing process when we're closing the whole thing up but generally expenses only go up the employees don't pay us and then we're going to credit something and so the credit then would be something in the upper half of in the balance sheet portion up here and that would be wages payable and that's a liability representing that we owe money to the employees that we're not going to pay until payday happens which isn't going to happen till next year after the cutoff date after we make our financial statement so we need to make this journal entry so that our financial statements are right on an accrual basis as of the cutoff date on uh 12 31 2014 but we don't want to leave this payable on the books until the payday happens because if we do that then the payable department has to take into account our accrual and we're assuming these are different departments so we don't want the payroll we want the payroll department to basically be on their kind of cash basis or on their on their time schedule not on our accrual time schedule so we are going to make it easy on the payroll by simply reversing this as of the day after the financial statement date so we're just going to take this exact journal entry just to reverse it so we're going to say all right well we'll just uh copy and paste we're going to debit the 7650 and we're going to credit wages expense and that will bring the payable back down to zero and it'll actually have a negative expense and again this should look funny we shouldn't be crediting wages you know wages expense why would we do that and and again it it won't make sense until the payroll posts their half of the payroll because whatever the payroll is uh they're going to post it for the time period of 2014 and 2015 and post an expense for that entire time period which is going to be something larger than this 7000 let's say it was like 10 000 and if it was if the entire payroll was 10 000 after they post the payroll the 10 000 less the 7650 is will then be correct as of that point in time after they post the payroll so what we're doing is is not making the payroll department deal with our uh adjusting entry


Services to and from Paddington Railway Station continue to experience disruptions following an incident where hundreds of passengers were left stranded on trains in dark and cold conditions for several hours. The disruption resulted from damage to overhead electric cables in the Ladbroke Grove area of West London, impacting Elizabeth Line, Great Western Railway, and Heathrow Express services. Trainers reported being stuck for over three hours with limited information provided. Engineers were able to open two lines for electric trains serving Paddington, but significant disruptions are anticipated until 3pm Greenwich meantime. Trains to and from Paddington are either cancelled or delayed, leading GWR to advise customers to avoid travel between London and Reading until further notice. Both line trains are running with delays, and a reduced half-hourly service is in operation for the Heathrow Express Network Rail Express topologies for the challenging journeys and announced an investigation into the incident.


Stop worrying about potassium. One of the first questions people ask after starting a ketogenic diet or carnivore diet is, where do I get my potassium? Where were you getting your potassium on a standard American diet? Do people not understand that carbohydrate intake requires potassium? You actually need potassium to process carbohydrates and sugars.  And where has this idea that we need so much potassium came from?  How can you adapt a completely new lifestyle belief like the ketogenic or carnivore diet but still maintain some of those old ideas? We are taking all of this stuff for granted, but if we look at the amount of electrolytes the body stores, how much electrolytes occur in meat, as well as the recommended dietary allowances, none of this adds up. The recommended dietary allowances are what the government essentially tells us we need to meet every day as a minimum requirement, but the vast majority of nutrients don't actually have a recommended daily allowance. Most of them only have an adequate intake. So the USDA, these regulatory bodies, aren't really telling you how much sodium and potassium to consume. On paper that's not what this means. This is just a hypothetical suggested adequate intake with no real basis. If you actually took their recommended adequate intake of 4700 mg of potassium and 1500 mg of sodium, you would get immediate potassium overdose, tingling, you would start smelling weird things, you'd get low blood pressure, heart palpitations. This is because this ratio, 4700 to 1500, is far different than our indigenous ancestors. Hunter-gatherers used to have a 2 to 1 ratio of potassium to sodium in their diet and most humans right now store 0.2% of their body weight as potassium and 0.4% of their body weight as sodium. This reflects the dietary intake. So we're speculating that hunter-gatherers had a 2 to 1 ratio. This is what the RDA is telling us. This is what we have in our bodies now and this is the amount that occurs in something like meat. He has 1300 mg of potassium per pound and 200 mg of sodium per pound. So all I have to say is this is really confusing and I understand why everyone is lost on this. We have to consider that the body loses electrolytes when it sweats, particularly sodium. And with the amount of sodium that occurs naturally in food and comparing that to our hunter-gatherer diet ratios, they were obtaining higher amounts of salt than what naturally occurs in food. So we certainly need to add salt to our food. It's just not as much as we're doing and people actually get far less potassium than you're getting on a carnivore diet. If you're eating 2 pounds of meat a day, you're getting 2600 mg of potassium. But there's no carbohydrate metabolism required on a carnivore or ketogenic diet. We have to consider bioavailability when discussing animal foods. If you're getting 1300 mg of potassium from spinach on a high carbohydrate diet, that is drastically different than getting 1300 mg of potassium from meat on a low carbohydrate diet. A carnivore diet or ketogenic diet lowers the body's requirement for potassium drastically and even magnesium, all these other vitamins, every single nutrient is more available in animal foods than in plant foods. And since plant foods aren't stressing certain metabolic processes, we don't need as many of these nutrients in the first place. The main reason we can't use potassium supplements is because of the same reason we can't use other mineral supplements, electrolyte, balance, mineral balance. Every nutrient you put in your body is synergistic and antagonistic. You consume a lot of sodium, your body requires more potassium. You consume a lot of potassium. Your body flushes out sodium, same thing with magnesium, same thing with calcium. And each of these minerals and elements has issues to address on their own, but potassium in particular gets absorbed very quickly in its powder form. Normally a high potassium food has a very slow absorption rate, so your body is taking potassium as it needs from the digestive system. This results in the only plausible way to supplementing potassium to really be to consume normal foods. So if you're having potassium or electrolyte imbalance, your best solution is not to increase your potassium intake, it's to reduce your sodium intake to rebalance your electrolytes. Magnesium is not as much of an issue to supplement with because magnesium bioavailability is much lower, usually less than 25%, whereas these potassium supplements have a very high and quick digestion rate in the stomach, in the small intestine, upwards of 90%. So if you take 300 milligrams of magnesium, your actual bioavailable magnesium is far less than 75%. If you're taking 1,500 milligrams, 3,400 milligrams of potassium, that's nearly 100% availability. But does this mean we have to salt our food? Everyone has an individual tolerance for salt, for water, depending on their kidney function, depending on their digestive system, their genetics, you have a lot of factors at play here. Some people need water, some people don't have to drink a lot of water, some people can salt their food heavily, some people don't want to salt their food at all. As with many issues in our modern diet, the simple solution is increase the amount of quality animal foods, salt your food accordingly, maybe one day don't salt your food, the next day try salting your food, experiment with different types of salt, see what amount you feel best on. But playing around with electrolyte powders and mixing those solutions has never amounted to anything positive. I might do a video on a mineral wheel, let me know if you guys would like to see that. It basically goes over the antagonistic and synergistic properties of minerals, so what happens if you take sodium, potassium does this, then it messes with manganese and iron and phosphorus and then magnesium gets messed up and it basically goes in a vicious cycle until you get all of your electrolytes and the only source of all the electrolytes and balance them out is animal foods. So thank you guys for joining me today. If you could please like the video, subscribe, hit that bell icon and share the video if you can. Definitely check out frankiesfreerangemeet.com providing you with high quality nutrient dense animal foods at the most affordable price. Also go to frankiesnaturals.com to get minimal ingredients, minimally processed hygiene and cosmetic products. Thanks so much for joining me today guys and enjoy the rest of your day.


Oh, yeah, I got Junior the happy meal because we bought the film another grimace video. Let's go.  I can already see it. All right.  Yeah That looks so cool Does it come with Grimace with the evil grimace.  I don't know Oh Wait that grim no way no way that's gonna go pick up pick up yo grimace Bro, look, I don't understand that language, but I'm pretty sure he said he's outside, bro No side. So do we go meet him? I guess we go bro. Let's go then. Let's go check it out All right, so he's probably out here. Oh, he's right there, bro. What is he doing there, bro grimace? Grimace bro, what's wrong with him, bro Yo, where's he going grimace grimace, bro, bro, I guess he's going outside. Let's follow him Grimace, what are you doing, bro? Oh Bro, he he's turning evil. What's up, bro?  You gotta fight him. You gotta fight him, bro. You got you got this man. Do it for anybody that died. Let's go All right, baby, baby, let's get it Yeah, baby, take that grimace Hopefully stop killing people. They like to color purple, baby. Exactly


differences between a credit union and a bank. The primary distinction between a bank and a credit union is that banks are organizations that generate a profit and are controlled by their shareholders, whereas credit unions are organizations that do not generate a profit and are controlled by their members. Credit unions often focus on providing fundamental banking services such as checking and savings accounts as well as loans, whereas banks typically provide a wider variety of financial products and services, such as wealth management and venture capital services. Credit unions typically offer higher interest rates on deposits and lower interest rates on loans compared to banks, which give their services to consumers in exchange for a charge. Banks, on the other hand, offer their services to customers in exchange for a fee. In addition, credit unions tend to place a greater emphasis on serving the financial needs of their respective communities, whereas the primary objective of banks is to increase their profits. Which one do you prefer? Share your thoughts in the comments. Thanks for watching!


See, the great trouble is that the money wasn't allowed to develop further. After two or three hundred years of coins, all governments put their hands and stopped any further developments. We were not allowed to experiment on it. Money hasn't been improved. Money has rather become worse in the course of time. Governments say it must not develop any further. And what we have had since in development, there are matters of government inventions, mostly wrong, mostly abuses of money. And I have come to the position of asking, has monetary policy ever done any good? I don't think it has. I think it has done only harm. And that's why I'm now pleading for what I've called denationalization of money. I don't believe that we should ever have a good money again before we take the thing out of the hands of government, and we can't take them violently out of the hands of the government. All we can do is, by some sly roundabout way, introduce something so you can't stop. Free banking as a concept is one of the cornerstones of the Austrian School of Economics, where currency is not owned and created by a government monopoly, but by many private issuers competing against each other. It makes some very big assertions, especially in today's worldwide economic situation. And for just about all of the economic crises that have ever been observed, by laying the blame of them at the feet of central banks. First of all, a central bank is an institution that is given a monopoly on the creation or printing of a currency within a country, granted by government through law. So only the federal reserve is allowed to create the US dollar, only the Bank of England can create the pound sterling, only the European central bank can create the euro, and so on. This obviously means that such institutions have total control over an economy's money supply, and therefore huge control over the economy itself. And what good has been achieved thanks to such control being afforded to governments? Government control of the money supply has always been justified as the best way of stabilizing the economy by ensuring a stable currency, and indeed that is what every single person in government and private banking will tell you it achieves, but let's look at just one chart here to tell us that all is really not as it seems. What you're looking at here is called the Consumer Price Index, or CPI for short, and in quick and easy terms it's a measurement of the cost of consumer goods over time, aka how much more expensive the stuff becomes that you and the average household regularly buys. 1913 is an important and standout year because that is the year that the United States Federal Reserve was created. And as the central bank it was given exclusive responsibilities to control the rate of supply of new money put into circulation in the country. This means the government was given a monopoly of control over the issue of currency in the United States and therefore huge control of the capacity of credit aka lending of money by commercial banks to customers for loans, mortgages and things like that. I'll link a great article by Robert Murphy writing for the Mises Institute which details the events that led to the Fed's creation which had partners from huge investment banks such as JP Morgan and Citibank helping in its formation. If the intention truly was to curb the power of the evil and greedy financial system with its predatory capitalist fat pigs then why were they leading the charge to make it come into existence in explicitly secret meetings?  Anyway, this video isn't meant to be focused on just the Fed so I'll skip to the 1970s. That is where the CPI chart clearly starts on a path to outer space as Richard Nixon's government officially ended the US dollar's ties to the gold standard of which it was the last remaining country in the world to be using it. Different reasons for this happening are given depending on how apologetic to government stupidity the person that you're asking is but the truth of the matter is that the Federal Reserve had in order to fund the Vietnam War devalued the dollar so much against the value of gold that German banks noticed this and were going to the Federal Reserve on a weekly basis to exchange their dollars in cash for the Fed's gold reserves which was basically giving the Germans free money. What exactly was Nixon to do about this? Well closely behind unicorns and fairy dust there are few things as rare as a government reversing its mistakes and this is just another example of them making a mistake and instead of fixing the huge and dangerous cracks in the wall of a house they just paint over them and decide to build a whole new floor above it. So from this point on the School of Modern Monetary Theory completed its path of world domination and now all currency in the world was fiat and upheld by fractional reserve banking in which a unit of currency is just a note of promise from the government not backed by gold or any valuable asset but backed by the taxes of the country's citizens which came from the promissory note which backed the note which come from the note which backed the note and so on and so on. The only value of the money in your wallets and bank accounts is the worldwide belief that the government who issues that money is not going to collapse so if citizens for a large enough part don't pay tax that illusion of stability disappears and the house of cards comes crashing down over their heads and this is exactly what happened to Greece in the early 2010s just look it up. Governments have to maintain inflation in this system to force people to remain employed because if they're employed then they pay income tax and if the money that they've saved remains at a set value instead of being devalued then they're much more likely to retire early or work less. So the government has to keep you working for as long as feasibly possible in order for you to pay as much tax as possible in order to stop everything from falling apart and they still overspend and rack up insane levels of debt but Christ I really should bloody move on now. So bada bing bada boom one day in 2009 after the government assisted bubble burst Hayek's prediction at the start of this video became true a Japanese man going by the pseudonym of Satoshi Nakamoto saw the state of the developed world where millions of families lost their savings and their incomes but as the big banks crumbled and all the governments gave the banks billions of tax dollars to save them while the tax payers drowned in the flood. He knew something had to be done and coded a simple yet brilliant piece of technology and within the data for the first ever block of Bitcoin that was mined are the words of a newspaper headline the Times 3rd of January 2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks what a legend this isn't going to be a ramble of computer science jargon telling you what makes Bitcoin what it is just what it means for economics in the context that has been provided so far nobody can ever control Bitcoin it is mind on using the processing power of computers by individuals and companies and is not issued by a government it can be transferred almost instantly over the internet and across any border it can be stored in online wallets or even on a memory stick for total security every piece of Bitcoin is unique and serialized and cannot be duplicated for the purpose of fraud or inflation there is a limited amount that will ever come into existence it cannot be issued at will in the name of stability which as we've shown is a completely fallacious effort for these reasons it is the closest thing we currently have to digital gold a lot of the initial value of gold comes from many of those sources that I listed for Bitcoin like Bitcoin has intrinsic immediate value from the incredibly expensive task of mining it it's decentralized in the same way but it has its own pros and cons the pro is that gold is incredibly desirable and stable specifically because it has been humanity's primary means of money for thousands of years and nothing can come close to replicating that factor of ensuring perpetual demand but it's huge flaw in the face of Bitcoin is the ease of transfer any government with the technology these days can scan all of the parcels being sent into its country from another and economically oppressive countries like the Soviet Union banned gold precisely because a decentralized use of money directly threatens their economic control so if a country bans gold and then its agents find a parcel of it addressed to your house you can expect a rude awakening just before sunrise as armed men blow up the front door of your house and throw you in a cage but now if you have access to the internet and VPN there is no place on earth where a government can feasibly track or prevent anybody from receiving owning and trading Bitcoin it honestly makes me happier than I can express to know that from this point on in human history the individual will forever have access to a means of exchange free from arbitrary inflation and centralized control this truly is the most important invention for individual freedom against tyranny since guns became cheap enough for individuals to harness and I really can't stress that enough but despite this monumental achievement Bitcoin is not the final answer anybody who has heard of it will probably associate one word towards it volatility the price has shot up astronomically to now where at the time of writing a single-hole Bitcoin is worth around ten thousand US dollars to put that in perspective in 2010 a pizza was famously ordered from Papa John's using ten thousand bitcoins so I really hope that pizza was worth what is now one million dollars just a decade later it seems ridiculous to propose that the key to solving the instability of government money is a form of digital money which seems apocalyptically worse in comparison and so now I reveal why I have been banging on about gold for so long the Genesis will not be complete until there is a successful launch and widespread adoption of a cryptocurrency backed by either gold or silver if you watch the whole interview of Hayek that I got the clip at the start from he says that the new denationalized money will very likely be a creation of metal companies issuing receipts and accounts backed up by the value of their own business almost like a share once a trusted gold company creates their own cryptocurrency they will unlock the final key of the puzzle and other similar companies will do the same allowing money to once again be unrivaled in its stability thanks to the forces of value and private market competition this seems inevitable at this point in time and the only thing stopping it is the risk a company would obviously be taking by being the first to try it and the whole purpose for precious metal companies existing in this age of post gold standard is the purpose of avoiding risk the great contemporary Austrian school economist Peter Schiff owns such a gold company and it really makes me wish that he would stop painting bitcoin as some kind of boogeyman and take it upon himself to try and start Hayek's incredibly intuitive vision by introducing the absent merit to the realized concept of cryptocurrency the day that something like this happens is the day when the world is once again economically free and starts the ball rolling for the return of all other kinds of individual freedom along with it that we have lost over the years the world revolves around money if you take the revolving of the world out of the hands of government and allow it to be expanded upon in the way that Hayek describes you almost unlock a new level of human potential and progress and can harbor in a world of absolute innovation in all the key areas that threaten the future of humanity that government constant regulation and intervention and mismanagement is putting at such severe risk when government can't control money they can't control what you buy meaning you can buy things that don't harm the planet meaning you can buy things that improve your standard of living meaning that your wages increase higher than inflation if you look at charts of wage growth compared to inflation you'll see that average wages from the middle class downwards have been stagnating where inflation overtakes the rate at which wages grow which is why my generation as a 23 year old will be the only generation in about 400 years that on average will probably earn less in real terms than their parents this is what government has done to our money and now we have the capability to begin to take it back there have been several attempts before to try and make a cryptocurrency that is linked to the price of gold that's not exactly backed by gold and they are all essentially marked as failures the key here is to make a gold standard cryptocurrency and you can see why there should be the case if we go back to our CPI chart here before the gold standard was abolished there was hardly any inflation which means there is more individual freedom to own your own money not a government prescribing you a currency and then deciding how much it's worth the fact of the matter is the dollar and no nationalised currency will ever return to the gold standard they should never have left but that's a separate argument we need to look forward past the notion of a nationalised currency and look towards a borderless decentralized one backed up with inherent value it is the future to ensuring that once again we own our money our money is the product of our labor our labor is the product of ourselves if we do not own our money we do not own ourselves governments will never rightfully give back anything that we have given up a right lost once is a right lost forever the next stage is upon us bitcoin is the start of the road not the end of it the cryptocurrency that will lead us into the future is not bitcoin it's not a theorem it's not a ripple it's not a cryptocurrency that currently exists it's a new technology you don't take the first car ever mass produced and still drive it a hundred years later there is innovation that comes from competition cryptocurrency is a competitive market the innovation is yet to happen and when it does happen that is it we're off off to a blazing future the idea of bitcoin maximalism or shouting from the rooftops about how ethereum is the currency of the future is not true it's not here yet the foundations are there and they need to be fully realised but bitcoin evangelism just means you make a lot of money from investing in it you're not going to use it your children are not going to use it they're not going to buy a house with it that is yet to come and we should be so excited to see what the future holds in this regard


We are increasingly aware of plant-derived substances that act as chemo-preventive agents, substances that help prevent cancer, as opposed to chemotherapy, substances aimed at treating cancer. These substances are not only inexpensive, they're easily available of no or limited toxicity. Since 1987, the National Cancer Institute has tested more than a thousand different potential agents for chemo-preventive activity, of which only a few dozen were moved to clinical trials. Curcumin, present in the Indian spice turmeric, which is used in curry powder, is one such agent that is currently under clinical investigation for cancer chemo-prevention. According to their mode of action, chemo-preventive agents are classified into different subgroups. There's the anti-proliferatives, antioxidants, or carcinogen blockers. Curcumin belongs to all three, given its multiple mechanisms of action. Curcumin appears to play a role, helping to block every stage of cancer transformation, proliferation, and invasion. It may even help before carcinogens even get to our cells. A study back in 1987 investigated the effects of curcumin on the mutagenicity, the DNA mutating ability of several toxins. And they found that curcumin was an effective anti-mutagen against several environmental and standard mutagenic and cancer-causing substances. But this was in vitro, from the Latin meaning in glass, meaning in a test tube or P2 dish. What about in people? Well, it's not like you can take a group of people and expose them to some nasty carcinogens, just so you can give half of them turmeric and see what happens. Well, you could wait until some toxic waste spill happens or nuclear accident, but otherwise you're not going to find people who would voluntarily expose themselves to carcinogens. Unless smokers. We can just test it on smokers. They've got carcinogens coursing through their veins every day. If you take some smokers, have them pee on some bacteria, this is the number of DNA mutations that arise. Remember, all life is encoded by DNA, whether bacteria, banana, or bunny rabbit. It's easier, though, when measuring urinary mutagens to just pee on some bacteria. The urine of non-smokers caused far fewer DNA mutations. Makes sense if fewer toxins running through their system.  What if you do the same for smokers, though? 15 days later they're down to here, 30 days they're down to here. And this is not some concentrated curcumin supplement. This is just plain turmeric, like you'd buy at the store, and less than a teaspoon a day. Indicating that dietary turmeric is an effective anti-mutagen. You'll note, though, on this graph, there's an even more effective anti-mutagen, not smoking. Even eating turmeric for a month, the DNA-damaging power of smoker pee exceeded that of non-smokers.


Hi, everyone. My name is Sing Tong, and I'm a core developer at the Electric Coin Company. But today I'll actually be talking about another project, so I'll be talking about this technology tree that we've built at Foresight Institute that's mapping out the intelligent cooperation landscape in terms of the core and frontier technologies, the applications that use them, as well as the challenges and open problems that we still face today. So I've been helping to build this tree along with my collaborators, Max and Dennis, and we're going to take you through basically how we've built it and what we've learned and what's in store. So intelligent voluntary cooperation is a paradigm. It's a paradigm of decentralized and secure cooperation across human and computing entities. So we can think of blockchain today as already the prototypical version of this, whereby uncoordinated entities are given an environment with a securely neutral environment in which they can interact in a cooperative and positive some way. So voluntary cooperation means that every individual is acting according to their own values and they're not required to compromise their values or any misalignment. And Foresight Institute's thesis is that this paradigm will extend even further to artificial intelligence and increasingly sophisticated artificial entities. And we're already seeing this right now to a large extent, a variety of bots on Ethereum from your basic crawlers all the way to arbitrage bots or MEV extracting bots. And so the thesis is that with intelligent voluntary cooperation, we can continue to play positive some games with these artificial intelligences. So how we get there from our current state today is a question we're trying to explore and a question that we're trying to systematically document the answer to via a technology tree. So some of us here may already be familiar with the tech tree from the game Civilization. It basically takes you through eight stages of civilization and in each stage there's a bunch of technologies arranged in a hierarchical order, meaning that some technologies are prerequisites for others. And to progress in the game you have to unlock each stage of the technology. And you're going through errors in parallel to the development of human civilization and we progress all the way until the information age which we're in right now. So how we've done it slightly differently for this project is we've replaced the tree with a deck, a directed acyclic graph. And the difference between a tree and a deck is that each child in a tree can only have one parent, but that's not the case for decks. A child can have multiple parents. And for me that means that basically given a starting node and an end node there are multiple paths between those nodes in a deck and that's not the case for a tree. And in other words it means that the relationship between parent and child is no longer strictly prerequisite and instead the more parents you have the more possible paths you have to get to your destination. So we've built the intelligent cooperation factory with four large categories of nodes. The first is core technologies and these are already well known and well developed technologies upon which applications are being built and being used today. And then we have frontier technologies which are in the research phase and they're nascent and not in production yet and they built definitely on top of core technologies and current applications. And finally we have challenges. These are obstructions, blockers, open problems that we need to solve in order to really fulfill the potential of the frontier technologies. And by the way I'm not sure if this taxonomy is the best or I found it productive but the point of the talk really is to share what we've done and hopefully to inspire comments, suggestions and contributions. Yeah and in that spirit this project is an open source project, everything's on GitHub and we want collaborations, we want power class. And to that end we've structured the project such that it's modular and the data structures are robust meaning that editing one part of it will not break the other parts. This file structure is showing you the nested data structure that is in the back end that allows you to edit really just specific parts of the project. Well and this is as opposed to some earlier methods we've tried including drawing one huge picture on Google Slides. So that is fragile and every shape you change on Google Slides affects every other shape so that's not sustainable for open source collaboration. As I said it's also on GitHub and yeah the benefits of that are version control and attribution so we can revert breaking changes and we can credit contributors as well. So I gave a little preview of our graph visualization software just now. It's using a library called Sight Escape JS developed by some graph theorists and it has many, it's very feature rich so for instance you have compound nodes which can contain child nodes and this captures richer relationships between nodes that some are subcategories of others. Also these nodes are collapsible and this might seem like a mundane feature but to me it's made a big difference because it's been able to let me zoom in and out of the graph and see connections on different scales and we'll see later on, we'll look at the graph later on and see what I mean. And lastly this is the graph theoretically robust data structure which means you can do graph theoretical analysis on it. For example you can find strongly connected subgraphs or weakly connected subgraphs. You can do things like clustering or find the shortest path between two nodes. All kinds of fun stuff like that. We get it for free because we've used a robust data structure. So now it's time for a demo of the working prototype. It's hosted live here but I'm just gonna run it locally. Right so this is the most zoomed out view and you can see here a bunch of core technologies and mostly frontier technologies and one challenge data governance. So if I were to quickly point out some of the connections here so we have artificial intelligence and decentralized infrastructure coming together to give us decentralized AI and then similarly decentralized infrastructure and private computation together give us private decentralized computation is pretty straightforward and then yeah artificial intelligence and private computation gives us private AI. So these three on the right are all highly theoretical, highly frontier cutting edge even speculative and some of the most exciting fields. These are also the fields which I have not had the time to really flesh out because as you can imagine documentation is sparser on them so any domain experts or any interested researchers who are seeing this we welcome your contributions. Something interesting that has emerged from this view for me is the centralized data governance as a challenge. So really data is so essential and it's so essential to so many of these technologies that it just emerged as a very important component here that is a blocker for many of our technologies. So if we go into a few of these notes I think judging by the crowd here I'm gonna go into decentralized infrastructure first. So that was a nested that was a compound note and inside here we can have multiple children notes each of which can also be a compound note. Let me zoom in a little bit. Yeah so these are some areas in the category of decentralized infrastructure. I work mostly on privacy which is not in here but which a few technologies here rely on. So for example if we think about scaling which is a challenge in many blockchains today we have ZK rollups which rely on zero knowledge proofs and that's a project that I'm actively contributing to. People here I'm guessing would also be interested in decentralized society. Yeah the layout is automatically generated so it saves me a lot of trouble but it also removes a lot of control. But we can see here I've put in civil civil resistance is a challenge in decentralized societies. All protocols that think about identity and that think about scarcity have to contend with civil resistance. We have like sole bound tokens for example so the nice thing about this structure is that you can capture the metadata as well and you can put in really rich descriptions off each note yeah including links and just use for resources. I know there might also be a d-side crowd here so that's okay I'm lost on this graph give me one second and a feature I really want is to control f text search on this graph yeah which I haven't built yet d-side we said yeah so challenges in d-side for example funding for example replicating results for example incentivizing peer review frontier technologies projects that work on for instance the digital digital computational lab and I think the last note that I want to look at is DAOS which is it's actually a sub-note in decentralized societies I believe yeah so the many different classes of DAOS and each of them you can write examples resources yeah so this really is a demo and a prototype of the current state of our tech tree and we invite contributions so this is hosted on github and you can contribute by opening an issue or a pull request we have templates to make it easy to add a note or an edge or if you want to directly edit an existing note or edge you can make a pull request we also would really welcome features suggestions so for example I am aware that the github interface is not accessible to many people and a graphic user interface is a lot more intuitive and convenient so as a user your perspective on useful features like for example a button to add a note or edit a note control f or more graph theoretical features like highlighting a shortest path or highlighting all paths involving a certain note or subset of notes these are features I want at least and this would this would for example highlight communities or projects that are very strongly connected or they would highlight yeah interesting things like the shortest path between two nodes yeah and we we've been hacking on cytoscape so far which is a wonderful open source project and if you're an engineer we invite you to come build with us it's mainly a bunch of JavaScript and finally the foresight institute has bounties up on gitcoin and these bounties are derived from the challenges identified in the tech trees so if you're a builder or a maker in any way please respond to one of our bounties on gitcoin and yeah if you're interested in contributing to this project or finding out more about what foresight does here's a QR code and link for you that's all I have thank you


Thanks so much for joining us today. I'm Cliff Lynch. I'm the director of the Coalition for Networked Information. And I'm here with you today to chat about the what we heard at our recent executive roundtables that were part of our spring 2020 virtual meeting around new models for acquiring teaching and learning materials. And I'll say a little bit about the sessions broadly. I want to note a couple of things before I go any farther though. First off, we have published the report on this and I'm going to spend probably about 30-35 minutes going through what I consider to be the highlights of that report and some of the more significant takeaways. But I'm not going to make any attempt to summarize it comprehensively. I also have decided not to go with PowerPoints for this because I find them very awkward and you do have the printed report, the formal report to refer to. So I also want to just note that while we are recording my presentation, we will turn off the recording at the conclusion of my presentation so that we can have a somewhat more open conversation without worrying about it necessarily being recorded. I direct your attention to the chat on the side of your screen and Diane Goldenberg Hart is putting out a couple of URLs that might be useful for you and feel free to make comments or pose questions as we go along. There's also a Q&A tool at the bottom of your screen and you can also use that to enter questions as they occur to you. I'll deal with all the questions after I finish going through the report and I also am able to unmute people when we get to Q&A who want to just indicate that they want to ask a question verbally by raising their hands. So with that, let me get on to the heart of the matter. So we have been doing executive roundtables for many years as part of our CNI spring and fall member meetings and I'm sure many of the people represented here have participated in them. Typically what we do is we bring together somewhere between say 12 and 20 interested institutions to discuss a topic of interest. The participants from the institution vary a little bit depending on topic so often it's the head of the library and the CIO. Sometimes rather than the CIO it might be a head of instructional technology as was relevant here. In other cases it might be something like a director of the university press or a scholarly publishing or communication. It varies a good deal from session to session. Now this particular topic there was quite a bit of interest in so we had scheduled two convenings of each one of about 15 institutions. That was all done before we decided to take this meeting virtual as part of the COVID-19 crisis. The topic had been identified as one of the importance in that it came up frequently in conversations that were part of a refreshing the collaboration effort that we did last program year to try and better understand emerging priorities among our member institutions. The original idea was that we were going to look at how content was being acquired. In particular we were going to take a close look at the so-called inclusive access programs that some institutions were employing and how they interacted with complemented or competed with open educational resource-based programs. We have had looked in some depth at OERs in the past but that was a few years ago and we also wanted to get a better understanding of how OERs were playing out as they became more mature. With the transition to the virtual meeting and you should note that we held these sessions, the executive roundtable sessions virtually on March 30th and March 31st of 2020. This was within a matter of weeks after many institutions, most institutions who were represented, transitioned rather abruptly to entirely remote instruction. So we expanded the scope of the conversation to also explicitly reflect on what they learned through that process, where the particular challenges were, and also to reflect on how that may change the landscape going forward as we look at practices for acquiring instructional materials. So that was the backdrop and the kind of timeline against which this set of conversations took place. So let me move on to some of the key takeaways. So one of the things that really has driven the emphasis on new models and new strategies for acquiring instructional materials has been a set of high level institutional commitments to affordability and student success and these are closely related certainly having affordable access to instructional materials and being sure all students have that access in a timely way is an important factor in student success and it's also important for affordability in higher education. So this was something that was strategically consistent with top level, you know, presidential board of trustees or regental level strategic initiatives at our institutions. The other thing that was significant here is that unlike a number of other initiatives which are really hard to demonstrate and to measure like, you know, what's the library information literacy programs contributions to student success? I mean that is a tough thing to measure and to track year over year other than anecdotally. On the other hand it's pretty easy to quantify savings to students to say over the last two years we saved our students $400,000 or $2 million. That's significant, it's clear, it's easy to communicate, it's easy to measure progress and that makes it a very attractive area to try and make some tangible progress quickly. Let me make a few comments about open educational resources and where we are now and I guess one of the things I want to say here is that I felt there was a certain sense of reality setting in. OERs are a wonderful kind of an aspirational idea. The world would be a good place in many ways if everything was open educational resources for many, many reasons that the OER advocates have done a fabulous job of addressing. These are a very comfortable fit with the kind of values that drive open scholarship and that are very core to library goals and values of widespread broad information, access, sharing, reuse. At the same time there are a lot of very pragmatic reasons why OERs are not necessarily going to on kind of a random, well let's make a coalition of the willing and try and persuade professors that OER is a good thing. That kind of a strategy is going to take decades to make a difference other than around the margin in terms of affordability. Now having said that I want to note a couple of other things. A well targeted OER program that looks at courses with a lot of students and expensive textbooks and figures out how to substitute an OER resource or a set of OER resources for that textbook can be a really big win. It also can be a big pedagogical win if it's a better fit for what the faculty wants to achieve. So that's really important and we heard from a number of institutions who were trying to do that strategically where it made sense. Now I also want to note that in the early days of OER there seemed to be a lot of interest in how do we get our faculty to author OER resources. People have figured out that not every faculty member is a textbook author, not every faculty member wants to be a textbook author and actually it's probably kind of silly to have every faculty member authoring their own introductory textbook in whatever large introductory class they teach from time to time. So now there is a much greater focus on coming up with funds and motivations to help faculty to adopt rather than author OERs. That's a very different kind of commitment but it is still a genuine time commitment. Changing the instructional materials you use and of course you teach repeatedly semester after semester is a significant cost and a significant barrier to change an adoption. And institutions have gotten much smarter about recognizing and supporting that I think in a strategic and systematic way and also recognizing that the scale of investment to underwrite that as opposed to creating a large-scale OER resource is very very different. I also want to note and we didn't talk about this a whole lot but it's an easy mistake to make. There is a vast outpouring of things on the internet that are basically faculty OERs in the form of lecture notes, teaching materials that are more adapted typically to you know upper division undergraduate or graduate courses. Often they don't really replicate easily directly other learning materials that are available but rather start bridging from the research literature into learning materials. These are often distributed as OERs and these have a huge impact in the flow of knowledge and the building of scholarly reputation and indeed the teaching of students but they don't seem to be making a vast difference in the affordability in student success equations. The last thing, two points I want to make about OERs is that when you couple the move towards OER with the move towards rethinking how classroom time is used and this is in the days before COVID where people were experimenting with flipped courses where they pre-record their lectures and then use class time for discussion and projects and conversation. Faculty were already starting to ask the question do we really need a textbook or is really the right thing to do to use those recorded video lectures in conjunction with some lecture note material or a increased portfolio of E-reserves. The growth of teaching and learning materials being delivered under the guise of E-reserves and the willingness of libraries to use library funds to acquire and license those E-reserves is really significant and an important development that has not been sufficiently recognized. Indeed it was very interesting to me to hear a number of institutions when they were speaking of OER saying the way we define OER at our institution is not really the traditional definition of OER as you know works that are being distributed under a Creative Commons license but is taken to include material that is freely available to our university community under licenses negotiated and paid for by the institution's research library. That's a really major difference. It's a major expansion of how people are thinking about teaching and learning material. That's significant and I think it points the way towards a number of developments that I'll have more to say about later. So those are a few observations on OER and we can talk more about those in the discussion. I want to switch over to so-called inclusive action programs and these are programs where fundamentally rather than a faculty member saying we're going to use Textbook X and you can either buy the textbook or you can in part copy or you can license it as a e-textbook or you know you can rent it and leaving the students to essentially fend for themselves and in the case where they use the e-textbook have to use it on whatever platform the publisher of the textbook is offering it on and in addition have to basically be locked into the often horrendous shrink-wrapped terms that come with the license for that material. Instead of doing that basically the institution tries to negotiate a license for a certain number of copies of the digital textbook and negotiates a discounted price and then passes that price on to the students as essentially a lab fee if you will that goes or a materials fee that goes with the course. Now the whole point here is that the publisher makes more sales or is guaranteed more sales because they know everybody in the course gets it. The students get a discount but the faculty and the students also know that every student registering for the course has access to the text as of day one. There are also sometimes some advantages in terms of financial aid related issues for the ability to package that as a lab fee rather than as you know additional costs of one's education. So that's how these started and there are a lot of nuances here and I just want to hit some of the key nuances that came up. Before going there though I want to say that this may be where they started but it's not clear it's where they're stopping. We are seeing a number of the major textbook publishers now offer deals where essentially for a couple hundred dollars per student they get access to the publisher's entire portfolio of textbooks for the semester. Now the plus side there is that if almost all the textbooks that that student needs are being drawn from that publisher's portfolio of textbooks it's probably a good financial deal. On the other hand it kind of encourages lock in and isn't necessarily such a great deal if textbooks are spread across publishers but it's an important development to watch and one that we weren't able to really gauge very effectively was taking hold. It's interesting to note a couple of things about inclusive access and I'm really not crazy about the name about the phrase inclusive access but nobody seemed to have a hugely better one. One is that there was pretty uniform agreement that an inclusive access program widely implemented is the way to get high payoff financial wins large ones relatively quickly. That seemed to be a fairly widespread observation. It was very very tough to get a sense though of how widespread the adoption of this kind of inclusive access is within institutions or across institutions and that's something that it would be very useful to have better insight on. I would note that that there are a number of very important issues implicated in the specifics of the contract that institutions negotiate with the publishers on behalf of students when they're batching up this kind of acquisition ranging from questions about student privacy and data collection all the way through institutional access to various kinds of data that can help them understand the effectiveness of the textbook and how that relates to the effectiveness of the educational experiences that they're delivering. It is not at all clear at this point how effectively those negotiations are being done or by who. It was noted on by a number of institutions that libraries have built up quite a lot of expertise in this area around the last 20 years but they were seldom the organization that was leading the inclusive access conversations on campus and in fact sometimes had difficulty getting the right seat at the table to bring their expertise to bear. It is interesting to reflect that to the extent that instructional materials start finding their way into e-reserves and being subsidized by library collections budgets that gets them an automatic place at the table in those conversations in a very significant way. There was a very important issue that we were not able to resolve but where we found institutions on different sides of the argument. There were some institutions that felt very strongly that the institution should mount a platform for e-textbooks for learning materials that was well integrated with its learning management system and other systems around the campus as appropriate and that importing textbooks from publishers into that environment gave the students a higher quality more uniform experience it ensured that the institution rather than the publisher had control over data collection and redistribution if there was any redistribution and over student privacy and that overall this was really the best way to go. It also in the view of many institutions who were doing it put them in a much better position to deal with issues around accessibility of texts and doing what they needed to do in that area. Other institutions were quite content to leave it in the hands of the various publishers and felt that having the publishers compete to provide the best digital affordances and accessibility on different textbook platforms should be good ultimately for the students. I'm a little skeptical of that because I'm not real convinced that faculty always spend the time to get a good understanding of the publishers digital platform and its affordances its navigability the depth of its accessibility accommodations and things of that nature when making textbook adoption decisions they may have actually selected this textbook years ago back when it was primarily being acquired in print and now they're just looking at the digital as kind of a print substitute and don't necessarily have a very visceral grasp on the realities of that environment. Anyway there were views on both sides of that and I think making a decision there and understanding why you're making a decision is an important strategic choice that institutions that want to pursue um inclusive access at scale need to take. I will note two other things about um in the inclusive access discussion there was a discussion about opting out of inclusive access at some institutions they're legally required to offer opt-outs. At other institutions it was viewed as very desirable because students might choose even if it cost them more to buy the printed text so that they could keep it because they were more comfortable working with printed texts. There was some very interesting conversation that we didn't get into in depth about students wanting to acquire personal libraries in the area of their major and the disconnects between licensing including many inclusive access arrangements and their ability to do that. Another thing we probed briefly was the emergence of adaptive learning platforms and we noted that publishers are spending a lot of resource on adaptive learning platforms right now. This didn't even seem to be on the radar screen at most of the institutions that were represented in these conversations. They weren't even really tracking it much less thinking about an institutional strategy for it and they had very little or no understanding of the extent to which it was on faculty radar screens or whether there was any genuine level of faculty adoption of these kinds of platforms. Now this is important because this is sort of like the discussion about an institutional common platform for instructional materials as opposed to leaving it on the publisher platform but with infinitely higher levels of vendor lock-in data collection and related questions. So those are a few of the key observations and questions that we took away from the inclusive access discussions. Now let's talk about the transition, the abrupt transition to remote access and I just want to make a few comments here. One is that to really understand the range of responses you had to understand how the switch to remote access was reflected against institutional calendars. For many institutions on the quarter system it was basically sort of limp through till the end of the quarter, maybe there's only a week or so left, extend spring break a little bit and then we have a little breather to start courses for the spring quarter remotely. There are other institutions that were on the semester system who literally in an unforeseen mid-course transition had to say we need to go from in-person teaching, physical reserves being held at the library, teaching and learning materials that they could bring into class where appropriate to entirely virtual instruction. These were somewhat different challenges because there was at least some opportunity to acquire e-reserves or to digitize reserves into e-reserves for those courses where there was some opportunity for notice much less so for the ones that needed to do mid-course correction. I would say that institutions really rose to the occasion around instructional materials and libraries in particular. They moved very aggressively to use collections budgets to get reserve and instructional material as necessary to support faculty and I would say that that sort of dividing line between e-reserves and we don't generally collect textbooks as part of our library collections got ever vaguer as this crisis hit. It was already getting pretty vague before and it's now clear that it's a really a really porous line. How do you trust was really important but it was important mostly for students who needed to do research papers and things of that nature as opposed to for direct instructional materials as far as we can tell. It was a little harder to assess the impact of the internet archives emergency digital library program. We heard a bit less about that. I do want to note that Hottie Trust and their emergency access program was really critical not just to instructional continuity though but also to research continuity and we have a separate report on that and did a session on that last week. Those are just a few options there. There was a lot of interesting anecdote and it would be more fascinating although perhaps impossible to ever get systematic hard data here. For instance it seemed to be that at most institutions about two-thirds of the material that faculty wanted to put on reserve was readily acquirable in electronic form licensable. That's pretty interesting right there and it would be useful to understand what the things were that weren't in a little more depth. Libraries were fairly aggressive in invoking fair use to digitize things that weren't licensable readily in electronic form for e-reserves purposes where necessary. Some libraries were really worried that they were going to be inundated by both instruction related and also research support related requests to digitize materials. At most of our libraries that participated they were actually reporting that the level of those requests was quite low surprisingly low. There were occasional requests for some bits of special collections material but overall faculty were willing to work with what they could get in digital form and that was a really interesting and important outcome. It'd be really interesting to understand how that shifts going forward. Faculty were forced in this transition to move to digital instructional materials and it will be very interesting to understand going into the fall and farther how that recalibrates faculty's willingness to move away from traditional textbooks. One really important point which came up in both the conversations about OER and inclusive access is that learning materials and particularly organized textbooks now aren't just textbooks. They're actually whole collections of things that include a cartridge for your learning management system. They include questions banks, instruction guides, answers to exercises, a huge mass of material. If you're an instructor in a hurry, if you're an instructor trying to make a very rapid transition to the digital environment, if you are an adjunct trying to pick up a section of an undergraduate introductory course, it's almost impossible to compete with this very attractive pre-packaged collection of instructional materials that let you deliver your course. That is a great weakness of open educational resources and their large-scale adoption at many institutions, particularly those that rely on hurried graduate students and adjuncts to teach the majority of the introductory courses. The last point I want to mention before opening it up for Q&A, and I've already talked a little longer than I really intended to, is that our conversations in these roundtables and indeed our conversations about both OERs and about inclusive access are all very textually focused. It's about text, whether it's text in print or whether it's text in electronic form. There is a growing amount of instruction that relies on audio and particularly video materials. Some of this is shown in class and some of it is assigned as homework in much the same way readings or e-reserves would be assigned as homeworks and then subsequently discussed. The folks who relied on this kind of material often faced horrendous challenges in having to move to remote instruction very rapidly. These were challenges at many, many levels, all the way from to the students necessarily have the bandwidth and the platforms to receive these kinds of materials, all the way through questions about licensing, public performance, could things that they used to be able to show in class be made available digitally. There were a whole array of challenges specialized and specific to this class of material that really I think have been under recognized by people who don't work with it and just sort of underestimated overall because institutions I don't think are sufficiently sensitive to how extensively the visual materials are penetrating into instruction and I think a really close look at these kind of issues is well merited at this point to take away lessons. So those are a few of the things that really stood out to me in these conversations and with that I would really welcome questions and comments from those of you who've joined us today.


This week, I got three really dope tools for design and WordPress development. I'm going to start off with something that I've recently discovered that I have just fallen in love with and been using for my design process. And as always, the third tool is going to be the feature tool for this episode. What's up, everyone? I'm Jeffrey at Lightbox and well, let's just geek out over some design and development tools and resources. All right, tool number one, our first tool is HuMint.com. This is one I am so excited about because I just discovered it. And when you see what it could do, you'll see why I have been loving this tool. All right, so this is to help find color palettes and color schemes for your projects. It kind of works at cooler.com in a way, like you can go ahead and generate. You can find colors that you like. Let me find one I like. Well, I like that last one. Let's say I really like this purple. I could lock it in. So that part is cool right there. And then you could go ahead and generate it and put together your color palette. Now, what I really like about this, it does a whole lot more. So let's say we want to go to our website and see how this will look on the website. We could go over here, click on website and start to get an idea and a feel on how this design will actually look like. And what's really great about this is you could go through, find a few color palettes and when you get a new project with a client and you are giving them ideas for the design, it's really easy to go ahead and take like screenshots, put together like a good mood board and you could show the client, hey, here's a few color schemes and give examples of how it will look on the website. Now if you go down here on the left toolbar, you're going to see there's all kinds of options. You could go either with a regular website or a monochrome. You could choose how many accent colors if you want something minimal and this is a great way to get a quick jumpstart to a project. I was able to go on here, find a good color scheme, get an idea on how it will look on the website. It took me literally less than a minute for a website. I was just building to come up with a color scheme for it. Just wanted something quick and dope that I really like. Now there's all kinds of other things you could do in here. You could choose many different colors. You could keep them more minimal. You could just keep it between two colors if you want to go with the minimalistic style, look and feel. You got gradients. So there's all kinds of stuff you could do here. This is a great one though to put into your design process the next time you start a project. And tool number two, this one is for WordPress developers and marketers right here. This is Fluent CRM. Now if you haven't heard of Fluent CRM, you most likely might have heard about Fluent Forms. It's a very popular and awesome built form for WordPress. Well the team behind it, they built this and this is nothing new. It's actually been around for a while. I've been using it for a couple years now for my own email marketing. And just to wrap it up and sum it up what Fluent CRM is, this is basically like having MailChimp built into your WordPress website. All the data stays with you inside your website and you run your own campaigns and all that. There is a lot to go through here. A lot that I could say about this. And if you would like to learn more about Fluent CRM and get a deeper dive into it, just let me know inside the comments. If I get enough people asking, I will make a dedicated video for Fluent CRM because I have been using this now for a couple years. And what I love most about it is the automations and integrations. I have this so heavily automated right now and integrated in so many different things and the workflows that I use it with, then also with clients. Our clients with WooCommerce sites, we've done awesome things with Fluent CRM and WooCommerce. This is a powerful tool, super powerful. But just remember with great power comes great responsibility. So please no spamming. All right, it's time now for tool number three, which is our highlighted tool for this video. And our highlighted tool for this video is WP umbrella. This is for anybody managing many WordPress websites for all of you that are selling WordPress maintenance and care plans. This is next level right here. So you might have heard of managed WP or main WP or infinite WP. The thing about those, and I use managed WP for years while doing our WordPress maintenance plans, the thing about it is it's old and outdated. It feels old and outdated. Now WP umbrella, this is new and clean. It is so easy to use. It's also very cost effective. And the one thing about it that I like a lot is the team behind it is really active as far as updating it and turning this into the full out solution that is going to replace managed WP. I personally have replaced managed WP. And now we use WP umbrella to manage all of our client websites on our maintenance plans. So this is something definitely to check out. And again, if you want a more in depth look into WP umbrella, drop them in the comments. The more comments I get on a specific tool, the more chance I'm going to make a dedicated video for. I probably going to make one anyways for this one because it is that good. And it is a newer tool that I think a lot of us WordPress developers and creatives are managing multiple WordPress websites should be looking at. That's it for this week's designer and developer tools and resources. I got more coming up soon. So if you like geeking out as much as I do over just really cool, fun and productive tools, then make sure to subscribe, like and do all that good YouTube stuff. And also, I am encouraging everyone to please drop down some of the tools that you like to use something that you found is really cool that you might not think a lot of people know about and you want to share it and get it out there, drop them in the comments. That way we could all learn and discover new things together. That's the purpose of these videos. All right, I will be back again soon. Thank you.


Item number, SCP-528. Object Class, Euclid. Special Containment Procedures. All items designated SCP-528 are to be kept inside of their individual containers when not in use. In the case of a missing or damaged container, a new, non-individualized container will be commissioned. All containers of SCP-528 are to be kept in secure storage locker Z-12 at Site-23. Senior staff at Site-23 are to be given the combination to said locker. No one of lower class than three is approved to work on SCP-528. The combination is to be changed on a weekly basis. Description. There are currently seven instances of SCP-528 in Foundation control. SCP-528 can be found in small red plastic containers, visually identical to those used by the Silly Putty Corporation, except that the Silly Putty logo has been replaced by the factory. SCP-528 appears to be an inorganic polymer, composed of 65% dimethylsiloxane, hydroxyl-terminated polymers with boric acid, 17% silica, crystalline quartz, 9% thixotrol-ST, castor oil derivative, 4% polydimethylsiloxane, 1% dechemethylcyclopentysiloxane, 1% glycerin, and 1% titanium dioxide. While similar to common Silly Putty, SCP-528 has several differences. It has proven to be completely resistant to tearing, although indentation and apparent cuts are possible. Conformed into a ball and thrown, SCP-528 bounces twice as much as the regular kind. The main difference, however, is that SCP-528 is capable of copying any picture of a human being it is pressed upon, no matter if ink is involved. It can retain an image from paper, photopaper, even from a television or computer screen. Once an image has been placed on SCP-528, the only ways to remove it are to crumple SCP-528 into a ball or to apply rubbing alcohol. Any actions taken upon SCP-528 affect the individual pictured as well, usually resulting in the death of the pictured individual. Test 1. SCP-528 applied to picture of D-528-1. Pressure applied to SCP-528, causing the image's arm to stretch. D-528-1 screamed in pain. His own arm stretching 1 inch per centimeter the image was stretched. Detailed X-rays reveal bones and flesh of D-528-1 to have been data expunged. At approximately 5 inches stretching of SCP-528, a gap formed in the image. D-528-1's arm came off at the same place, bloodlessly. Further testing revealed that while D-528-1 was still affected by SCP-528, his arm no longer was. Test 2. SCP-528, still bearing the image of D-528-1, is doused in rubbing alcohol in attempt to remove image. As alcohol is applied to parts of the image, analogous parts on D-528-1 vanish. When the torso is wiped away, D-528-1 ceases life functions. At this point, SCP-528 ceases to apply to D-528-1, and is cleaned with no further incidents. Test 3. SCP-528 applied to image of D-528-2. SCP-528 is then crumpled into a ball, the image of D-528-2 on the inside. D-528-2 is condensed into a ball as well. However, his bones do not break, and subject continues to scream until his head is rolled into his abdomen. At this point, it is believed subject suffocates, as SCP-528 stops applying to D-528-2. When unrolled flat, image of D-528-2 is no longer visible on SCP-528. Test 4. SCP-528 applied to image of D-528-3. SCP-528 is then immersed in boiling water D-528-3 begins to complain of the heat. After approximately five minutes, the image of D-528-3 on SCP-528 begins to run. D-528-3 begins to scream as he melts. Flesh and bone both sagging equally. Testing is concluded when his nose melts over his mouth, blocking his breathing, leading to his suffocation. Note, although clothes are duplicated in the transference of ink, they are not affected by SCP-528 in any way. Lesson complete. If you missed the previous orientation, go watch SCP-527, Mr. Fish, right now. Or for the complete course, watch this playlist.


I have a few thank yous. I'd like to thank God for blessing me with this amazing opportunity to fulfill my dream. I can remember as a little boy dreaming about being a Major League Baseball player specifically to Yankee. And like Brian said, it's the right time and the right place to take that step and I'm just tremendously excited. And I hope there's a lot of young boys out there that chase their dreams just like I did. I'd like to thank my parents as well. My sister Erin and my wife Amy for the amazing support over the years. Family is so important and to have a good backbone and have people that unconditionally love you and support you. I truly blessed in that regard as well. I'd like to thank Scott. We've had a really unique relationship over the years. I grew up playing baseball against his son and so I've known him for almost over 15 years at this point and that's pretty unique I think in this game. We have a very special relationship and this is I guess the culmination of all of it. So I'd like to thank you and your staff and all their hard work to get us to this position. I'd like to thank my teammates that I've played with along the way from high school to UCLA to Pittsburgh to Houston. There are a lot of individual stats in this game but they're not any good if you don't have the support from your teammates. I've learned a lot over the years and a lot of things from guys that have been so gracious with information, taking me under their wing, teaching me how to go about the game the right way, supporting me on the field, backing me up and I can't thank them enough.


We measured the vibration and saturation characteristics of the different guitars and we're able to quantify in a more scientific way why the instruments sounded differently. Minor details of the construction of the edges of the guitar, how the top plates glued to the sides, and how close the bracing comes to the candidates for why the older guitars sound a little bit different.