Preface of The San Francisco Calamity by Earthquake and Fire. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org, recording by Hawaii in May 2010. The San Francisco Calamity by Earthquake and Fire. A complete and accurate account of the fearful disaster which visited the great city and the Pacific Coast, the reign of panic and lawlessness, the plight of 300,000 homeless people and the worldwide rush to the rescue, told by eyewitnesses, including graphic and reliable accounts of all great earthquakes and volcanic eruptions in the world's history and scientific explanations of their causes, edited by Charles Morris. Preface. Earthquake and famine, fire and sudden death, these are the destroyers that man fear when they come singly, but upon the unhappy people of California they came together, a hideous quartet, to slay human beings, to blot from existence the wealth that represented prolonged and strenuous effort to bring hunger and speechless misery to 300,000 homeless and terror-stricken people. The full measure of the Catastrophe can probably never be taken. The summary cannot be made amid the panic, the confusion, the removal of ancient landmarks, the complete subversion of the ordinary machinery of society. When chaos comes, as it did in San Francisco, and all the channels of familiar life are closed and human anguish grows to be intolerable, compilation of statistics is impossible, even if it were not repugnant to the feelings. And when all there is once more restored after the lapse of many weeks, months or perhaps years, the details of the calamity have merged into one undecipherable mass of misery which defies the analyst and the historian. It is the purpose of this book faithfully to record the story of these awful days when years were lived in a moment and to preserve an accurate chronicle of them, not only for the people whose hearts yearn in sympathy today, but for their posterity. Other frightful Catastrophes the world has known. The earthquake which dropped Lisbon into the sea in 1755 and in a moment swallowed up 25,000 people was perhaps more awful than the convulsion which has brought a woe to San Francisco. When Krakatoa Mountain in the Straits of Sunda in 1883 split a sundar and poured across the land a mighty wave in which 36,000 human beings perished, the results also were more terrible. The whirlwind of fire which consumed Saint-Pierre in the island of Martinique and the devastation wrought by Vesuvius a few days previous to that at San Francisco need not be used for comparison with the latter tragedy, but they may be referred to that we may recall the fact that this land of ours is not the only one which has suffered. But since the western hemisphere was discovered there has been in this quarter of the globe no violence of natural forces at all comparable in destructive fury with that which was manifested upon the Pacific coast. The only other calamity at all equalling it or surpassing it was the Civil War and that was the work of the evil passions of man inciting him to slay his brother while nature would have had him live in peace. The earthquake in San Francisco which crumbled stone buildings as if they were made of paper would have been terrible enough but afterward came the horror of fire and of imprisoned men and women burned alive and now to it was added the suffering of multitudes from hunger and exposure. Public attention is fixed on the great city but smaller cities had their days and nights of destruction, horror and misery. Some were almost destroyed, others were partly ruined and beyond their borders over a wide area the trembling of the earth toppled houses annihilated property and transformed riches into poverty. The cost in life can be reckoned. The money loss will never be computed for the appraised value of the racket property conveys no notion of the consequences of the almost complete paralysis over a time of the commercial operations by means of which men and women earn their bread. When the weakness and the folly and the sin of men bring woe upon other men there are plenty of texts for the preacher and no scarcity of earnest preachers but here is a vast and awful catastrophe that befell from an act of nature apparently no more extraordinary than the shrinkage of hot metal in the process of cooling. The consequences are terrifying in this case because they involve the habitations of half a million people but no doubt the process goes on somewhere within the earth almost continuously and it no more involves the theory of malignant nature than that of an angry God. If we contemplate it possibly we may be helped to a profitable estimate of our own relative insignificance. We think with some notion of our importance of the thousand million men who live upon the earth but they are a mere handful of animate atoms in comparison with the surface to say nothing of the solid contents of the globe itself. We are fond of boasting in this latter day of man's marvelous success in subduing the forces of nature and while we are in the midst of exaltation over our victories nature tumbles the rocks about somewhere within the bowels of the earth and we have to learn the old lesson that our triumphs have not penetrated further than to the very outermost dream of the realms of nature. A few weeks almost helpless creatures we millions of men stand upon the deck of a great ship which goes rolling through space that is itself incomprehensible and usually we are so busy with our paltry ambitions, our transgressions, our righteous labours, our prides and hopes and entanglements that we forget where we are and what is our destiny. A direct interposition from a superior power even if it be hurtful to the body might be required to persuade us to stop and consider and take anew our bearings so that we may comprehend in some larger degree our precise relations to things. The wisest men have been the most ready to recognize the beneficence of the discipline of affliction. If there were no sorrow we should be likely to find a school of life unprofitable. For one thing the school wherein sorrow is a part of the discipline is that in which is developed human sympathy one of the finest and most ennobling manifestations of the love which is, in its essence, divine. In human life there is much that is ignoble and the race has almost contemptible weakness and insignificance in comparison with the physical forces of the universe. But man is superior to all these forces in his possession of the power of affection and in almost the lowest and basest of the race this power, if latent and half lost may be found and evoked by the spectacle of the suffering of a fellow creature. The human family looks on with pity while the homeless and hungry and impoverished Californians endure pangs. Wherever the news went, by the swift process of electricity there men and women, some of them perhaps hardly knowing where California is were sorry and willing and eager to help. There are quarrels within the family sometimes when nation wars with nation and all love seems to have vanished but the world is, in truth, akin. God hath made of one blood all the nations of the earth and the blood tells when suffering comes. San Francisco and its terrific earthquake On the splendid bay of San Francisco one of the noblest harbors on the whole vast range of the Pacific Ocean long has stood like a queen of the west on its seven hills the beautiful city of San Francisco the youngest and in its own way one of the most beautiful and attractive of the large cities of the United States. Born less than sixty years ago born with the healthy rapidity of a young giant outfying many cities of much earlier origin until it has one rank as the eighth city of the United States and as the unquestioned metropolis of our far western states. It is on this great and rich city that the dark demon of destruction has now descended as it fell on the next younger of our cities, Chicago, in 1872. As the rage of the fire fiend that desolated the metropolis of the lakes. Upon the queen city of the west the twin terrors of earthquake and conflagration have descended at once careening through its thronged streets its marts of trade and its abodes alike of poverty and wealth and with the red hand of devastation sweeping one of the noblest centers of human industry and enterprise from the face of the earth. It is this story of almost irremediable ruin which it is our unwelcome duty to chronicle but before entering upon this sorrowful task some description of the city that has fallen prey to two of the earth's chief agents of destruction must be given. San Francisco is built on the end of a peninsula or tongue of land lying between the Pacific Ocean and the broad San Francisco Bay a noble body of inland water extending southward for about 40 miles and with a width varying from 6 to 12 miles. Northward the splendid body of water is connected with San Pablo Bay 10 miles long and the latter with Susan Bay, 8 miles long the whole forming a grand range of navigable waters only surpassed by the great northern inlet of Puget Sound. The Golden Gate a channel 5 miles long connects this great harbor with the sea the whole giving San Francisco the greatest commercial advantages to be found on the Pacific Coast the early days of San Francisco the original side of the city was a grant made by the king of Spain of four square leagues of land Congress afterwards confirmed this grant it was an uninviting region with its two lofty hills and its various lower ones a barren expanse of shifting sand dunes extending from their feet the population in 1830 was about 200 souls about equal to that of Chicago at the same date it was not much larger in 1848 when California fell into American hands and the discovery of gold set in train the famous rush of treasure seekers to that far land in 1849 dawned the town contained about 2,000 people they had increased to 20,000 before the year ended the place with its steep and barren hills and its sandy stretches was not inviting but its ease of access to the sea and its sheltered harbor were important features and people settled there making it a date-po of mining supplies and a point of departure for the mines the place grew rapidly and has continued to grow at first a city of flimsy-frame buildings it became early a prey to the flames fire sweeping through it three times in 1850 and taking toll of the young city to the value of $7,500,000 these conflagrations swept away most of the wooden houses and businessmen began to sell more substantially of brick, stone, and iron but today, for climatic reasons most of the residences continue to be built of wood but the slow-burning redwood of the California hillsides is used instead of the inflammable pine the result being that since 1850 the loss by fire in the residence section of the city has been remarkably small in 1900 the city contained 50,494 frame and only 3,881 stone and brick buildings though the tendency to use more durable materials was then growing rapidly before describing the terrible calamity which fell upon this beautiful city on that red morning of April 18, 1906 some account of the character of the place is very desirable that readers may know what San Francisco was before the rage of earthquake and fire reduced it to what it is today the character of the city the site of the city of San Francisco is very uneven embracing a series of hills of which the highest ones known as the Twin Peaks reached to an elevation of 925 feet and formed the crown of an amphitheater of lower altitudes several of the latter are covered with handsome residences and afford a magnificent view of the surrounding country with its bordering bay and ocean and the Noble Golden Gate Channel a river-like passage from ocean to bay of five miles in length and one in width this waterway is very deep except on the bar at its mouth where the depth of water is 30 feet since its early days the growth of the city has been very rapid in 1900 it held 342,782 people and the census estimate made from figures of the city directory in 1904 gave it then a population of 485,000 probably a considerable exaggeration in it are mangled inhabitants from most of the nations of the earth and it may claim the unenviable honor of possessing the largest population Chinese outside of China itself the colony numbering over 20,000 of the pioneer San Francisco few traces remain the old buildings having nearly all disappeared large and costly business houses and splendid residences have taken their place in the central portion of the city marble, granite, terracotta iron and steel being largely used as building material the great prevalence of frame buildings in the resident sections is largely due to the popular belief that they are safer in a locality subject to earthquakes while the frequent occurrence of earth tremors long restrained the inclination to erect lofty buildings not until 1890 was a high structure built and a few skyscrapers had invaded the city up to its day of ruin they will probably be introduced more frequently in the future recent experience having demonstrated that they are in considerable measure earthquake proof the city before the fire contained numerous handsome structures including the famous old palace hotel built at a cost of $3 million and with accommodations for 1200 guests the nearly finished and splendid Fairmont Hotel the city hall with its lofty dome on which $7 million is said to have been spent much of it doubtless political plunder a costly United States post office an academy of science and many churches, colleges, libraries and other public edifices the city had 220 miles of paved streets 180 miles of electric and 77 of cable railway 62 hotels 16 theaters 4 large libraries 5 daily newspapers etc together with 28 public parks sitting like Rome of old on its seven hills San Francisco has long been noted for its beautiful sight clasped in as it is between the Pacific Ocean and its own splendid bay on a peninsula of some 5 miles width where this juts into the bay at its northernmost point rises a great promontory known as Telegraph Hill from whose height homeless thousands have recently gazed on the smoke rising from their ruined homes in the early days of Golden Promise a watchman was stationed on this hill to look out for coming ships entering the Golden Gate from their long voyage around the horn and signal the welcome news to the town below from this came its name Cliffs rise on either side of the Golden Gate and on one is perched the Cliff House long a famous holstery this stands so low that in storms the surf is flung over its lower portico though its force is broken by the seal rocks a chief attraction to this house was to see the seals play on these rocks their favorite place of resort the Cliff House was at first said to have been swept bodily by the earthquake and to the sea but it proved to be very little injured and stands erect in its old picturesque location in the vicinity of Telegraph Hill are Russian and Knob Hills the latter getting its peculiar title from the fact that the wealthy Knob's residents of Bonanza Days built their homes on its summit level farther to the east are Mount Olympus and Strawberry Hill and beyond these the Twin Peaks which really embrace three hills the third being named Bernal Heights farther to the south and east is Rincon Hill the last in the Half Moon Crescent of Hills within which is a spread of flat ground extending to the bay hills on the Pacific side stretches a vast sweep of sand at some places level but often gathered into great round dunes part of this has been transformed into the beautiful Golden Gate Park a splendid expanse of Green Vidur which has long been one of San Francisco's chief attractions beneath the hole of San Francisco is a rock formation but everywhere on top of this extends the sand to the winds this is of such a character that a whole dug in the street anywhere even if only to the depth of a few feet must be shoreed up with planking or it will fill as fast as it is excavated the sand running as dry as the contents of an hourglass when there is an earthquake or a tumbler to use the Spanish name it is the rock foundation that is disturbed not the sand but the concrete serves to lessen the effect of the earth trimmer the foundations of the city leaving the region of the hills and descending from their crescent shaped expanse we find a broad extent of low ground sloping gently toward the bay on the slow lying flat was built all of San Francisco's business houses all its principal hotels and a large part of its tenements poor dwellings it was here that the earthquake was felt most severely and that the fire started which laid waste the city rarely has a city been built on such doubtful foundations the greater part of the low ground was a bay in 1849 but it has since been filled in by the drifting sands blown from the ocean side by the prevailing west winds and by earth dumped into it the land was made ground 49ers still alive say that when they first saw San Francisco the waters of the bay came up to Montgomery Street the palace hotel was in Montgomery Street and from there to the fairy docks a long walk for any man the water had been driven back by a filling in process this is the district that especially suffered that south of market and east of Montgomery streets nearly all the large buildings in this section are either built on piles driven into the sand and mud or were raised upon wooden foundations it is on such ground as this that the costly post office building was erected despite the protests of nearly the entire community who asserted that the ground was nothing but a filled in bog in none of the earthquakes that San Francisco has had was any serious damage except to houses in this filled in territory and to houses built along the line of some of the many streams which ran from the hills down to the bay and which were filled in as the town grew for instance the grand opera house was built over the bed of St. Anne's Creek a bog slow and marsh known as the pipe fill slow was the ground on which the city hall was built and which was originally a burying ground sand from the western shore had blown over and drifted into the marsh and hardened its surface when the final grading scheme of the city was adopted in 1853 and work went on the waterfront of the city was where Clay Street now is between Montgomery and Sansom streets the present level area of San Francisco of about 1,000 acres is an average of 9 feet above or below the natural surface of the ground and the changes made necessitated the transfer of 21 million cubic yards from hills to hollows houses to the number of thousands were raised or lowered street floors became sub-sellers or third stories and the whole natural face of the ground was altered through this infirm material of the water and sewer system of San Francisco in its business districts and in most of the region south of Market Street were laid when the earthquake came the filled-in ground shook like the jelly it is the only firm and rigid material in its millions of cubic yards of surface area and depth were the iron pipes naturally they broke as they would not bend and San Francisco's water system was constantly disabled with the result that the fire became complete master of the situation and raged uncontrolled for three days and nights although the earthquake wrecked the business and residential portions of the city alike on the hills the land did not sink all made ground sank in consequence of the quaking but on the high ground the upper parts of the buildings were about the only portions most of the damage on the hills was done by falling chimneys on Montgomery Street half a block from the main office of the Western Union Company the middle of the street was cracked and blown up but during the shocks which struck the Western Union building only the top stories were cracked similar phenomena were experienced in other localities and the bulk of the disaster so far as the earthquake was concerned was confined to the low lying region above described the bane of the earthquake from the origin of San Francisco the earthquake has been its bane during the past 50 years fully 250 shocks have been recorded while all California has been subject to them but frequency rather than violence of shocks has been the characteristic of the seismic history of the state there having been few shocks that cause serious damage and none since 1872 that led to loss of life there was a violent shock in 1856 when the city was only a mining town of small frame buildings several shanties were overthrown and a few persons killed by falling walls and chimneys there was a severe shock also in 1865 the buildings were shattered next in violence was the shock of 1872 which cracked the walls of some of the public buildings and caused a panic there was no great loss of life in April 1898 just before midnight there was a lively shakeup which caused the tall buildings to shake like the snapping of a whip and drove the tourists out of the hotels into the streets three or four old houses fell and the Benisha Navy Yard which is on made ground across the bay was damaged to the extent of about $100,000 the last severe shock was in January 1900 when the St. Nicholas Hotel was badly damaged these were the heaviest shocks on the other hand, light shocks as above said have been frequent probably the sensible quicks damaged three or four a year these are usually tremblings lasting from 10 seconds to a minute and just heavy enough to wake light sleepers or to shake dishes about on the shelves tourists and newcomers are generally alarmed by these phenomena but old Californians have learned to take them philosophically to one is not afraid of them the sensation of one of these little tremblers is rather pleasant otherwise and the inhabitants grew so accustomed to them as rarely to let them disturb their equanimity after 1900 the forces beneath the earth seemed to fall asleep as it proved they were only biting their time the era was at hand when they were to declare themselves in all their mighty power and fall upon the devoted city with ruin in their grasp but all this lay hidden in the secret casket of time and the city kept up to its record as one of the liveliest and in many respects the most reckless and pleasure loving on the continent its people squandering their money with thoughtless improvidence and enjoying to the full all the good that life held out to them on the 17th of April 1906 the city was, as usual gay, careless, busy its people attending to business or pleasure with their ordinary vim as inclination led them and not a soul dreaming of the horrors that lay and wait they were as heedless of coming peril and death as the inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah before the rain of fire from heaven descended upon their devoted heads this is not to say that they were doomed by God to destruction like those cities of the plains we should more wisely say that the forces of ruin within the earth take no heed of persons or places they come and go as the conditions of nature demand and if man has built one of his cities across their destined track its doom comes from its situation not from the moral state of its inhabitants the great disaster of 1906 that night the people went with their wanted equanimity to their beds rich and poor sick and well alike did any of them dream of disaster in the air? it may be so for often as the poet tells us coming events cast their shadows before but forewarned by dreams or not doubtless not a soul in the great city was prepared for the terrible event so near at hand when at thirteen minutes past five o'clock on the dread morning of the eighteenth they felt their beds lifted beneath them as if by a tightened hand heard the crash of falling walls and ceilings and saw everything in their rooms tossed madly about while through their windows came the roar of an awful disaster from the city without it was a matter not of minutes but of seconds yet on all that coast long the prey of the earthquake no shock like it had ever been felt no such sudden terror awakened no such terrible loss occasioned as in those few fearful seconds again and again the trembling of the earth passed by three quickly repeated shocks and the work of the demon of ruin was done people woke with a start to find themselves flung from their beds to the floor many of them covered with the fragments of broken ceilings many lost among the ruins of falling floors and walls many penned in agonizing suffering under the ruins of their houses which had been utterly wrecked in those fatal seconds many there were indeed who had been flung to quick if not to instant death under their ruined homes those seconds of the rain of the elemental forces had turned the gassed most careless city of the continent into a wreck which no words can fitly describe those able to move stumbled in wild panic across the floors of their heaving houses regardless of clothing of treasures of everything but the mad instinct for safety and rushed headlong into the streets to find that the earth itself had yielded to the energy of its frightful interior forces and had in places been torn and rent like the houses themselves new terrors assailed the fugitives as fresh tremors shook the solid ground some of them strong enough to bring down shattered walls and chimneys and bring back much of the mad terror of the first fearful quake the heaviest of these came at eight o'clock while less forcible than that which had caused the work of destruction it added immensely to the panic and dread of the people and put many of the wanderers to flight on toward the ferry the great mass in the direction of the sand dunes and Golden Gate Park the spectacle of the entire population of a great city thus roused suddenly from slumber by a fierce earthquake shock and sent flying into the streets in utter panic were not buried under falling walls or tumbling debris is one that can scarcely be pictured in words and be given in any approach to exact realization only in the narratives of those who passed through its horrors and experienced the sensations to which it gave rise some of the more vivid of these personal accounts will be presented later but at present we must continue ourselves to a general statement of the succession of events the earthquake proved but the beginning and much the least destructive part of the disaster in many of the buildings there were fires banked for the night but ready to kindle the inflammable material hurled down upon them by the shock and others were live electric wires which the shock brought in contact with woodwork the terror-stricken fugitives saw here and there in all directions around them the alarming vision of red flames curling upward and outward in gleaming contrast to the white light of dawn just showing in the eastern sky those lurid gleams climbed upward in devouring haste and before the sun had fairly risen a dozen or more of conflagrations were visible in all sections of the business part of the city and in places great buildings broke with startling suddenness into flame which shot hotly high into the air while the mass of the people were stunned by the awful suddenness of the disaster and stood rooted to the ground and wandered helplessly about to blink dismay there were many alert and self-possessed among them who roused themselves quickly from their dismay and put their energies to useful work some of these gave themselves to the work of rescue seeking to save the injured from their perilous situation and draw the bodies of the dead from the ruins under which they lay those base wretches to whom plunder is always the first thought were as quickly engaged in seeking for spoil and edifices laid open to their plundering hands by the shock meanwhile the glare of the flames brought the firefighters out in hot haste with their engines and up from the military station at the Presidio on the Golden Gate side of the city came at double quick a force of soldiers under the efficient command of General Funston of Cuban and Philippine fame these trained troops were at once put on guard over the city with directions to keep the best order possible and with strict command to shoot all looters at sight Funston recognized at the start the necessity of keeping the lawless element under control in such an exigency as that which he had to face later in the day the first regiment of California National Guards was called out to be put on duty with similar orders rescuers and firefighters the work of fighting the fire was the first and greatest duty to be performed but from the start it proved a very difficult almost a hopeless task with fierce fires burning at once in a dozen or more separate places the fire department of the city would have been inadequate to cope with the demon of flame even under the best of circumstances as it was they found themselves handicapped at the start by a nearly total lack of water the earthquake had disarranged and broken the water mains and there was scarcely a drop of water to be had so that the engines proved next to useless water might be drawn from the bay but the center of the conflagration was a mile or more away and this great body of water was rendered useless in the stringent exigency the only hope that remained to the authorities was to endeavor to check the progress of the flames by the use of dynamite blowing up buildings in the line of progress of the conflagration this was put in practice without loss of time and soon the thunder like roar of the explosions began blasts being heard every few minutes each signifying that some building had been blown to atoms the gaps thus made the flames leapt and though the brave fellows worked with a desperation and energy of the most heroic type it seemed as if all their labors were to be without a veil the terrible fire marching on as steadily as if a colony of ants had sought to stay its devastating progress the horror of the people it was with grief and horror that the mass of the people gazed on the steady march of the army of ruin they were seemingly half days by the magnitude of the disaster strangely passive in the face of the ruin that surrounded them as if stunned by despair and not yet awakened to a realization of the horrors of the situation among these was the possibility of famine no city at any time carries more than a few days supply of provisions and with the wholesale districts and warehouse regions invaded by the flames the shortage of food made itself apparent from the start water was even more difficult to obtain the supply being nearly all cut off those who possess supplies of food and liquids of any kind in many cases took advantage of the opportunity to advance their prices thus an associated press man was obliged to pay twenty-five cents for a small glass of mineral water the only kind of drink that at first was to be had while food went up at the same rate bakers frequently charging as much as a dollar for a loaf as for the expressmen and cab men their charges were often practically prohibitory as much as fifty dollars being asked for the conveyance of a passenger to the ferry policemen were early stationed at some of the retail shops regulating the sale and the price of food and permitting only a small portion to be sold to each purchaser so as to prevent a few persons from exhausting the supply the fire, the swaying and tottering walls the frequent dynamite explosions each followed by a crashing shower of stones and bricks rendered the streets very unsafe for pedestrians and all day long the flight of residents from the city went on growing quickly to the dimensions of a panic the ferry boats were crowded with those who wished to leave the city and a constant stream of the homeless carrying such articles as they had rescued from their homes was kept up all day long seeking the sand dunes, the parks and every place uninvaded by the flames before night Golden Gate Park and the unbuilt districts adjoining on the ocean side presented the appearance of a tented city shelter of many kinds being improvised from bedding and blankets and the people settling into such sparse comfort as these inadequate means provided a strange feature of the disaster was a rush to the banks by people who wished to get their money and flee from the seemingly doomed city the fire front was yet distant from these institutions which were destined to fall a prey to the flames and all that morning lines of disheveled and half frantic men stood before the banks on Montgomery and Sansom streets braving in their thirst for money the smoke and falling embers and beating in wild anxiety upon the doors their effort was vain the doors remained closed finally the police drove these people away and the banks went on with the work of saving their valuables as for the people who wildly fled toward the ferries in spite of the fact that ten blocks of fire as the day went on stopped all egress in that direction it became necessary for them to be driven back by the police and the troops and they were finally forced to seek safety in the sands and thus with incident manifold went on that fatal Wednesday the first day of the dread disaster official record of the earthquake it is important here to give the official record of the earthquake shocks as given by the scientists Professor George Davidson of the University of California says of them the earthquake came from north to south and the only description I am able to give of its effect is that it seemed like a terrier shaking a rat I was in bed but was awakened by the first shock I began to count the seconds as I went towards the table where my watch was being able through much practice closely to approximate the time in that manner the shock came at five twelve o'clock the first sixty seconds were the most severe at that time on it decreased gradually for about thirty seconds there was then the slightest perceptible lull then the shock continued for sixty seconds longer being slightly in degree in this minute than in any part of the proceeding minute and a half there were two slight shocks afterwards which I did not time at eight fourteen o'clock I recorded a shock of five seconds duration and one at four fifteen of two seconds there were slight shocks which I did not record at five seventeen and at five twenty seven at six fifty p.m. there was a sharp shock of several seconds professor A. O. Lauchner of the students observatory of the University of California thus records his observations the principal part of the earthquake came in two sections the first series of vibrations lasting about forty seconds the vibrations diminished diminished gradually during the following ten seconds and then occurred with renewed vigor for about twenty five seconds more but even at noon the disturbance had not subsided as slight shocks are recorded at frequent intervals on the seismograph the motion was from south southeast to north northwest the remarkable feature of this earthquake aside from its intensity was its rotary motion as seen from the print the sum total of all displacements represents a very regular ellipse and some of the lines representing the earth's motion can be traced along the whole circumference the result of observation indicates that our heaviest shocks are in the direction south southeast to north northwest in that respect the records of the three heaviest earthquakes agree entirely but they have several other features in common one of these is that while the displacements are very large the vibration period is comparatively slow amounting to about one second in the last two big earthquakes if we seek to discover the actual damage done by the earthquakes the fact stands out that the fire followed so close upon it that the traces of its ravages were in many cases obliterated so many buildings in the territory of the severe shock fell a prey to the flames or to dynamite that the actual work of the earth forces was made difficult and in many places impossible to discover this fact is likely to lead to considerable dispute and delay when the question of insurance adjustment comes up many of the insurance companies finding their risk to fire damage and claiming exemption from liability in the case of damage due to earthquake among the chief victims of the earth shake was the costly and showy city hall with its picturesque dome standing loftily above the structure this dome was left still erect but only a skeleton might stand with its flesh gone and its bare ribs exposed to the searching fire its roof its smaller towers came tumbling down in frightful disarray and the once proud edifice is today a miserable wreck fire having aided earthquake and its ruin the new post office a handsome government building also suffered severely from the shock its walls being badly cracked an injury done by earthquake and fire that is estimated will need a million dollars to repair freaks of the earthquake one observer states that the earthquake appeared to be very irregular in its course he tells us that there are gas reservoirs with frames all twisted and big factories thrown to the ground while a few yards away are miserable shanties with not a board out of place wooden, stale and brick structures hardly felt the earthquake in some parts of the city while in other places all were wrecked skirting the shore northwest from the big ferry building which was so seriously injured that it will have to be rebuilt the first thing observed was the extraordinary irregularity of the earthquake's course pier number five for instance is nothing but a mass of ruins while pier number three at one side of it and pier number seven on the other side similar in size and construction are undamaged farther on the cosmos line pier is a complete wreck the big forts at the entrance to the golden gate also suffered seriously from the great shakeup and the emplacements of the big guns were cracked and damaged the same is the case with the fortifications back of old fort point being for the present rendered useless it will take much time and labor to restore their delicate adjustment upon their carriages the buildings that collapsed in the city were all flimsy wooden buildings and old brick structures the steel frame buildings even the score or more in course of construction escaping injury from the earthquake shock of the former one of the most complex was the valencia hotel a four-story wooden building which collapsed into a heap of ruins pinning many persons under it's splintered timbers skyscrapers earthquake proof in fact as the reports of damage wrought by the earthquake came in the conviction grew that one of the safest places during the earthquake shock was on one of the upper floors of the skyscraper office buildings as a matter of fact not a single person so far as can be learned lost his or her life or was seriously injured in any of the tall steel frame structures in the city although they rocked during the quake like a ship in a gale the loss of life was caused in almost every case by the collapse of frame structures which the native san franciscan believed was the safest of all in an earthquake or by the shaking down of portions of brick or stone buildings which did not possess an iron framework the manner in which the tall steel structures stood the shock is a complete vindication of the strongest claims yet made for them and it is made doubly interesting from the fact that this is the first occasion on which the effect of an earthquake of any proportions on a tall steel structure could be studied. The St. Francis Hotel a 16-story structure can be repaired at an expenditure of about $400,000 its damage being almost wholly by fire the steel shell and the floors are intact although the building rocked like a ship in a gale while the quake lasted its foundations are undamaged other steel buildings which are so little damage as to admit of repairs more or less extensive are the James Flood the Union Trust the Call Building the Mutual Savings Bank the Crocker Woolworth building and the Postal Building all of these are modern buildings of steel construction from 16 to 20 stories. A peculiar feature of the effect of the earthquake on structures of this kind is reported in the case of the Farmount Hotel a 14-story structure the first two stories of the Farmount are found to be so seriously damaged that they will have to be rebuilt while the other 12 stories are un-injured. Various explanations are being made of the surprising resistance shown by the skyscrapers the great strength and binding power of the steel frame combined with a deep-seated foundation and great lightness as compared with buildings of stone are the main reasons given. The iron it is said, unlike stone, responded to the vibratory force and passed it along to be expended in other directions while brick or stone offered a solid and impenetrable front with the result that the seismic force tended to expend itself by shaking the building to pieces. Whether there was a scientific basis for the latter theory or not it seems reasonable enough in view of the descriptions given us of the manner in which the steel buildings received the shock. All things considered the modern steel building has afforded in the San Francisco earthquake the most convincing evidence of its strength. From Golden Gate Park came news of the total destruction of the large building covering a portion of the children's home. The walls were shattered beyond repair. The roof fell in and the destruction was complete. The pillars of the new stone gates at the park entrance were twisted and torn from their foundations. Some of them weighing nearly four tons being shifted as though they were made of cork. It is a little singular that the monuments and statues in the city escaped without damage except in the case of the opposing Dewey Monument in Union Square Park which suffered what appears to be a minor injury. In this connection an incident of extraordinary character is narrated. Among the statues on the buildings of the Leland Stanford Junior University, all of which were overthrown, was a marble statue of Carrera and a niche on the building devoted to zoology and physiology. This in falling broke through a hard cement pavement and buried itself in the ground below from which it was dug. The singular fact is that when recovered it proved to be without a crack or scratch. This university seemed to be a central point in the disturbance the destruction of its buildings being almost total though they had been built with the special design of resisting earthquake shocks. Such was the general character of the earthquake at San Francisco and in its vicinity. It may be said farther that all or very nearly all the deaths and injuries were due to it directly or indirectly even those who perished by fire owing their deaths to the fact of their being pinned in buildings ruined by the earthquake shock while others were killed by falling walls weakened by the same cause. On the night of April 23rd the earth tremor returned with a slight shock only sufficient to cause a temporary alarm. On the afternoon of the 25th came another and severe one strong enough to shake down some tottering walls and add another to the list of victims. This was a woman named Annie Whitaker who was at work in the kitchen of her home at the time. The chimney which had been weakened by the great shock now fell crashing through the roof and fracturing her skull. Thus the earth powers claimed a final human sacrifice before their dread visitation ended. End of Section 1 Section 2 of the San Francisco Calamity by Earthquake and Fire This is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org The San Francisco Calamity by Earthquake and Fire Edited by Charles Morris Chapter 2 The Demon of Fire Invades the Stricken City The terrors of the Earthquake are momentary. One fierce leveling shock and usually all is over. The torment within the earth has passed on and the awakened forces of the earth's crust sink into rest again after having shaken the surface for many leagues. Rarely does the dread agent of ruin leave behind it such a terrible follower to complete its work as was the case in the doomed city of San Francisco. All seem to lead towards such a carnival of ruin as the earth has rarely seen. The Demon of Fire followed close upon the heels of the unseen fiend of the earth's hidden caverns and ran red-handed through the metropolis kindling a thousand unhurt buildings while the horror-stricken people stood aghast in terror as helpless to combat this new enemy as they were to check the ravages of the earthquake itself. Why not quench the fire at its start with water? Alas, there was no water and this expedient was a hopeless one. The iron mains which carried the precious fluid under the city streets were broken and the quenching streams were to be had. In some cases the engine houses had been so damaged that the firefighting apparatus could not be taken out, though even if it had it would have been useless. A sweeping conflagration had not an ounce of water to throw upon it. The situation of the people was a maddening one. They were forced helplessly and hopelessly to gaze upon the destruction of their all and it is no marvel if many threw frantic and lost their reason at the sight. Thousands gathered and looked on in blank and pitiful misery. Their strong hands, their iron wills of no avail while the red-lipped fire devoured the hopes of their lives. In a dozen, a hundred places the flames shot up redly. Huge, strong buildings which the earthquake had spared fell an unresisting prey to the flames. The great iron-bound towering Spreckles building a steeple-like structure of eighteen stories in height the tallest skyscraper in the city had resisted the earthquake and remained proudly erect. But now the flames gathered round and assailed it. From both sides came their attack. A broad district nearby containing many large hotels and lodging-houses was being fiercely burnt out and soon the windows of the lofty building cracked and splintered. The flames shot triumphantly within. And almost in an instant the vast interior was a seething furnace, the wild flames rushing and leaping within until only the blackened walls remained. The resistless march of the flames. This was the region of the newspaper offices and they quickly succumbed. The examiner, standing across Third Street from Spreckles collapsed from the earthquake shock. A flimsy edifice it had long been looked upon as dangerous. Another building in the rear of this alone resisted both flames and smoke. Across Market Street from the examiner stood the Chronicle building, a dozen stories high. Firmly built it had borne the earthquake assault unharmed, but the flames were an enemy against which it had no defense and it was quickly added to the victims of the fire-fiend. Finally the chief business thoroughfare of the city stood that great caravan, Ceri, the Palace Hotel, which for thirty years had been a favorite hostelry, housing the bulk of the visitors to the Californian metropolis. Its time had come. Doom hovered over it. Its guests had fled in good season as they saw the irresistible approach of the conquering flames. Soon it was a blaze. The flames of flame curled hotly in the air. It became a thrice-heated furnace, like so many of the neighboring structures, adding its quota to the vast cloud of smoke that hung over the burning city and rapidly sinking in red ruin to the earth. All day Wednesday the fire spread unchecked. All efforts to stay its devouring fury proving futile. In the business section of the city the house was left standing. Theaters crumbled into smoldering heaps. Factories and commission houses sank to red ruin before the devouring flames. The scene was like that of ancient Babylon in its fall, or old Rome when set on fire by Nero's command as tradition tells. In modern times there has been nothing to equal it except the conflagration at Chicago when the flames swept to ruin the great lakes. When night fell and the sun withdrew his beams the spectacle was at once magnificent and awe inspiring. The city resembled one vast blazing furnace. Looking over it from a high hill in the western section the flames could be seen ascending skyward for miles upon miles, while in the midst of the red spirals of flame could be seen at intervals the black skeletons and falling framed buildings. Above all this hung a dense pall of smoke, showing lurid where the flames were reflected from its dark and threatening surface.  The walls of blankets and clothing which they had brought with them are on the hard sidewalks or the grass of the open parks. The Care of the Wounded Through all the streets ambulances and express wagons were hurrying carrying dead and injured to morgues and hospitals, but these refuges for the wounded or receptacles for the dead were no safer than the remainder of the city. In the morgue at the Hall of Justice fifty bodies lay approach of the flames rendered it necessary to remove to Jackson Square these mutilated remnants of what had once been men. Hospitals were also abandoned at intervals, doctors and nurses being forced to remove their patients in haste from the approaching flames. There is an open park opposite City Hall. Here the Board of Supervisors met and, with fifty substantial citizens who joined them, formed a to take in hand the direction of affairs and to seek safe quarters for the dying and the dead. Strangely enough, Mechanics Pavilion opposite City Hall had escaped injury from the earthquake though it was only a wooden building. It had the largest floor in San Francisco and was pressed into service at once. The police and troops working in harmony together passed the word that the dead and injured should be brought there. The workers, with the morgue having become choked and the order was quickly obeyed until about four hundred of the hurt many of them terribly mangled were laid in improvised cots attended by all the physicians and trained nurses who could be obtained. The corpses were much fewer, the workers being too busy in fighting the fire and caring for the wounded to give time and attention as yet to the dead, but one of the first mother and three children, all dead except the baby, which had a broken arm and a terrible cut across the forehead. They had been dragged from the ruins of their house on the waterfront. A large consignment of bodies, mostly of working men, came from a small hotel on Eddie's Street through the roof of which the upper part of a tall building next door had fallen, crushing all below. Fire attacks the Mint. To return to the story of the conflagration the escape of the United States Mint was one of the most remarkable incidents. Within the vaults of this fine structure was the vast sum of three hundred million dollars in gold and silver coin and a value of eight million dollars in bullion and toward this mighty sum of wealth the flames swept on all sides as if eager to add the reservoir of the precious metals to their spoils. The Mint building passed through the earthquake with little damage, though its big smokestacks were badly shaken. The fire seemed bent on making it its prey, every building around it being burnt to the ground and it remaining the only building for blocks that escaped destruction. Its safety was due to the energy and activity of its employees. Superintendent Leach reached it shortly after the shock and found a number of men already there, whom he stationed at points of vantage from roof to basement. The fire apparatus of the Mint was brought into service and help given by the fire department and after a period of strenuous labor the flames were driven back. The peril for a time was critical, the windows on Mint Avenue taking fire and also those on the rear three stories and the flames for a time pouring in and driving back the workers. The roof also caught fire, but the men within fought like Titans and efficient aid was given by a squad of soldiers sent to them. In the end the fire fiend was vanquished, though considerable damage was done to the adjusting rooms and the refinery while the heavy stone cornice on that side of the building was destroyed. The total loss to the Mint was later estimated at $15,000. Late on Wednesday evening the fire front crept close up to Mechanics Pavilion where a core physicians and numerous nurses were active in the work of relief to the wounded. Ambulances and automobiles were busy unloading new patients rescued from the ruins when word came that the building would have to be vacated in haste. Every available vehicle was at once pressed into service and the patients removed as rapidly as possible, being taken to hospitals and private houses in the safer parts of the city. Hardly had the last of the injured carried through the door when the roof was seen to be in a blaze and shortly afterward the whole building burst into a whirlwind of flame. At midnight the fire was raging and roaring with unslacked rage and at dawn of Thursday its fury was undiminished. The work of destruction was already immense. In much of the Hayes Valley District south of McAllister and north of Market Street the destruction was complete. From the Mechanics Pavilion and St. Nicholas Hotel opposite down to Oakland Ferry the journey was heart-rending, the scene appalling. On each side was ruin, nothing but ruin, and hillocks of masonry and heaps of rubbish of every description filled to its middle the city's greatest thoroughfare. Across an alley from the post office stood the Grant Building, one of the headquarters of the Army. Of this only the smoke darkened walls were left. On Market Street opposite this building the beautiful front of the Hibernian Savings Bank, the favorite institution of the middle and poorer classes, presented a hideous aspect of ruin. At eleven o'clock of Wednesday night the north side of Market Street stood untouched, and hopes were entertained that the great flood, crocker, phalan, and other buildings would be spared, but the hunger of the fire-fiend was not yet satiated and the following day these proud structures had only their black and ruins to show. On both sides of Market Street down to the ferry the tail was the same. The handsome and gigantic St. Francis Hotel on Powell Street, fronting on Union Square, was left a ruined shell. This was one of the lofty steel structures that bore unharmed the earthquake shock but quickly succumbed to the flames. Among the other skyscrapers north of Market Street that perished were the 14 Story Merchants Exchange and the Great Mills Building occupying almost an entire block. One section of the city that went without pity, as it had long stood with reprobation, was that group of disreputable buildings known as Chinatown, the place of residents of many thousands of celestials. The flames made their way unchecked in this direction, and by noon on was a raging furnace, the denizens escaping with what they could carry of their simple possessions. On the farther western side the flames cut a wide swath to Van Ness Avenue, a wide thoroughfare, at which it was hoped the march of the fire in this direction might be checked, especially as the water mains here furnished a weak supply. In the Missouri District to the south of Market Street the zone of ruin extended westward toward the southern portion, but was checked at 14th and Missouri streets by the wholesale use of dynamite. At this point were located the Southern Pacific Hospital, the St. Francis Hospital, and the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In order to save these institutions buildings were blown up all around them, and by noon the danger was averted. It later became necessary to destroy the Southern Pacific Hospital with locations having been removed to places of safety. The Palaces on Nobs Hill In the center of San Francisco rises the aristocratic elevation known as Nobs Hill, on which the early millionaires built their homes, and on which stood the city's most palatial residences. It ascends so abruptly from Carney Street that it is inaccessible to any kind of vehicle, the slope being at any angle a little short degrees. It is as steep on the south side, and the only approach by carriage is from the north. To this hill is due the Pioneer Cable Railway, built in the early 70s. Here the big four of the railroad magnets, Stanford, Hopkins, Huntington, and Crocker had put millions in their mansions, the Mark Hopkins residents being said to have cost $2,500,000. These men are all dead, and the last named edifice has been converted into the Hopkins Art Institute, and at the time of the fire was well filled with costly art treasures. The Stanford Museum, which also contains valuable objects of art, is now the property of the Leland Stanford University. The Flood Mansion, which cost more than $1 million, was one of the showy residences on this hill, west of it being the Huntington home, and farther from the Crocker residents, with its broad lawns and magnificent stables. Many other beautiful and costly houses stood on this hill, and opposite the Stanford and Hopkins edifices, the Great Fairmount Hotel had for two years passed been in the process of construction and was practically completed. On the northeastern slope of this hill stood the famous Chinatown, through which it was necessary to pass to ascend Nobbs Hill to the Wholesale District. This region of palaces was the next to fall a prey to the insatiable flames. Early Thursday morning a change in the wind sent the fire westward, eating its way from the waterfront north of Market Street towards Nobbs Hill. Steadily but surely it climbed the slope, and the Stanford and Hopkins edifices fell victims to its fury. Others of the palaces of Millionairedom followed. Huge clouds of smoke enveloped the beautiful White Stone Fairmount Hotel, and there was a general feeling of horror when this magnificent structure seemed doomed. To it the committee of safety had retreated, but the flames from the burning buildings opposite reached it, and the committee once more migrated in search of safe quarters. Fortunately it escaped with little damage, its walls remaining intact and much of preservation, warranting its managers to offer space within it to the committees whose aim it was to help the homeless or to store supplies. Some of the woodwork of the building was destroyed by the fire, but the structure was in such good condition that work on it quickly resumed, with the statement that its completion would not be delayed more than three months beyond the date set, which was November 1906. Ending north-westerly from Carnie Street and Montgomery Avenue, untouched during the first day, the fire spread freely on the second. This district embraces the Latin Quarter. Peopled by various nationalities the house is being of the flimsiest construction. Once it had gained a foothold there the fire swept onward as though making its way through a forest in the driest summer season. An apocryphal incident was told of the fire in this quarter, which may be repeated as one example of the fables set afloat. It is stated that water to fight the fire here was sadly lacking, the only available supply being from an old well. At a critical moment the pumps sucked dry, the water in the well being exhausted. The residents were not yet conquered. Some of them threw open their cellar doors and calling for assistance began to spread barrels of red wine. Barrel after barrel appeared until fully five hundred gallons were ready for use. Then the barrel heads were smashed in and the bucket brigade turned from water to wine. Sacks were dipped in the wine and used for fighting the fire. Beds were stripped of their blankets and these soaked in the wine and hung over exposed portions of the cottages while men on the roof stretched the shingles and sides of the wine. The post-script to this queer story is that the wine won and the firefighters saved their homes. The story is worth retelling, though it may be added that wine, if it contained much alcohol, would serve as a feeder rather than as an extinguisher of flame. A striking description of the aspect of the city on that terrible Wednesday is told by Jerome B. Clarke, whose home was in Berkeley but San Francisco. He left for the city early Wednesday morning after a minor shake-up at home which he thus describes. A vivid fire picture. I was asleep and was awakened by the house rocking. With the exception of water invasions and milk and pans being spilled and one of our chimneys badly cracked, we escaped with nothing but a bad scare. But I can assure you it was a terrific and terrifying experience to feel the old house rocking, jolting and jumping under us, with the most terrible roar, dull, deep and nerve-wracking. It calmed down after that and we went back to bed, only to get up at six o'clock to find that neighbors had suffered by having vases knocked from tables, brick-a-brack knocked around, tiles knocked out of grates, and scarcely a chimney left standing. We thought that we had had the worst of it so I started over to the city as usual, reaching there about eight o'clock, and it is just impossible to describe the scenes that met my eyes. In every direction from the ferry building, flames were seething, and as I stood there, a five-story building, half a block away, fell with a crash, and the flames swept clear across Market Street and caught a new fire-proof building recently erected. The streets in places had sunk three or four feet. In others great humps had appeared four or five feet high. The street-car tracks were bent and twisted out of shape. Electric wires lay in every direction. Streets on all sides were filled with brick and mortar. Buildings either completely collapsed or brick fronts had just dropped completely off.  These mostly the wagons of the produce dealers, who do the greater part of their work at that hour of the morning. Warehouses and large wholesale houses of all description, either down or walls bulging or else twisted, buildings moved bodily two or three feet out of a line and still standing with walls all cracked. The call building, a twelve-story skyscraper, stood and looked all right at first glance, but had moved at the base two feet at one end out into the sidewalk and the elevators refused to work, all the interior being just twisted out of shape. It afterward burned as I watched it. I worked my way in from the ferry climbing over piles of brick and mortar and keeping to the center of the street and avoiding live wires that lay around on every side, trying to get to my office. I got within two blocks of it and was stopped by the police on a count of falling walls. I saw that the block in which I was located was on fire and seemed doomed. So turned back and went up into the city. Not knowing San Francisco you would not know the various buildings, but fires were blazing in all directions and all of the finest and best of the office and business buildings were either burning or surrounded. They pumped water from the bay, but the fire was soon too far away from the waterfront to make any efforts in this direction of much avail. The water mains had been broken by the earthquake and so there was no supply for the firefighters and they were helpless. The only way out of it was to dynamite and I saw some of the finest and most beautiful buildings in the city, new modern palaces blown to atoms. First they blew up one or two buildings at a time. Finding that of no avail they took half a block. But in spite of them all the fire kept on spreading. The city hall, which, while old, was quite a magnificent building, occupying a large square block of land was completely wrecked by the earthquake and to look upon reminded one of the pictures of ancient ruins of Rome or Athens. The Palace Hotel stood for a long time after everything near it had gone, but finally went up in smoke as the rest. You could not look in any direction in the city but what mass after mass of flames stared you in the face. To get about one had to dodge from one street to another, back and forth in zigzag fashion, and half an hour after going through a street it would be impassable. One after another the magnificent business blocks went down. The newer buildings seemed to have withstood the shock better than any other, except well-built frame buildings. The former lost some of the outside shell, but the frame stood all right, and in some cases after fire had eaten them all to pieces the steel skeleton, although badly twisted and warped, still stood. When I finally left the city it was all in flames as far as 8th Street, which is about a mile and a quarter or half from the waterfront. I had to walk at least around in order to get to the ferry building, and when I got there you could see no buildings standing in any direction. Nearly all the docks caved in or sheds were knocked down, and all the streets along the waterfront were a mass of seams, upheavals and depressions, car tracks twisted in all shapes. Cars that had stood on sightings were all in ashes and still burning. Wednesday's conflagration continued unabated throughout the day, and it was not until late on Friday that the firefighters got it safely under control. They worked like heroes, struggling almost without rest, keeping up the nearly hopeless conflict until they fairly fell in their tracks from fatigue. Handicapped by the lack of water they in one case brought it from the bay through lines of hose well onto a mile in length. Yet despite all they could do block after block of San Francisco's greatest building succumbed to the flames and sank in red ruin before their eyes. The landmarks consumed. On all side famous landmarks yielded to the fury of the flames. For three miles along the waterfront the ground was swept clean of buildings, the blackened beams and great skeletons of factories, warehouses, and business edifices standing silhouetted against a background of buildings, while the whole commercial and office quarter of Market Street suffered a similar fate. We may briefly instance some of these victims of the flames. Among them were the Occidental Hotel on Montgomery Street for years the headquarters for army officers, the old Lick House built by James Lick, the philanthropist, the California Hotel and Theatre on Bush Street, and of theaters the Orpheum, Bazaar, the Majestic, the Columbia, the Magic, the Central, Fishers, and the Grand Opera House on Missouri Street where the Conrad Opera Company had just opened for a two weeks opera season. The banks that fell were numerous including the Nevada National Bank, the California, the Canadian Bank of Commerce, the First National, the London in San Francisco, the London, Paris, and American, the Bank of British North America, the German American Savings Bank, and the Crocker-Wollworth Bank Building. A large number of splendid apartment houses were also destroyed and the tide of destruction swept away a host of noble buildings far too numerous to mention. At Post Street and Grant Avenue stood the Bohemian Club, one of the widest known social organizations in the world. Its membership included many men famous in art, literature, and commerce. Its rooms were decorated with the works of members. Many of whose names are known wherever paintings are discussed and many of them priceless in their associations. Most of these were saved. They were on special exhibition in the Jinx Room of the Bohemian Club, a dozen paintings by old masters including a Rembrandt, a Diaz, a Marillo, and others, probably worth $100,000. These paintings were lost with the building which went down in the flames. One of the greatest losses was that of St. Ignatius Church and College at Van Ness Avenue and Hays Street, the greatest Jezevitical institution in the West, which cost a couple of million dollars. The Merchant's Exchange Building, a twelve-story structure, eleven of whose floors were occupied as offices by the Southern Pacific Railroad was added to the sum of losses. The Fire Under Control For three long days the terrible fire fiend kept up his work and the fight went on until late on Friday when the sweep of the flames was at length checked and the fire brought under control. The principal agent in this victory was Dynamite, which was freely used. To its work a separate chapter will be devoted. When at length the area of inflagration was limited the wealthiest part of the city lay in embers and ashes, one of the principal localities to escape being Pacific Heights, a mile west from Nobs Hill on which stood many costly homes of recent construction. On Friday night the fire that had worked its way from Nobs Hill to North Beach Street sweeping that quarter clean of buildings veered before a fierce wind and made its way southerly to the Great Seawall with its docks and grain warehouses. The flames reached the tanks of the San Francisco Gas Company which had previously been pumped out and on Saturday morning the grain sheds on the waterfront about a half mile north of the ferry station were fiercely burning. But the fire here was confined to a small area and with the work of fire boats in the bay and of the firemen on shore who used salt water pumped to their engines it was prevented from reaching the ferry building and the docks in that vicinity. The buildings on a high slope between Van Ness and Polk Streets Union and Philbert Streets were blazing fiercely fanned by a high wind but the blocks here were so thinly settled that the fire had little chance of spreading widely from this point. In fact it was at length practically under control and the entire western addition of the city west of Van Ness Avenue was safe from the flames. The great struggle was fairly at an end and the brave force of workers were at length given some respite from their strenuous labours. During the height of the struggle and the days of exhaustion and depression that followed exaggerated accounts of the losses and of the area swept by the flames were current. Some estimate making the extent of the fire fifteen square miles out of the total of twenty-five square miles of the city's area. It was not until Friday the twenty-seventh that an official survey of the burned district made by city surveyor Woodward was completed and the total area burned over found to be two thousand five hundred acres a trifle less than four square miles. This however embraced the heart of the business section and many of the principal residence streets much of the saved area being occupied by the dwellings of the poorer people so that the money loss was immensely greater than the percentage of ground burned over would indicate. End of Chapter 2 Recording by Kathleen Nelson Austin, Texas May 2010 Section 3 of the San Francisco Calamity by Earthquake and Fire This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org The San Francisco Calamity by Earthquake and Fire Edited by Charles Morris Chapter 3 Fighting the Flames with Dynamite Shaken by Earthquake Swept by Flames The water supply cut off by the breaking of the mains The authorities of the doomed city had appalled. What could be done to stay the fierce march of the Flames which were sweeping resistlessly over palace and hovel alike, over stately hall and miserable hut? Water was not to be had. What was to take its place? Nothing remained but to meet ruin with ruin, to make a desert in the path of the fire and thus seek to stop its march. They had dynamite, gunpowder and other explosives and in the frightful exigency there was nothing else to be used. Only for a brief interval did the authorities yield to the general feeling of helplessness. Then they aroused themselves to the demands of the occasion and prepared to do all in the power of man in the effort to arrest the conflagration. While the soldiers under General Funston took military charge of the city, squads of cavalry and troops of infantry patrolling the streets and guarding the sections that had not yet been touched by the Flames, Mayor Schmitz and Chief of Police Dynan sprang into the breach and prepared to make a desperate charge against the platoons of the fire. This was not all that was needed to be done. From the Barbary Coast, as the resort of the vicious and criminal classes was called, hordes of wretches poured out as soon as night fell, seeking to slip through the guards and loot stores and rob the dead in the burning section. Orders were given to the soldiers to kill all who were engaged in such work, and these orders were carried out. An Associated Press reporter saw three of these thieves shot and fatally wounded and doubtless others of them were similarly dealt with elsewhere. A band of firefighters was quickly organized by the Mayor and Chief of Police and devoted firemen put themselves in the face of the flames, determined to do their utmost to stay them in their course. Cut off from the use of their accustomed engines and water streams, which might have been effective if brought into play at the beginning of the struggle, there was nothing to work with but the dynamite cartridge and the gunpowder mine, and they set bravely to work to do what they could with ease. On every side the roar of fire could be heard, and the crash of falling walls came to the ear, while people were forced to leave buildings which still stood, but which it was decided must be felled. Frequently a crash of stone and brick, followed by a cloud of dust, gave warning to pedestrians that destruction was going on in the forefront of the flames, and that travel in such localities was unsafe. Fighting the flames all through the night of Wednesday to Thursday this work went on hopelessly but resolutely. During the following day blasts could be heard in different sections at intervals of a few minutes, and buildings not destroyed by fire were blown to atoms, but over the gaps jumped the live flames, and the disheartened firefighters were driven back step by step, but they continued the work with little regard for their own safety and with great desperation. One instance of the peril they ran may be given. Lieutenant Charles O. Puelis, commanding the 24th company of light artillery, had placed a heavy charge of dynamite in a building at 6th and Jesse streets. For some reason it did not explode, and he returned to relight the fuse, thinking it had become extinguished. While he was in the building the explosion took place, and he suffered injuries that seemed likely to prove fatal, his skull being fractured and several bones broken, while he was injured internally. In the early morning when the fire reached the municipal building on Portsmouth Square the nurses, with the aid of soldiers got out 50 bodies which were in the temporary morgue and a number of patients from the receiving hospital. Just after they reached the street with their gruesome charge a building of lying bricks and splinters came falling upon them. The nurses fortunately escaped harm, but several of the soldiers were hurt and had to be taken with the other patients to the Out-of-Doors Presidio hospital. The Southern Pacific Hospital, at 14th and Missouri streets was among the buildings destroyed by dynamite, the patients having been removed to places of safety and the Linda Vista and the Pleasanton, two large hospitals on Jones Street in the better part of the city were also among those blown up to stay the progress of the conflagration. The struggle against the fire The fire had continued to creep onward and upward until it reached the summit of Knob Hill, a district of splendid residences and threatened the handsome Fairmount Hotel, the then headquarters of the municipal council acting as a committee of public safety. As day broke the flames seized upon this beautiful structure and the council was forced to retreat to new quarters. They finally met in the North End police station on Sacramento Street and there entered actively upon their duties of seeking to check the progress of the flames, maintain order in the city and control and direct the host of fugitives, many of whom, still in a state of semi-panic, were moving helplessly to and fro and sadly needed wise councils and a helping hand. The firefighters meanwhile kept up their indefatigable work under the direction of the mayor and the chief of their department. The engines almost from the start had proved useless from lack of water and were either abandoned or moved to the outlying districts, in the vain hope that the water mains might be repaired in time to permit a final stand against the whirlwind streams. The cloud of despair grew darker still as the report spread that the city's supply of dynamite had given out. No more dynamite! No more dynamite! screamed a man as he ran up Ellis Street past the doomed flood building at two o'clock on Friday morning, tears standing in his smoke-smarched eyes. No more dynamite! Oh God! No more dynamite! We are lost! moaned the throng that heard his despairing voice. A new supply of explosives. So, at that hour, the supply of the explosive exhausted and not a dozen streams of water being thrown in the entire fire zone, the stunned firemen and the stupefied people stood helpless with their eyes fixed and despair upon the swiftly creeping flames. Had all been like these, the entire city would have been doomed. But there were those at the head of affairs who never for a moment gave up their resolution. Dynamite and giant powder were to be had in the Presidio military reservation and a requisition upon the army authorities was made. The louder reverberations as the day advanced and night came on showed that a fresh supply had been obtained and that a new and determined campaign against the conflagration had been entered upon. Hitherto much of the work had been ignorantly and carelessly done, and by the hasty and premature use of explosives more harm than good had been occasioned. As the fire continued to spread in spite of the heroic work of the fighting corps, the Committee of Safety called a meeting at noon on Friday and decided to blow up all the residences on the east side of Van Ness Avenue, between Golden Gate and Pacific Avenues, a distance of one mile. Van Ness Avenue is one of the most fashionable streets of the city and has a width of 125 feet, a fact which led to the idea that a safety line might be made here too broad for the flames to cross. The firemen, therefore, although exhausted from over 24 hours work and lack of food, determined to make a desperate stand at this point. They declared that should the fire cross Van Ness Avenue and the wind continue its earlier direction toward the west, the destruction of San Francisco would be virtually complete. The district west of Van Ness Avenue and north of McAllister constitutes the finest part of the metropolis. Here are located all of the finer homes of the well-to-do and wealthier classes, and the resolution to destroy them was the last resort of desperation. Hundreds of police, regiments of soldiers and scores of volunteer were sent into the district to warn the people to flee. They heroically responded to the demand of law and went bravely on their way, leaving their loved homes and trudging painfully over the pavements with the little they could carry away of their treasured possessions. The reply of a grizzled fire engineer standing at O'Farrell Street in Van Ness Avenue, beside a blackened engine, may not have been as terse as that of Hugo's guardsmen at Waterloo, but the pathos of it must have been as great. In answer to the question what they proposed to do, he said, we are waiting for it to come. When it gets here we will make one more stand. If it crosses Van Ness Avenue, the city is gone. The savers of the city. Yet the work now to be done was much too important to be left to the hands of untrained volunteers. Skilled engineers were needed, scientific handling of explosives, and it was men of this kind who finally saved what is left today of the city. Three men saved San Francisco, so far as any San Francisco existed after the fire had worked its will, these three constituting the dynamite squad who faced and defied the demon at Van Ness Avenue. When the burning city seemed doomed and the flames lit the sky farther and farther to the west, sent a trio of his most trusted men from Mare Island with orders to check the conflagration at any cost of property. With them they brought a ton and a half of gun-cotton. The terrific power of the explosive was equal to the maniac determination of the fire. Captain McBride was in charge of the squad. Chief Gunner Adamson placed the charges and the third Gunner set them off. While himself on Van Ness Avenue, which the conflagration was approaching with leaps and bounds from the burning business section of the city, they went systematically to work and when they had ended a broad open space occupied only by the dismantled ruins of buildings, remained of what had been a long row of handsome and costly residences, which, with all their treasures of furnitures and articles of decoration, had been consigned ruin. The thunderous detonations, to which the terrified city listened all that dreadful Friday night, meant much to those whose ears were deafened by them. A million dollars worth of property, noble residences, and worthless shacks alike, were blown to drifting dust. But that destruction broke the fire and sent the raging flames back over their own charred path. The whole east side of Van Ness Avenue, from the Golden Gate to Greenwich, a distance of twenty-two blocks, or a mile and a half, was dynamited a block deep, though most of the structures as yet had stood untouched by spark or cinder. Not one charge failed. Not one building stood upon its foundation. Unless some second malicious miracle of nature should reverse the direction of the west wind, by nine o'clock it was felt that the populous district to the west, blocked with fleeing refugees and unilluminated except by the disastrous glare on the waterfront, was safe. Every pound of gun-cotton did its work, and though the ruins burned it was but feebly. From Golden Gate Avenue north the fire crossed the wide street in but one place. That was at the Klaus-Spreckles Place, on the corner of California Street. There the flames were writhing up the walls before the dynamiters could reach the spot. Yet they made their way to the foundations, carrying their explosives despite the furnace-like heat. The charge had to be placed so swiftly in the fuse lit in such a hurry that the explosion was not quite successful from the trained viewpoint of the gunners. But though the walls still stood, it was only an empty victory for the fire, as bare brick and smoking ruins are poor food for flames. Captain McBride's dynamiting squad had realized that a stand was hopeless except on Van Ness Avenue. Their decision thus coinciding with that of the authorities. They could have forced their explosives farther in the burning section, but not a pound of gun-cotton could be or was wasted. The ruined blocks of the wide thoroughfare formed a trench through the clustered structures that the conflagration, wild as it was, could not leap. Engines pumping brine through Fort Mason from the bay completed the little work that the gun-cotton had left, but for three days the haggard firemen guarded the flickering ruins. The desolate waste straight through the heart of the city remained a mute witness to the most heroic and effective work of the whole calamity. Three men did this, and when their work was over and what stood of the city rested quietly for the first time, they departed as modestly as they had come. They were ordered to save San Francisco, and they obeyed orders. And Captain McBride and his two gunners made history on that dreadful night. They stayed the march of the conflagration at that critical point, leaving it no channel to spread except along the wharf region, in which its final force was spent. One side of Van Ness Avenue was gone, the other remained, the fire leaping the broad open space only feebly in a few places, where it was easily extinguished. In this connection it is well to put on record an interesting circumstance. This is that there is one place within pistol shot of San Francisco that the earthquake did not touch, that did not lose a chimney or feel a tremor. That spot is Alcatraz Island. Despite the fact that the island is covered with brick buildings, brick forts and brick chimneys, not a brick was loosened nor a crack made nor a quiver felt. When the scientist comes to write he will have his hands full explaining why Alcatraz did not have any physical knowledge of the event. It was as if New York were to be shaken to its foundation, and Governor's Island, quietly pursuing its military routine, should escape without a qualm. End of Chapter 3 Recording by Kathleen Nelson, Austin, Texas, May 2010


So, good morning everybody. Welcome to our third research program for the program. We've got, it's so exciting to see all of these spaces here and I'm so excited that so many of you that were able to come in. It should be such a great, rich conversation and if you look at your agenda, we have lots of alumni-led research going on that we'll be excited to hear about and to engage around. It should be not just a good social day, but it should be the first one with her belt and then I'll be later here. Where we can celebrate a lot of what we want to think about. Oh, I'm just going to say the math. Because I have no way of thinking about it. Okay, thank you. So if you can- Yeah, sorry. So we actually have 33 alumni. You don't work where she works, do you? No, I don't. I'm here. This should work. She has a secure computer. Well, this should work. So that's the PDF version. Here's the PowerPoint version. So she was number 33. So she's only going to come if she can manage the building, basically. So we don't know if she's going to show up. But everybody else, as far as we know, is still going to be here. And we'll go around and introduce ourselves just briefly as Julie is getting set up. I just want to remind you of some of the objectives. You can have your own objectives, but you don't have to- Are you coming after me? I'm no longer a student. Good to keep some framing in mind about what you hope to get out of it. One of the obvious things that we thought about was modeling for one another. Different ways of approaching research questions. Obviously, I think it's invigorating that this is the alumni of our program. So because of our connections to one another, it's even more invigorating because we have personal relationships and admire one another. So that's really exciting. I also don't want to forget that probably one of the most important things we could do is identify research gaps or new ways that we want to start thinking about directing our research. And a few of the people who are not actually presented today but who are actively involved in research or developing research specifically ask for opportunities to brainstorm with other people. And that's what we're going to do over lunch and in our small group discussions afterwards. I don't want to structure lunch very much. I want you guys to kind of spontaneously get out of that what you want. After lunch, I'll let you help guide us about what topics you want those groups to address. I know at least one person has talked about getting some ideas about research design for certain questions that she's interested in. We could also have groups looking at just getting started or looking for funding or infrastructure support, whatever would be useful to you. So you guys think about that throughout the day. You can let me know or just shout it out as we're organizing our groups. So I think that kind of shared things. Hi, Maggie. Sir, that one? Either one? Okay. So we'll get your input about how to structure the afternoon. And as the day's going on, if you get increasingly more ideas about things we could be doing differently that would help you get more out of it, just raise your hand or come talk to us because we're completely flexible about this. Obviously, Maggie just revealed the fact that we'll have this video tape. If you want to use it for any other purposes, you just let us know. So I'm going to get started after we introduce ourselves and try and keep on time. Our first talk is from Julian Danielle, and we're going to add about 9.45. So I'm Barb B. Secker. I think I know you all.


So we've been talking about the Buckingham Pi method as a way to be able to connect experiments efficiently. What we're going to do now is take a look at the six steps involved in determining the Pi parameters. It will be a little on the abstract side but bear with me and then in the next segment we'll apply it to an example problem. So if you recall what we've been working on is if you have some dependent and then a bunch of independent variables up to Qn, what we're trying to do is recast this as a system with Pi parameters and Pi are non-dimensional variables and what we've been saying is that we can take those n variables and recast them as n minus m non-dimensional variables where m is the number of primary dimensions required to specify Q1 through Qn. So what we're going to do now we're going to come up with the step-by-step procedure and being able to go from this to these Pi parameters. We're not going to get the functional relationship and in order to get that you have to do experiments. So let's take a look at the step-by-step procedure. So the first step is to list all the parameters involved. When we looked at drag on a sphere we talked about the force, we talked about the velocity, we talked about the diameter, we talked about the density, the viscosity. Those are the main parameters involved and in this case we would have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. So n would be 5 when we looked at the sphere. Second step, second step is to select a set of fundamental or primary dimensions. So example, if you're dealing with mass, length, time, we saw that earlier in the course. If you have non-isothermal flow, for example if you're dealing with a problem in heat transfer where you're trying to come up with some non-dimensional numbers there, with that you would have mass, length, time, and theta. Remember we use theta for temperature. So it all depends upon the nature of the problem but typically in fluid mechanics for incompressible flow and non-isothermal flow we're dealing with MLT, so mass, length, time. So that's the second thing. Third thing would be to list all of your parameters in terms of the primary dimensions and r would be then the number of primary dimensions. So that would be mass, length, time. Typically r is 3 but sometimes, like I said, it could be 4. The step 4 is to go back to list number 1, so go back to step 1. And what you want to do is you want to select r parameters which collectively contain all of the primary dimensions. And so that means for if you have 3 primary dimensions you want to take 3 of these, so maybe velocity, diameter, and density. And those will form kind of a nucleus group that we're then going to work with and add the other parameters to those 3. And I picked vd-roll kind of by cheating but that's quite often what we will use in fluid mechanics. And because they themselves represent all the primary dimensions and they are not scaling of one another. For example, if you have diameter and diameter squared, that would be length and length squared. You wouldn't want to do something like that. You would want to ensure that you're getting different mixes of your primary dimensions when you're selecting these r parameters. And the other thing that you want to do is you want to make sure that the dependent variable is not one of them. So what does that mean? If you're looking at using the example that we looked at earlier, with the drag on a sphere, you would want to ensure that the force, that is the drag force, is not one of the three that you're using to come up with this r parameters for step 4. So you want to ensure that force is not going to be one of those because that is your dependent variable. You want that not to be included. So that is step 4. Let's move on and take a look at step 5. So step 4 is you want to set up dimensional equations. And from an earlier segment, you remember we talked about dimensional homogeneity. Essentially what we're going to be doing is setting the dimensions of our pi parameters equal to 0. And then we get a number of equations, a number of unknowns. And this, in all honesty, is probably the funnest part of Buckingham Pi because you get to solve these equations and then you get your exponents. And I'll show you in the example in the next segment what I'm talking about. But here, another thing that can sometimes be confusing, we had r being the primary dimensions, and then I have this m. What the m is referring to would be m is equal to 3 in this particular example. So it refers to the cluster of variables that you pull out for this part of step 4. So if you're wondering what m is, that is what m is referring to. So we set these equations up and what we're going to get out of this, we're going to get our pi 1, pi 2, all the way up to pi n minus m. And those should all be non-dimensional and they will consist of the different variables that are important for your experiment. And the final step that we need to do is do a sanity check, and so we check the dimensions of our resulting pi parameters. So if you've done your work correctly, this should happen automatically, but you always want to do a sanity check to make sure you didn't make a mistake somewhere. So that is the technique or the step-by-step procedure for the Buckingham Pi analysis. What we're going to do in the next segment is we're going to work a couple of example problems to see this in action and it comes up with our pi parameters that you can then use to scale your experiments with. So that is the technique for Buckingham Pi.