It's the pigtails from me.  I ain't out for this dress. Let's pop in, welcome back to another vlog. Today's Sunday and I have just some plans so I wanted to take y'all with me and I want to make this vlog long because I know y'all want longer vlogs so. So yeah, so I started it today on Sunday. So if you're new here, hey girl, my name is Tyra, do not forget to like comment and subscribe. So I just got ready, I'm cute. I think I'm about to go to get some lunch with my sis. Well, it's not even like, well, yes it is. I really wish I was able to go get some brunch. But this is my outfit, it's skims. I just uploaded the haul and let me show y'all. And then I'm gonna carry this Dior bag and my sneakers. But I'm gonna show y'all in a second but I do have to tell y'all if y'all do not know, you should know that Native is my favorite deodorant, y'all. This is literally the best deodorant ever. It's 100% natural, it has coconut oil in it, shea butter, all that and those are the ingredients that I take into consideration when I'm using products on my body. And then also, I love their new plastic free packaging. It's so cute, girl. I just throw it in my little bag for a little sneak link or whatever. You know, you never know what's gonna happen. I love how little and compact it is. This literally lasts all day and this is my favorite scent. The coconut and vanilla is so good and I love that Native has a wide range of scents so depending on what type of girl you are, there's a scent for you. So yeah, so do not forget to check the link down below, use my code and you'll be able to get a deodorant for $29 and it's normally 39. So do not forget to check the description box below because you need your native deodorants. So yeah, so yeah, girl. So I need to fill this purse up because obviously I'm changing bags. But yeah, I wanna take an Instagram photo today and I don't have an old bed right now, y'all. So this is like my little studio. But I don't care because I had to make stuff work. My little area is so messy but I cannot wait to have my own space of like just glam and just like YouTube stuff and it's just, I just can't wait. But anyway, so this is the outfit that I have on. This is skimmed. I'm trying to figure out what I wanna do with my hair. This is a U-part wig that I have on but girl, my real hair is just not cooperating. And then I got these forces on. So I don't know if I wanna wear this, but yes I do because my hair is not cooperating. So I really don't wanna put, or put the other outfit on. I feel like this is literally like chill. It's so cute, you know? So yeah, so I'm gonna take y'all with me to go take my Instagram photo and get some lunch. And I'm hungry, like I'm hangry right now. I'm so hangry. I don't know about y'all, but I get an attitude when I'm hungry, like. And, but right now I'm okay.  And I like my attitude to be at least a little decent because I know when I have a good attitude, my picture's gonna come out cute. So we'll see, we'll see. But yeah, oh, let me show y'all the scent I'm gonna put on. I haven't chose my scent. I think I'm gonna mix this Dolce Garden with this Louis Vuitton. I need to go with some more of this, but I'm gonna mix these. Like, I just want to be like a little cute, like play picture today. Nothing too serious this Sunday. So, but yeah, so I'll see y'all in a second.  It's the pigtails from me. You look like the girl I know from Express. You know, what's that movie called? The Polar Express. My sister's hang green. I don't like her attitude when she's hang green. She's mad because we didn't get to go to the outlet. But anyway, I stepped at Starbucks cause I kind of want to prop for my pick. I want an iced coffee in my hand. And y'all, the pumpkin bread at Starbucks. So good, but are they loves?  But yeah, y'all, hopefully I get a good pick. The light is getting dark out, so I might have to go to a parking structure or something. But I really don't want to. I kind of want like a New York vibe with my outfit. So I'm gonna try and go downtown and see if I can get a good photo, but we'll see. But I'm gonna keep y'all posted. Thank you. I just wanted to enjoy myself with who I was with. So yeah, we went to ancient baths, y'all. You literally could not bring your camera, no phone, no nothing. That was my first time going there. They only have a few in certain locations, but they have one in Chicago, and so we wanted to try it out. And it was very relaxing. We got a massage, and then we went in the baths. It was so nice. Like, if you want to plan something with your significant author, or even just yourself, like to treat yourself just to something nice, I would definitely highly recommend that. Like, it was one pool that was on the outside. It was a whole bunch of smoke. It was so nice. Like, it was outside, but you didn't feel like you were outside, because you don't know, it's really cold right now. But it was so like hot and steamy, sexy. And it was like a waterfall. It was so nice. Like, I don't, I can't explain it. But yeah, we really enjoyed ourselves. It was a good experience. We were there for like two hours. It was really nice. So now I'm about to be on my way to go pick up Jen. Jen is the girl that did my makeup. She did my makeup for the red hair photo shoot. And I really want her to teach me how to do my makeup. Like, I loved how she applied the makeup. Like, I just wanted to know like all the details.  And I'm going on a trip. So I really want my makeup to be on point. So she's gonna help me. I'm doing a one-on-one with her. And yeah, I really loved the way she did it. It was very skin-like. It was really not cakey at all. It was nice and I loved it. So I was like, girl, teach me your ways. She was like, I got you. So we're gonna be doing that today. We're gonna be going to Chicago to get like what she uses on me. And then, yeah, so I'm basically getting on makeup. And yeah, I'm gonna see, yeah, so that's where we're doing. But anyway, I hope, and I think this lady next to me is really staring at my car, looking crazy. Yeah, so that's what's gonna, and so, yeah, I'm going back to Chicago. She wants to go to the bigger one because they have Kevin Aquan there. It's like a concealer. If you guys heard of it, I know Kylie Jenner used it. I think that's how people started to know when one of her makeup artists used it on her. So, yeah, they have that there and stuff like that. So she wants to go to the bigger one. So I'm like, okay, let's go ahead and do it. Let's see, yeah. So I probably might stop at Zara to see if they have anything for my trip that's coming up or, but, yeah, that's the plans for today. I'm super excited. It's gonna be real chill and nice. And I'm taking y'all along with me cause y'all not gross. So let's get this next already. Oh, and y'all see, I got my seatbelt on. Safety first, mother. She is, she's gonna teach me a lesson today. Okay, and I'm ready.  This your hair? We finna be on our way so just shine. Yeah, I just picked her up and we about to be on our way and I can't wait, I'm excited. Like I said, I'm about to get a whole inventory of new makeup, but yes, girl. Make sure y'all follow Janna on Instagram and she also has a YouTube channel. Yes, Glam by Jann. Glam by Jann. With two Ns? Yes, two Ns. Payable.  Okay.   All of me's just an invasion of me but you're just non-stop. And it's not high that you be leaving me messages every 10 minutes until you stop by.   And it's not high that I can't even go out with my perfect self, cause I can't be down. I need to chill out for that minute. Cause you're not my boyfriend.  So what I thought it would be, would know it would be. Everything under me, every time I see it. Y'all took that one on one yesterday, y'all. Like my camera had died while I was at the end but oh my gosh, she taught me some really good tricks. I can't wait to practice. I was gonna practice tonight, but it's kinda late and I'm kinda not really in the mood. And plus one of the concealers I didn't get when we were at Sephora, but I'ma get it tomorrow. But I wanted to end the video all by showing y'all the products that we got in Chicago. I'm super excited on my new makeup. I've been needing new makeup for like a minute now, but let me set y'all. So I got a bunch of Sephora, do that. So I'm gonna start off with the stuff I got from Ulta. So I had to get some new Morphe set and spray. This is my favorite set and spray, y'all. And I also came across the Body Shop. Y'all know this is like my OG face mask.  I don't know how else to explain it. Did she give me this? Oh, she gave it to me. So she must've gave me this out of her kit because this is one of the concealers that I need to conceal. But this is the Macadamia one. She's so sweet. And then she also surprised me with like a Versace when she first got in the car, a Versace thing. Cause I told her it smelled really good on her. And I used to wear this actually, but I just never restarted on it. And then I got a mini one for travel. That's not the only thing that I got. And then also from Ulta, y'all, I'm going on my trip.   I have to go to the dermatologist and ask them if they can put a steroid in it to eliminate that, because it's so ugly. Like, I can't, like I can't, no. So anyway, I got some body makeup. I'm gonna try this out tomorrow actually to see how it looks. And I'm pretty excited cause I gotta take some content tomorrow. And then, what else did I get, Ulta? And that's it. That's all I got from Ulta. And then, okay, so then Sephora, I had to, I had to restock on my Dr. Dennis Gross of a beta pill because I ran out. And y'all, I stopped using these for when I ran out. I don't know why I just didn't go to Sephora and get some more. But y'all, y'all know this is my, this is what transformed my skin. So if you are somebody who has acne and struggling, don't know what to use, try these, pick these up and let me know how you use them. This is the, how many treatments? I think 60, this goes for $80, but honestly, it's worth it. I swear to you, it's worth it. So then I got a new foundation. This is the Nacolor Syracuse. I do use the Natural Radiant Longwear Foundation already, but I had to get a new color. And that is more of my skin tone. And then I also got the Laura Mercier Tintin Moisturizer because I am going to more hot, but I wanted to still like, you know, on them days we'll probably go somewhere, but I don't wanna look full covers, but I still want my face to be like, you know, popping. She said this was a really good one, so I'm gonna try that out. And then I got this. This is the bronzer she used on me at the photo shoot, the Marry Jacobs one. This is in 10, and they only have three colors and this is the darkest one. And this is like the perfect bronzer for me, like my color. And then I use this for a nose contour too. She taught me how to nose contour yesterday y'all. And yes, this is so good. Like I love it, I love how my nose turned out. And this packaging is super cute, by the way. But yeah. So then, and then also I got some, I had openness, but this is the Bumbum Cream People. This is the spray. This literally smells exactly like the lotion. Like exactly like it. Exactly like it, if the lotion was the spray, this would be it. So I wanted to just get this because I love smelling like that. And just on days when I don't want to put it on no perfume, I could just spray that. And then also I got the banana powder, the Laura Mercier translucent powder in Honey. Aliyah, Aliyah, Aliyah, the both of the Aliyahs actually talked about this. And then also Brie, I think she had a sponsorship with Laura Mercier. She said this was really good. So I was like, okay. And then also Jam was like, this is the really good, she heard really good things about it. So she was like, why don't you just get it? And I loved it. Like I literally, when she said my, when I said my makeup yesterday and like when she was teaching me, this is bomb. Then also Jan had got me some brushes. This is the Jacqueline Hill Murphy collab. Yeah. So she also, she was like, these are like the best brushes you'll like, never have to use another brush again. I was like, oh my God. So yeah, I'm so, so excited about that. That is pretty much it for this video. I hope you guys enjoyed. Do not forget to like, comment, subscribe. And I'm about to start a weekend vlog. So yeah. So don't forget to like, comment, subscribe. Let me know how y'all like these lashes. They're cute. But yeah, so. I'm about to just start editing this video. Actually, I'm pretty excited because I really been wanting to do like a montagey moment. So we'll see how this one turns out. So yeah, so if you're, so do not forget to like, comment, subscribe. I love y'all so much. And I will see you on this video. Bye.


What's good Josh, but Ross back again with another video. So we got to talk about what happened on Monday night Raw tonight after a crazy weekend for WWE and the backlash they have received from essentially Maybe potentially for the rock Taking Cody spot in the main event of this year's WrestleMania Between the rock and Roman Reigns instead of it being Cody and Roman Reigns the backlash has Been seen and heard they even talked about it Michael Cole on commentary You heard the Cody chance you heard the we won Cody chance you saw the Cody sign Someone was passing out hashtag. We want Cody. It was acknowledged WWE definitely heard and saw a lot of the comments and people's opinions on this whole Wanting Cody to finish the story, right? So we start off the show with Seth Rollins. Seth Rollins comes out there Gets a very good ovation from the crowd. They're singing his song When he gets in the ring, I Like what he said at the beginning where he said, you know the crowd still chanting his song or whatnot And he was like, well, there's a pop and then the crowd starts cheering, you know Cheering for him and he was like, there's another pop. So that was a little jab at Roman Reigns comments saying Getting his promo on Friday that Seth Rollins doesn't get a pop. Well, clearly there was a pop crowd did acknowledge and recognize him and It was it was cool. I was hoping Seth was gonna say more. That's really what I wanted. I wanted Seth Rollins to Say more give give more of his opinion and feedback on what Roman Reigns had said on Saturday on Friday because he essentially Disrespected Seth Rollins and his championship reign So I would it would have been kind would have been cool if he could have addressed more of the Roman Reigns situation But he kind of got straight to the point. He said look, I'm not gonna be as BS anybody out here We want to know what's going on. We need your answer now Cody get on out here soon as Cody came out there crowd went Insane very huge reaction for him. Everybody's chanting Cody's name. He gots to the ring Everyone's going crazy. We want Cody chance and whatnot And here's where things got very interesting tonight.  They were booing They were booing So basically Seth is out.  What's gonna happen and before Cody can answer that here comes Drew and Boy, Drew has been doing some of his best heel work That I've seen from him in my opinion like this has been Really really good what they've been having drew do and the one thing I love about Drew's character. He is a heel But he acts like he's doing the right thing He acts like a baby face and that's what makes his character so good He's a heel that believes he's doing the right thing and for the right reasons And those are sometimes the best heels because they really do believe they're doing the right thing and it's they're doing the good Cause but really they're being Selfish in the asshole and I love that about Drew He really believes he's the good guy here and some of the points he made It's hard to argue with Drew comes out there. He's like look man Guys, how are you guys messing this up? He's actually kind of speaking from the perspective of a online wrestling fan to be honest with you Which I like when he was doing here. He really was he was like guys How are you messing this up? I gave us the alleyoop. I beat up see a punk I took him out. I got rid of him. I got rid of the cancer, Seth We know you didn't like him, you know, and he got it, you know, Seth's like, yeah, yeah, you're right Seth, we know you didn't like him You know, like I put him on the shelf for everybody like and This is why I say he's like part of the wrestling online community because he opens up his jacket and you see the meme but now they've turned it into a t-shirt of Drew sitting next to a tombstone With the his thumbs up and on the tombstone it says wrestling Pete's a seam punks WrestleMania Story like the same thing similar to the same thing that was he posted on Twitter They made it into a shirt mocking seam punk and he a crowd Got it.  Hey, I got it for you in an extra small So I'm like, I Okay here like he he's he's having a good time here, but he was like I Mean I made things easier for us You know now I get to go ahead and main event WrestleMania and you know against you face you at WrestleMania You know, he's talking to Seth and Seth's like what where did when did not say that and then he started talking to Cody And then you need to go face Roman and finish the bloody story finish your story You know finish what you you know, you've been working for I mean at the end of the day You know, we've all had issues with Roman Reigns and he even took a jab at Roman Reigns He's like if you want to be honest nobody even wants to fight Roman Reigns because we all know When his family member is gonna get involved and he's gonna cheat anyway, so finish your story What are you doing? And I don't want you to take this the wrong way, but I think your father Will want you to finish the story as well, you know, you know how people bring up his father and stuff like that so Then he he turns back to Seth and he tells Seth he's like look man I don't know if you're feeling insecure or whatnot But you know, I'll be the first to tell you that you don't need Roman Reigns validation That championship is the work horse championship The one you're wearing right now is the work horse championship, you know It's one of those things where it's like a backhanded comment like I don't know if you're insecure about it But that's the work horse championship We all know this and I like what Seth said. He's like wait wait wait before we even get to all of that What do you what are you talking about like?  We got a match with Cody and Shinsuke Nakamura Shinsuke in a bull rope match We obviously knew that Cody's one of good was was going to win in the winning and then at the end as he Celebrating Drew comes out there and attacks him and packs him up and he's standing tall over him So I am afraid That this is gonna be a triple threat match with a world heavyweight championship I'm keeping my fingers crossed that it's not I'm hoping that is not so Yeah, I'm we're gonna keep our fingers crossed. It's not a triple threat, but it's seeming like it may It's shaping up to be for the world world heavyweight championship. Please please Please know but I will say this the crowd throughout the night were definitely chanting Rocky sucks And at one point they were muting the Rocky sucks champ I actually have video footage someone sent to me of the crowd during the main event With Shinsuke and Cody and they're they're fighting and you hear clearly Rocky sucks chance But if you watch when you watch it on TV, you didn't really hear it like that They muted it so they were okay with it at the beginning of the show But they didn't want the fans taking over it and taking over this the entire show being seen on television, so I Will say this it seems like the the The fans voices are translating to television. The question is will that continue? That's the real question. We will see but tonight in St. Louis. You guys y'all let it be known y'all not rocking with The rock being in the main event hell Even when and I forgot to mention this even when Cody was thinking about what when Seth was asking Cody Should choose him to face him at mania the crowd was booing Last week they weren't booing like that when Seth, you know had that proposition for Cody this week No, they were booing loudly They did not want Cody to Face Seth Rollins and then I also got a mention and let me actually try to pull this up for you guys Hold on. I'm gonna try to pull this up for you guys live Because if you didn't see this Cody had a very interesting tweet and he tweeted this after the first segment of the show after his segment we drew and Seth Rollins Cody actually Tweeted this. Let me let me go to his Twitter real quick and then I'm gonna show you guys This actual tweet which is very interesting. It may be telling of What we don't really know what is telling to be honest with you Let me put this up. Here's the tweet right here. It says appreciate the passion. God bless y'all but Trust me We don't know what that means We have no idea what that means so I don't know. It's very he left it very vague. We may find out this Thursday for the WrestleMania press conference So we're gonna be doing a live streaming app. So we'll see how things play out But overall this was a middle of the road raw It had some good stuff But the highlights of the show was at the beginning of the show that opened the segment was pretty good and that opened in Tag team match. I think it was like four teams To see who's gonna be the number one contenders or not that was actually pretty good the four teams they had it there So yeah overall, this was a middle of the road show. We didn't really get too much answer questions answered We'll see how things play out for Thursday. I think they're waiting for Thursday to really ramp up What's gonna happen for this year's WrestleMania? So comment down below. Let me know man Did you guys enjoy Monday night raw also? Did you guys enjoy that opening segment of the show? I thought it was it was okay They're still teasing us and you know, it's gonna be very interesting to see how things play out But I appreciate all love support wrote 250k and I'm still young speedy you to Russian champion world Appreciate your kicking me. See you next one. Peace


Hi, I'm Tom Constable, Executive Director and CEO of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Many years ago, I chose to become an engineer because I believed in the power of technology to make life better. Engineers are problem solvers. Every way you look, in ways large and small, engineers apply their creativity to make the world cleaner, safer, more productive, and more sustainable. At ASME, that is our mission and our driving force. Today, when climate change, poor sanitation, disease, and among many other critical issues pose an urgent threat to billions around the world, engineers are providing powerful new solutions to humanity's most pressing needs. Now more than ever, the world needs more people who can think like engineers. Men and especially women, from every background and geography, with the multidisciplinary training to improve the quality of life in the undeserved communities around the world. In 2015, the United Nations established a framework for this work called the Sustainable Development Goals, 17 of the most serious problems standing in the way of human progress. ASME is answering the call to action with a suite of programs that we call Engineering Global Development. In fact, ASME jumped in early, even before the UN SDGs were formalized. For the past decade, we've been working to advance progress against these goals. And while we've enjoyed considerable success, there remains much more to do. ASME's Engineering Global Development programs are modeled on three core pillars. The first is our Engineering for Change, also known as E4C, digital platform and community of more than one million users around the world who share ideas and find common causes. It's a fantastic starting point for those who want to learn and contribute virtually. For practitioners who want to get deeper into the global development space, we offer Engineering for Change fellowships. You can learn more about E4C fellowships at our website, engineering4change.org. The second pillar of Engineering Global Development programs is Social Entrepreneurships. Our Innovation Showcase, or iShow, provides mentoring, business advice and seed funding to social innovation startups across the globe and scales new hardware from prototype to market-ready product. Over the past five years, iShow has helped over 150 startups expedite time to market for their products that have positive social and environmental impact. And the third pillar of our programs is Knowledge Sharing. We partner with our sister societies to present the annual Impact Engineering Conference, where we convene our communities, recognize the achievements of the social innovators and highlight their achievements. We also steward research in Engineering for Global Development through our research forum, research papers, and global seminar series. There's never been a more exciting time to be an engineer. With so many urgent challenges, engineers are leading the way to a better future for all of us. Whether you're a student, an aspiring entrepreneur, a working professional, or even a retired engineer, there are so many ways to get involved and make a positive impact. Our job at ASME is to help engineers build that better future. I invite you to join us as we advance engineering for the benefit of humanity. I thank each of you and good luck.


Hello friends, welcome to salespedia current affairs digital library so today we are going to see pizza ok national agriculture hair education project and Bharat Peru on problems perspective and health sector on the problems on mains perspective ok so this is we are going to see today's topic. So first see pizza so what is pizza and why it is in use our ministry of human resource development has signed a pact with OECD which means organization for economic cooperation and development for participating in this pizza program 2021 ok 2021. So this program is actually a three years while it happens once in three years ok now our students from all the central government schools will take part in this 2021 event ok this is the news ok so what is this pizza 2021 so it actually a competency based test ok it is actually a test ok which is conducted for students of 15 years or above in three categories namely reading mathematics and science ok they look after the foundation of these students in learning reading mathematics as well as science ok so what they had said is that will have a students age 15 or above in this program for international student assessment that is pizza ok that that will conduct the foundation of experiment the foundation of these students ok so the age of 15 which means the student will complete the basic education so with that basic education it will check whether the students are compatible enough for the higher education so that is the basic thing so initially it was introduced in the year 2000 by OECD and all the countries were participating nearly most of the countries are participating but India has stayed away from 2012 and 2015 because of the dismal performances in those years in which the India was ranked 72 out of 74 countries so that India did not participate in the last two events ok now in 2009 the schools from Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh have participated in that event ok the students in India are selected from a random sampling conducted by NSSO in all other organizations of the competent students will be selected for this pizza program so this program will be conducted in Kendra Vidyalayas, Navodya Vidyalayas and the union territory of Chandigarh where the pizza 2021 will be held in Chandigarh in the year 2021 ok so this OECD will administer the test across all the schools in Chandigarh in 2021 so to know the capability of the students here the Chandigarh is selected for is the compact area and the Chandigarh holds a record of highest foundation skills hence Chandigarh is selected for pizza 2021 ok so far in 2015 Singapore, Japan and Estonia were ranked as the top three countries in this pizza ranking ok so this is about the news ok next now let's move on to our next topic Bharathpur ok Bharathpur is a national festival of India so which shows the culture quiz in our heritage and other dance forms or culture of India in during the Republic week ok that is the Bharathpur festival so what are the main objective of this Bharathpur first one to create patriotic mood about India and to showcase a rich cultural diversity of India and all to show that the public about a culture and make the public participate in those events and also to popularize the idea of egg Bharath stressed Bharath ok one India the developed India so that is the objective of this Bharathpur program ok now who conducts this so this is conducted by Ministry of Tourism ok it is a nodal agency for conducting this Bharathpur ok this is mostly conducted from January 26 to 31st January of 2019 so it is organized by Government of India with nodal ministry as Ministry of Tourism so what are the major attraction for this year for the first time we have conduct set up a digital showcase booth ok which shows a visual reality of all the areas ok digital innovations like skill India startup India all the all the ideas are shown in visual reality so this was conducted in partnership with Google Arts and Culture ok so this is the major attraction in this event and also we had seen Adopt a Heritage Project of Tourism Ministry where they have set up a stall and they also provided the video footage of the monuments on how they are working forward for developing those monuments ok so it is mostly done by the monument Mitras so who are the volunteers of this Adopt a Heritage Project ok and they also made a replica of Gandhi Gram so Gandhi Gram is based on the painting it is actually a painting made by the ideology of Gandhi ok it is the topic of the topic of the painting so they have made it as with 10 painters they have made and they also made a replica of the statue of the statue of unity that is Sardar Vallabhai Patel statue returned by Sanjan Ratnam ok Sanjan Ratnam he had structured that ok and also other implications like special tourist trains of IRCTC, Jagograha Jaggo programs and also are exhibition conducted by directorate of advertising and visual publicity so these are the major attractions for this today's year Bharat Purv ok so this is about this news ok now let's move on to the next topic NAHEP that is National Agriculture Higher Education Project so while it is in use the Indian Council of Agriculture Research has developed has started developing a project called National Agriculture Higher Education Project that is to develop the agriculture universities and provide higher educations for the students in the country so the major aim is to attract the talent and strengthen the higher agricultural education in the country so this project is actually funded by both Indian Government and World Bank on 50-50 basis ok and they are also planning to start four professional degrees like agriculture, horticulture, fisheries and forestry as professional degrees for as a four year degree ok these are the aims of this NAHEP ok now what are all the objectives first supporting agriculture universities and Indian Council of Agriculture Research in developing relevant and relevant topics for the students as well as develop higher quality education for the agriculture university students ok so this will enhance the country partnership strategy that means it cross cuts all the areas of the country and this will engage in three areas that means integrating all the universities and transformation of the education system and including all the backward or rural areas so these are the basic aim of this NAHEP now it is also a multi-global practice collaboration that means it collaborates with other countries ok other countries to develop agriculture and also the technologies in India ok hence we also look forward for area of climate change job and gender equality so it has even planned to inculcate the syllabus the curriculum of climate change and gender equality into this agriculture university so these are the objectives of this project ok now what are all the achievements what can be done if NAHEP is implemented so NAHEP can implement four sustainable development goals if this project is implemented the first one is inclusive and equitable quality education promote lifelong learning opportunities for all so this is based on the vocational training and also the gender equal and wealth equity training given by the NAHEP so this will include equity education equitable education for both genders ok so this is the first goal next one is inclusive and sustainable economic growth employment and decent work so with diversifying the subjects and diversifying the curriculum the employment opportunity will get increased hence the economic growth will also get increased and in a sustainable manner so this is the second SDG goal the next one is resilient infrastructure promoting industrialization fostering innovations so NAHEP is planning for investing so much in the research and development programs hence it will increase the innovation perspective in the country and this will also help to increase industrialization in the country ok the next the fourth goal is the combat climate change and its impact hence we have seen that it is going to inculcate that curriculum of climate change into its subject so to make awareness about this climate change in all the agriculture universities ok so this is the basic about NAHEP now what are the components the first one is ICR to support agricultural universities either by giving support a technical technological support or even grants to the agriculture university that is the first one the next one is investment in ICR leadership that means providing R&D and providing FDI in this areas also providing investments and encouraging investments from foreign as well as country so these are the second point investment in ICR leadership the next one is project management and learning so implementation of all the NAHEP projects and managing all the areas is the basic components of this project so hence this is about NAHEP which is to develop agriculture higher education and to make it as a quality education for all the agriculture university students ok so this is about NAHEP now let's move on to our next main topic health sector it is actually about a editorial perspective we see about the health sector and its present scenario and what are the way forward ok now what is the health care sector ok the health care sector comprise of all the hospitals medical devices clinical trials outsourcing telemedicine so all these comprises together form this health care sector ok so now health care doesn't mean only hospitals it includes all the peripheral areas ok now this in this health care sector hospital industry alone contributes to 80% of health care market ok and this medical tourism is actually doubling each year the last it was 3 billion dollars of industry now it is going to 6 billion industry hence the medical tourism is doubling year on year ok that is also an important perspective next diagnostic industries is also increasing and it contributes to 25 percentage of this organized sector in the health care industry but whereas the primary health care in organized sector is practically negligible mostly in rural areas ok so this is about the health care sector now let's see what are the present scenario in this health care sector first so we are seeing a further consolidation in 2019 that means due to various regulations and rules the health care industries are merging together ok many of the global players are investing in Indian health care sector and making it is the vast industries so that is the first point so what happens to this because of the consolidation and also the rules and regulations the smaller establishments are becoming unviable they cannot stand up to the present scenario of consolidation of the larger industries which are having a huge potential of growth that makes this smaller establishments more unviable ok and what are the other scenarios here the rules and regulations conducted by the government are constantly changing so that also affects the health care system so this is the third scenario of this health sector now other things Aishman Bharat national health protection scheme which is also known as Pratana Mandri Jan Aarogya that is also in Vogue now ok it aims for providing health care sector to 5 lakh families covering 10 crore people as of December 6 6 lakh people have covered under this scheme ok now what are the other scenarios the out-of-pocket expenditure of India is increased to 62 percentage whereas world level it is just 5 percentage all the brick countries are ahead of us in the out-of-pocket expenditure so the major interesting thing is within 2025 the extreme poverty situation in India is going to be less than 1 percentage so there is no person to be without with hunger but the problem here is most of the people will get into the low income or the middle income groups but this health care shock will make them again dive into this out-of-pocket expenditure and they'll again come below the poverty line so this is the consequence of this out-of-pocket expenditure and the year-on-year the medical inflation is also frightening ok it is developing between 15 to 20 12 to 15 percentage year-on-year so that also shows the out-of-pocket expenditure will become higher in the coming years ok now the Indian doctors and nurses for the population is actually very less ok so we need at least 3 million doctors and 3.6 million hospitals by 2034 but the problem here is one single doctor looks after 1,800 people that is a scenario in India ok now this population growth rate has also slowed sharply so hence this health care sector must look after the technologies for developing this population growth rate ok now other things the burden of maternal and child mortality and infectious disease are actually increasing and also non communicable diseases like the diabetes sugar high blood pressure is also increasing so we must look after the non communicable diseases as well ok now the hunger is not an issue now but the problem of anemia and malnutrition is highly evident in India so mostly in the northern areas ok hence this ever-growing cost of this medical industry health care sector both from the patient side as well as a service provider is actually making it as a double burden for health care sector and added to this we have limited resources for this medical industries and there are high attrition rate that means the leaving of these medical industries are becoming higher and higher and people are choosing for higher education in foreign countries and they are preferring to work in foreign countries neglecting the prospects of this Indian scenario see these are the present scenarios in the health care sectors now what can be done so first one is we have to channelize funds from banking sector to create health care infrastructure so this can be done with the help of ministry of finance to channelize funds for developing the health care infrastructure and providing new technologies the next one is the largest long-time demand of national priority status so that it will give importance for both budget progress as well as in the industrial area of promoting health care sectors and we need and liberalized FDI region so that the foreign investors can give so much of investment into these this health care sector and we have to reduce the import duty of life-saving equipment or even extend some of the duties for life-saving equipment which will make the health care sector far less expensive okay next one is health insurance purchase so India has the lowest health insurance purchase nearly 76% of Indians do not have insurance coverage so hence we must develop or encourage citizens to take up health insurance purchase and we have to focus on long-term financing options not short-term one so these are the problems which are the progress we can done okay and what are the other things biomedical engineering so engineering into biomedical arena is actually a new progress even we can see that ventilators which are used for breathing problems of patients it was initially very difficult to get the pace of the patient but due to this biomedical engineering the ventilator can sense the breathing pattern of the patients and it can work accordingly so these are the major benefits of biomedical engineering so we have to look after this biomedical engineering and also preventive medicines that will actually reduce the cost of health care sector once it is diagnosed previously and it is cured okay the next one the Indian economy is whether ready for it as we have a good regulation pattern now we have a good infrastructure to drive towards a disruptive change which means we can develop health care sectors evidently due to one thing via viability gap funding so we can take up the unviable projects and we can give finance to those projects and develop the health care sector that is the one thing and the GST in India that has made a one tax one nation target so this will also reduces the health care sectors taxations and that will provide more incentive for the health care sectors this digital drive and demontization of the government has actually crumpled in the initial time but now it can give so much of influence like telemedicine also like online conferencing with the doctors that will also improve the health care sector then stringent price controls that will reduce the cost of life-saving equipments which will become less expensive for the patients to afford okay then national accreditation board for hospitals and their compliances that will make the industries more transparent and accountable and also the government's encouragement for startups in health care services that will develop innovations into these health care sectors which will become more cheaper and less expensive so this is about the way forward okay then what can be done the problem here is the most of the doctors and the professionals are preferring for the metropolitan area leaving the rural area behind hence there must be incentives for the doctors and also give industrial status for this health care sector so that it will become a competitive market and the rural areas can be explored and the health care can be given for even the downtrodden people and the remote area people so this is about the health care sector so with this I conclude today's topic so please like share and subscribe to our YouTube channel thank you


تشرف بالاشتغالي بالعلم ولا تبغي به ما عشت يا دادا دالا وياله من شراف عظيمي بابو ذكروا إثبات الرجلي لله عز وجل وإرغمة أنوف المعطيلة الجهمية وإرغمة أنوف المعطيلة الجهمية even if the nose of the جهمية become dusted the معطلة those who reject Allah's characteristics and attributes الذين يكفرون بسفات خالقنا who disbelieve in Allah's characteristics الذين يكفرون بسفات خالقنا who disbelieve in Allah's characteristics عز وجل التي أثبتها لنفسي that which Allah affirmed for himself في محكم تنزيله in his book وعلى لساني نبي صلى الله عليه وسلم on the tongue of his messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم شيخ الاسلام ابن تيمية رحمه الله he took the path of the aim of that one before him and what did he do بواب الشيخ الاسلام من تيمية في عاقيدة الواسطية في his book عاقيدة الواسطية he chapter the bab and this is the bab he called it he called it اثبات الرجلي والقدم والله سبحانه وتعالى في سنة المطهرة he's a chapter he says a fam so he wrote a chapter and he says a faming for Allah a leg or a foot from the prophetic the pure prophetic sunnah and then he started to bring وساقل حديث and then he started to bring وساقل حديث and he started to bring the chain of hadith and I advise every طالب العلم to go and look at this explanation of الشيخ محمد المصالح عثيمين on that chapter you'll find a lot of a way إن شاء الله وتعالى الحافظ من حجر العسقلاني إن فتح الباري حافظ من حجر العسقلاني ورحمه الله إن الفتح الباري رحمه الله he says وقتوليفة في المراد بالقدم إليها it has been disputed in the intent by the word القدم it's been disputed what it means there's a خلاف the خلاف he's talking about is the خالف not the Salaf because look what he says after that I mean what the Salaf did not differ upon this they knew what it meant he's going to tell you what it means are you with me brothers what is it فطريق السلافي the طريق of the Salaf was what فيها تبتيني to Allah's foot وغيره and also other characteristics of Allah the path of the Salaf is مشهورة when it is well known it's well documented their stance is regarding Allah's attributes and Allah's characteristics whether it be these characteristics القدم or whether it be any other characteristics it's very well known their position which is what وهو أنت مرر كما جاءت it's to go over it as it has come what is it to go over it as it has come this issue this particular issue امروها كما جاءت I want to stop over a bit لأن الشيخ I have to mention a powerful statement here right now which is طريق السلاف when he comes to Allah's characteristics he says their position is very well known أليس كذلك it's very well known he said صحيح it's known the خلاف that he mentioned before is not Salaf it's Qalaf and he's going to bring it later إن شاء الله و تعالى the views that they have taken regarding it وما سالف وهادي الأمة their position was clear from the get go what was their position و تمكورة كما جاءت you go over these characteristics as they have come what does it mean to go over it as it has come and there are some people who use this as an argument to say تفوذ المعنى تفوذ المعنى here it is سلاف وهادي الأمة what they used to do what's tough with I mean go over it to me go over it مروح كما جاءت to go over it as it is means say Allah knows what it means and that is not the reality of it that is not the reality if you go to the Kitab أبو بخر الخلال Kitab Al Sunnah are you with me brothers he brings the statement of إمام الأوزاعي رحمه الله and the statement of إمام مكحول زهري that they all said أمروها كما جاءت and also الوليد ابن مسلم he said I asked Malik Ibn Anas سفيان الثوريو ليث ابن ساعد أوزاعي all of them I asked them عن الأخبار التي جاءت في الصفاتي say attention الوليد ابن مسلم is saying I asked الإمام مالك ابن العنس سفيان الثوريو الليث ابن ساعد الوزاعي I asked all of them عن الأخبار التي جاءت في الصفاتي all of the narrations that have come pertaining to Allah's characteristics and attributes I asked فقالوا they said all of them said أمروها كما جاءت go over them as they have come وفي رواية وفي رواية وفي رواية وفي رواية and in a narration قالوا they said أمروها كما جاءت go over it as it has come بلا كيفن without a without a without a how don't try to give it a how don't try to give it a كيفية now if you look at أمروها كما جاءت لاسا ردوا على المعطلة are you with me brothers أمروها كما جاءت is a ردوا على المعطلة as sheikh al-Islam Taymi mentioned in his الحموية is a refutation who the معطلة بلا كيفن is a refutation on what الممثلة the people who do تمثيل of Allah's characteristics are you with me brothers and this statement of course as I said to you ألمان مارك said it سفيانة ثوريو said it ليتبن السعر said it أوزاعيو said it also حمادي ملوزين حمادي ملوسلمة and all of them these أئمة to the dunya of their time they were the أئمة of their time but let's بحن ده here أمروها كما جاءت بلا كيفن and this is something شيخه الإسلام من تيبيا أسفا أسفا أسفا أسفا أسفا and that is أمروها كما جاءت is like the statement of Imam Malik before and I thought of this سلف رحمه الله and what they said if you bring them all together you will have a better understanding and Imam Malik رحمه الله the very famous statement of his and also his attribute التربيعة الرأي رحمه الله وتعالى the sheikh of Imam Malik Imam Malik's teacher that they both said الإستواق غير مجخولن الإستواق is not unknown to us والكيف غير معقولن and that how is not something we have comprehended والإيمان به واجبن and believing it is what obligatory that statement is exactly أمروها كما جاءت بلا كيفن they go hand in hand look at this self negated here بارك الله فيكم what is it that the self negated نفع علم الكيفية they negated the the knowledge of the how look what they said الإستواق غير مجخولن والكيف غير معقولن the cave is unknown to us so what did they negate they negated they negated the how don't say that that's wrong الله has a how in his characteristics they negated the knowledge of the how we don't know it but but why did they negate حقيقة صفحة the reality of the characteristics why didn't they say we also don't know the characteristics as well you would be brother this is powerful رضا the fact that they said أمروها go over it بلا كيفن means and he can't have any other meaning الشيخ المسام he said is because once I give you what the meaning is and the once the meaning is known don't get fooled and start to compare it with other characters to compare it with the creation or give it a how now that you know the meaning of what إستيوان means don't try to compare that characteristics to the one of you see so بلا كيفن comes بعد إثبات حقيقة صفحة after you've affirmed the reality of the characteristics then and only then can I say to you بلا كيفن without a how but if you've negated أصل صفحة the original essence of the characteristics بلا كيفن saying it is what is without a purpose it has no meaning to it rather أل إستيوان غير مجهول إستيوان is not unknown to us we know it in another some of the what does it say أل إستيوان معلوم إستيوان is معلوم to us is well known to us so أل إستيوان is saying we know what إستيوان means we know it in what way في اللغة في اللغة العرب is known as الإستواء على ورتفع that is high and it's above referring to the statement of Abu Aliyah رحمة الله تعالى who mentioned that it is you see so شيخ ولسامي بلوتيميا here he made he elaborates on that point go to his his حماوية also go to his مجموع الفتاة the fifth value page 39 to page 42 you'll find a it benefits from there you'll find a lot of very powerful statements ابن القيم and his مدالج السالكين very beneficial points that he brings so I think that statement of إيمام الحافظ من حجر the reason I went I went off topic here right now is to mention that when حافظ من حجر سن وقتولي ففي المراد بالقدم فطريقة السالف في هذا وغير مشهورة وأن تمر كما جاءت you know what it means تمر كما جاءت it means go over it without a how affirm the meaning in it but don't try to go deep into the how don't try to have the desire to do that you see go over it like that and he himself look at this الله أكبر حافظ من حجر بالسالف his own tongue he says the following he says وقتولي ففي المراد بالقدم فطريقة السالف في هذا وغير مشهورة وأن تمر كما جاءت ولا يتعرض لتأويله and that the person does not indulge in the distortion of these characteristics ولا يتعرض لتأويله don't you take will of it هذا الطريقة تسالف بل نعتقد استحالة ما يوهب النقص على الله رادة what we believe is that the impossibility of any deficiency that will be attributed to Allah's characteristics or any this deficiency that will basically be connected to Allah that Allah is not deficient in any way in formal shape that we believe that's impossible قاسم السلام as Imam Behaqi brings in his Kitab الأسماء والصفاد that Imam Abu-Raid قاسم السلام ودريسي نحن we نروي هذه الأحاديث we will narrate these أحاديث ولا نزيغ لها المعاني and we will not also deviate for it a meaning we won't start to play around with these words and just start making up meanings for it and place meanings in it as we go by and we're going to see that later how they try to distort these characteristics of a قدم ألمام يحيب المعين ألمام يحيب المعين the great Imam that we know he said شهدتو زكريبنا عدي سأل وكيعا يحيب المعين said I was present okay زكريبنا عدي asking وكيعن جرح الرؤاسي he was asking him فقاله he said to him زكريبنا عدي سأل to وكيع يا أبا سوفيان أو أبو سوفيان هذه الأحاديث أو هذه الأحاديث referring to the حديث of القرسي موضع القدماني that the the the the the statement of عباس that the the the place of for Allah's for Allah's for Allah's for Allah's for Allah's for Allah's for Allah's for Allah's وكيع responded by saying أدركنا اسماعيل من أبي خالد وسوفيان ومسعرن we came we we met اسماعيل من أبي خالد and also سوفيان and also مسعرن all of them يحدثون بها these they were all they were all narrating these أحاديث ولا يفصيرون الشيء and they will not give it meanings from themselves from their own selves very good that is in terms of the أئمة to سلف رحمه الله جميعا and what they said regarding this characteristic of Allah now what have the rest said about this and where did they go wrong regarding this so we're now going to falsify the argument of those who try to distort these characteristics by giving it false meanings by giving it false meanings حافظ المحجر in فتح الباري and this is إن شاء الله he brings these after he brings the call of this أئمة to سلف we just mentioned it right now حافظ المحجر mentions the طريقة to سلف and they have methodology that they believed what من روها كما جاءت بلا كيفن that was the methodology in this particular issue very good for others and their position now some of them is what the following there are about five six of views five is views regarding what the word قدر means حافظ المحجر said وخاد كثير من أهل العلم في تقويل دالكة he said a lot of people of scholars and people of knowledge they indulged in the meaning of the interpretation of what the characteristics what the characteristics means قدر what it means the first opinion that was put forward which is المراد إدلاله جهنم الله is humiliating جهنم فإنه إذا بالغت because of جهنم has reached فيطو غياني in its transgression and it is requesting extra to be added onto it إذا الله الله تباركه إذا يحملية فوضاعها تحت القدم and Allah places it under the foot وليس المراد حقيقة القدم and this is not the reality this is not the literal meaning of the word قدم means Allah just belittles it when you belittle somebody say أخي you just put me under the foot man yeah so it's basically إدلاله جهنم it just means Allah is humiliating جهنم does that make sense that's the first group the second one's second group on the second opinion that was suggested or interpretation that was put forward was that that what is meant by it is those who Allah has put forward when قدم means here Allah is going to play in جهنم those who he has what he has قدمه he's put forward من أهل العلام from the people of punishment in the Quran do we not say that it will be my قدم at AD that's what you have for forward the third is that the word قدم here is some of the creations of Allah it's a group from the creation of Allah so they're the ones that are going to be thrown into there another opinion is that there's an actual creation whose name is there's a particular individual whose name is called قدم there's a مخلوق a creation whose name is called قدم another opinion is that the word القدم is the last just like the foot are you with me the Arabs would they say قدم الشيء آخر الشيء that's what they mean the last of things so it means Allah is going to place in the house fire the last of its people also from those who they have to refute him as well is ابن فوراك or ابن فوراك have to refute him which is that he said that the regal the leg that wading غيره ثابتة عند أهل النقلي ابن فوراك who is not known for علم الحديث even though he's the teacher of Imam al-Bayhaqi and Bayhaqi didn't take علم الحديث from him but he took from ابن فوراك or ابن فوراك was علم الكلام he was from the Mutakellim so he speaks about a field that he doesn't know and he goes on to saying that this wading الرجل غيره ثابتة عند أهل النقلي it is not affirmed and it is not transmitted correctly according to the scholars of Hadid half of the Hadir says وهو مردود اللي تبوتها that is a rejected and a refuted argument because it's present في الصحيحي بخاري مسلم we find the wading الرجل that wading in صحيحي بخاري مسلم that argument is very weak and this is how these Mutakellim mean that's how they were towards the Hadith of the Messenger عليه الصلاة و السلام they ignores حديث that in بخاري مسلم they was rejected or they wouldn't even affirm it و لذلك the Saqaf that I spoke to about حصلت سقاف هداه الله what did he do he goes if we find in بخاري and مسلم then أتبارقه تحاله زقد من الرجل you won't take it so you won't take what's in بخاري what's in مسلم then what are you going to take what are you going to take that's where the desire takes you to the end والله it will push you it will push you it will take you to that point like the man who said if I hear my teacher and I think he said if I hear if I hear أعمش narrate this Hadith he said I won't take it and if Aamash narrates from his teacher he sees when he goes he says until he goes to the prophet he says the prophet I want to take it from him even if Allah says I want to take it from him if Allah says it حتى I will I will question الله and that's how the methodology was like these arguments they've always been responded for they've all been responded to because شيخو الإسلامي بلوتيميا in his noble book الفتاة المصرية الفتاة المصرية when the اعترادات was brought forward to him شيخ رحمة الله تعالى سوعز to those who say what the meaning of the word رجل means some argued they said رجل it means in the Arabic language رجلون من هالجرد so the word رجل is طائف is Tajif in the Arabic language لقد قلت هذا ما يعنيه جيد شاكو الإسلامي بلو تايمي يقول يقوم بعمل بعمل بسبب ذلك الذين يقوموا بعملهم لا يجعلوا بعمل لأن الله تعالى يقول حتى يضع حتى يضع وقاموا بعمل مرحبا يقول حتى يضع وقاموا بعمل حتى يلقع حتى يلقع هل أنت معي؟ يقوم بعمل ما هو our one say you say what لا يلقع في الناري وتقول هل من مزيد حتى يضع until Allah تعالى places and not until he throws in لأن يلقع it means that's a creation now that can be used يضع is your placing something in there that gives it a total meaning look at what Allah used are you with me? pay attention when he was talking about the creation what did he say لا يزالوا يلقع فيها at the beginning this one narration the other narration says لا يزالوا but this one says يلقع في الناري people will be thrown to the hellfire so this is a creation you're taking them and you throw them you're taking them and you throw them that's the creation but then when it came to his foot what did he say حتى يضع رجله he didn't say حتى يلقع رجله because if he said حتى يلقع there's a discussion open here now because Allah is placing a creation in there صحيح the argument has no basis also the statement of the messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم قدمه are you with me قدمه if we say قدم here is a type of the creation are you with me are you with me brothers then that would mean Allah attribute this creation to himself because if he goes back to the creation حتى يضع قدمه until Allah places his foot قدمه so if we say حتى يضع until Allah places a group into the hellfire that the fact that Allah brings them back to him because if we say قدمه it means خلقه his creation صحيح and the fact that Allah attributed the creation to him is not من التشريف honoring them are you with me when we say بيت الله for example ناقة الله Allah is ناقة is not من التشريف so if Allah is honoring them why is he throwing them into the hellfire صحيح so according to that لا حقيقة ولا مجاز it doesn't لا يستقين and to say that they're the first or the last are you with me the سياق of the hadith doesn't allow that because what does it say لا يزال يولقة the people will be thrown in there حتى يضع عارج له that shows you that the pouring the people that are being poured into the hellfire had to come to an end because Allah said I did this until he had to place his foot in there meaning the creation finished the creation finished it wouldn't make sense to say حتى للغاية the حتى شوز غاية it wouldn't make sense to say I threw a creation in there until I threw a creation in there لا يستقيموا it doesn't make sense لا يستقيموا it doesn't make sense and Allah had to do something else to make جهنما فل so my beloved brother and sister الشيخ من العثيمين as I said to you if you go to his شر حقيقة الاصطية I'm doing it with Darin he's مؤسس الخيرية go to the second volume page 452 الشيخ من العثيمين he does also response also if you go to الفتاة والمصرية by sheikh and islam من العثيمين he also responds to these arguments and these points that these individuals brought forward and I think that إن شاء الله تعالى gives us a good understanding that this characteristic is the characteristics of Allah إثباتون we affirm it بلا تعطيل we affirm these characteristics of Allah without any تعطيل وتنزيهون and we also negate from him بلا إثباتون بلا تعطيل وتنزيهون بلا تعطيل now is it we affirm إثباتون we affirm for Allah these characteristics بلا تعطيل without resembling to his creations وتنزيهون with negate from Allah بلا without تعطيل إن شاء الله تعالى we're going to conclude there in the life of today's class سبحانك اللهم بحمدك أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله أستغفرك وأتوب إلي


I believe the best people to do this are the folks that are on this side. A lot of our focus is going to shift to this attention, so we need to have these chairs all moved to this side. So part of that is if folks can help us pick up a chair, move it to that side, can folks have a character. And you can just please make some space so chairs can come through. Thank you so much.


Hi everybody. Welcome and thanks for coming. I'm Stephanie Schirmer. I'm a software engineer at Etsy.com. Etsy is a global online marketplace where you can buy and sell handmade and vintage goods. We have 1.5 million active sellers right now and we value craftsmanship and human connection. I write software to help sellers at Etsy. Now, the title of my talk is a culture of courage. I wouldn't say that I'm an overly courageous person. In fact, I'm a bit shy. I'm giving a talk now so that requires a bit of courage. But I'm mainly here because I found myself in a community of encouraging people. These are my colleagues from the Etsy spirit squad. And I'm very grateful for these encouraging people. It hasn't always been this way, especially in internet-related cultures, among nerds and hackers of all kinds and people like me and all of us. We see a lot of the opposite behavior. One, upmanship, outsmarting each other or just plain bad communication. We've all done it. I've done it. And I think it has to do with technology shaping our brains and behaviors. Wait, what did I just say? Technology makes us evil. Now, that's a bit far-fetched. Let me explain what I meant by this. I'm speaking from the perspective of a software engineer, but I think we can deduce general patterns for communities from what I'm saying. Every day I work with a computer. I love that because the computer is a great teaching instrument. From the nature of its construction as a machine, I know that it's always right. We could say it never lies. A faulty behavior has been programmed into the computer by a human at some point. So if I'm trying something new and it doesn't work, I can be pretty sure that the mistake is on my side and I have to poke around to find out what I did wrong. So in comparison to a human, a computer is very deterministic, predictable, following the same rules. Also, that means it's kind of inflexible, right? And programming, a small mistake like a forgotten new line in the program code can make the computer unhappy. Over time my brain learned that it's very important to pay attention to teeny tiny details. Learning this can feel like banging your head against a very rigid wall at times. It's a very humbling process. It's also a very intimidating process. So I have friends who can never remember their passwords and they say it happens because they fear their computer. Because it's so complex but rigid and they fear of doing something wrong when they touch it. My job is building computer programs. That means I work on parts of the system that are under development and not quite working yet. So working with broken code is the main part of my job, right? Imagining the code was working already, then my job would be done. How boring. I'm sure this can be translated to other professions like editing or creating art and media. We are knee-deep in broken things all the time. And that's the nature of our work. And it's not our fault. The weird thing is nobody talks about this part of the process. I don't know about you, but it used to make me feel slightly grumpy and stressed me out. All these not working yet things. Before I heard this thought from my coworker Bethany and I thought about this in depth. It gets even more difficult when we add constraints of the real world, like time, for example. We want our code to be ready fast because we have lots of things to do. That means there's also the trade-off of how to approach our job. Ideally, we write some perfect code. Super clean, easy to understand for the next person. In reality, we have to make it work and then move on to another thing. If we are seasoned and smart about it, we try to strike a balance between idealistic goals and realistic outcome. If we just take shortcuts, we incur technical debt in the project, meaning our shortcuts introduce unclear parts that other people have to tidy up after us. Maybe we even landed on a project where the code is already messy and we are scared to touch certain parts of it. Another constraint is the connection of our work to the rest of the world. How does my code work together with the rest of the code base or my co-worker's code? Maybe we have different styles of writing. Sean likes spaces and I like tabs. My friend Nina said a good code base should look like a single person wrote it, no matter how many people contributed. So there's some communication and decision-making to do to accomplish this. It can be an area of frustration when people insist on having their personal styles met and are not willing to collaborate. This happens surprisingly often and I suspect it's because computers trained us over the years to follow a very rigid style because that's how they work. Also, the collaboration in terms of style should be easy to understand when a new person is joining the project and that's another reason to focus on a clear decision and communication about it. So we could say those are a bunch of different and completely non-technical pitfalls or evils when working with computers. No matter if we are coders, researchers or other digital workers. I've seen people, friends and colleagues, become desperate, cynical, sad, mean or lonely for these reasons because the computer always wins. So there seems to be some fuzzy emotional headspace element to working with computers even though or maybe because they are unemotional machines. I started realizing this when I transitioned between different communities working with computers. So let's talk about technical culture. When I grew up, my dad was a programmer and even though he sat down at some point and coded with me for a bit, he was too impatient to really explain the details and he gave me a book that he had written instead. I don't blame him. I was in primary school and this was the C programming language. I was just too young. When he installed Linux on our home computer, he went to his room alone for a day or two. It was a very mysterious but not very collaborative process. I had learned to read the manual before daring to ask, before I was even in high school. I still remember my first time installing Linux on my own computer, doing it all alone with just the help of the fine manual. And then having a friend help me set up my dial-up modem after moving to my own place, which he did by grabbing my keyboard and typing things without giving any explanation of what he did. Must be wizardry. In the university, I studied computer science and I started going to the local hacker space or airfall crisis, as we say here. They are adorned on me that doing things with the computer has a political dimension. I learned a lot of details, tuning my computer at night, patching and building the kernel of my operating system in order to learn some wizardry myself, mostly all by myself. The meetings with fellow geeks were reserved for boasting about new tricks, new versions and arguing about overheard opinions on software, not learning or sharing. Trying to fight my way into a competitive culture, which wasn't very welcoming to female folks in part because people seemed to be afraid we might find out about the poor they share. These were the awkward years of undergrad studies. Here I learned competing and outsmarting people, not asking questions in fear of looking foolish, even though everybody in the room had the same question. I learned that people seemed to like doing the coding, but not the documentation and writing it was looked down upon and other toxic tricks of engineering culture. I suppose back in the days when engineers were designing mostly trains or bridges, like here, it made sense to have people prove themselves and fight their way into the ranks of esteemed engineers in order to make sure they really do know their shit, how to build stable bridges. This one sensible idea overshot its target and it created a culture that can be an obstacle to learning and development. During my following years as a PhD and postdoc in computer science in which the university became my professional work environment, I saw more and more of these behavioural patterns from growing up in engineering culture take over the internet. So people were outsmarting each other on professional sites like hacker news and Stack Overflow, just as we had done it in our undergrad years in our geeky meetups. I saw people derailing a conversation by adding a, well, actually, just like in school. I saw the same questions being asked at professional conference talks that were in fact just thinly veiled statements of opinions or facts to put the speaker into place or directing the conversation to the person asking the questions. Instead of being a real desire to learn how to do it, I started by having a burning question answered. Also, there was this really beautiful sounding but soft and squishy concept of meritocracy. Or as the German geeks like to call it, wer macht hat recht? Whoever does it is right. Which essentially says that fame in this culture is based on what you do and nothing else. So you are what you do, what you can hack, what you coded. Sounds excellent to me, being judged by what I do means stripping away other factors such as money, class, race, age or gender that can be used to judge a person. No prejudices. Sounds great. Except for it doesn't work like that. Numeritocracy is a theory. In reality, people from different backgrounds are dealt very different hands in life and the amount of money, spare time and education influences what they can hack on or code, what they can do and will be judged for. It sounds like this romantic but unrealistic dream of capitalism where everybody can be a millionaire when they just work hard enough. What's also really dangerous about the meritocracy idea is that people in this culture will always be judged based on productivity. Even in our spare time, we're supposed to write blog posts, contribute to open source software and do cool stuff. So we are optimizing ourselves to be productive even in our spare time. Don't get me wrong. I love tinkering and technical discussions in my spare time and I don't want to say that we should never do such things in our spare time but basing our value on it is like a logical fallacy and creates a lot of pressure. And it makes it really hard to take a break from things or do useful things that don't fall into the cool tech projects pattern like spending time with my grandma. Not taking a break makes most people depressed and burned out after a while. Also, I noticed there was a packing order of geekier than though established in most work groups I was in. So people introduced themselves as old sea gurus, network technology specialists, grumpy sediments with wood privileges and keys to the data center. And many people introduced themselves with the history of how long they'd been programming to make themselves more credible in the group. While I understand that every person has a history and even though I did write my first program as a kid and I compiled my own operating system before, I'm not sure why I should tell this to the people I work with now. It's of no relevance to them except for trying to impress. It establishes a hierarchy and excludes people who are new to the craft. So I catch myself doing it all the time. Looking closer at this pattern, there seems to be a war of generations going on. I'm 33. I'm somewhere in the middle of this war. The order dinosaurs of the internet are strongly shaped by a geekier than though attitude. For them, the internet was a playground of geeks which was a safe space from the rest of the world. It's hostile in its own way because you had to fight your way into it and you prove that you know something or at least you were able to set up your dial-up connection and read a news group. But once you were in, you could be pretty sure to be safe from the jocks and mainstream people that bullied you in school if you were a geeky. Times have changed, though now everybody's on the internet and my 88-year-old grandma skips me from her iPad, which is awesome. And with different communities, there are different interaction patterns again. The internet is now part of everyday life. If I put on my dinosaur geek hat, it's about time to grow up and reflect on my behavioural patterns. The question is, does my inner-old style geek get angry about new people invading my safe space? Is it my space at all? Or do I manage to be inclusive and extend this space and make it even bigger and even nicer? How do we welcome new people? Focusing back on the professional sphere, I think we have problems with passing on knowledge about technology. Historically, people have been kind of exclusive about it. Maybe because in history, technology was an underground niche. Maybe it is because technical people are more versed to focus on technology than on teaching. Maybe it is because of outdated safety concerns. Who knows? But maybe it has to do with the fact that it's really hard to teach programming and other tech topics. You can't really learn it from the book. First of all, the book is most likely outdated. And secondly, the big leaps of learning come from doing the thing, the thing itself. So it's more like a craft. Yet there's no such thing as an apprenticeship or a master apprentice relation when learning about programming because it's still a fairly new craft and it has no links to traditional crafts. A lot of the learning for me happened in informal ways. On the Internet, after class, at night in this parallel universe. A weird cause of the problem of passing on knowledge is also that fellow engineers love to point people to the documentation instead of explaining things.  Interestingly, nobody seems to want to write these manuals. My hard-boiled dinosaur geek me would pride myself on just writing code and documentation was almost as evil as bureaucracy to me. Even though we might not like these behavior patterns or we might not have fully identified all of them, they are known to the entire Internet generation of which I see myself and all of you as a part. It's the toxic undercurrents in the culture that we all love. We have friends who are as geeky and who we really like. And there are fun moments when the empowerment through technology makes up for occasional bad behavior. It can't be that bad, right? I didn't fully realize the extent to which it was dragging me down and how much of this behavior was ingrained in me myself before I moved across the ocean and back where I encountered different tech communities with a different interaction style. I now work in what I describe as the culture of courage and encouragement. Before that, I went to a free school in New York City called Hacker School, now called the Recurse Center. The school works like a writer's retreat for programmers. There are no teachers, just facilitators that help you when you get stuck. So essentially, you pick your own project and then you PR program and teach each other for three months. Hacker School was one of the first safe spaces I encountered for programmers and it was an eye-opening experience. Hacker School created the space by giving you some simple social rewards. No, well, actually. If you're trying to explain something and another person corrects you with well, actually, what they usually do is they throw in some facts nobody asked for just to sound smart and divert the conversation to themselves. No feigning surprise. So if someone asks you in fake surprise, what? You really don't know what a frame buffer is. They don't accomplish anything except for making you feel bad. No backseat driving. If you listen into a conversation where two people are trying to learn something and then you hijack that conversation with the answer, you make these two people feel really bad and make them lose their chance of learning how to figure it out. No subtleties. This makes it possible to call out behavior that makes the space uncomfortable for marginalized people and make it welcoming for everyone. This culture makes it a great learning environment. A place where people feel encouraged to try new things out and ask questions and give answers in a straight forward way without boasting or ridicule or shaming. This was one of my first encounters of a geeky culture that felt safe for asking any kind of question. When I started working at Etsy, I had to write code and bring it live to their website on my first day. It felt like a giant wave of forward trust that everybody had in me. Of course, somebody was reviewing my code and explaining me the steps to put it on the side to make sure it all works, but still it felt like an empowering accomplishment. We called this the first push project because it's the first time an engineer pushes code to the site. A few months later, my colleague Dan and I organized the first push project in the Berlin office where I work from. My colleagues from the international community, design team and office management pushed code to our website. They felt the same sense of empowerment as I did in my first push project. This was a great exercise of unity, breaking down the somewhat artificial barrier between engineers and non-engineers that I always found silly. In the end, it's not magic, even if people like to sell it that way. Also, a few months later, I pushed code which contained a bug for the first time. Uh oh. I was pushing a bit late, all alone in Berlin while my fellow engineers were in Brooklyn. The internet was flaky and I noticed I pushed the wrong thing and caused a bunch of alerts on the test server. I freaked out a little bit, but people patiently offered their help and in the end, we fixed my bug before it even made it out to the real website. Yay! I was actually surprised about how relaxed and friendly my colleagues were in this situation. Nobody was angry at me. People gave me time and trust to fix my mistake. After I fixed the mistake, I found some super nice reassuring messages from fellow engineers who said, don't worry about breaking stuff, we've all done it and they told me their faulty push stories. Even though they were all the way across the ocean, I felt a giant wave of support. So from this anecdote, we can speak a bit about the process for pushing code to the side. We always do it together. We have a queue so that people don't push changes at the same time and write all over each other's changes. We communicate a lot while being in the queue together. The push queue is opening hours to make sure that people are around watching and people don't drive by a push late at night when they are tired. During opening hours and also off hours in case of emergency, every engineer has full autonomy to push code to any part of the side. So we push continuously to the side, driving its change up to 60 times per day. When something breaks, we can push a fix in the same quick fashion, which is oftentimes faster than the speed of the engine. It keeps us rolling forward all the time. There is also a custom which was very surprising to me at first. A price for breaking the side in the most spectacular way. An Etsy seller made a three-arm sweater as a reference to our famous error page, which looks like this. And this sweater, which is a real thing, you can put it on, is awarded as a yearly price. A colleague from our team once bought a sweater because he accidentally banned all Etsy admins from the side, wearing us all from doing our work. The price is giving away a bit jokingly as a reminder that failure happens, even though people usually have good intentions. Good intentions and trust are a very important point to this philosophy. Overall, this strategy sounds counterintuitive, right? Everybody can push code to the side and there is no blame when people break something and they even get a price. Thinking a bit more about it, it makes sense if we come from a place of trust. Then we can assume that the person who introduced the mistake did it by true accident because they were changing something in their best intentions. The system is just so complex that they didn't know it's full behavior at that point in time. They didn't know that their behavior would have a different outcome from what they expected. By blaming them or even firing them, we would let this great moment of learning pass and the same mistake might happen again in the future. Of course, it's a calculated risk. We do have code reviews, tests and the collaborative deploy process and a test server which is called the princess that saved us many times. Still, the full autonomy of deploying code for everybody at all times is important because it allows us to move fast and if things eventually do break despite all our precautions, we can fix them. Another topic that's still a bit hard for me is asking questions the right way. Looking back at my time in university, I feel a bit sad about all the questions I didn't ask and the pressure I felt around asking questions. After all, this should have been the place of learning in my life. Why was I so reluctant to ask questions? Because asking a question makes you vulnerable and exposes an area of not knowing and describes a need or a dependency on another person. And there was no explicit culture around creating a space for asking in class, even though professors occasionally drop phrases like there are no dumb questions, do they really mean it? Why were they sometimes annoyed if somebody did ask a question then? So I asked other people, I asked the professors after class, or I went to the library instead. All fair. What I only realized later is that so many people had the same questions they didn't dare to ask. So I would have made it easier for everyone if I'd mustered the courage to ask more. Of course there's a trade-off and I don't want to be selfish and waste the classes or the professor's time and have them cater to all my smallest needs. I understand that. But understanding each other requires asking questions sometimes and it's surprisingly hard to do without an encouraging community, without good examples and without practice. It got a bit easier with practice and gaining more knowledge in general, but even as a graduate student, I found it hard. Geez, I still find it hard sometimes. At the same time, how can I help people to ask questions? How can I answer a question without making the person who asked it feel uncomfortable? As briefly mentioned, some questions are indeed difficult. I call them unreal questions. They are no real questions. They are demands of attention. Sometimes they are negative. This I've seen when another person gave a really good explanation or when people speak in bigger groups. Maybe they are misguided attempts of a thank you. I'm still figuring those out. But back to answering a real question, the rules of hacker school helped me a lot here because they cut out a great deal of subtle or maybe even subconscious ridicule and boasting such as faint surprise and well-actualies and they encourage people to reflect on their communication patterns. They allow us to address negative mechanisms. We have names for them. And a good first step is also welcoming the question. So I have this colleague, Lara, and every time you ask her a question she says, that's a great question with a lot of enthusiasm and she means it and then she takes the time to answer it. So it's really fun to ask her a question, actually. Another good step is to admit not knowing as a positive example and make it a normal and non-scary thing. This can be used very constructively when saying things like, I've understood the first step but then I don't know why the second step is happening instead of this other thing that I assume to have. This is an area where I try to watch myself continuously. Thinking about this change of perspective that my encouraging colleagues kicked off on me, I noticed a few takeaways. So we could call this really the courage and philosophy part.  There's the myth that there's such a thing as technical perfection and that it scales to bigger systems. We all know that in a sufficiently complex system it's impossible to oversee every detail. I can't. There will be bugs. There's the myth of the ten times engineers, some magical people who do ten times the work of others. This myth has to die because it's introducing more pressure where most people don't have a problem with not working enough. They have a problem with taking breaks. Also it doesn't move ten times as fast come at the cost of technical debt and an untidy code base for other people. That doesn't feel like it would work well with others. And then there's this artificial boundary between engineers and users. Or we could say writers and readers and artists of consumers of art. And consumers of art. So doing the first push program with non-engineers in our office was one of the most empowering moments in a long time. In the end we're all humans and we can all do awesome things. Everybody was able to do it. There's a big element of ego and pride and programming and among nerds. Perfectionism is a problem. Leading to not finishing a project or not even starting it yet. And fear of it not being perfect. And I think the narcissism of the modern internet makes this even worse because you can see all the people around you presenting their awesome projects. And there are so many over achievers and people with really great ideas among us which can be really intimidating. Everybody wants to be awesome, right? And thanks to meritocracy we also have the problem that people strongly identify with their code. So for some people it's hard to get a code review with criticism in it because they learn that they are their code. Which is obviously not true when you're breathing human being with a heart and not a machine. But it's easy to forget when people tell you this all the time. Maybe it's a thought coming with the immense power to change things that you can do in the programming realm. Some people I know practice meditation in order to improve their skills of letting go of the ego and overly controlling elements that can come with coding.   Our parents might have been angry when you got a bad grade. Our inner voice might criticize us for every tiny mistake, wanting us to cover them up and hide them from others. Opportunities for learning are lost in this realm of mind. I think these three problems are disproportionately huge when working with our brains, ideas and computers. I saw them among scientists, writers, artists and geeks. Because oftentimes we cannot see the results of our work. They seem virtual. We cannot touch them. It feels different than building a house from real wood with our real hands. I think it's easy to get alienated from digital work for this very reason and also because a lot of the work is done alone. The work doesn't feel real in some days. Did I do any work at all today? Maybe I'm just imposter. Speak to your fellow nerds about this and find out why and when it happens to you. Another big field of action is the field of collaboration versus competition. So what's competition? Usually we compete when resources are limited or scarce. This is why countries fight over natural resources, right? In capitalism we are supposed to fight for resources that are not limited like grades in school or money to buy digital goods, to establish a healthy competition. Usually this is done to establish some artificial power dynamics. Many goods in a digital world are shareable like education and information. And even if they are limited like attention or one-on-one time of a person, collaborating and giving it freely and helping each other will empower everybody around you in a long run so that even more people can help each other and you in the future. In Montreal I was part of a group that practiced do it together where we exchange computer skills in our spare time. Julia from Montreal is giving away self-made zines about her favorite tool S-Trace. I think sharing and doing stuff together makes it less scary and it's fun. So my favorite trick that I notice in all of the above points is to go from the situation of failure to a situation of learning. As quickly as possible removing blame helps a lot. When there's no blame and shame failure becomes a learning opportunity right away. And also I want to mention that it's still a privilege to fail and learn from it.  So I'm very grateful I'm in this place. I think it's important that we create an inclusive and safe space in which everybody can ask questions try wrong things and improve because that's the way we learn. Always being right means I'm doing or thinking only things that I know already boring. Being wrong and having to change my view is awesome because I just learned something and evolved an idea. And I want to close with a suggestion that you are someone's spirit squad. I had a transformation by other people. I don't have it all figured out. It's an ongoing process for me.  But I'm also starting to see more and more ways to build and expand this culture of courage. And I want to share it with you. I want to be your spirit squad and I want to encourage you to encourage others. And I want to hear the story about your community. Thank you.


So I'll just take a couple of minutes to close out. First of all, thank you everyone for attending, making time for this and staying with us the whole time. As I mentioned earlier today, if you have any suggestions or recommendations on what we should change, what we should add for a future session, a future event we do on MultitenancyCon. I'll be here. Just love to talk to you for a few minutes. And again, I really appreciate you folks making time. And I guess the event starts tomorrow, the formal KubeCon thing. And many of the sessions that were presented today, I mean, there's going to be corresponding booths and other things where you can go and double click on some of the questions you may have. I don't think we have a list of those curated booth numbers, but I think you can look at the company name and look at the location for that.  And we'll be around if you have any questions and looking forward for any feedback and recommendations. Thank you.


A warm welcome to the 21st session of the third module of signals and systems. We have now established a much more general form of the Nyquist principle and it is high time we now state it formally and go beyond just pulses. We have seen trains of pulses, we have seen its Fourier expansion and in fact now we should say the following and let me write that down right away. Now here I see a more general form of the Nyquist sampling theorem of course to give due credit it should be Shannon with take a Nyquist and so on you know all of them are credited. So I do not keep saying all the names every time but we should understand that all of them are credited in the background. So the more general form is let Pt be a periodic wave form, periodic with period t, ts perhaps and let Pt have a Fourier expansion. So the Fourier expansion would be Pt is equal to summation over all k Ck e raised to the power j 2 pi by ts times kt. So we are writing what is called the complex Fourier series. Now we also take the wave form x t which we wish to in principle sample but you know the word sampling as you will notice is not really going to come in anywhere. So here we are just taking a periodic wave form and the periodic wave form could be a train of impulses, it could be a train of pulses but it could be any other periodic wave form and we will see some examples shortly. So let x t be a signal with the Fourier transform that is all that you need and I will write the signal Fourier transform as capital X of omega where omega is the angular frequency. We are saying the Fourier transform of x t Pt is summation k going from minus to plus infinity Ck capital X omega minus 2 pi by ts times k. So simple essentially the original Fourier transform translated by every multiple integer multiple of 2 pi by ts. So you know that integer multiple is the kth. So the kth multiple is 2 pi by ts times k. We will continue this you know now we need to continue this. So it is a long statement multiplied by the corresponding Fourier series coefficient Ck and then added over all integers k and of course the proof is very easy. The Fourier transform of x t Pt is essentially the Fourier transform of this product and then you know x t is independent of k. So we can pull it along with each of those exponentials. We can write this down as summation k going from minus to plus infinity of this and now our job is very simple we have done it before. So we know that the Fourier transform of this is capital X omega minus 2 pi by ts times k and then the result follows from the linearity of the Fourier transform. It is a very simple proof. In fact in a way we have already completed this proof before when we talked about the pulses but I just formally completed the proof once again because now we will take a very simple other example of a periodic waveform just a pure sine wave. So let us take a pure sine wave for variety you know. The sine wave is an angular frequency of 2 pi by ts as you see. So of course the Fourier transform of x t times Pt is essentially now you know it is very easy to write down a Fourier expansion of this. In fact it is already a Fourier expansion in terms of real sinusoids but you can break it down into two complex sinusoids. So it is ac by 2 erases the power j 2 pi by ts times t plus erases the power minus j 2 pi by ts times t and the Fourier transform of x t Pt is so simple it is just capital X ac by 2 of course comes out omega minus 2 pi by ts plus x omega plus 2 pi by ts. Now in fact this is precisely what is done in what is called amplitude modulation. So you know what we do in amplitude modulation for you a lot of you might have been familiar with what is called the amplitude modulation radio. We do hear of it even now although a lot of systems are switching over to digital radio and so on but you know we still hear of the traditional analog radio and AM radio FM radio it is still there it is very much there and amplitude modulated radio is exactly what we are doing. So for example x t could be say a speech signal. So let us take a situation let us take some concrete numbers here. So for example x t could be a speech signal and let us draw some spectrum for the speech signal. A speech signal typically has components not more than 4 kilo hertz. So you know on the angular frequency axis to be 2 pi times 4 into 10 raise to the 3. So some spectrum you do not take the spectrum too seriously some spectrum of course it is going to be symmetric around 0 it is a real signal conjugates symmetric and let 1 by ts equal to 10 kilo hertz this is an example. So you know we need not be again 10 kilo hertz is rather low actually but still it is alright let us just take it as an example. What would the spectrum of x t times p t look like let us say now it would look something like this you have to centre this of course around 2 pi into 10 into 10 raise to the power 3 and move the whole spectrum that lies around this. So 10 minus 4 10 plus 4 that is from 6 to 14. So here this would essentially be a c by 2 so you know it is scaled up by a c by 2 up or down does not depends on the value of a c of course and this is again the one shifted backwards. So if x t is a speech signal then this 10 kilo hertz that we took was actually what is called the carrier you know what we do typically in amplitude modulation we aim to multiply the original signal which is to be modulated with a carrier and a sinusoidal carrier is the most desirable and when we multiply it by a carrier the spectrum gets shifted forward and backward by the carrier frequency that is what is happening here and as you can see if the carrier frequency is large enough the shifted versions do not reach 0 at all they should not as you can see here they are beyond 6 6 and beyond good. So this is the spectrum of the amplitude modulated speech signal and of course you have a 10 kilo hertz carrier so this is a surprising form of you know of course a lot of books do not write it like they do not write this as an example of the Nyquist theorem I am just intentionally restating Nyquist theorem now a little more technically. So if I have a pure sinusoid which essentially has two complex exponentials what you are doing in applying the Nyquist theorem here is essentially to carry out amplitude modulation and in fact this also tells you how you could carry out amplitude modulation not by using a sinusoidal carrier but any other periodic waveform. So for example you could build an AM signal as follows you could multiply it by the train of pulses that we have been talking about all the while in the last couple of sessions and then you could use a system that isolates not the 0 frequency part but the part around the carrier. You see what I mean? Let me say a little more about this in the next session. Thank you.


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