So, are there any questions regarding box functions, hat functions, what we have done so far, no okay that is fine. So, what we have done so far in the last class is we have defined hat functions, we have defined hat functions and the hat function was defined as follows. The hat function centered about the point i, centered about the point i right. So, there is some interval a, b, we have created n plus 1 points which results in n intervals. The hat function centered about the point i, for now for just for the sake of this discussion we will assume that all the intervals are equal in size but you see the way I have defined the hat function and they need not be of equal intervals okay. So, the points involved are xi, xi plus 1 and xi minus 1. So, the hat function that is centered about xi takes the value 1 at xi and drops in a linear fashion to 0 at xi minus 1 and xi plus 1. And from there over the rest of the interval, rest of the interval in our problem is 0. So, the support of the function, it is a support of the hat function spans 2 intervals as opposed to the box function which was over only one interval fine. So, the ni's are not quite orthogonal to each other. So, if you take ni dot nj, ni and we take the dot product with nj, they are not quite orthogonal to each other. So, what is this turnout to you? What is ni dot nj? Well, if ni and nj were two functions, i and j are two functions that have absolutely no overlap then we know what the answer is. So, they have absolutely no overlap right. So, if this is nj then ni dot nj is 0. On the other hand, if they do have an overlap, the overlap can come in different forms. One is that the overlap can be over the interval xi minus 1 xi, it could be over the interval xi xi plus 1 or it could be over the whole xi minus 1 to xi plus 1 okay. So, we have three cases. So, what are what do they work out to? What is ni minus 1 dotted with ni right? ni minus 1 dotted with ni is a hat function that is centered at i minus 1 is centered at i minus 1 and is 0 everywhere. See, the overlap clearly is over the interval xi minus 1 xi okay. So, this in fact turns out to be the integral xi minus 1 to xi. What is this? xi minus 1 to xi, I think I had obviously right, alpha of i x times 1 minus alpha of i, alpha of z i or i minus 1. They call that i or i minus 1 dx, where alpha of i is a function of x is x minus xi minus 1 divided by xi minus xi minus 1. I have a feeling I defined it as alpha i minus 1. It does not matter. I have a feeling I may have defined this as alpha i minus 1. It does not matter. What does this integral turn out to be? xi minus xi minus 1 divided by 6. You can check this out. Let me check that out okay. Now what about the other possibility which is ni that ni that is i equals j right. This was j is i minus 1. This is j equals i. This gives me the integral xi minus 1 to xi plus 1 ni squared dx okay. And what will this turn out to be? You have to split this into 2. This is just integration. So, I am going to leave you to do it xi ni squared dx plus xi to xi plus 1 ni squared dx. Each one of them is basically, each of these elements here is basically linear. Linear squared gives me a quadratic. Integrated gives me a cubic right. There are 2 of them. So, this in fact turns out to, you can check this out. Two-thirds xi plus 1 minus xi and we are assuming equal intervals. You have to be a little more careful here because these intervals may not be the same. That is xi plus 1 minus xi is the same as xi minus xi minus 1 is like some h okay. Since I have introduced the idea of an h here, this is like h by 6 and this is like 2h by 3 fine okay. And what is the other one? The other one is going to be the same now. ni plus 1 dotted with ni is going to be basically h by 6. So, ni dot nj otherwise, so if for all other j, for all other j, other j meaning j not equal to, for all other j, j not equal to i minus 1 i i plus 1 for all other j, what do we have? ni nj ni or ni nj equals 0 okay. Not quite orthogonal. So, it is not as good as the box functions right. So, we have an overlap that consists of 3 of these functions. So, we will have to worry about that. Every time we take a dot product or something of that sort, we will have to worry about that. But what did we get in exchange for that? What we got in exchange for that is that we can represent on any given interval, we can represent a linear function. So, if you take i minus 1 i i plus 1 using the hat function, using the hat function, of course using one hat function, if you have only one hat function, you can only change that one value right. Using one hat function, you can only change one value. But the minute you introduce another hat function, you can actually represent a linear interpolant between the two. Is that fine? So, what we have got, what we have is that we have an overlap of the hat functions and therefore, we do not have pure orthogonality. But we have locality. We have locality in the sense that if I were to change, if I were to move, change this one value, all it would do is influence the function in these two intervals. It is not one interval like in the box function, it is only two intervals. It is not as though over the whole interval if I have a polynomial and I change the value, then the function changes on the whole interval okay. On the whole length of our problem domain. Whereas here we have broken it up into sub intervals right. And in the length i- we can restrict any change that I make here, we can restrict it to those two intervals. Is that fine? Okay. So, we do not quite have orthogonality. But we have some element of orthogonality between the various functions okay right. So, both in the case of the box functions and in the case of hat functions, I am not going to bother to make these orthonormal okay. I am not going to try to make them normal, which means I am not going to try to make their magnitude 1. And in the case of the box function also, I did not bother to make the magnitude 1. I did not bother to make the magnitude 1. Why would I do that? What do I gain from it? Why would I do that? Look at this function or look at this function. Why would I do that? Why would I leave the value to which the function grows, the hat function grows? Why would I leave it at 1? Clearly ni ni ni ni, which is the magnitude is 2 thirds right, 2 thirds h. So, instead of going to instead of going up to 1, if I go up to square root of 3 to h, then the magnitude ni dot ni would be 1. Why do not I bother to do it? So, constructing, finding the coefficients will be easier. That is the key. Finding the coefficients will be easier. I will tell you what I mean by that. So, let me leave that because I will need that a little later. I will tell you what I mean by this. So if we were to say that f of x, I am going to represent as summation over i. I am not going to look at the upper limit and lower limit. We will look at that. That is why that figure is left there, ai ni. And since I have already introduced the idea that h is like xi plus 1 minus xi for any i. So, I have changed it from h equals to h is like. Because we know that they need not be actually equivalent rules. So, I will introduce this notation. I may not consistently follow this notation but this is just so that you are aware of the notation. Where it is clear, I will drop h. But very often to distinguish between the function that we want to represent and its representation, to distinguish between them, we stick an h on top. I may use different f's but we stick an h on top to distinguish between a representation that is on some grid. I am using this word grid for the first time, some grid which is typically of size h. I will call it f of h and f is the original function that we are trying to represent. I do this because we are aware now that these two need not be the same. That there is an error in representation. So, to distinguish between the two, I give it a notation that is like this. So, f of h is ai ni. If we follow the usual process, what we would have to do is, we would have to take dot products to find the coefficient. But if I let ni go only up to 1, then I have the advantage that if the function value at the ith grid point is say 0.5 and ni itself takes a magnitude only 1, then ai turns out to be 0.5. That is the idea. So, finding the coefficients is easy. If you have tabulated data, you perform an experiment, you perform an experiment, you have tabulated data, you want to find the hat function representation to it, you have the coefficients in the tabulated data. You already have it. That is the idea. That is the advantage. That is why I do not make it normal. I do not make it a unit vector. If I make it a unit vector, then I lose that. I will have to go through and process the data more. So, it helps me in a situation here, it helps me not to have to process that data. So, the ai's become automatically the values, the function values at those modal points. Is that clear? Everyone? So, ai is the function value or the value of the function f of xi. So, this in fact becomes f of h, x is summation over i f of xi which I will very often just call i fi ni. And this should be from, this should really be, the summation should really go from 1 to n, but we need to have, we have to say something about what happens at the end points. So, let us go back here and see what happens at the end points. So, what do I have here? So, apparently I have one interval here. So, I have that. And finally, there is nothing on the, there is nothing on the left hand side. My problem starts here. So, I only get half a hat function. I only get a half a hat function. So, my very first function, if I were to draw it separately, my very first function would be this, n1 or n0 depending on, I have to, actually I do have to be a bit careful with my, because I have, the count starts from 0. So, I have that is 0, that is 1. And it goes on, that is i, i plus 1. Then we go to the other extreme. Let us go to the other extreme. What do we have at the other extreme? You have one more hat function here. One more hat function here. And finally, I have one last hat function here. And that will turn out to be the last hat function. It will turn out to be this function. There are n intervals. And this is going to be, the count starts at 0. The count starts at 0. That is going to be n. So, the upper limit is going to be n. Is that fine? Okay. Are there any questions? Using these functions, it is actually possible now that we can represent any function that we want as a piecewise linear straight line, polyline.  It is actually possible for you to represent it as a polyline, piecewise straight lines. And it is continuous. Are there any questions? Unlike the box function, integral f of x and integral f h of x is the same. Well, we actually have to find out. Is it not conserved? We need, so we need to do a little analysis as to what we have right now. So, one of the things that we have to do is, maybe some things I will do, some things I will leave for you to try it out. So, first question that you have is, what is f of x minus f h of x? The norm of this. So, this is one question. What is the norm of this? Am I making sense? So, in a sense, that is connected to what you are saying right now. So, what is this norm? What does this turn out to be? Why did it work there? What is the, in the case of the box function? In the case of the box function, right here it is very clear. Here I said I left it as 1 so that the function value comes out immediately. In the case of the box function, what did we get in exchange? So, in the case of the box function, do you understand the question? I said that I have a box function. And I said that I left this at 1, right. I left this magnitude, magnitude of the box function. I left it at 1. I could have made it a unit vector by making its magnitude square root of n. I could have made the magnitude square root of n and it would have been a unit vector. The dot product itself would have been 1 whereas I did not do it. So, I left it at 1. There must be some advantage that I got because of that. So, this will turn out that this is basically the average value. The area under this is what, the value here will be the average value of the function over this interval. You can just check and see whether that has a consequence with, right, okay. So, on the other hand here, we need to know what this is. Just like we did for the box function, you need to try it this out and make sure that, right, you get an expression for this. Just try it out. I would suggest that you try functions of various kinds. Let us look at, I will just name a few and we will see what happens. So, if I have a constant function, hat functions, I can represent it exactly, right. This norm is 0 meaning I can represent it exactly. If I have a linear, again 0. So, the representation is definitely of order 1. If it is quadratic, then I am going to have a problem, right. So, you can use a quadratic, try to represent a quadratic and see from there what is this error. See if you can get an expression for the error, okay. See if you can get an expression for the error. So, that will tell you something about the nature of the, nature of the error, the error term. Please do this. The error term will tell you the nature of the error and it will also tell you what happens as we shrink, as we allow h to go to 0, what is the rate at which that error goes to 0. So, it is important that you derive that expression, fine. The other thing that we want is, I want to make sure that we get this that hat functions provide a first order representation, right. The box function was a 0th order representation. That means a polynomial, a constant was represented exactly. In the case of the hat function, it provides a first order representation. We can up to a linear can be represented exactly. Is that fine? Okay. Let us see what else we can now do. Is it possible for us to go for higher order representation? Is there a way that we can get higher order representation? Okay. So, we would obviously want to use polynomials of higher order. We want polynomials of higher order, okay. We want polynomials of higher order. But I suspect just like going from a constant to a linear, when we went from constant to linear, we went from one interval to two intervals. I suspect if we go from linear to a quadratic, that possibly we will have to go to three intervals, okay. So, what does the nature of those functions that we can use? So, we saw that alpha of x was like x-alpha i of x, xi by xi-1-xi was something that we could start off with a linear. It turns out we can actually use these to construct polynomials of higher order, okay. So, if I define three functions now on a given interval ni0 is alpha i of x squared. It is clearly a quadratic. Ni of 1 is alpha i into 1-alpha i. Also clearly a quadratic, ni2, I will have three such functions, will be 1-alpha i squared, will be a 2 there. And ask the question, how do you know there is a 2 there? How do I know there is a 2 there? All of these ni0-ni1-ni2, ni2 add to 1. Does that work? Why should they add to 1? No, no, but why? See, this is over the same interval. Please remember this is over the same interval. This is over the interval xi, xi-1. This is over the interval xi, xi-1. What do these functions look like? One is going to be a quadratic, that is like this. One is going to be a quadratic, this slope is not 0 here, that is like this. And the third is going to be a quadratic, that is like this, okay. This would in fact be this one, okay. So, question that we have is why should these add up to 1? In fact, if you look at the hat functions, you will see that they are there too. Even there they add up to 1. Why do they add up to 1? If you look at the hat functions here, ni0-ni1, ni0, my notation has changed a little. I called it ni plus 1, 0 and ni1. Add up to 1. Why do they add up to 1? If they did not add up to 1, what is the big deal? You cannot represent the constant. You will not be able to represent the constant, right? And there will be some sort of funny interpolation going on now over and above, right? If this did not add up to 1, that means that it would be, it is varying in some fashion. If it did not add up to 1, it is varying in some fashion. If it did not add up to a constant, if it did not, 1 is convenient. If it did not add up to a constant, that means it is varying in some fashion. I am making sense, right? Okay. And at any given point in the interval, at any given point in the interval, we want the function value there to be, it is a linear combination of these 3. It is a convex combination of these 3. Is that fine? Okay. So we do not want any other variation. We want the variation that we have picked here and that should be picked up by these 3 functions. And therefore they have to add up to a constant and 1 is a very convenient constant to pick. Okay. So in this case, just like we did A i B i there, we could actually say A i, A i, N i, 0 plus B i, N i, 1 plus C i, N i, 2. We would have the sum of these 3 quantities. Is that okay? As we go along, you will see that I will leave more and more of the details of working things out to you. Is that fine? This is quadratic. So what it allows me to do again is I have a function that is 0 at this end, 1 at that end, right? Starts at 0 at this end, goes to 1 at that end. Okay. Fine. So it is possible for me to independently vary what happens to the function on either sides of the interval, right? And also there seems to be, this seems symmetric about this. This figure does not, but it should be symmetric about that, right? And there is a slope that is fixed at both sides. I do not have that much of a great preference for quadratics. I just do it for completion, so to speak. I will go on to something that is more important, which is qubits. So in the case of qubits, we would define how many? 4 functions. We will define 4 functions, which are ni0, ni1, ni2, ni3 and these should be relatively easy for you to figure out now. So ni0 would be alpha i cube, it is a function of x. I am not going to keep writing that. Ni1 would be alpha i squared, 3 of them into 1-alpha i, right? So in your mind, you should be thinking a-b whole cube. Ni2 would be 3 of 3 times alpha i, 1-alpha i squared. And ni, the last one, would be 1-alpha i cube. Is that fine? So this is just a simple algebraic process that I am going through. And clearly the sum of these, sum over j of nij is again 1, because the sum of the 4 of these will give me alpha i, alpha i plus 1-alpha i whole cube, right? Which is 1, which is where these constants came from. And now it is actually possible for you yourself to construct, right? Any order, any order that you want. Now that you have seen this process, it should be obvious that you can construct any order that you want. Is that fine? So why did I skip quickly over the cube, quadratic and go to the cubic? Well, the cubic is an interesting function. The cubic is an interesting function, because it gives me control over the function values at the end points. And so this is, well, I will just call it y right now, xi, xi, xi plus 1. The cubic allows me to do this. The cubic, the slope here is 0, the slope there is 0, right? So it is going to go the 0 slope to 1 there, right? The other function 1-alpha i cube is going to start at the 0 slope and 0 value here. That is important, 0 slope and 0 value and goes up to 1 there. Is that fine? Okay. The next 2 functions, do something that is interesting. Let me choose the next 2 functions, do something interesting. So they start with a non-zero slope on the one side and have a 0 slope on the other side, okay. They start with a non-zero slope on one side and have a 0 slope on the other side, okay. So by, on this interval, by using these 4 functions and using ai, okay, ai ni 0 plus bi ni 1 plus ci ni 2 plus di ni 3 by using these 4 functions and these 4 coefficients. It is possible for me using the first one ai to move this value up and down. You understand what I am saying? Just to change the single value alone. It is possible for me to use di and to change move this value up and down independent of the others. It is possible for me to use bi and ci to actually manipulate the slope. Do you understand what I am saying? So in a sense in representing the function value, I have now got what I would call as the ultimate in locality. I have managed now, right? It is not quite the ultimate. Obviously you can go to higher order but we like the direction in which we are going that we are able to manipulate the function value and you are able to simultaneously manipulate the slopes at these points, okay. And what is the cost that we paid? What is the price that we paid in exchange for this? We have a higher order polynomial of course. We have more coefficients to handle. We have more intervals involved, right? There will be more, more intervals involved, more intervals involved. So we will end up having overlap over multiple intervals. So what I want you to do is I want you to try the following for both quadratic and cubic representations, right? I just basically say quadratic and cubic representation. You know that the quadratic will represent anything up to a second degree polynomial, right? And the cubic is going to represent any polynomial accurately up to a third degree polynomial, right? And beyond that of course then you are going to have errors. So for both of these you need to find, please make sure that you are able to find f-x-fh of x, the norm. What else do we want? Which means that for a quadratic, obviously it will represent a quadratic properly. It is likely that a cubic would not work. Try a cubic, try a quartic even with a quadratic. Try higher order polynomials to see what is it that you get. And for cubics it is the same thing, right? Up to a cubic it works. If you have a doubt try it out and try a quartic, try a quintic to see whether what does the error term turn out to be? How does the error term work out? Okay. How does it work out? One, what is the error term and how does it converge? So one is find this and look at it to see as h goes to 0. How does it converge? What is the order? What is the rate at which it goes to 0? Is it like h? Is it like h squared? Is it like h cubed, right? What is the rate at which it goes to 0? Is that fine? Okay, right? So what we have now is a way by which we are able to represent functions of various orders on any interval. We have a mechanism by which we are able to find the error in our representation. We are hopefully once you have done the assignment you will see that for all of them you are in a way, you have a mechanism by which you are able to find the rate at which you get convergence, okay. We will say a few words and know about what I mean by that. The rate at which we get convergence, the magnitude of the error and you have a mechanism by which you know what is the order of representation, right? The idea of what is the order of representation is something that is clear, okay. So what do I mean by convergence? In this context what do I mean by convergence? We take some of these terms that we have used. What do I mean by convergence? So as h goes to 0, h which is like xi plus 1 minus xi for all i's. So they are all of the same order of magnitude as this goes to 0 which means that n goes to infinity, the intervals get smaller and smaller and the number of intervals becomes larger and larger. We are asking the question does f of h go to f? First question, does f of h go to f, right? Which means that it converges and the second question is at what rate? Do you have convergence and at what rate? Okay. Right? So this is the first definition that you are seeing of convergence. We will see different types of convergence. I want to make sure you have to be, it depends on the context. I want you to keep this in mind. So this is as h goes to 0, we have a representation. The question that we have is what is the rate at which the representation that we have goes to the actual function? What is the rate at which the representation error goes to 0? Okay. So as I said there is always this question does it indeed go to 0 and if it goes to 0, what is the rate at which it goes to 0? Is that okay? Fine. So what we will do is maybe we will consider now how useful this is in what we have set out to do which is all differential equations. We have figured out the way to find out what is the order that is if you give me the data. That is the reason why the example that I gave you earlier was if you perform an experiment you have tabulated data. From that tabulated data it is very easy for you to fit.  Especially for hat functions it is very straightforward for you to just extract the data and use it, right? Directly plot. All you are doing is linear interpolation if you think about it. The only thing that I am telling you now is every time you use linear interpolation earlier you are actually using hat functions. It is that awareness that I want. Every time in an experiment or in any work that you have done earlier every time you had data and you connected it by straight lines you are actually using hat functions. That is what you have to be aware of. You understand what I am saying every time you connected it by piecewise straight lines you are actually using hat functions, okay. That is the key. So this is the situation where you have the data points ahead of time. This is the situation where you have the data. What happens if you do not have the data points ahead of time? This is what we encounter typically when we are trying to solve differential equations. So if I had a dynamical equation, a dynamical system, a system that is varying in time I want to predict its behavior in the future. So I could in a sense have some dx dt which is f of x, t and this is something that is varying in time and I do not have x, this could be a particle that is travelling for instance, right propagation of a particle x could be its position. So I have dx dt related in this fashion. I may not have a priori before I start. I may not have the data points in hand for me to fit a function, okay. So I can decide that I am going to use linear interpolants of some kind. I can make that decision but is it possible for me to say beforehand get an estimate as to what is the error that I am likely to make or are they related? Is it the same? Does this question make sense? See in the one case it should be clear to you that if I give the data that you are able to use the data and interpolate. It is all a matter of representing the function but we saw the motivation that we used for why we are setting out the represent functions on the computer is that we do not know what the function is and we want to come up with an algorithm to hunt for the function. There are different ways by which this can happen. In fact it is possible to use this. We will see how to use those functions later on but right now as it stands, right, the problem that I posed to you is if I had a differential equation which I am integrating out in time, I deliberately choose time because that is in the future and I am saying you do not know what the value is, right. So if I deliberately integrating out in time, is there a way for me before I start the integration to say this is the nature of the function, this is the representation that I am going to use, this is how it is going to, this is the error that I am going to make in my representation, fine. So there is a different kind, I want to march off, I want to step off given that I have some initial condition x0, I would like to find x1 somehow which is very different from a situation that we had there which was basically given data representing the data, okay, right. So what we are going to do is we are going to take a slightly different tack. We are going to see, here we have already seen especially for the box function, we have already seen that the error was of the order of 1 over n which basically means that the error was of the order of h. And you will see when you do this, you will find out errors again, errors in terms of h, okay. So this may not be an obvious trigger for you but what I would say is we will see whether we can approximate a function at time t plus delta t given the value, okay. So I will use an example that may make you uncomfortable but what the heck. So you have, you all been taking quizzes, exams and all of that kinds of stuff so far, right. So 6 semesters are done. Next semester you go for interviews, people look at your grades, they say at this point in time after 6 semesters this is your cumulative grade point average, this is your grade. What is your grade likely to be at the end of 8 semesters? That is the question that we are asking. Given at time t that I have a function value, your grade point average at a given time, what is your grade point average likely to be at t plus 2 semesters?  So give me a good estimate. What would, so if you say I have a grade point average which is 8.5, what would you tell them? What would I do if I were interviewing you? What would you do if you are interviewing me? What is a good estimate? It is likely that it is the same, right. One good estimate is it is likely that it is the same, okay. You made this, this is the cumulative grade point average over the last 6 semesters. It is likely that after at the end of 8 semesters this is going to be your CGPA. Am I making sense? So it is likely, so one thing, one way by which we could do it is so if you give me x of t, it is likely that x of t plus delta t is like approximately x of t. That is an approximation, right. And I have changed the language that I am using now. So far I have been talking about representations on the computer but our experience so far I am now admitting it is an approximation. It does not look like we are going to be able to represent functions exactly on the computer, right. So it is going to be an approximation. So now I come, we have to lose this reality. I come now to the point where we say it is an approximation. It is an approximation. I want to now ask the question what is the approximation, what is the value and what is the error in that value, okay. And I pose this question in this fashion because it immediately motivates, it immediately motivates if you look at something like x plus t plus delta t what do you want to do? I am not using Taylor series. Am I making sense? You will look at something like x plus t plus delta t. You say oh why do not we just expand using Taylor series, okay. So that is basically what we are going to do. Essentially what we will do is we will now sort of reset, right. That was the notation we introduced so far but we will go into standard notation. So if I have f of x given f of x what is f of x plus delta x? I introduce the notion of t and time just to motivate the fact that you may not know the function ahead of time. That is the only reason why I use t. So the question is given f of x what is a good approximation for f of x plus delta x? Well you can say f of x plus delta x. A good approximation is f of x, right. So if I am getting something today, if my salary is f of x today, a good approximation is f of x plus delta x, right. Then it is the same salary. So it is a reasonable approximation. It may not always be right but it is a reasonable approximation. So what is the nature of the error?  So the prime indicates differentiation with respect to x delta x squared by 2 f double prime of x plus an infinite number of terms. And I am assuming that f of x plus delta x is f of x and in making this assumption I have thrown away all these terms in Taylor series, okay. All of these terms infinite number of terms I have thrown them away. I have an infinite series which I have truncated, right. The error that you create by taking an infinite series and truncating it is called a truncation error, right. If you have an infinite series representation for say a function, the error that you make by throwing away a whole bunch of these terms is called a truncation error. And we will represent the order of the error by the leading term which is delta x. So the error, truncation error here is the order of delta x f prime of x, is that fine, right. So we tend to call this a first order error because the exponent over delta x is 1, right. Okay. So we will come back to this maybe on Monday I will try to do a demo of some time then. I would suggest that you try using hat functions and representing various and sundry functions as many different types of functions as you can, okay. And I will come back in the next class and maybe try to do a demo so that you can see. There are some issues still with respect to representing function, fine. I will see you in the next class.


The central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages a state's currency, money supply, and interest rates. Central banks also usually oversee the commercial banking system of their respective countries. In contrast to a commercial bank, the central bank possesses a monopoly on increasing the monetary base in the state, and usually also prints a national currency one which usually serves as the state's legal tender. Central banks also act as a lender of last resort to the banking sector during times of financial crisis. Most central banks usually also have supervisory and regulatory powers to ensure the solvency of member institutions, prevent bank runs, and prevent reckless or fraudulent behavior by member banks. Central banks in most developed nations are institutionally designed to be independent from political interference.to three still, limited control by the executive and legislative bodies usually exists.for five


Summary Enforced Warriors and Families, it's important to take time to reflect on a day that recognizes those who gave their last full measure of devotion. Our nation's most solemn holiday traces its roots to back to 1868 when General John Logan of the Union Army issued a decree identifying a nationwide day to commemorate the more than 600,000 soldiers killed during the Civil War. This day, known then as Decoration Day, was intended to decorate the graves of those who lie in graveyards across our great nation, including our national cemeteries. This long-standing tradition remains profoundly impactful across all branches of military service. It is our duty as Americans to remember the men and women who gave the ultimate sacrifice for all of us in the name of service to our country. Just as we honor those lost year in war, we remember our brothers and sisters lost in times of peace. We honor their memories through our dedication to serve our country and wear the cloth of our nation with respect, dignity, and humility. Today, take a moment to reflect on the warriors we've lost since our Summary Enforced started in 1900, including those brave sailors lost during World War II and on USS Scorpion and USS Thresher. Never forget that our mission is inherently dangerous and we do not take lightly the sacrifices our fellow undersea warriors have made. We are a team uncompromising in our values and mindful of our heritage. We are accountable to each other and embrace the responsibility to defend our nation, our allies, and partners and our way of life. Take time to remember your brothers and sisters in arms who can no longer stand at your side but remain in your heart. Honor them and stand with the people left behind so they know their loved one is not forgotten. Reflect on our nation's past and remember the price Americans have paid for freedom. Consider the oath we all sworn to the Constitution of the United States and how each of us share the responsibility to defend those guiding principles and our values with steadfast loyalty. We remember, we honor, we carry on for those who cannot. We must never take for granted the sacrifice made by brave men and women who lived and died for the values we still embrace today. Honor, courage, commitment. It is a great privilege to serve in our armed forces and I remain humbled by the sacrifices made by all submariners and their families. May God bless our nation and our fallen warriors. May we never forget the true meaning of Memorial Day. From the depths we strike.


Your Coca-Cola bottler presents Claudia based on the famous play and novels by Rose Frankin Brought to you transcribed Monday through Friday by your friendly neighbor who bottles Coca-Cola Relax and while you're listening refresh yourself. Have a coke and now Claudia Oh, no, that scene was better a lot better All right, we'll have a ten minute break and everybody back on stage in ten minutes Claudia Mine's stepping down here on the orchestra for a minute. I want to talk to you We're going to start with act two so Joe change the set right anything special mr. Bonnie. Yes yes Let me see now. What was it? I want to talk to you about something about my part.  Well, I I feel fine. I hope I'm doing all right. You're doing all right, honey and Just between us Don't let that Victoria Manners dame get you.  I wanted to talk to you about. Oh Yeah, yeah, it's about your long speech in the second act. Is there something to matter with it? Oh, look The girl you're playing is only a kid. Mm-hmm, but she hates her sister's insides Get it. Mm-hmm. Well that that part of it's easy But still don't you think that I I should play for sympathy try and get it Well, I don't think I can frankly, but if I don't get sympathy from the audience I'll get a laugh in my big scene more than well What is there to prevent it? Nothing. It's the way it's written.  I'm going nuts Oh blasted cast is nuts the author is nuts But it's a victoria manor's vehicle. So we got to put up with it and you do too Just the way the rest of us are doing. You're so excited mr. Bonnie I'm putting up with it if you don't mind. I don't mind but well I just felt the play went out the window. Oh, it goes out the window who cares. Oh Why am I in the theater? Why do I do this? I don't know why you do it. I don't know why I do it. I have a husband You don't have one.  Thank you, and you'll be all right Monday night. I hope so I'm glad to have you aboard You look awfully tired. I am dead We're not rehearsing tonight. Why don't you go home and sleep?   I only have to worry about me including nothing else. It's a disease incurable Have you got your costume ready? Oh, I don't wear anything important As a matter of fact, I'm wearing the same thing through the whole play if you don't mind blue slacks and white shirt Nice and simple. I like it Victoria man is worth easy to please you are she goes through shorts disables doesn't she the entire rigmarole Well, I'll I'll try to do that speech in the second act better mr. Barney Now look Claudia It's very simple Just forget the lines and act. It sounds very simple. It's not quite as simple as it sounds though Anyway, I have the author on my neck No, thank you Oh, it feels as if we've been in this theater three days and three nights without leaving You know honey, your husband's going to be very sorry that you're so talented. My husband is a very extraordinary man He doesn't mind anything Well, I guess we better get started again. Hey, mr. Barney. I gotta have a word with you Oh, look Joe, we're just about ready to start rehearsing again. Look just a word. It's imperative every time I hear Just one word with you mr. Barney my ulcer kicks up Don't just stand there. All right, Joe. What's on your mind? Well, honey, don't go away. I'm right here. It's a props We're having a devil of a time getting the props for the interior Well, haven't you been able to borrow the furniture? Sure We borrowed some chairs and a console and pictures for the walls, but that's all well Let's see you need a dining room table chairs And you need a secretary.  This is their big season. They won't loan us nothing They said they never sold a piece of furniture off our stage and Labor Day week is a good week for selling So no dining room table and no secretary Fine great delicious. We'll do the play without a second act. Hey, wait a minute. Wait a minute not so fast My big scene is in the second act now. Don't complicate things Claudia So what do we do?  Yes, I thought so Yeah, as I said, what do we do? I don't care what you do Find the stuff build the stuff do anything you have to do to get it But don't buy it buying it is the only thing I haven't done Look, why don't you get the author to rewrite the second act so the whole thing takes place on the outside terrace? Or maybe you'd like we build a swimming pool set for a change of atmosphere very funny No props no play See I Weren't living in a boarding house. You'd have my furniture But what's in my room? I wouldn't lend to a flea What do you got in your room Joe what I got shouldn't happen to a dog Have a play about a dog. What is it exactly you need Joe a dog? But for the show I need a dining room table with six chairs It must be English style and a queen and secretary must be English style to queen Anne usually is that's all I'm asking not another thing. How is that so much a matter of everybody on stage second act Mr. Barney just a moment, please. There goes my Elsa Mr.. Barney, would you mind terribly if if I lent you the props for the second act, huh? Well honey, I wouldn't mind anything ever. Just don't sue me for scratches. I wouldn't dream of suing you But we have a queen and secretary. They would just go perfectly and beautiful shirt and dining room table and chairs This is not and you are my dream come true. You are hereby promoted to the prop department I don't see any reason why I can't borrow the chairs. I'm sure David won't mind. I borrowed his wife Why not even his queen and secretary? Why not? I honestly don't see why he's mind. I know you wouldn't hurt anything Well, you don't think he'd mind do you mine? Why should he mine? Yeah, why should he not one reason in the world? I can think up. Dave is the kind of person who believes in all good men coming to the aid of the party Party is it that all good men come to the aid of loaning their household goods. All right. Go on call up your husband, honey Then please let's get started on the second.  It's right on River Road to the left You can't possibly miss it and I'm sure if you go over right now. You'll find David Wonder how things are going at the theater mother starting to sound like a chorus every few minutes One of us starts wondering how Claudia is doing at the theater. She's been so busy We've hardly had a chance to talk to her but won't be too much of a letdown for her when it's over Probably will be so I've been thinking of turning her loose on furnishing the house Claudia has just been itching to go bargain hunting Well when she's through with the theater and has a little more time She can busy herself on that and she won't feel as if she's coming to a dead stop You're a very thoughtful husband. Not at all I'm I'm going to draw a lot more money from the firm. I had a talk with Roger the other day We went over the books starting this fall. We ought to be able to manage We've been sort of getting along with the minimum of everything pieces. You have a beautiful Complaining but I know how anxious Claudia has been to get everything all settled It'll be a good time, you know I'm rather pleased. She's so interested in furnishings and things You know considering how little she knows her taste isn't so bad. It's almost as good for sofas as husbands and mothers They heard my pipe. Here it is Mama, do you think it would run the coffee grinder for me to grind up some of this old tobacco in it? Well One who that is I'll answer and notice you're in the middle of not lighting up pipe I would for the world to stay of you. Mrs. Brown allow me to say that you're the last word in mother-in-law Yes third house on a left on River Road is mr. Norton home. He's inside Is there anything I can do to help you bring him a message from Mrs. Norton. He's everything all right. Oh sure everything's all right She's rehearsing What is your mother somebody from the theater to see you David message from Claudia oh Private message. Oh, mr. Norton. I'm Joe. I'm the prop man pleased to meet you. How's the play going? It's thanks. I suppose I'll get by your wife's okay. That's encouraging when I have troubles of my own I come over to pick up your furniture. What that's right. Your wife sent me over in a truck to pick it up Take away the furniture. Oh, we're only just temporarily borrowing it for the second act. Oh, I see Just exactly. What is it you want a picture a couple of tables or chairs? No, we got that small stuff. I'm here to take your dining room and your queen and secretary Did you say the dining room and the secretary? Mrs. Norton said you wouldn't miss him. This is not and there's a very misunderstanding woman we folk in the theory, you know anything for the show I'm starting to believe that you've stolen my wife and now you're about to steal my home from under me I'm leaving you your mother-in-law. Perhaps you'd rather take me and leave him the dining room Sorry, we got plenty of character actresses. I missed another look. This is an emergency. It certainly is your wife said it would be all right What do you think mother?  Okay, so I'll go back to the theater empty truck No second act, but who cares? I don't care. You don't care only mr. Vani's ulcers care the second act That's Claudia's big scene isn't as I remember it is. What do you say mr. Norton? Do you don't you? I'll even give you a hand carrying the stuff out. Well, that's darn swell. I think nothing of it David are you allowed to touch any of this furniture after all you're not a union member. That's true strictly between us I hereby appoint you an honorary member of the furniture movies union. Thank you. Well, mr. Norton She said you were a swell guy. Oh, she did and that you don't mind anything. I don't David be careful And I ask you what good is a dining room table when your wife's an actress it's better than nothing that queen and secretary would look Just terrific. It's not a bad piece.  Yeah, do that little thing Well, David, it looks like we're not going to have any furniture at all. Mrs. Brown So it does mr. Norton no wife no furniture. No, nothing David are you sure you should you still have some rights? No, I think it's a fine idea After all claudia is hardly here these days.  Give me a hand with this table. The show must go on You'll hear some parents complain that they just can't keep the youngsters at home Certainly, there's no sure method for accomplishing this feat But it is true that when there's plenty of coconut ice at home the high school set doesn't have to go out to get it These teenagers like to have their friends in for Coca-Cola to at a quarter of a carton or a dollar a case This is scarcely what you'd call an extravagant gesture It's worth trying don't you think if you have children that age very decent guy mr. Norton For lending you his furniture. Well, it's not every man who do that for his wife. Well, David's a pretty loyal person Yeah, I got over some other husbands. I know like a tent say if you think he acted loyal today Wait, will you see him tomorrow? Yeah, what gives the supreme test of a husband decide with or against a wife when she's wrong That's what I got to find out. So I'll be around so long now. All right. Goodbye Every day Monday through Friday Claudia comes to you transcribed with the best wishes of your friendly neighbor who bottles Coca-Cola So listen again tomorrow at the same time And now this is Joe King saying all of war and remember Whoever you are whatever you do wherever you may be When you think of refreshment think of Coca-Cola For Coca-Cola makes any pause the pause that refreshes and ice-cold Coca-Cola is everywhere This broadcast of Claudia was supervised and directed by William Brown Maloney And now here's a word from your friendly neighbor who bottles Coca-Cola


Hello everyone, welcome to tomorrow. My name is Michael Clark and I have a really cool couple of stories for you today and Boy, I had one of the best weekends ever over this last weekend I hope that you guys were able to tune into our live show for episode 9.31 where I was actually physically in Studio and had a great time and during that live show We were talking about Elon Musk's big announcement for the interplanetary Transport system which he announced at the International Astronautical Congress in Guadalajara, Mexico But there was quite a lot of announcements that were made at that conference and there's so much information to talk about We could probably talk about that conference and what was said and revealed there at that conference for the rest of the month so there's two specific stories that I want to get into this week and Illuminate on some really cool ideas that I really want to happen So stay tuned. This is your space pod for October 5th 2016 So first off with a little bit of back history ever since 2010 the United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs or UNUSA Has a program called the human space technology initiative, which the goal of this program is to enable Nations that do not have space capabilities the opportunity to fly Experiments into space in more recent news UNUSA signed a memorandum of understanding with the Chinese Space Agency In order to fly payloads on their future mirror-class space station But the announcement that was made at the International Astronautical Congress and this was actually on Tuesday September 27th Was that they would be flying their first space mission on Sierra Nevada's dream chaser space plane The mission would be on the cargo version of Sierra Nevada's dream chaser space plane And it would be a dedicated free flight carrying multiple experiments It could last up to two weeks or longer depending on the payloads And it would not need to dock with the International Space Station UNUSA hopes to fly the mission in 2021 and is now accepting proposals for those different payloads with a deadline for submissions by early 2018 The cost of the mission would likely be shared between the nations and companies who win a payload slot as well as UNUSA themselves Most likely this would be launching on top of an Atlas V rocket as that's how Sierra Nevada has been designing their dream chaser space plane although it does have the option with their cargo version since they can fold the wings they could Potentially launch on an Ariane 5 so might not necessarily be an Atlas 5 and if it is an Ariane 5 then There might be other different sort of cost-sharing options that would be available for this mission I'm really excited though because this breathes even more life into the dream chaser space plane Not only will be they getting their six flights under the second commercial resupply services contract But now they have this free flying experiment mission as well And this could lead to more free flying experiment missions like this This kind of is almost feels like a callback to the days when the space shuttle was doing the space lab Experiments before the International Space Station was constructed So I really like this plan, and I really hope it moves forward And I really hope that it leads to even more missions for the dream chaser space plane and that Hopefully they'll be able to look once again at their human or crew carrying version of the dream chaser That would just be awesome Now that announcement for the dream chaser space plane was made on Tuesday, September 27th And the next day on Wednesday, September 28th The European company Airbus Defense and Space announced their first customer for a really cool project Where they want to install external payload racks onto the outside of the European Columbus module at the International Space Station And they're calling this whole project Bartolomio The current configuration of the Columbus module has some external racks But Airbus wants to have greater capabilities similar to the Japanese Kibo module Or the NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer And Airbus was actually the company that built that Deployer for NanoRacks So they have some experience with this already Airbus hopes to have the platform installed on the Columbus module by the end of 2018 But officials at the conference said that they were still working out launch arrangements And were in discussions with NASA for the spacewalk that would be needed to install the platform outside of Columbus The first customer that will be sending an experimental payload to the Bartolomio platform Will be an Australian based company called Newman Space Who will be testing a solar electric thruster that uses metallic fuels rather than gas like xenon And with this there's a lot of different options on the different types of metallics that they could use for the fuel And they wanted to not be limited by a CubeSat size experiment And by being able to send up this experiment to an external payload rack like this They would be able to do something much larger and get the data that they need for this type of thruster So as I said at the beginning of the video, there is a ton of information coming out of the International Astronautical Congress this year And we could talk about it for the rest of this month I'm sure we'll have even some more news for you on this week's live show this Saturday But for now, these are the two things that I wanted to talk about today And let me know what you think about these What do you think about Dream Chaser getting this contract from the United Nations And do you think that they'll have more missions for the Dream Chaser in the future? Also, what do you think about the whole Columbus refit? I think this is awesome and I'm really happy to see more use out of the Columbus module But let me know what you think, leave us a comment here in our YouTube channel Or connect with us on any of our social media, our Facebook, our Twitter, our Reddit And even our website where you can hop into the chat room at any time to connect with other space enthusiasts So please comment and let us know what you think Also, I wanted to take a moment to thank our wonderful, wonderful patrons who make this show possible This show is 100% crowdfunded through Patreon And I am just eternally grateful to all of the wonderful people who are donating to this show to make this possible This show tomorrow has changed my life and the support that you guys give us is inspiring And I hope that we are able to do so much more in the future We have quite a lot of ambitious plans for what we want to do with this show And I hope that we are able to reach even more of the goals that we need to do to move forward and do even more cool stuff But in any case, thank you once again to all of our patrons and thank you for watching this video My name is Michael Clark, keep moving onwards and upwards everybody And I will see you in the future


got an interesting one here. This isn't from an autism creator, just from PBS. How autism goes undetected by PBS vitals. Apparently, they're a health professional licensed in the US. I feel like this is going to be a very medical focused video, but let's let's have a look might be quite interesting to hear the experiences of autistic adults going through life being undiagnosed might be quite relatable to a few of you in there. When I was growing up, I had an idea that I was different. I was like, oh, this is just how everyone goes through the world. And I'm just not as good at it. Well, it turns out other people don't actually do that, which explains a lot. That's Kip Chow. And they represent a growing population of individuals that are diagnosed with autism or autism spectrum disorder ASD as an adult. Now, typically, autism is thought of as a developmental disorder that can be diagnosed in childhood. In the early 2000s, the CDC reported one in 158 year old children had an autism diagnosis. But in 2018, that number increased to one in 44. However, that's one in 44 children that doesn't necessarily represent those over the age of 18.  This also isn't representative of increasing levels of autism in the population. Just better detection. What are your options and where do you go for support? First, let's talk a little bit about the language we use to describe autism. Raise your hand if you've seen or heard someone say, I'm a little on the spectrum. Or maybe you've heard someone say, yes, they are autistic, but they are high functioning. Well, you might not know and I'm here to tell you, but most of this language is pretty offensive to those that are autistic. Terms like being a little bit on the spectrum or high functioning or low functioning devalue the autistic experience and create assumptions about the person. Sheena. Wow, you've actually talked to autistic people. Wow. You don't really, the only reason why I'm so surprised is because it tends to be with a lot of these kind of medical professional people or channels or mainstream stuff that they very much just tend to focus on the medical side of things and they don't actually incorporate stuff from people who are actually autistic. So it's really nice that they're making that. I don't necessarily find these offensive. I think if you're struggling to understand why this might be offensive to people, I can explain it. The first one I think that she mentioned was everyone's a little bit autistic. The intention behind someone saying that is to make you feel less alone, to make you feel less weird, less of an outcast. That is the intention. The way that it comes across is that you're not autistic because everyone's autistic or everyone's just varying levels of autism. Very much devalues the experiences of autistic people. High functioning and low functioning, definitely not something that is socially appropriate to call someone. The issue with saying high functioning is that it very much undermines just how much supports one may need. Come an example that I give with myself. I'm very good at speaking, communicating and talking about autism. Oh, I'm having a haircut fit. I need some water. I'll go get some water after I finish one. Saying, come on involuntary brain, stop hiccuping. Am I okay? Yeah. Just hiccuping away, yeah. So high functioning very much undermines someone's support needs. I'm very good at speaking, doing all that. I have some support needs in other areas of my life. It's going to keep happening, isn't it?  Low functioning on the other hand, it's kind of just like a flat insult, isn't it? Like you say someone's low functioning. It's like, okay, thanks. So at either end of the spectrum in that sense that there is potential to offend somebody. So that's why people from the autistic community tend to talk about autism just in general. They just say autism. They don't make distinction. This is going to keep happening. I need to go get some water, guys.  Why is it the first thing that happens when I come back after it just completely going away? Now it's decided to come out. It's probably because I'm speaking. Or low functioning, devalue the autistic experience and create assumptions about the person. Using a label like high functioning implies certain assumptions about a person's disability that are not wholly accurate. One person might present with fine motor skills and have less trouble communicating, but still struggles with sensory input or relationships or even employment. Autism or being autistic is not about, I guess, disorder as you would probably get from the medical term, which is autism spectrum disorder, but instead it's more about a specific way of seeing and interacting with the world, which is different from most people. Folks who are autistic may experience life in a much more intense way. They may prefer things to be more expected with less surprises. They may have more difficulty doing things simultaneously, like listening and looking and attending to what's happening. And at times they may have difficulty with communication in the way that others do, but what's really important with when we talk about autism is to remember that a lot of these are differences, not necessarily deficits for every person with the diagnosis. Really really nice video, like very comprehensive. I held my breath for about 20-30 seconds. I think it's just something that I'm gonna have to deal with. You sure, you sure wish there was sound? You want to hear me here copying in the background? I mean, fair enough. Maybe not though. Might make it a bit annoying for like anyone who watches that on replays. Let's look at how autism spectrum disorder might appear on a wheel, as opposed to a left-right scale. And let's place some markers that represent the diagnostic observations that are used to screen someone for autism. Things like social awareness, sensory processing, and motor skills are located at different points on the wheel. But since the dawn of time, we know that no two people are alike. Same thing applies here. One individual might present with arm flapping, but they are verbal and sometimes miss social cues, while another might fidget and struggles with sensory processing such as bright lights or loud noises, and it's non-verbal. 100%, most people think it is just like a functioning scale that is just you more or less autistic, which is not, it's not the case. The functioning style is there to provide people with the support that they need. That's to raise people into groups in order to know how much support. It's mostly just used in terms of like social context and for scientific literature, in like the social care, healthcare kind of aspects to it. I don't think it's appropriate really socially to talk about said functioning labels. It's a very personal thing. I think that is another aspect to functioning labels. It's a very personal thing to somebody, and a lot of people can make assumptions about certain things. And then the thing someone told me the correct one, like a radar diagram of different traits being hired than others, that's a really good way of accurately visualizing what someone's autistic traits might be like. 100%. It's a good video so far. That's because the spectrum is an umbrella term that covers a large array of neurological conditions, including autism, ADHD, and Asperger's syndrome that are so closely related that they are hard to define individually. Sometimes this is referred to as neurodiversity or being neurodivergent. Neurodiversity is a concept. When has this video been made? Eight months ago. I mean sorry to burst your bubble but Asperger's syndrome is no longer a thing, apart from if you were diagnosed with it when it was a thing. It's just ASD now. All of those are the kind of different diagnosis throughout the window. The concept was developed by a social worker and an autism advocate named Judy Singer. She talked about it as an allegory with biodiversity. So in any healthy ecosystem we need to have a huge diversity of plants and animals and species to make that ecosystem work well. That's normal. And as humans the concept of neurodiversity is the same so that autistic people and ADHD people and other diagnoses that would fit under that umbrella are all part of the same community rather than there is a norm and then if you're divergent the goal is to fix and return to the norm. I think this is a this is another thing that this you know this this perspective of neurodiversity is very much something that I understood it as like it's kind of like a somewhat like a counter movement kind of the social model just that part of like the medical community but it's not like that. It's it's literally it is natural variations in the human brain. So you can also have acquired neurodiversity or innate neurodiversity. So pretty much everything is covered by neurodiversity when it's a variation in the brain. Talking about it in terms of okay we don't need to make these people normal it doesn't always apply to every single diagnosis that's covered within that neuro umbrella like epilepsy you know I'd very much I feel like most people would be pretty happy with epilepsy like being fixed. You can think of other things like what think of something genetic that's neurodevelopmental that is extremely detrimental to a person and people around them. Psychopathy that's that's a neurodevelopmental thing. Natural variation in the human brain I guess if we're using those parameters for understanding what neurodiversity is. Well I don't know a lot of people have different various thoughts about different ideas of what neurodiversity should cover. I don't know it's kind of removed some of the the sting and the purpose of the community to some degree. I felt very strongly that you know we should try and advocate for like as she's saying for like autistic and ADHD and perhaps some other diagnosis to being fully accepted and adjusted for and integrated in society rather than fixed. I think there's a very good argument for that kind of thing but when we lump everything into neurodiversity what is fighting for neurodiversity? I don't know. It's very confusing for me to wrap my head around it. You know these ideas these things that I talked about a lot also come from other creators you know so I feel like it's okay to have deviants in that but like a deviation in it rather. I'm not sure if I completely agree with it though. It is bit that it does slightly neurodiversity because it is a natural variation in the human brain. It covers everything you know so I can't really argue against that. I'd be interested to hear what you guys think of that. This is where the challenge begins for individuals that were misdiagnosed or were not screened for autism during childhood. They went through life into adulthood forced to conform to societal norms that did not feel natural to them. This is called masking. For me masking is a lot about we'll say it's a game. There's a game going on and everyone's playing it and everyone knows the rules but there isn't actually a manual they just know it and I don't get one so I kind of had to learn from observation from messing up essentially and picking up all those rules and integrating them into myself in a way that isn't necessarily natural. I do mask because well I kind of have to be able to interact in the world in the way that I want to whether at work or at school. In some ways I don't do it as much but I still have to in order to do the things that I want to do. Adults that have similar experiences to Kibb might not have the same pathways to it. I wish so if they didn't have to live life like that. I don't mask. It's not really something that I do. I do understand neurotypicals quite well and I spent a long time understanding them but I wouldn't say that I mask. No it's really hard it can really interfere with your sense of self, your identity.  All that stuff can just feel a bit false and it's also very stressful to to social camouflage. I feel like masking is a component of I don't feel like it is a component of social camouflage which covers pretty much every way that different people like autistic people can alter themselves into appearing less autistic or perhaps like less ADHD even. Masking is a part of that. There is other aspects to it of course. If you do want to know more about that stuff I do have a video on my channel about and there's sort of different subcategories actually is masking if you're interested in that. Yeah it's really sad to hear stuff like that and it's the kind of thing that I hope to change with my work. To a diagnosis girls are already at a disadvantage during the assessment process. According to a recent study, the theory that the ratio of males to females with ASD is four to one might be a bit off. The study suggests that a closer estimate is a three to four ratio with 80% of females remaining undiagnosed at age 18 due to the fact that girls are more likely to camouflage in order to meet societal norms. But what if you're from an underrepresented demographic as well? Maybe English isn't your first language or you're located in a rural setting that doesn't have access to private clinicians that are qualified. That's the thing qualified to test for autism. Or if you're in a culture in which personality traits or behaviors align a little bit more with the autism side of life, you may not even be picked up at all. There's something being different because it's based on norms and abnormalities and stuff in terms of like diagnostic literature, the criteria. There is a heavy subjective component which is dictated by the culture around the diagnosis. Sometimes when you put too many things under one umbrella it is hard to advocate for the different groups. Even if there is overlap the differences can be very far, very large, 100%. And the desired outcome will be different as well which is the thing that I find difficult. You know, how can I advocate for neurodiversity in a workplace? If I was to do so I'd be advocating for epilepsy in the workplace which just I mean obviously like having epileptic people work is a good thing but like do you know what I mean? It's not like it's not punchy, it's not like we're advocating for the continuation of a certain subgroup of people as opposed to getting rid of them and curing them and treating them and whatever to be more normal. That's what I feel like it should be about but as you said you cast the umbrella too large, it kind of reduces some of the meaning and the power behind it. I had a meltdown at work because of the lights never happened before in public, the mask could not hold. I'm sorry to hear about that. I have come across people who are very, very high maskers and they don't cope with it very well. I come out of particularly two groups of individuals.  That causes them immense amounts of stress. Then they come across other autistic individuals who don't spend a lot of time socializing with people but when they do they mask heavily and then they have a big dip in energy afterwards and they have to recuperate and there's also the people who mask all the time but they use unhealthy coping mechanisms to get them through to alleviate some of the added stresses of masking and the mental health impacts and the identity impacts. They seek unhealthy methods of like soothing themselves basically. I've never come across an autistic person who masks and it doesn't impact them negatively to some degree. Also just want to point it out I have come across many autistic people who have masked and it's given them benefits as well like in their life jobs particularly. It's a really big trade-off that you're going to make and I think a lot of people they see it as a very black and white thing. You're even masked or you're unmasked. It's not like that. You can choose what you want to show people and who and which people and in what environment if you really want to. You could just mostly exist in an unmasked state but when you have something important like meeting someone for the first time or a job interview or you know little things like that yeah why not if it helps you and you feel if it feels like it benefits you in a space which is not inclusive to autistic people unrepresent like I can't fault that and also avoiding negative situations not sticking out particularly when we think about school very difficult place for autistic people. The masking is basically a defense mechanism to some degree to prevent things like that happening to us. So there are a lot of positives and a lot of negatives and I'd say that in general you can do a lot to unmask and I'd recommend unmasking particularly around people that are very close to you and in your own space. You can reach further outside and unmask further if you really want to but as long as you have that those two areas in control you're not masking both those two areas and you are actually chilling and being yourself and not focusing too much on how you're being perceived all the time. 100% like it's it's going to have a really positive impact on you. Then what?  We need to change that. One of the things we see quite a bit with young particularly people socialized as male who come from other cultures is eye contact in particular is a completely different concept in many parts of the world. So they could be coded as having bad or low eye contact when that is actually the cultural norm for their area. So this is an important piece for assessment is assessors there you go I can't click but if I could you would hear a clicking sound because 100% there you go that's the cultural the social aspects to a diagnosis in order to establish what is not normal you must first have a normal. There's need to be constantly training in in decolonialism in cultural sensitivity and cultural awareness and clients should know whether assessors have had that training. For those that have gone through life not recognizing the signs of autism they might think they are too old for a diagnosis or what's even the point. That's a very strange like collection of traits but it feels like it's a very random I suppose it's perhaps the most relatable to some people. However a diagnosis opens up many support systems that you might not be aware of. There are two main benefits that I talked to clients about the first and most important is adults and here we're talking about adults who are able to use verbal language we don't want to forget that the autism spectrum is incredibly wide and many autistic adults have additional disabilities and we're talking about them as well but in this case self-understanding is an incredibly powerful thing that can come out of an assessment to finally under. It's very important I think to make that distinction sometimes because I think for a lot of outlook on lookers if their parents and even if they're just kind of general part of the general public I don't know a narrative because looking on this they'll be like well what are you talking about like some people some autistic people they do have significant intellectual disabilities amongst other things which requires them to have an immense amount of support at all stages of their life. It's important to pay somewhat attention to that because it is somewhat different like it is pretty different to someone who doesn't have an intellectual disability who perhaps doesn't have as relatively high support needs there's nothing ableist or horrible about saying that just because you're pointing something out that the reality does not mean that it's inherently a bad thing if you were to say I'm not even going to say that but if you were to say some some bad things about a particular group of autistic people then yeah that's bad but it's with mentioning stuff like that because I think it's definitely a very common route of miscommunication and misunderstanding for autism parents and also neurotypical watchers. I understand that there was nothing wrong with me all along and that I was right when I felt different from others that knowledge itself can help alleviate and treat other symptoms of depression and anxiety. The second thing that you get access to is protections under the Americans with Disabilities Act so perhaps you are someone who works as a stock clerk in a very busy supermarket and the assessment identifies that you are hypersensitive to noise. An assessment can give you the legal rights to compel your employer to allow you to wear hearing protection. The only thing about this is this is assuming that they follow the law and they don't try and think of other ways to get you fired because they don't like that you're asking for adjustments. I go on the record now I say this this is kind of a big blunder of mine in the past where I've said if you need adjustments go and ask for them tell them you're autistic do all of these things. In an ideal world scenario this would all be very smooth. Some people had had taken my advice I think one particular person took my advice and actually got fired very like pretty soon after asking for those adjustments so I would definitely be very wary of that and I feel I feel awful about that that I didn't highlight it as much as I should have. Thank you Brie for sending me a super chat. I don't think I've had a super chat before that's cool. Is that a mic drop moment? That's pretty funky. I thought it was a cookie for a second. Thank you very much Brie, much appreciated. If you guys do want to support the channel make sure to like the video and consider becoming a member and you get a little it's only 99p you get a little infinity badge next to your name supports me helps me put more stuff out and in the future I will be segmenting different parts of videos that I put out the presentation style videos that I do and putting into the members area so if you want to support me in my self-employed venture want me to do more of these streams etc that would be grand. Or perhaps if you're in college to take a test in a separate room and it makes it more difficult for an employer to fire you for manifestations of your disability. In a theory they can always just give some vague reason to why they're firing you that also happens sadly.  Some people can be like that and it's really sad it's actually I think a component of reasonable adjustments in the US that if you can't meet their needs that you fire them which I don't think should be anywhere near legislation or like advice about reasonable adjustments I think it's despicable. Even with access to the clinicians that can provide an assessment there's no guarantee of a diagnosis due to the high demand for testing there can be a waitlist then if health insurance doesn't cover the cost of the test it can cost several thousand dollars out of pocket and again the diagnosis could be missed entirely. Yeah unfortunately we have at my center I'm the only diagnostician right now and my waitlist is a year long and that's not good and we are working on that but we need so many more clinicians in the area. So she's a private diagnostician and she's a year long waiting list.  Like in the UK you can get it free on healthcare they say that you should wait a minimum of three to six months. Man it's not like that it's like God knows two to three years sometimes and even then you get paired with someone who's just incompetent at diagnosing and even if you find someone to diagnose you who's a private but so in private practice you do get a four count money for that my god and it will get you a lot faster you know. I wish it wasn't like that especially in the UK the NHS is very so burdened at the moment. Part of the reason that the waitlist is so long is good and that is that we refuse to let anyone assess if they don't have the background so we're working on finding some folks that we can train additionally but this is a nationwide problem there is a shortage of fully trained mental health clinicians. If I was a person wanting an autism assessment I would go ahead and get myself on as many waitlists as I can because sometimes those waitlists do clear up quickly and if you're on one I would check in about once a month and see where you are in that list. All right now y'all we didn't cover it all but understanding why the diagnostic system has inherent flaws is only part of the equation the second part is how we talk about autism. Being autistic isn't something that needs to be treated as much as it's about being able to understand yourself and find ways to better cope with the demands of society like but also flourish get yourself into a position where you are living the autistic dream. Like for some people they go to counseling for some people they find community support and that's enough for them for some people there may be medications that help alleviate some of the manifestations of what being autistic looks like like many autistic people are anxious to have anxiety so maybe medication for that will help I think if someone is an adult I would say that the best way of combating this that we really should pay a lot of attention to is the school system. Mental health tends to develop in our formative years a lot of the time I would say it can obviously happen at different stages in your life but mental health that sort of follows you from childhood can just be so difficult to shake like it's just really traumatic time in your life dealing with all of this all of these difficulties crazy we need to really fix the school system because there is so much bullying and isolation and discrimination which is just so massively impacting the life quality of autistic people and that's not even going into the world of work so many so many different areas that really need to be really needs to be worked on. The adult and says they're autistic and doesn't have a professional diagnosis I don't think that makes them less valid I think it means that they were overlooked and that in a way the medical system failed them in a way and that's not on them to justify themselves to anyone but more about considering how systems overlook people not because they did anything wrong but just because the systems tend to be oppressive and tend to discriminate. There are so many times in my career where cultural norms played a huge role in how I treated a patient like when caring for a patient from China they may be more likely to underreport pain or even in black women they may be reported as being irritable or non-compliant when really they are really just depressed anxious and feeling insecure about their care. This episode really educated me on ways that I can apply neurodiversity to my practice something as simple as turning down the lights or closing the door could really greatly improve someone's security and their care and now I have some insight to refer I suppose as well if you're thinking about like the Japanese population are they have a big work culture over that like being overly conscientious if you're autistic and you get hyper-focused on work that's like perfect for you isn't it maybe not to the extent that they work work themselves but you know there's there's so many of those sort of social cultural aspects to it. Refer them to a clinician that can help check out our notes in the description to help you or someone you know find information on finding someone that can provide an assessment for autism and support groups in your community let us know in the comments how this video challenged your understanding of autism let's talk about it see you in the comments and always always thanks for watching see you next time on PBS Vitals thank you very much Sheena and PBS Vitals you guys solid video less medical than I expected really nice actually really good that was how adult autism goes undetected by PBS Vitals go and check them out give them some love if you haven't already I'm going to drop them a customary subscriby if you won my sub give it a bit of a like there